Unit 1

2 mark questions:

1)What is meant by industrial relations?

The relationship between the employers and employees and trade unions is called Industrial
Relations. Harmonious relationship is necessary for both the employers and employees to safeguard
the interests of both the parties of production.

2)Define industrial relations

Industrial relations is that part of management which is concerned with the man power of the
enterprise- whether machine operator, skilled worker or manager‖. - Ethel,

3)What are the benefits of industrial relations?

 Uninterrupted production
 Reduction in Industrial Disputes
 High morale
 Mental Revolution
 Reduced Wastage

4)Write about the importance of uninterrupted production

The most important benefit of industrial relations is that this ensures continuity of production. This
means, continuous employment for all from manager to workers. The resources are fully utilized,
resulting in the maximum possible production. There is uninterrupted flow of income for all.
Smooth running of an industry is of vital importance for several other industries; to other industries
if the products are intermediaries or inputs; to exporters if these are export goods; to consumers and
workers, if these are goods of mass consumption.

5)Explain the importance of reduction in industrial disputes

Good industrial relations reduce the industrial disputes. Disputes are reflections of the failure of
basic human urges or motivations to secure adequate satisfaction or expression which are fully
cured by good industrial relations. Strikes, lockouts, go-slow tactics, gherao and grievances are
some of the reflections of industrial unrest which do not spring up in an atmosphere of industrial
peace. It helps promoting co-operation and increasing production.

6)Explain how morale helps in maintaining good industrial relationship

Good industrial relations improve the morale of the employees. Employees work with great zeal
with the feeling in mind that the interest of employer and employees is one and the same, i.e. to
increase production. Every worker feels that he is a co-owner of the gains of industry. The
employer in his turn must realize that the gains of industry are not for him along but they should be
shared equally and generously with his workers. In other words, complete unity of thought and
action is the main achievement of industrial peace. It increases the place of workers in the society
and their ego is satisfied. It naturally affects production because mighty co-operative efforts alone
can produce great results.

7) How does industrial relation helps to reduce wastage?

Good industrial relations are maintained on the basis of cooperation and recognition of each other.
It will help increase production. Wastages of man, material and machines are reduced to the
minimum and thus national interest is protected.

8) Mention the four central trade union that are functioning in the country

The All India Trade Union Congress,

The Indian National Trade Union Congress,

The Hindu Mazdoor Sangh, and

The United Trade Union Congress

9) Explain the industrial relations in public sectors

The entry of public sector in the economic sphere is post-independence development. Prior to 1947,
public sector investment was limited to the railways, posts and telegraphs department, the ordnance
factories, and a few State-managed factories like salt manufacturing, etc. the philosophy and
programme of public sector undertakings are incorporated int the Industrial Policy Resolutions of
1984 and 1956. The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1984 declared that ―a dynamic national policy
must be directed to a continuous increase in production by all possible means, side by side with
measures to secure its equitable distribution. The problem of State participation in industry and the
condition in which private enterprise should be allowed to operate must be judged in this context‖.
Consequently, expansion in public sector began to be take after this period

10) What is meant by integrity of financial information?

Shareholders, management and other interested parties must have complete and accurate financial
information in order to make informed decisions. Many Employees participate in accounting
processes that directly impact the integrity of external financial statements and internal management
reports. All such Employees have a responsibility to ensure that all transactions are recorded in
Company's accounts accurately and promptly and they must immediately report any known
inaccuracies. Misrepresentations by Employees that result from intentional acts that may conceal or
obscure the true nature of a business transaction are clear contraventions of this Policy.
11) What is meant by confidentiality of information?

As a result of employment with the Company, Employees may be entrusted with confidential
information; with regard to the Company and/or its affiliates, its customers and suppliers. Upon
joining, Employees are required to separately read, acknowledge and sign the 'Confidentiality
Agreement' that shall explicitly mention the terms and conditions of the confidentiality obligation
and treatment of confidential information and intellectual property of the Company.
12) Write about Acceptance of Gifts and Other Benefits
Employees should not give or accept gifts, entertainment, or any other personal benefit or privilege
that would in any way influence or appear to influence any business decision. Accepting money,
gifts, entertainment, loans or any other benefit or preferential treatment from any existing or
potential customer, supplier or business associate of the Company, is strictly prohibited, except
occasional gifts of modest value and entertainment on a modest scale as part of customary business
practice. As a general principle, gifts of minor estimated value (e.g. pens, golf balls, desk diaries)
are acceptable.

13) Explain the Protection and Use of Company Property

All Employees of the Company are responsible for protecting and taking reasonable steps to
prevent the theft or misuse of, or damage to Company's assets, including all kinds of physical
assets, movable, immovable and tangible property, corporate information and intellectual property
such as inventions, copyrights, patents, trademarks and technology and intellectual property used in
carrying out their responsibilities. All Employees must use all equipments, tools, materials,
supplies, and Employee time only for Company's legitimate business interests. Company's property
must not be borrowed loaned, or disposed of, except in accordance with appropriate Company's
policies. All Employees must use and maintain Company's property and resources efficiently and
with due care and diligence.
16 Mark Questions

1. What is meant by industrial relations? Explain the concept of industrial relations

2. Write the importance of industrial relations
3. Explain the growth of trade union
4. Explain the code of conduct in detail

Unit 2

2 mark question

1) What is meant by strike?

A strike is a very powerful weapon used by trade unions and other labor associations to get their
demands accepted. It generally involves quitting of work by a group of workers for the purpose of
bringing the pressure on their employer so that their demands get accepted. When workers
collectively cease to work in a particular industry, they are said to be on strike.

2) Define industrial dispute

An industrial dispute may be defined as a conflict or difference of opinion between management

and workers on the terms of employment.

3) What are the causes of industrial dispute?

 The causes of industrial disputes can be broadly classified into two categories: economic and non-
economic causes. The economic causes will include issues relating to compensation like wages,
bonus, allowances, and conditions for work, working hours, leave and holidays without pay, unjust
layoffs and retrenchments. The non economic factors will include victimization of workers, ill
treatment by staff members, sympathetic strikes, political factors, indiscipline etc.

4) What are the causes of strikes?

Strikes can occur because of the following reasons:

 Dissatisfaction with company policy

 Salary and incentive problems

 Increment not up to the mark

 Wrongful discharge or dismissal of workmen

 Withdrawal of any concession or privilege

 Hours of work and rest intervals

 Leaves with wages and holidays

 Bonus, profit sharing, Provident fund and gratuity

 Retrenchment of workmen and closure of establishment

 Dispute connected with minimum wages

5) What is meant by Arbitration?

It is a process in which a neutral third party listens to the disputing parties, gathers information about
the dispute, and then takes a decision which is binding on both the parties. The conciliator simply
assists the parties to come to a settlement, whereas the arbitrator listens to both the parties and then
gives his judgment.
6) Write the Advantages of Arbitration?
 It is established by the parties themselves and therefore both parties have good faith in the
arbitration process.
 The process in informal and flexible in nature.
 It is based on mutual consent of the parties and therefore helps in building healthy Industrial
Relations.
7) Mention the disadvantages of arbitration
 Delay often occurs in settlement of disputes.
 Arbitration is an expensive procedure and the expenses are to be shared by the labour and the
management.
Judgment can become arbitrary when the arbitrator is incompetent or biased.

8) What are the types of arbitration?

There are two types of arbitration:
Voluntary Arbitration: In voluntary arbitration the arbitrator is appointed by both the parties
through mutual consent and the arbitrator acts only when the dispute is referred to him.
Compulsory Arbitration: Implies that the parties are required to refer the dispute to the arbitrator
whether they like him or not. Usually, when the parties fail to arrive at a settlement voluntarily, or
when there is some other strong reason, the appropriate government can force the parties to refer the
dispute to an arbitrator.

9) What is meant by adjunction?

Adjudication is the ultimate legal remedy for settlement of Industrial Dispute. Adjudication means
intervention of a legal authority appointed by the government to make a settlement which is binding
on both the parties. In other words adjudication means a mandatory settlement of an Industrial
dispute by a labor court or a tribunal.

10) What are the 3 types of disputes resolved through adjunction?

Three types of disputes are resolved through adjudication:

 1. Disputes between private parties, such as individuals or corporations.
2. Disputes between private parties and public officials.
3. Disputes between public officials or public bodies.

11) What is meant by collective bargaining?

Collective Bargaining is a process in which the representatives of the employer and of the
employees meet and attempt to negotiate a contract governing the employer-employee-union
relationships. Collective Bargaining involves discussion and negotiation between two groups as to
the terms and conditions of employment.
12) Write the role of labour welfare officer?

The factories Act, 1948 provides for the appointment of a labour welfare officer in every factory
employing 500 or more workers. The officer looks after all facilities in the factory provided for the
health, safety and welfare of workers. He maintains liaison with both the employer and the workers,
thereby serving as a communication link and contributing towards healthy industrial relations
through proper administration of standing orders, grievance procedure etc.

13) What is meant by sympathetic strike?

When workers of one unit or industry go on strike in sympathy with workers of another unit or
industry who are already on strike, it is called a sympathetic strike. The members of other unions
involve themselves in a strike to support or express their sympathy with the members of unions who
are on strike in other undertakings. The workers of sugar industry may go on strike in sympathy
with their fellow workers of the textile industry who may already be on strike.

14) What is economic strike?

Under this type of strike, labors stop their work to enforce their economic demands such as wages
and bonus. In these kinds of strikes, workers ask for increase in wages, allowances like traveling
allowance, house rent allowance, dearness allowance, bonus and other facilities such as increase in
privilege leave and casual leave.

15) What is general strike?

It means a strike by members of all or most of the unions in a region or an industry. It may be a
strike of all the workers in a particular region of industry to force demands common to all the
workers. These strikes are usually intended to create political pressure on the ruling government,
rather than on any one employer. It may also be an extension of the sympathetic strike to express
generalized protest by the workers.

16) What is sit down strike?

In this case, workers do not absent themselves from their place of work when they are on strike.
They keep control over production facilities. But do not work. Such a strike is also known as 'pen
down' or 'tool down' strike. Workers show up to their place of employment, but they refuse to work.
They also refuse to leave, which makes it very difficult for employer to defy the union and take the
workers' places. In June 1998, all the Municipal Corporation employees in Punjab observed a pen
down strike to protest against the non-acceptance of their demands by the state government.

17) What is slow down strike?

Employees remain on their jobs under this type of strike. They do not stop work, but restrict the rate
of output in an organized manner. They adopt go-slow tactics to put pressure on the employers.

18) What is meant by Conciliation?

Conciliation refers to the process by which representatives of employees and employers are
brought together before a third party with a view to discuss, reconcile their differences and arrive at
an agreement through mutual consent.

19) What are the objectives of the code?

 To secure settlement of disputes by negotiation, conciliation and voluntary arbitration.
  To eliminate all forms of coercion, intimidation and violence.
 To maintain discipline in the industry.
 To avoid work stoppage.
 To promote constructive co-operation between the parties concerned at all levels.
20) What are the duties of a conciliation officer?
  To hold conciliation proceedings with a view to arrive at amicable settlement between the
parties concerned.
 To investigate the dispute in order to bring about the settlement between the parties
concerned.
 To send a report and memorandum of settlement to the appropriate government.
 To send a report to the government stating forth the steps taken by him in case no settlement
has been reached at.
16 mark questions

1. Explain industrial dispute in detail

2. What is a strike? Explain the types of strike
3. Explain the impact of dispute of strike
4. What are the causes of strike
5. Explain government machinery in detail

Unit 3

2 mark questions

1) What is meant by labor welfare?

Welfare includes anything that is done for the comfort and improvement of employees and is
provided over and above the wages. Welfare helps in keeping the morale and motivation of the
employees high so as to retain the employees for longer duration. The welfare measures need not be
in monetary terms only but in any kind/forms. Employee welfare includes monitoring of working
conditions, creation of industrial harmony through infrastructure for health, industrial relations and
insurance against disease, accident and unemployment for the workers and their families.

2) Write the objectives of labor welfare

1. To provide better life and health to the workers

2. To make the workers happy and satisfied
3. To relieve workers from industrial fatigue and to improve intellectual, cultural and material
conditions of living of the workers.
3) Write the five legislations governing welfare funds

 The Mica Mines Labor Welfare Fund Act, 1946

 The Limestone and Dolomite Mines Labor Welfare Fund Act, 1972

 The Iron Ore, Manganese Ore and Chrome Ore Mines Labor Welfare Fund Act, 1976

 The Cine Workers’ Welfare Fund Act, 1981

4) What are the voluntary welfare measures provided by the industry

1. Drinking Water: At all the working places safe hygienic drinking water should be provided.
2. Facilities for sitting: In every organization, especially factories, suitable seating arrangements are
to be provided.
3. First aid appliances: First aid appliances are to be provided and should be readily assessable so
that in case of any minor accident initial medication can be provided to the needed employee.

5) Write about the basic features of labor welfare fund

1. Labor welfare includes various facilities, services and amenities provided to workers for
improving their health, efficiency, economic betterment and social status.
2. Welfare measures are in addition to regular wages and other economic benefits available to
workers due to legal provisions and collective bargaining
3. Labor welfare schemes are flexible and ever-changing. New welfare measures are added to the
existing ones from time to time.
4. Welfare measures may be introduced by the employers, government, employees or by any social
or charitable agency.

6) Explain the Voluntary Welfare Measures

Many non statutory welfare schemes may include the following schemes:
1. Personal Health Care (Regular medical check-ups): Some of the companies provide the facility
for extensive health check-up
2. Flexi-time: The main objective of the flextime policy is to provide opportunity to employees to
work with flexible working schedules. Flexible work schedules are initiated by employees and
approved by management to meet business commitments while supporting employee personal life
needs
3. Employee Assistance Programs: Various assistant programs are arranged like external counseling
service so that employees or members of their immediate family can get counseling on various
matters.

7) What is meant by Labor welfare fund?

Labor welfare refers to all the facilities provided to labor in order to improve their working
conditions, provide social security and raise their standard of living. Majority of labor force in
India is working in unorganized sector. In order to provide social security to such workers,
Government has introduced Labor Welfare Fund to ensure assistance to unorganized labors. Five
different welfare funds, which are governed by different legislations, are administered by
Ministry of Labor. The purpose of these welfare funds is to provide housing, medical care,
educational and recreational facilities to workers employed in beedi industry and non-coal mines
and cine workers.
8) Write about the schemes under welfare funds

 Public health and sanitation

 Housing

 Recreational (including standard of living)

 Social security

 Educational facilities

 Water supply

 Transportation

 Medical facilities (prevention of diseases)

 Social security

o Group Insurance Schemes for Beedi and Cine workers

 o Social Security under Mine Workers Welfare Fund
 Family welfare

9) Write about the need for labor welfare

The need for the Labour welfare arises from the very nature of industrial system which
is characterized by two basic factors: one the conditions under which work is arrived on
are not congenial for the health and second when a laborer joins an industry has to work in an
entirely strange atmosphere, which creates problems of adjustments. When a worker, who is in fact
a retaliate comes to work in a factory has to work and live in unhealthy, congested factories. And
slum areas with no outdoor recreation facilities. 

10) What is meant by Medi-claim Insurance Scheme?

This insurance scheme provides adequate insurance coverage of employees for expenses related to
hospitalization due to illness, disease or injury or pregnancy.
11) What is meant by Employee Referral Scheme?

In several companies employee referral scheme is implemented to encourage employees to refer

friends and relatives for employment in the organization.
12) Write about training and education for employees

For a safe and smooth running system an employer may give trainings and education to
the worker to work safe and accordingly. Following are the duties on employer:

1. Provide and maintain plant and system of work that are safe and without risks to health.
Plant covers any machinery equipment or appliances including portable  power
tools and hand tools
2. Insure that the use, handling, storage and transport articles and substances is safe
and without risk 

13) Write about lighting in industries

Proper and sufficient lights are to be provided for employees so that they can work safely during
the night shifts.
14) Write about harassment policy
To protect an employee from harassments of any kind, guidelines are provided for proper action
and also for protecting the aggrieved employee.

15) Explain employee assistance program

Various assistant programs are arranged like external counseling service so that employees or
members of their immediate family can get counseling on various matters.

16) Explain the concept of labor welfare

The concept of labor welfare is flexible and elastic and differs widely with time, region, industry,
social values and customs, degree of industrialization the general socio-economic
development of the people and the political ideologies prevailing at a particular time. It
is also molded according to the age group, sex, and socio-cultural back-ground, marital and
economic status and education level of the workers in various industries

17) How does labor welfare influence the employees?

This means Labor Welfare helps to change o n e ’ s p e r s o n a l i t y - p r e s e n t a t i o n
s k i l l s , c o m m u n i c a t i o n s k i l l s , i n t e r - p e r s o n a l r el at io ns hi ps , e tc . T hi s is be s t
a ch ie ve d w h en th ei r m or al e i s ke pt hi gh by t he different welfare schemes.

18) How does labor welfare helps to recognize human value

Every person has his own personality and needs to be recognized and developed. It is in the hands
of the management to shape them and help them grow. The management employs various
methods to recognize each one’s worth as an individual and as an asset to the organization.

19)How does labor welfare measures helps reduce labor problems?

There are various problems affecting the workers, problems like absenteeism, turnover
ratio, indebtedness, al co ho li s m , et c. , w h ic h ma ke th e la bo re r f ur th er w ea k b ot h
p hys ic al ly an d   p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y . L a b o r W e l f a r e l o o k s f o r w a r d t o h e l p i n g
t h e l a b o r e r t o overcome these problems.
20) What are the benefits of labor welfare?

They provide better physical and mental health to workers and thus promote a healthy work
environment· Facilities like housing schemes, medical benefits, and education and recreation
facilities for workers’ families help in raising their standards of living. This makes workers to pay
more attention towards work and thus increases their productivity.·

16 mark questions

1. Explain the concept of labor welfare

2. Explain the need for labor welfare
3. Write about the scope of labor welfare
4. Explain the voluntary welfare schemes
5. Explain the statutory welfare schemes

Unit 4

2 mark questions

1) Write about the causes for industrial accidents

Industrial accidents are unforeseen incidents that are not scheduled or planned and cause injury to
employees. These types of accidents accounted for more 1.2 million U.S. employees missing time
from work because of nonfatal injuries, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. This 2009
statistic was a decrease of 9 percent from 2008.

2) How does an accident occur due to human errors?

Most industrial accidents occur because of human error. A worker does not follow the proper safety
procedures or is attempting to accomplish a task without the proper equipment. According to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics, as of 2009, 74.8 percent of these injuries occurred in the service-related
industry. Most of these injuries were caused because an employee worked on equipment without the
proper tools, damaging the industrial equipment and creating a safety hazard.

3) What is meant by safety audit?

A safety audit subjects each area of a company’s activity to a systematiccritical
examination with the object of minimizing loss. Every component of the total system is
included. For example management policy, attitudes training, features of the process and of the
design, layout and construction of the plant, operating procedures, emergency plans,
personal protection standards, accident record etc.
4) What is meant by safety survey?
A safety survey is a detailed examination in depth of a narrower field of  activity.For
example major key areas revealed by safety audits, individual plans and  p ro ce du re s , or
s p ec if ic p ro bl em s co mm on to a w o rks as a w ho le . Th es e s ur ve ys ar e followed by
formal report, action plan and subsequent monitoring.
5) Mention the safety equipments
There are following equipment are use in the industries for the safety purpose.
 Goggles
 Glasses
 Hand gloves
 Apron
 Safety shoes
 Anti fire gas cylinders
6) What are the types of occupational hazards?

       Physical Hazards
      Chemical Hazards
       Biological Hazards
       Mechanical Hazards
       Psychosocial Hazards

7) What is meant by biological hazards

Workers may be exposed to infective and parasitic agents at the place of work. The occupational
diseases in this category are brucellosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, hydatidosis, psittacosis, tetanus,
encephalitis, fungal infections, schistosomiasis and a host of others. Persons working among animal
products (e.g. hair, wool, hides) and agricultural workers are specially exposed to biological
hazards.

8) What is meant by mechanical hazards

The mechanical hazards in industry centre round machinery, protruding and moving parts and the
like. About 10% of accidents in industry are said to be due to mechanical causes.

9) Explain about ultraviolet radiation

Occupational exposure to ultraviolet radiation occurs mainly in arc welding. Such radiation
occurs mainly affects the eyes, causing intense conjunctivitis and keratitis (welder’s flash).
Symptoms are redness of the eyes and pain, these usually disappear in a few days with no
permanent effect on the vision or on the deeper structures of the eye.

10) What are the effects of noise?

(i)    Auditory effects - which consist of temporary or permanent hearing loss (ii)   Non-auditory

effects – which consist of nervousness, fatigue, interference with communication by speech,
decreased efficiency and annoyance. 
11) How does lighting affect human health?

The workers may be exposed to the risk of poor illumination or excessive brightness. The acute
effects of poor illumination are eye strain, headache, eye pain, lachrymation, congestion around the
cornea and eye fatigue. The chronic effects on health include “miners’s nystagmus”. Exposure to
excessive brightness or “glare” is associated with discomfort, annoyance and visual fatigue. Intense
direct glare may also result in blurring of vision and lead to accidents. There should be sufficient
and suitable lighting, natural or artificial, wherever persons are working

12) How does vibration affect the humans?

Vibration, especially in the frequency range 10 to 500 Hz. May be encountered in work with
pneumatic tools such as drills and hammers. Vibration usually affects the hands and arms. After
some months or years of exposure, the fine blood vessels of the fingers may become increasingly
sensitive to spasm (white fingers). Exposure to vibration may also produce injuries of the joints, of
the hands, elbows and shoulders

13) How should an employee protect his eyes in the workplace?

In respect of any such manufacturing process carried on in any factory as may be prescribed, being
a process which involves –a. risk of injury to the eyes from particles or fragments thrown off in the
course of the process, or b. risk to the eyes by reason of exposure to excessive light, the State
Government may by rules require that effective screens or suitable goggles shall be provided for the
protection of persons employed on, or in the immediate vicinity of, the process.
14) Mention the high risk occupations

 Hairdressing
 Catering
 Healthcare
 Printing
 Metal machining
 Motor vehicle repair
 Construction

15) What are the two types of health effects?

a) Psychological and behavioral changes – including hostility, aggressiveness, anxiety, depression,

tardiness, alcoholism, drug abuse, sickness absenteeism b)   Psychosomatic ill health –
including fatigue, headache; pain in the shoulders, neck and back; propensity to peptic ulcer,
hypertension, heart disease and rapid aging.

16) What is meant by walk through survey

A traditional method applied by occupational hygienists to initially survey a workplace or

environment is used to determine both the types and possible exposures from hazards (e.g. noise,
chemicals, and radiation). The walk-through survey can be targeted or limited to particular
hazards such as silica dust, or noise, to focus attention on control of those hazards. A full walk-
through survey is frequently used to provide information on establishing a framework for future
investigations, prioritizing hazards, determining the requirements for measurement and establishing
some immediate control of potential exposures.

17) Explain about psychosocial hazards

The psychosocial hazards arise from the workers’ failure to adapt to an alien psychosocial
environment. Frustration, lack of job satisfaction, insecurity, poor human relationships, emotional
tension is some of the psychosocial factors which may undermine both physical and mental health
of the workers. The capacity to adapt to different working environments is influenced by many
factors such as education, cultural background, family life, social habits and what the worker
expects from employment.

18) What is meant by Safety Inspection?

A ro ut in e s c he du le d in s p ec ti on o f a u ni t o r de pa rt me nt , w hi ch ma y b e carried
out by someone (may be a safety representative) from within the unit, possibly
accompanied by the safety advisor. The inspection would check maintenance standards,
employee involvement, working practices, fire precaution, use of guards and adherence to safe
working procedures etc, and be more immediate than the wide-reaching or in-depth approach taken
by audits and surveys.

19) How does maintenance helps to overcome industrial accidents

One of the common causes for industrial accidents is improper maintenance procedures or the lack
of preventive maintenance programs. Equipment cannot run without having maintenance performed
on a scheduled basis. Most equipment manufacturers publish a recommended preventive
maintenance schedule for the equipment, but the companies and their maintenance personnel are
responsible for carrying out these preventive maintenance programs. Like an automobile that does
not regularly get fuel, oil or the brakes replaced a piece of equipment not maintained fails -- at times
with consequences.

20) What is meant by Manufacturing Defect

Industrial accidents also occur because of a manufacturing defect in a piece of equipment or
material. During the course of manufacturing several quality-control steps are taken to ensure the
equipment is within safety tolerances. Because most of these quality controls are handled by
humans, there is a chance that a piece of equipment can have a defect that is missed during the
process. The equipment is installed, operated and then fails, causing an industrial accident that can
injure or even kill an employee.

16 mark questions

1. Give an account of safety provisions in the industry

2. What is meant by occupational hazards? Explain
3. Explain the importance of industrial safety and hygiene
4. Illustrate industrial health and safety
5. Explain the causes for accidents

Unit 5

2 mark questions

1) Mention the Benefits of BPO labor

1. A positive experience from operators
2. Accurate and appropriate responses
3. High level of customer satisfaction
4. Improved efficiency

2) What are the advantages of BPO LABOR?

1. Salary
2. Qualification
3. Clean work
4. Growth-flexibility to change jobs easily
5. On job training
6Medical insurance
7. Opportunity to work overseas

3) Mention the disadvantages of BPO labor

1. Odd working hours.

2. Family life.
3. Health issues.
4. Abusive clients.
5. Age factor.
6. Social issues/alcohol consumption.
7. Future trend.

4) What is meant by social assistance?

Social assistance consists of four segments—individual and family services; community food and
housing, and emergency and other relief services; vocational rehabilitation services; and child day
care services.

5) What is meant by Social Security?

The comprehensive federal program of benefits providing workers and
their dependents with retirement income, disability income, and other payments. The Social
security tax is used to pay for the program.

6) Mention the Laws pertaining to the prohibition of Child Labour

1. Children (Pledging of Labour] Act (1933)

2. Employment of Children Act (1938)
3. The Bombay Shop and Establishments Act (1948)
4. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation Act) 1986
5. The Indian Factories Act (1948)
6. Plantations Labour Act (1951)
7. The Mines Act (1952)

7) Write about the Hours and period of work for child labors
(a) No child shall be allowed to work in any establishment in excess of such number of hours as
many are prescribed for such establishment or class establishment;
(b) The daily hours or work shall be so fixed that no child shall be allowed to work for more than
three hours without prior interval of an hour
(c) The hours of work shall be so arranged that inclusive of rest interval, time spread and the time
spend in waiting for the work shall not exceed six hours a day
(d) No child shall be allowed to work between 7. P.M and 8 P.M
(e) No child shall be allowed to work overtime; and
(f) No child shall be permitted to work in nay establishment on any day on which he has already
worked in some other establishment

8) Explain the Maternity Benefits for female labors

The Royal Commission on labor had recommended that maternity benefits should be provided to
women workers in plantations by legislation. A woman worker is entitled to maternity benefit for a
total period of twelve weeks' wages-not exceeding six weeks' wages prior to delivery and the
balance after delivery. To be eligible for this benefit, a woman has to put in a qualifying service of
80 days of' work in the preceding 12 months from the date of her expected delivery.

9) How can state raise the standard of living of agricultural labor?

The state can, if it wishes, organize special programmers’ to improve the standard of living
of agricultural workers. Since a large proportion of such workers belong to scheduled castes, they
are not allowed to take water from village wells. State can arrange for drinking water for them.
State can also provide housing sites to agricultural workers so that they do not remain houseless.
State can organize fair price shops in rural areas to save agricultural workers who generally sell
goods at high prices. To improve the socio-economic environment in which agricultural laborers
work, State can provide amenities of rural life like health centers, maternity wards, sports facilities,
clubs, etc. special programmers’ for vocational and technical training of agricultural workers can
also be arranged.

10) Mention the sub segments of construction sectors

Construction sector can be broadly classified in to three sub segments as follows;

1) Real Estate Construction (Residential & Commercial)
2) Infrastructure (Roads Power) and
3) Industrial Construction (steel, textiles, fertilizer, oil, gas refineries and pipelines).
11) How can working conditions for the agricultural labor improved?

It is necessary to improve the working conditions of agricultural workers. Their hours of

work should be statutorily fixed and strictly enforced. In case of work beyond the stipulated hours,
overtime payments should be made. Child labor should be totally banned.

16 mark questions

1. Explain the welfare measures for child labor

2. Explain about female labor
3. What is meant by social assistance
4. Explain social security
5. Explain about BPO and KPO labor