Pdrs4All: A JWST Early Release Science Program On Radiative Feedback From Massive Stars

Draft version January 14, 2022
Typeset using LATEX preprint2 style in AASTeX62
PDRs4All: A JWST Early Release Science Program on radiative feedback from massive stars
PI Team:,1 Olivier Berné,2 Émilie Habart,3 Els Peeters,4, 5, 6 Core Team:,1 Alain Abergel,3
Edwin A. Bergin,7 Jeronimo Bernard-Salas,8 Emeric Bron,9 Jan Cami,4, 5, 6
Stéphanie Cazaux,10 Emmanuel Dartois,11 Asunción Fuente,12 Javier R. Goicoechea,13
Karl D. Gordon,14, 15 Yoko Okada,16 Takashi Onaka,17, 18 Massimo Robberto,14, 19
arXiv:2201.05112v1 [astro-ph.GA] 13 Jan 2022
Markus Röllig,16 Alexander G. G. M. Tielens,20, 21 Sı́lvia Vicente,22 Mark G. Wolfire,21

Extended Core Team:,1 Felipe Alarcón,7 C. Boersma,23 Amélie Canin,2 Ryan Chown,4, 5
Daniel Dicken,3 David Languignon,9 Romane Le Gal,2, 24, 25 Marc W. Pound,21
Boris Trahin,3 Thomas Simmer,3 Ameek Sidhu,4, 5 Dries Van De Putte,14
One-time co-authors contributed to SEPs,1 Sara Cuadrado,13 Claire Guilloteau,2, 26
Alexandros Maragkoudakis,23 Bethany R. Schefter,4 Thiébaut Schirmer,27
Collaborators:,1 Isabel Aleman,28 Louis Allamandola,23, 29 Rebecca Auchettl,30
Giuseppe Antonio Baratta,31 Salma Bejaoui,23 Partha P. Bera,23, 29
Goranka Bilalbegović,32 John H. Black,33 Francois Boulanger,34 Jordy Bouwman,35, 36, 37
Bernhard Brandl,20, 38 Philippe Brechignac,11 Sandra Brünken,39 Andrew Burkhardt,40
Alessandra Candian,20, 41 Jose Cernicharo,13 Marin Chabot,42 Shubhadip Chakraborty,43
Jason Champion,2 Sean W.J. Colgan,44 Ilsa R. Cooke,45 Audrey Coutens,2 Nick L.J. Cox,46
Karine Demyk,2 Jennifer Donovan Meyer,47 Cécile Engrand,42 Sacha Foschino,2
Pedro Garcı́a-Lario,48 Lisseth Gavilan,23 Maryvonne Gerin,49 Marie Godard,11
Carl A. Gottlieb,50 Pierre Guillard,51, 52 Antoine Gusdorf,34, 49 Patrick Hartigan,53
Jinhua He,54, 55, 56 Eric Herbst,57 Liv Hornekaer,58 Cornelia Jäger,59
Eduardo Janot-Pacheco,60 Christine Joblin,2 Michael Kaufman,61 Francisca Kemper,62, 63
Sarah Kendrew,64 Maria S. Kirsanova,65 Pamela Klaassen,66 Collin Knight,4 Sun Kwok,67
Álvaro Labiano,68 Thomas S.-Y. Lai,69 Timothy J. Lee,70 Bertrand Lefloch,24
Franck Le Petit,9 Aigen Li,71 Hendrik Linz,72 Cameron J. Mackie,73, 74
Suzanne C. Madden,75 Joëlle Mascetti,76 Brett A. McGuire,77, 78 Pablo Merino,79
Elisabetta R. Micelotta,80 Karl Misselt,81 Jon A. Morse,82 Giacomo Mulas,83, 2
Naslim Neelamkodan,84, 85 Ryou Ohsawa,86 Alain Omont,51 Roberta Paladini,87
Maria Elisabetta Palumbo,31 Amit Pathak,88 Yvonne J. Pendleton,70
Annemieke Petrignani,89 Thomas Pino,11 Elena Puga,90 Naseem Rangwala,44
Mathias Rapacioli,91 Alessandra Ricca,23, 6 Julia Roman-Duval,92 Joseph Roser,6, 23
Evelyne Roueff,9 Gaël Rouillé,59 Farid Salama,23 Dinalva A. Sales,93 Karin Sandstrom,94
Peter Sarre,95 Ella Sciamma-O’Brien,23 Kris Sellgren,96 Matthew J. Shannon,23
Sachindev S. Shenoy,97 David Teyssier,98 Richard D. Thomas,99 Aditya Togi,100
Laurent Verstraete,3 Adolf N. Witt,101 Alwyn Wootten,47 Nathalie Ysard,3
Henning Zettergren,99 Yong Zhang,102 Ziwei E. Zhang,103 and Junfeng Zhen104
1
2
Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, CNES, UPS, 9 Av. du
colonel Roche, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
3
Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Bâtiment 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
4
Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A 3K7, Canada
5
Institute for Earth and Space Exploration, The University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A 3K7, Canada
6
Carl Sagan Center, SETI Institute, 339 Bernardo Avenue, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
Corresponding author: PI Team: Berné, Habart, & Peeters

[email protected]
2 Berné, Habart, Peeters & PDRs4All team
7
Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 1085 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
8
ACRI-ST, Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche de Grasse (CERGA), 10 Av. Nicolas Copernic, 06130 Grasse, France
9
LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, F-92190 Meudon, France
10
Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
11
Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Bâtiment 520, 91405 Orsay Cedex,
France
12
Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (OAN,IGN), Alfonso XII, 3, E-28014 Madrid, Spain
13
Instituto de Fı́sica Fundamental (CSIC), Calle Serrano 121-123, 28006, Madrid, Spain
14
Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
15
Sterrenkundig Observatorium, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium
16
I. Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
17
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Meisei University, 2-1-1 Hodokubo, Hino, Tokyo
191-8506, Japan
18
Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033,
Japan
19
Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
20
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
21
Astronomy Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
22
Instituto de Astrofı́sica e Ciências do Espaço, Tapada da Ajuda, Edifı́cio Leste, 2 ◦ Piso, P-1349-018 Lisboa,
Portugal
23
NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA
24
Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, F-38000
Grenoble, France
25
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la piscine, F-38406 Saint-Martin d’Hères, France
26
Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse, INP-ENSEEIHT, 2 Rue Charles Camichel, 31071 Toulouse
Cedex 07, France
27
Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, 439
92 Onsala, Sweden
28
Instituto de Fı́sica e Quı́mica, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Av. BPS 1303, Pinheirinho, 37500-903, Itajubá,
MG, Brazil
29
Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
30
Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Victoria, Australia
31
INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
32
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Bijenička cesta 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
33
Department of Space, Earth, and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory,
43992 Onsala, Sweden
34
Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université,
Université de Paris, 75005, Paris, France
35
Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
36
Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
37
Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres, and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
80303, USA
38
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
39
Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen,
the Netherlands
40
Department of Physics, Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
41
TU Library, Delft University of Technology, Prometheusplein 1, 2628 ZC Delft, The Netherlands
PDRs4All 3
42
Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Irène Joliot-Curie, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, Bâtiment 104,
91405 Orsay Cedex, France
43
Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6251, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes
Cedex, France
44
NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
45
Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
46
ACRI-ST, 260 route du Pin Montard, 06904, Sophia Antipolis, France
47
National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
48
European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC/ESA), Villanueva de la Cañada, E-28692 Madrid, Spain
49
Observatoire de Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, LERMA, 75014, Paris, France
50
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge MA 02138, USA
51
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
52
Institut Universitaire de France, Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche, 1 rue Descartes, 75231
Paris Cedex 05, France
53
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston TX, 77005-1892, USA
54
Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 396 Yangfangwang, Guandu District, Kunming, 650216,
China
55
Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, CAS,
Beijing 100101, China
56
Departamento de Astronomı́a, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 36-D, Santiago, Chile
57
Departments of Chemistry and Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
58
InterCat and Dept. Physics and Astron., Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
59
Laboratory Astrophysics Group of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy at the Friedrich Schiller University Jena,
Institute of Solid State Physics, Helmholtzweg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
60
Instituto de Astronomia, Geofı́sica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05509-090 São Paulo, SP,
Brazil
61
Department of Physics and Astronomy, San José State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA
62
European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
63
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
64
European Space Agency, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore MD 21218, USA
65
Institute of Astronomy, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119017, Pyatnitskaya str., 48 , Moscow, Russia
66
UK Astronomy Technology Centre, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Blackford Hill EH9 3HJ, UK
67
Department of Earth, Ocean, & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
68
Telespazio UK for ESA, ESAC, E-28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
69
IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
70
NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA
71
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
72
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
73
Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
74
Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California – Berkeley,
Berkeley, California, USA
75
AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette,
France
76
Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 33405 Talence, France
77
Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
78
National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
79
Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (CSIC), Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz 3, E28049, Madrid, Spain
80
Department of Physics, PO Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
81
Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USA
82
BoldlyGo Institute, 31 W 34TH ST FL 7 STE 7159, New York, NY 10001
83
INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, via della scienza 5, 09047 Selargius, Italy
84
Department of physics, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al-Ain, 15551, UAE
85
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Science, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo
181-8588, Japan
86
Institute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-21-1, Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo
181-0015, Japan
87
California Institute of Technology, IPAC, 770, S. Wilson Ave., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
88
Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
89
Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
90
European Space Agency (ESA), ESA Office, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore,
MD 21218, USA
91
Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/IRSAMC, UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and
CNRS, Toulouse, France
92
Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
93
Instituto de Matemática, Estatı́stica e Fı́sica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, 96201-900, Rio Grande, RS,
Brazil
94
Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, 9500
Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
95
School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
96
Astronomy Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
97
Space Science Institute, 4765 Walnut St., R203, Boulder, CO 80301
98
Telespazio Vega UK Ltd for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca
del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
99
Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
100
Department of Physics, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA
101
Ritter Astrophysical Research Center, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
102
School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University, 2 Da Xue Road, Tangjia, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong
Province, China
103
Star and Planet Formation Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
104
University of Science and Technology of China, CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment,
Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
ABSTRACT
Massive stars disrupt their natal molecular cloud material through radiative and
mechanical feedback processes. These processes have profound effects on the evolution
of interstellar matter in our Galaxy and throughout the Universe, from the era of
vigorous star formation at redshifts of 1-3 to the present day. The dominant feedback
processes can be probed by observations of the Photo-Dissociation Regions (PDRs)
where the far-ultraviolet photons of massive stars create warm regions of gas and dust
in the neutral atomic and molecular gas. PDR emission provides a unique tool to
study in detail the physical and chemical processes that are relevant for most of the
mass in inter- and circumstellar media including diffuse clouds, proto-planetary disks
and molecular cloud surfaces, globules, planetary nebulae, and star-forming regions.
PDR emission dominates the infrared (IR) spectra of star-forming galaxies. Most
PDRs4All 5
of the Galactic and extragalactic observations obtained with the James Webb Space
Telescope (JWST) will therefore arise in PDR emission. In this paper we present an
Early Release Science program using the MIRI, NIRSpec, and NIRCam instruments
dedicated to the observations of an emblematic and nearby PDR: the Orion Bar. These
early JWST observations will provide template datasets designed to identify key PDR
characteristics in JWST observations. These data will serve to benchmark PDR models
and extend them into the JWST era. We also present the Science-Enabling products
that we will provide to the community. These template datasets and Science-Enabling
products will guide the preparation of future proposals on star-forming regions in our
Galaxy and beyond and will facilitate data analysis and interpretation of forthcoming
JWST observations.
1. INTRODUCTION which is dedicated to studying the interactions

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST, of massive stars with their surroundings. We
Gardner et al. 2006) is a 6.5m space telescope first describe the general scientific context in
launched in December 2021 and is developed by Section 2. We then describe the immediate ob-
the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis- jectives of this program in Section 3 and its sci-
tration (NASA), the European Space Agency ence objectives in Section 5. We discuss the
(ESA), and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). target, the Orion Bar, in Section 4 and describe
Following recommendations of the science advi- simulated infrared (IR) spectra for this source
sory board of the JWST, the Space Telescope in Section 6. The planned observations are pre-
Science Institute (STScI), in charge of the sci- sented in Section 7. Section 8 gives an overview
entific operations of the JWST, issued a call for of the Science-Enabling Products developed for
“Early Release Science” (ERS) programs. The this program. We briefly present the team in
goals of these programs are 1) to provide first- Section 9 and conclude in Section 10.
look public data to the astronomical commu-
nity as soon as possible after launch, 2) to fur- 2. IMPORTANCE OF PDRS IN THE JWST
ther test the instruments and observing modes ERA
in addition to tests performed during commis- 2.1. Photo-dissociation regions
sioning and showcase the technical capabilities
Photo-Dissociation Regions (PDRs; Fig. 1)
of JWST, and 3) to help prepare the com-
are regions near massive stars, where most of
munity for General Observers (GO) proposals.
the gas is neutral (i.e. H or H2 ) and is heated
An important aspect of ERS programs is that
by far-ultraviolet (FUV) photons (i.e. 6 eV <
they must deliver highly-processed data quickly
E < 13.6 eV). Four key zones can be identi-
(within 3 to 5 months of observations) and pro-
fied across the PDR: the molecular zone, where
vide Science-Enabling Products (SEPs) to the
the gas is nearly fully molecular, dense and cold
community.
(several tens of K); the H2 dissociation front
In this paper, we present one of the 13 ac-
(DF), where the gas converts from nearly fully
cepted ERS programs called “PDRs4All: Ra-
molecular to atomic and the temperature rises
diative feedback from massive stars” (ID1288)1
from 30 to 300 K; the ionization front (IF) where
1
the gas converts from fully neutral to fully ion-
pdrs4all.org; https://www.stsci.edu/jwst/
science-execution/program-information.html?id=1288
ized and the temperature increases to 7000 K;
and the fully ionized flow into the H ii region.
a) b)
PDR Massive star
Ionized globule cluster
HII region
PDR PDR
PDR
ISO SWS
14x20’’
Protostar / Jet
PDR
Molecular cloud
c) HII
1e2
H2
DF
H
IF
H+
1e4
reg
Temperature (K)
Ion ion
PD i
Abundance
R: d z atio 1e-2 1e3
isso n fr
cia ont
p.
PD tio (IF)
tem
R: m n fr 1e-6 1e2
ole ont Fe++
s
Ga
cul (DF Fe Fe+
ar z )
on
e 1e-10 1e1
3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3
Distance (’’)
JWST @ 5 μm, beam = 0.2’’

[AL
Spitzer IRS @ 5 μm
MA
beam = 3.6’’
m ap
at
1’’]
Figure 1. Zooming into a PDR. a) Multi-wavelength view of a galaxy (M81): UV-tracing massive stars
(blue), optical-light-tracing H ii regions (green), and emission in the Aromatic Infrared Bands (AIBs)
tracing PDRs (red). Credits: Hubble data: NASA, ESA, and A. Zezas (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics); GALEX data: NASA, JPL-Caltech, GALEX Team, J. Huchra et al. (Harvard-Smithsonian
Center for Astrophysics); Spitzer data: NASA/JPL/Caltech/S. Willner (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics). b) Sketch of a typical massive star-forming region. c) Zoom in on the PDR, showing the
complex transition from the molecular cloud to the PDR dissociation front, the ionization front and the
ionized gas flow. Inserted is the ALMA molecular gas data of the Orion Bar, at a resolution of 100 (dashed
lines; Goicoechea et al. 2016). The plot shows a model of the structure of the PDR. The scale length for
FUV photon penetration corresponds to a few arcsec. The beam sizes of ISO-SWS, Spitzer-IRS, and JWST-
MIRI are indicated. JWST will resolve the 4 key regions: the molecular zone, the H2 dissociation front, the
ionization front, and the fully ionized flow into the H ii region (see Section 2.1).
PDRs have a gas density (nH for the hydrogen dard interstellar radiation field has a G0 value
nucleus density) ranging from nH ∼103 cm−3 of ∼1.7 (Draine 1978; Parravano et al. 2003)
in diffuse gas to nH ∼106 cm−3 in dense star while in most PDRs, G0 is higher and can go
forming regions. The incident flux of the FUV up to a few 105 . The kinetic temperature of the
field on the PDRs, G0 , is commonly character- gas (Tg ) in PDRs lies in between ten and a few
ized in units of the Habing field corresponding thousands degrees. Large dust grains (0.1 µm
to 1.6 × 10−3 erg s−1 cm−2 when integrated be- and above) are in equilibrium with the radiation
tween 6 and 13.6 eV (Habing 1968). The stan- field at temperatures of ∼30-70 K (e.g. Ander-
PDRs4All 7
son et al. 2012; Paladini et al. 2012). Highly ir- in a large temperature gradient from the ionized
radiated PDRs can be found surrounding young to molecular gas across the PDR (Fig. 1c).
H ii regions formed by O and early B stars Models have been very successful in explaining
(Sternberg & Dalgarno 1989a). At the ionized large-scale Galactic and extra-galactic observa-
front, the gas is compressed by expansion of tions of PDRs (e.g. Tielens & Hollenbach 1985b;
the ionized gas, the FUV radiation field is high Sternberg & Dalgarno 1989b; Abgrall et al.
(G0 = 104−5 ), and densities and temperatures 1992; Wolfire et al. 1990; Le Bourlot et al. 1993;
are also high (nH ∼ 105−6 cm−3 and Tg ∼ 100 Kaufman et al. 2006; Röllig et al. 2007; Cubick
to 2000 K). These are the physical conditions et al. 2008). However, Atacama Large Millime-
found in one of the most studied PDRs, the ter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations
Orion Bar (see e.g. Tielens & Hollenbach 1985a; unambiguously revealed a highly sculpted inter-
Goicoechea et al. 2016). Around less massive B face between the molecular clouds and the ion-
stars, or at the interfaces of more evolved H ii ized gas (Fig. 1; Goicoechea et al. 2016) and
regions, PDRs have a lower FUV radiation field have challenged the traditional “layered struc-
(G0 = 102−4 ) as observed for instance in PDRs ture” view of PDRs (and their models). More-
like NGC 2023 (Burton et al. 1998; Sheffer et al. over, recent near-IR images obtained with the
2011), NGC 7023 (Fuente et al. 2003), or the Gemini or Keck telescopes at high spatial reso-
Horsehead nebula (Habart et al. 2011; Pabst lution (∼0.100 ), similar to JWST, revealed with
et al. 2017). The diffuse medium in the Milky a spectacular level of detail structures unex-
Way is a vast, low density (nH ∼ 10 cm−3 ) and pected within the classic irradiated molecular
low FUV radiation field (G0 = 1−10) PDR (van cloud (e.g. Hartigan et al. 2020; Habart et al. in
Dishoeck & Black 1986), where the temperature prep). Series of ridges that follow along the in-
is of the order of 50-100 K (Wolfire et al. 2003). terfaces may be associated with a multitude of
Inside PDRs, the gas is mainly heated by the small dense highly irradiated PDRs. JWST will
photo-electric effect working on Polycyclic Aro- resolve and observe directly the response of the
matic Hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules and small gas to the penetrating FUV photons and give
dust grains (Verstraete et al. 1990; Bakes & Tie- for the first time insight into the physical con-
lens 1994; Weingartner & Draine 2001). Deep ditions and chemical composition of this very
in the PDR, where the FUV radiation field is structured irradiated medium.
attenuated due to dust absorption in the up-
2.2. PDRs everywhere
per layers, collisions of the gas with warm dust
grains and cosmic-ray heating become impor- Stars in galaxies only form in cold gas, hence
tant (e.g., Tielens 2005). Other heating mecha- the efficiency at which the energy of FUV pho-
nisms through H2 formation or UV pumping of tons from massive stars is transferred to the in-
H2 followed by de-excitation may provide addi- terstellar gas in PDRs has a critical impact on
tional important heating sources near the edge the star-formation rate. This efficiency can typ-
of dense PDRs (e.g., Le Petit et al. 2006; Le ically be monitored using the mid-IR emission
Bourlot et al. 2012). The gas in PDRs is mostly of nearby and distant galaxies (e.g. Helou et al.
cooled by far-IR (FIR) fine-structure lines, such 2001; Peeters et al. 2004b; Maragkoudakis et al.
as the [CII] line at 158 µm and the [OI] lines 2018; McKinney et al. 2020; Calzetti 2020).
at 63 and 146 µm (e.g., Hollenbach & Tielens Mid-IR observations are also useful to disen-
1999; Bernard-Salas et al. 2012). The interplay tangle the contribution of shock versus PDR
between heating and cooling mechanisms results gas heating in galaxies (e.g. merger versus
starburst van den Ancker et al. 2000; Guil-
lard et al. 2012). Dense (nH > 104 cm−3 ) rium (Draine & Li 2007; Jones et al. 2013).
and highly irradiated (G0 ∼ 104−6 ) PDRs are
also present in the FUV-illuminated surfaces of A large fraction of the observations that will
protoplanetary disks (e.g., Visser et al. 2007; be obtained with JWST will correspond to emis-
Woitke et al. 2009) and govern the mass loss of sion that is forged inside PDRs. It is therefore
these objects through photo-evaporation (Gorti of paramount importance to understand how
et al. 2009) in competition with planet forma- the observed mid-IR emission fingerprints are
tion. IR observations give direct diagnostics linked with physical conditions, and how these
of the FUV energy injected into the gas (e.g., observations can be turned into probes of astro-
Meeus et al. 2013) and, in combination with physical environments. This requires a detailed
PDR models, can constrain the physical pa- knowledge of how PDRs “work,” by observing
rameters (Tg , nH ) inside the FUV-driven winds nearby, extended PDRs. This ERS program is
of these disks (e.g., Champion et al. 2017). designed to characterize the IR signatures of the
Observations and models of planetary nebulae Orion Bar PDR, to unravel the underlying phys-
show that a large fraction of the gas ejected by ical and chemical processes, and validate diag-
evolved stars goes through a PDR phase (Hol- nostic tools in order to facilitate the interpreta-
lenbach & Natta 1995; Bernard-Salas & Tie- tion of PDR emission to be seen with JWST, in
lens 2005) before being injected in the interstel- the local and distant Universe.
lar medium (ISM). Here again, IR spectroscopy
provides key information on the initial physi-
cal and chemical properties of material in this
phase (e.g., Bernard-Salas et al. 2009; Cox et al.
2015) and allows the photo-chemical evolution
of molecules, nanoparticles, and grains to be 3. IMMEDIATE GOALS OF THIS ERS
probed. Clearly, PDRs are present in a wide PROGRAM
variety of environments. The main goal of our program is to rapidly
2.3. IR signatures of PDRs deliver “template data”, as well as data pro-
cessing and analysis tools for PDRs, which will
PDRs emit mainly in the IR. Key PDR sig- be crucial for JWST proposal preparation for
natures in the near- and mid-IR (1-28 µm) in- both Galactic and extra-galactic sciences com-
clude i) the Aromatic Infrared Bands (AIBs, munities. To reach this ambitious goal, we have
Fig. 2), attributed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hy- identified the following three immediate objec-
drocarbons (PAHs) and related species that are tives:
heated by absorption of UV photons (Leger
& Puget 1984; Allamandola et al. 1985), ii) 1. Characterize the full 1-28 µm emission
continuum emission, attributed to very small spectrum of the key zones and sub-regions
carbonaceous grains (VSGs, Désert et al. 1990), within the ionized gas, the PDR, and the
iii) ro-vibrational and pure rotational lines of H2 surrounding molecular cloud and deter-
(Rosenthal et al. 2000), and iv) emission lines mine the physical and chemical conditions
from atomic ions (e.g. S+ , Si+ , Fe+ , Kaufman in these specific environments.
et al. 2006), and v), in regions close to massive
stars, emission from larger grains composed of 2. Examine the efficacy and limitations of
silicates (Draine 2003) or a mixture of silicates the narrow/broad band filters in the study
and carbonaceous material at thermal equilib- of PDRs by accurately calibrating nar-
PDRs4All 9
row/broad band filters which capture gas et al. 2019) The Bar (also referred to as the
lines and AIBs as PDR probes. Bright Bar Fazio et al. e.g., 1974; Balick et al.
e.g., 1974; Werner et al. e.g., 1976) historically
3. Deliver tools facilitating post-pipeline
refers to the elongated rim near the ionization
data reduction and processing, as well as
front (originally detected in the radio contin-
PDR and AIB analysis tools required for
uum and in optical lines) that separates the
the interpretation of (un)resolved PDR
neutral cloud from the ionized H ii gas with
emission to be observed with JWST.
an electron temperature Te ≈104 K and electron
To this end, we will observe the Orion Bar, a density ne of several 1000 cm−3 (e.g., Weilbacher
proto-typical PDR situated in the Orion Nebula et al. 2015, and references therein). The UV ra-
(Fig. 2) using NIRCam, NIRSpec, and MIRI in diation field incident on the Orion Bar PDR is
the 1-28 µm wavelength range. The Orion Bar G0 = 1 − 4 × 104 (e.g., Marconi et al. 1998).
has a well-defined UV illumination and geome- Beyond the ionization front, only FUV photons
try making it an ideal target to reach our science with energies below 13.6 eV penetrate the cloud.
goals. These observations will, for the first time, The first PDR layers are predominantly neu-
spatially resolve and perform a tomography of tral and atomic: [H] > [H2 ] [H+ ]. A plethora
the PDR, revealing the individual IR spectral of NIR lines are emitted from this region (e.g.,
signatures in the four key zones of a PDR: the CI recombination lines, OI fluorescent lines, see
molecular zone, the H2 dissociation front, the Walmsley et al. 2000). This warm and moder-
ionization front, and the ionized flow into the ately dense gas (nH of a few 104 cm−3 ) is mainly
H ii region (Fig. 1). heated by photoelectrons ejected from PAHs
and grains and it is mainly cooled by the FIR
4. TARGET: THE ORION BAR [C ii] 158 µm and [O i] 63 µm and 145 µm fine-
Orion Bar (Fig. 2) is a prototype of a strongly structure lines (e.g., Tielens et al. 1993; Her-
UV-irradiated PDR with a nearly edge-on ge- rmann et al. 1997; Bernard-Salas et al. 2012;
ometry (e.g., Hogerheijde et al. 1995), conve- Ossenkopf et al. 2013). The observed narrow
nient to study and spatially resolve the struc- (∆v = 2–3 km s−1 ) carbon and sulfur radio re-
ture, physical conditions, and chemical stratifi- combination lines also arise from these layers
cation of a PDR. The Orion Bar is a bright (at and provide a measure of the electron density
many wavelengths, Fig. 3) escarpment of the in the PDR (ne ' 10–100 cm−3 ; e.g., Wyrowski
Orion molecular cloud (OMC), the closest2 site et al. 1997; Cuadrado et al. 2019; Goicoechea
of ongoing massive star-formation. The Orion & Cuadrado 2021). The atomic PDR zone also
Bar is illuminated by the O7-type star θ1 Ori C, hosts the peak of the MIR AIBs (e.g., Bregman
the most massive member of the Trapezium et al. 1989; Sellgren et al. 1990; Tielens et al.
young stellar cluster, which lies at the heart of 1993; Giard et al. 1994; Knight et al. 2021a).
the Orion Nebula (about 20 north west of the At about 15 00 from the ionization front (at
Bar, e.g., O’Dell 2001). The intense ionizing ra- AV ' 1-2 mag of visual extinction into the neu-
diation and strong winds from θ1 Ori C power tral cloud), the FUV dissociating photons are
and shape the nebula (Güdel et al. 2008; Pabst sufficiently attenuated and most of the hydro-
gen becomes molecular, H2 molecules contains
2
The most commonly adopted distance to the Bar is over 90% of the H nuclei (van der Werf et al.
414 pc (Menten et al. 2007) although more recent ob- 2013). This H/H2 transition (dissociation front)
servations, including Gaia, point to slightly lower values displays a forest of near- and mid-IR rotational
(Kounkel et al. 2017; Großschedl et al. 2018).
[NeII]
160
AIB
140
[ArIII]
120
[SIV]
100
Flux (Jy)
AIB AIB
80 H2
AIB [ArII]
AIB
60
H2
HI
40 HI
AIB
20
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Wavelength ( m)
Figure 2. The Orion Bar in the mid-IR. Left: Overview of the central region of the Orion Nebula as seen
with S pitzer-IRAC at 8µm. Salient objects, including the Orion Bar which is the target of this program,
are labeled. Figure adapted from Goicoechea et al. (2015). Right: ISO-SWS spectrum of the Orion Bar
PDR extracted at the position indicated by the blue box in the image (for the 2.3-12 µm range). Main
spectroscopic fingerprints are labeled.
and vibrationally excited H2 lines (e.g., Parmar ent from Td ' 70 K near the ionization front
et al. 1991; Luhman et al. 1994; van der Werf to Td ' 35 K in the less exposed layers (Arab
et al. 1996; Allers et al. 2005; Shaw et al. 2009; et al. 2012; Salgado et al. 2016). Dust models
Zhang et al. 2021), including FUV-pumped vi- of the Orion Bar require FUV and IR grain
brational levels up to v = 10 (Kaplan et al. 2017) opacities lower than in the diffuse ISM, with
and HD rotational lines (Wright et al. 1999; RV = AV /EB−V ' 5.5, consistent with a flatter
Joblin et al. 2018). Analysis of the IR H2 and extinction curve (e.g., Cardelli et al. 1989; Abel
21 cm H i lines toward the dissociation front sug- et al. 2006), and with larger-than-standard-size
gests warm kinetic temperatures for the molec- grains.
ular gas (Tg = 400-700 K) which are not easy to As the FUV flux drops, Tg and Td decrease
reproduce by PDR models using standard (dif- too. The intermediate AV layers of the Orion
fuse ISM) grain properties and heating rates Bar PDR show a rich chemical composition
(e.g. Allers et al. 2005). which includes a large variety of small hydrocar-
Beyond the dissociation front, between AV = 1-2 bons, complex organic species, and some deuter-
and 4 mag, the C+ /C/CO transition takes place ated molecules (e.g., Hogerheijde et al. 1995; Si-
(e.g., Tauber et al. 1995) and the PDR be- mon et al. 1997; Peeters et al. 2004a; Leurini
comes molecular, with the abundance of reac- et al. 2006; Onaka et al. 2014; Cuadrado et al.
tive molecular ions quickly rising (e.g., Stoerzer 2015; Doney et al. 2016; Cuadrado et al. 2017).
et al. 1995; Fuente et al. 2003; Nagy et al. 2013; At greater AV , as Td decreases, abundant el-
van der Tak et al. 2013). FIR and MIR pho- ements such as oxygen and sulfur atoms start
tometric images reveal that the thermal dust to deplete on dust grains and ices form. The
emission peaks deeper into the PDR than the ice mantle composition and the chemistry that
AIBs. They show a dust temperature gradi- takes place on PDR grain surfaces are still un-
PDRs4All 11
certain (e.g., Guzmán et al. 2011; Esplugues Recently, ALMA observed the same FOV
et al. 2016). Photodesorption of these ices en- that JWST will target, providing ∼ 1 00 reso-
riches the gas with new chemical species (e.g., lution images of the CO and HCO+ emission
Putaud et al. 2019; Goicoechea et al. 2021, and (Goicoechea et al. 2016). Instead of a homoge-
references therein). nous PDR with well-defined and spatially sep-
Unfortunately, most of the observations de- arated H/H2 and C+ /C/CO transition zones,
scribed above (especially at FIR and longer ALMA revealed rich small-scale structures (akin
wavelengths) refer to modest angular resolution to filaments and globules), sharp edges, and un-
observations (1000 –2000 ) that do not spatially recovered the presence of an embedded proplyd
solve the main transition zones of the PDR. As a (object 203-506; Champion et al. 2017). The
consequence, their fundamental structures: ho- CO gas temperature just beyond the dissocia-
mogenous versus clumpy, constant density ver- tion front is Tk ' 200 K (see also Habart et al.
sus constant pressure, and the role of magnetic 2010; Joblin et al. 2018) and decreases deeper
pressures and dynamical effects (e.g., photoe- inside.
vaporation or low-velocity shocks) are still de-
bated. This ongoing discussion has led to the 5. SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES
development of very detailed PDR models (e.,g. The unprecedented dataset will obtain with
Tielens & Hollenbach 1985b; Burton et al. 1990; Webb (seeSect. 7) will allow us to address sev-
Störzer & Hollenbach 1998; Pellegrini et al. eral science questions. In this section we high-
2009; Andree-Labsch et al. 2017; Bron et al. light three science objectives that can be tackled
2018; Kirsanova & Wiebe 2019). One of the con- with this ERS program.
troversial points is the need to invoke the pres-
ence of high density clumps (nH = 106 –107 cm−3 )
to explain the emission from certain high criti- Evolution of the physical and chemical con-
cal density tracers (e.g., Tauber et al. 1994; van ditions at the critical H+ /H0 /H2 transition
der Werf et al. 1996; Young Owl et al. 2000; zones —We expect to detect and spatially re-
Lis & Schilke 2003). Interestingly, the most solve a large number of lines (see Section 6 and
massive clumps might collapse and form low- Fig. 6), i.e. fine-structure lines of several ions
mass stars (e.g., Lis & Schilke 2003). How- and atoms (e.g., [Fe ii], [Fe i], [Ar iii], [Ar ii],
ever, very small dense clumps may not exist, [S iv], [S ii], [S i], [P iii], [Ne iii], [Ne ii], [Ni ii],
at least close to the dissociation front (e.g., [F i], [Cl i], ...), fluorescent lines (O, N), re-
Gorti & Hollenbach 2002). Alternatively, some combination lines (H, He, C), pure rotational
of the observed features may be explained with- and ro-vibrational transitions of H2 and its iso-
out invoking clumps by a roughly isobaric PDR, topologue HD (both collisionaly excited or ra-
at high thermal-pressure (Pth /k ≈ 108 cm−3 K) diatively pumped), ro-vibrational transitions of
(e.g., Allers et al. 2005; Joblin et al. 2018) em- non-polar molecules (CH4 , C2 H2 , CO2 , C6 H6 ),
bedded in a more diffuse medium. In addi- and possibly, for the first time in a PDR, highly
tion, the magnetic pressure may play a role in excited pure rotational and ro-vibrational tran-
the PDR/clump dynamics (e.g., Pellegrini et al. sitions of CO, H2 O (HDO), and OH. Observa-
2009; Pabst et al. 2020). Recent observations of tions of these species, which each provide a di-
the FIR dust polarization suggest a plane-of- agnostic of a specific physical environment or
the-sky magnetic field strength of B0 ' 300 µG chemical reaction, at unprecedented high spa-
(Chuss et al. 2019; Guerra et al. 2021). tial resolution (up to 0.100 or 40 AU at 400 pc)
for a PDR have so far been out of reach.
Hubble Space Telescope
m
ziu
ape
Tr
To
Theta 2 Ori A
10’’
(4000 AU)
HI
I re
Ion gio
iza n
tio
nF
ron
NIRSpec-IFU
t
Dis MIRI-IFU
so
ciat
ion
fro
nt
Mo
lec
ula
rc
lou
d
Halpha / HST: Ionized gas 10 000 K

PAH / SOFIA (7.7 um): Neutral atomic gas 1000 K
5’’ HCO+ / ALMA: Molecular gas at few 100 K 5’’
Figure 3. Overview of the Orion Bar region at visible wavelengths, observed with the Hubble Space
Telescope (top panel; credits: NASA, C.R. O’Dell and S.K. Wong, Rice University). Lower panels zoom
on the region of interest showing the footprints of the MIRI-IFU and NIRSpec-IFU mosaics on a multi-
wavelength view of the Orion Bar composed of Hα 656 nm emission (blue, Bally et al. 2000), PAH 7.7 µm
emission (green, Salgado et al. 2016), and HCO+ (4-3) 356.7 GHz emission (red, Goicoechea et al. 2016).
PDRs4All 13
Figure 4. Example IR PDR diagnostics: a) Excitation diagram from H2 lines in PDRs, that are observable
by MIRI and NIRSpec, as a tracer of the warm and hot (UV-pumped) excitation temperatures (excitation
temperatures derived from the level populations by a local Boltzmann fit are indicated); b) The [Fe ii] lines
as a tracer of the temperature and density distribution from the ionized gas to the PDR (Dere et al. 2019);
c) AIB emission ratios as a tracer of PAH size (in function of number of carbon atoms, NC ) and charge
(in function of the neutral PAHs fraction, i.e. PAH0 /(PAH0 +PAH1 )), computed from harmonic IR spectra
using PAHdb and assuming an interstellar radiation field (see Section 8 for a description of PAHdb). Figure
adapted from Maragkoudakis et al. (2020).
Variations in the physical conditions and face layers that are sufficiently heated to photo-
the high density sub-structures in the critical evaporate from the PDR.
H+ /H0 /H2 transition zones are poorly known, These observations will allow for better un-
yet they are of fundamental importance for derstanding of the physical and dynamical pro-
PDR models and data interpretation. The mea- cesses at work, identify pertinent signatures and
surement of a large number of fine-structure diagnostic tracers for the different key PDR
lines of ions and atoms will give access to the zones, improve model predictions for both warm
warm plasma cooling and pressure gradients molecular and ionized gas and help the develop-
before the ionization front and between the ion- ment of new PDR models which couple the dy-
ization front and dissociation front (Osterbrock namics of photoevaporation to physico-chemical
& Ferland 2006). Strong constraints can then processes (e.g., Bron et al. 2018).
be placed on metallicities, electron densities The role of dust properties (e.g., size dis-
and temperature variations (e.g., Fig. 4b and tribution) in determining the position of the
Verma et al. 2003). Benchmarking these probes H+ /H0 /H2 transition will also be better con-
of ionized / neutral gas interface is particularly strained with these observations (Allers et al.
important to support extragalactic studies (e.g. 2005; Schirmer et al. 2021). Moreover, grain
Cormier et al. 2012). A description of the im- surface chemistry is an unavoidable route for
pinging UV radiation field (intensity and wave- efficient H2 formation (e.g., Gould & Salpeter
length dependence) can also be obtained via 1963; Wakelam et al. 2017). Observations of nu-
fluorescent lines (e.g., Walmsley et al. 2000). A merous H2 rotational and ro-vibrational lines at
determination of the physical conditions in the high spatial resolution might constrain both the
neutral layer beyond the ionization front can H2 formation processes in warm gas and grains
also be assessed with recombination lines (e.g., and the mechanisms that control the H2 ortho-
Natta et al. 1994; Cuadrado et al. 2019). On the para ratio (e.g., Habart et al. 2004; Bron et al.
other hand, pure rotational and ro-vibrational 2014, 2016). Determination of the H2 forma-
lines of H2 and possibly HD will provide a great tion rate on interstellar grains and its abun-
thermometer for the bulk of the gas and pres- dance is particularly important, as it controls
sure gradients inside the PDRs (e.g., Fig. 4a most of the PDR physical structure and subse-
and Parmar et al. 1991; Wright et al. 1999; quent development of the chemical complexity
Habart et al. 2005; Allers et al. 2005; Habart in the ISM (for a review on H2 formation in the
et al. 2011; Sheffer et al. 2011; Kaplan et al. ISM see Wakelam et al. 2017).
2017; Joblin et al. 2018). Possibly, highly excited rotational and ro-
These constraints on the physical conditions vibrational lines of CO, H2 O, HDO, OH, CH+
will be essential to study the dynamical ef- will also lead to a better understanding of the
fects in PDRs, e.g. compression waves, photo- radiative and chemical pumping in PDRs. The
evaporative flows, ionization front and dissoci- presence of large columns of vibrationally ex-
ation front instabilities. Very precise determi- cited H2 that help to overcome certain reac-
nation of the offset between the ionization front tions drive the endothermic carbon chemistry
and the dissociation front will be obtained, as (e.g., Sternberg & Dalgarno 1995; Agúndez
well as, how this offset is affected by the shapes et al. 2010). Mid-IR superthermal emission of
of the evaporative flows (Carlsten & Hartigan OH will probe the far-UV dissociation of H2 O
2018). Moreover, JWST will probe the thin sur- and measure the local irradiation and density
conditions (Tabone et al. 2021). Finally, ro-
PDRs4All 15
vibrational lines of non-polar molecules (e.g., ble mixed aromatic aliphatic nature present in
CH4 , C2 H2 , C6 H6 ) will give a more complete UV shielded regions, to free flying PAH species
inventory of hydrocarbon species and better at the surface of molecular clouds (Rapacioli
characterize their formation/destruction pro- et al. 2005; Berné et al. 2012; Pilleri et al.
cesses via top-down or bottom-up chemistry 2015; Peeters et al. 2017; Murga et al. 2020;
(e.g., Cernicharo 2004; Parker et al. 2012; Con- Schirmer et al. 2020), and eventually to more
treras & Salama 2013; Pilleri et al. 2013; Alata stable fullerenes (Berné et al. 2015) and Grand-
et al. 2014; Jones & Habart 2015; Guzmán et al. PAHs (i.e. the most stable PAHs; Andrews
2015; Sciamma-O’Brien & Salama 2020). et al. 2015) in harsh (high G0 ) environments.
This evolution in PDRs has strong implications
Photochemical evolution of carbonaceous for the understanding of the PDR physics, no-
species —A key spectroscopic feature of PDRs tably the local extinction of the UV field, the
is the AIBs, observed throughout the Universe heating of the gas (by photoelectric effect), and
at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, and 11.2 µm (see Fig. 2) and the formation of H2 . Without detailed knowl-
attributed to the infrared fluorescence of nano- edge of the properties of these species, the im-
metric particles and molecules from the family plementation of these mechanisms in theoretical
of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) models can only be approximate. In addition,
(Leger & Puget 1984; Allamandola et al. 1985). this general scenario needs however to be ex-
In addition to interstellar PAHs, emission from tended, by identifying the connection between
the fullerene C60 is also present in PDRs, char- the photochemical evolution of large carbona-
acterized by emission bands detected at 7.0, ceous species such as PAHs and fullerenes with
17.4 and 18.9 µm (Sellgren et al. 2010; Peeters other chemical networks of PDRs. One criti-
et al. 2012; Boersma et al. 2012; Castellanos cal aspect concerns the link with small hydro-
et al. 2014; Berné et al. 2017). The underlying carbons such as acetylene or benzene. These
continuum present in mid-IR spectra (Fig. 2) non polar species cannot be detected with radio-
is more difficult to attribute, but is believed telescope, but their infrared band may be de-
to be due to some form of very small car- tected with JWST. Mapping the emission from
bonaceous grains (VSGs, Désert et al. 1990; these species in the Orion Bar at high angular
Compiègne et al. 2011), amorphous hydrocar- resolution will offer an unprecedented access to
bon nano-particles (Jones et al. 2013) and/or the organic inventory of a PDR, allowing to link
PAH clusters (Rapacioli et al. 2006). In regions chemical networks.
closest to massive stars, large silicate grains can The combination of high spectral resolution
also emit in the mid-IR continuum (Cesarsky mid-IR spectroscopy of AIBs (resolving the
et al. 2000; Knight et al. 2021b). plethora of AIB subcomponents and structure;
An important aspect of these spectroscopic see Fig. 5) with detailed knowledge of the phys-
features is that their relative contributions to ical conditions will provide key constraints on
the mid-IR spectrum vary significantly (e.g. astrochemical models of PAH evolution (e.g.
Joblin et al. 1996a; Cesarsky et al. 1996; Sloan Galliano et al. 2008; Montillaud et al. 2013;
et al. 1997; Peeters et al. 2002; Rapacioli et al. Mori et al. 2014; Andrews et al. 2015; Berné
2005; Compiègne et al. 2007; Povich et al. 2007; et al. 2015; Boersma et al. 2015; Croiset et al.
Watson et al. 2008; Boersma et al. 2012; Can- 2016; Stock & Peeters 2017; Murga et al. 2019;
dian et al. 2012; Mori et al. 2012, 2014; Stock Dartois et al. 2020; Knight et al. 2021b,a; Murga
et al. 2016; Sidhu et al. 2021). These variations et al. 2022), which will help determine the dom-
suggest an evolution from VSGs with a possi-
inant properties of PAH populations. This will gions or nearby galaxies, such as PDR models
in turn guide laboratory experiments or quan- (e.g. the Meudon code Le Petit et al. 2006,
tum chemical calculations which provide the the Kosma-Tau PDR code Röllig et al. 2013,
molecular parameters these models rely on (e.g., the Kaufman et al. 1999 model, the UCL-PDR
Maltseva et al. 2015; Sabbah et al. 2017; Salama model Bell et al. 2006) or spectroscopic de-
et al. 2018; Martı́nez et al. 2020; Dartois et al. composition tools (e.g. PAHFIT Smith et al.
2020; Wiersma et al. 2020; Gatchell et al. 2021; (2007), PAHTAT Pilleri et al. (2012)) have also
Zettergren et al. 2021). Overall, this synergy been widely used for the analysis and the de-
between observations, models, laboratory ex- termination of physical conditions in external
periments and theory is essential to determine galaxies (e.g. Malhotra et al. 2001; Chevance
the properties and role of PAHs and related car- et al. 2016; Naslim et al. 2015; Cormier et al.
bonaceous species in space (see Joblin & Tielens 2012; Bayet et al. 2009) or disks (Champion
2011 and references therein). et al. 2017; Berné et al. 2009).
Finally, the comparison of JWST observa-
6. SIMULATED SPECTRA
tions with dust emission models will also be
essential to constrain the dust evolution on a In order to illustrate the spectral richness
small scale at the edge of the PDR. Earlier that JWST will observe and to perform signal-
studies using suggest that the abundance of to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations, we modelled
VSGs is reduced in a variety of PDRs (e.g., in the IR emission of the 4 key regions between
filaments of the Taurus cloud, the Horsehead the interface of the H ii region around the mas-
and NGC 2023/7023 nebula,Stepnik et al. 2003; sive stars and the molecular gas (Figure 1),
Compiègne et al. 2008; Arab et al. 2012), but it for the case of the Orion Bar (Sect. 4). These
is unclear what the origin of this depletion is. spectra are also used by our team to create
simulations of the future JWST observations
Interpretation of unresolved PDRs —The to test the Science-Enabling Products (Sect. 8)
JWST spectra of various types of objects (typ- and advanced data-processing algorithms (e.g.,
ically galaxies or UV-irradiated protoplane- Guilloteau et al. 2020b,a). Figure 6 shows the
tary disks) will be dominated by PDR emis- obtained model templates at a spectral resolv-
sion which is spatially unresolved. Deriving the ing power of 3000 illustrating the contribution
physical conditions in these sources, where the of ionic, atomic, and molecular gas lines, AIBs,
emission from all PDR components is blended in small dust bands, dust scattered light, and con-
one or a few spectra, is therefore much more dif- tinuum emission. The spectra are available
ficult. This ERS program will provide Science- in numerical format from [link to be inserted
Enabling Products that will facilitate the inter- upon publication]. The four spectra have been
pretation of unresolved PDRs (Section 8). For computed individually for each region and each
instance, we will provide template spectra for component using (i) the Cloudy code for the
the four key regions of a PDR which can provide ionized gas in the H ii region and the ioniza-
a first benchmark to interpret unresolved PDR tion front (Ferland et al. 2017); (ii) the Meudon
emission. We will extend existing data-analysis PDR code for the contribution from the atomic
tools and line and AIB diagnostic tools into and molecular lines in the neutral PDR gas
the JWST era and validate them on the ERS (Le Petit et al. 2006); (iii) the AIB spectra ex-
data from this program. This approach has tracted by Foschino et al. (2019); and (iv) the
been highly successful in the past: tools which DustEM tool and SOC radiative transfer code
were benchmarked on galactic star-forming re- for the contribution from the dust continuum
PDRs4All 17
Figure 5. The spectral richness of the AIB emission toward two prototypical PDRs shown for a) the 3 µm
and b) the 8 µm region (Geballe et al. 1989; Moutou et al. 1999). The inset in panel a zooms in on the 3.4-3.6
µm region. Vertical bars indicate sub-structure (reflecting sub components). These are not detectable at
low spectral resolution (panel b, blue line, offset=1000). c) PAHdb fitting to the 7–9 µm range shown with
its breakdown in charge states (see Section 8 for a description of PAHdb).
and scattered light (Compiègne et al. 2011; Ju- based on Joblin et al. (2018). We fix the radia-
vela 2019; Schirmer et al. 2021). Below we tion field impinging on the PDR so that, at the
briefly describe the parameters and calculation edge of the PDR, G0 = 2.25 · 104 in Habing
requirements used for each model and region. units (in agreement with previous estimates
The physical parameters used for these models given G0 = 1 − 4 · 104 Tielens & Hollenbach
correspond to those of the Orion Bar described 1985a; Marconi et al. 1998). We adopted the
in Section 4. extinction curve of HD 38087 of Fitzpatrick &
Ionized gas emission. For the ionized gas Massa (1990) and RV = 5.62 which is close
component we rely on the Cloudy code (Fer- to the value determined for Orion Bar of 5.5
land et al. 2017). We adopt an illuminating (Marconi et al. 1998). A complete transfer with
star characterized by an O star model with exact calculation of the mutual screening be-
an effective temperature Tef f = 40,000 K. The tween the UV pumping lines of H2 was done
TLUSTY stellar model was used. The total since it can have a significant effect on the po-
number of ionizing photons emitted by the star sition of the H/H2 transition and it can impact
is set to QLyC = 7·1048 photon s−1 (similar to the intensities of the ro-vibrational lines of the
that used by Pellegrini et al. 2009). The sep- radiative cascade. To obtain the model tem-
aration between the center of the source and plate spectra, we calculate the cumulative line
the illuminated face of the cloud is assumed intensities from the atomic and H/H2 transition
to be 0.01 pc. For the density, the initial elec- region (0 < AV < 2.5) and from the molecular
tronic density is assumed to be n0e = 3000 cm−3 . region (which starts at the C/CO transition,
A power-law density gradient irradiated from 2.5 < AV < 8.5). We set an upper limit of
the outside is taken for the density profile as- AV =8.5 to the molecular region to eliminate
suming an exponent α=2 and the cloud scale emission caused by the interstellar radiation
depth Rscale−depth =0.3 pc (similar to that used field on the back side. This PDR model pro-
by Shaw et al. 2009; Pellegrini et al. 2009). vides a good agreement with the observed values
Molecular and neutral atomic gas emis- of the high-J CO emission produced before the
sion. For this component, we rely on the C+ /C/CO transition and that originate from
Meudon PDR code. We consider an isobaric small structures of typical thickness of a few
model with a thermal pressure P = 4 · 108 K cm−3 10−3 pc or ∼100 (Joblin et al. 2018). To repro-
3000 3000
a) HII region
2500 H0 2500 Ar++ S+++ Ne+ Ne++ S++ Fe++
2000 2000
1500 1500
1000 1000
500 500
0 0
3000 5000
b) Ionization front
2500 Fe+ H0 4000 Ar++ Ne+ Fe+ Ar++
2000
3000
1500
2000
1000
1000
Flux (MJy/sr)
500
0 0
AIBs
3000
c) PDR: HI/H2 dissociation front 8000
2500 H2 H2
2000 6000
1500
4000
1000
2000
500
0 0 AIBs
600 1000
d) PDR: molecular zone
500 800
400
600
300
400
200
100 200
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 25
Wavelength (µm)
Figure 6. Model IR spectra at a spectral resolving power of 3000 of the 4 key regions within the interface
of the H ii region around the massive stars and the molecular gas (Fig. 1) illustrating the spectral richness
that JWST will observe. Dust-scattered light and continuum emission are shown in dotted and dashed lines.
Ionic, atomic, and molecular gas lines are shown in colors (grey, green, pink, purple, blue). Aromatic and
small dust bands are shown in red. The band-passes of the photometric filters selected in this ERS program
are shown in gray and pink for the medium and narrow filters respectively. Spectra have been calculated
with the Cloudy (Ferland et al. 2017), Meudon PDR code (Le Petit et al. 2006), the spectra from Foschino
et al. (2019) for the PAH emission, and the DustEM (Compiègne et al. 2011) and THEMIS/SOC models
(Schirmer et al. in prep) for the dust emission and scattering.
duce the nearly edge-on geometry of the Bar mum inclination that can be used to derive line
(Wen & O’dell 1995; Hogerheijde et al. 1995; intensities in the 1D PDR Meudon code. The
Jansen et al. 1995; Walmsley et al. 2000), we optically thin line surface brightnesses are en-
adopt a geometry in which the PDR is observed hanced by a geometrical factor of 1/cos(θ)=2
with a viewing angle θ between the line-of-sight relative to their face-on surface brightnesses.
and the normal to the PDR equal to ∼60◦ . This The uncertainty on this angle could lead to an
angle is defined with 0◦ being face-on and 90◦ additional scaling factor on all line intensities.
edge-on. The value of 60◦ gives an approxima- For simplicity, we adopt the same geometrical
tion of a nearly edge-on PDR and is the maxi- factor for the PDR and Cloudy models.
PDRs4All 19
Dust emission and scattering. To com- region, we also define a normalized (over the
pute the dust emission and scattering in the area) spectrum for AIB emission. These are
neutral zone, we use the THEMIS3 interstel- computed using the four template spectra ex-
lar dust model together with the 3D radiative tracted by Foschino et al. (2019) on ISO SWS
transfer code SOC following the approach of data using machine learning algorithms. The
Schirmer et al. (2020). We consider the den- four spectra represent four families of PAH re-
sity profile towards the Orion Bar described in lated species, namely neutral PAHs (PAH0 ),
Arab et al. (2012) which agrees with the dust cationic PAHs (PAH+ ), evaporating very small
observational constraints from Spitzer and Her- grains (eVSGs) and large ionized PAHs (PAHx ).
schel. A radiation field corresponding to a star The description of these species is given in
of Tef f = 40,000 K with G0 = 2, 25 · 104 in Pilleri et al. (2012, 2015) and Foschino et al.
Habing units is used. The dust size distribu- (2019). For the H ii region, the PAH spectrum
tions were adjusted in order to reproduce the consists completely of PAH0 , since the abun-
IR observations of the Orion Bar (Spitzer IRAC dance of electrons is large and hence recombina-
3.6, 4.5, 5.8 and 8 µm, Herschel PACS, 70 and tion of cationic PAHs is very efficient at keeping
160 µm, and SPIRE 250, 350, and 500 µm): the molecules neutral. At the ionization front, PAH
amorphous hydrocarbon nano-particle to gas emission is dominated by the neutral side of the
ratio is set to about 100 times lower and their interface, where density is highest, where gas
minimum size is set to 1.8 times larger than in is mostly neutral, and where radiation field is
the diffuse ISM (Schirmer et al. in prep). For high. Therefore, recombination with electrons
the model template spectra of the atomic and is highly ineffective and only cationic PAHs, in
H/H2 transition region (Fig. 6c), we calculate particular the largest, can survive. This type
the average of the emission from the edge of the of environment is similar to that of planetary
PDR up to a column density, from the edge, of nebulae where PAHx are dominant (Joblin et al.
4.6 1021 H cm−2 , corresponding to the depth of 2008), hence we use this spectrum for the ioniza-
the C/CO transition as computed by the PDR tion front. On the dissociation front, emission
Meudon code (see above). For the molecular re- is dominated by neutral PAHs but with a con-
gion (Fig. 6d), we calculate the average of the tribution of cations (see e.g. Berné et al. 2012),
emission from the layers which begins after the hence we adopt a spectrum consisting of 60%
C/CO transition and ends at a density column PAH0 and 40% PAH+ . Finally, the molecular
from the edge of the PDR of 1.6 1022 H cm−2 . cloud region is dominated by eVSG and neu-
For the calculation of the dust continuum and tral PAHs, as seen in e.g. NGC 7023 (Berné
scattered light in the ionized region and ioniza- et al. 2012), and we adopt a spectrum with half
tion front, we used the DustEM optically thin eVSG and half PAH0 . The normalized AIB
model (Compiègne et al. 2011). The incident spectra were scaled to reproduce the integrated
spectrum on the H ii region and the transmit- fluxes as observed in the Orion bar by Spitzer.
ted spectrum in the ionization front calculated Absolute calibration and recommended
by Cloudy was used. use of the spectra. Absolute calibration of
Aromatic infrared band emission. For each the total spectrum resulting from the sum of the
four different regions has been cross-checked
3
The Heterogeneous dust Evolution Model for Inter- with existing observations of the Orion Bar
stellar Solids, available here: https://www.ias.u-psud. (ISO, Spitzer, SOFI/NTT, HST), so as to con-
fr/themis/. See model overview in Jones et al. (2017) firm that the total spectrum is roughly realistic
and references therein.
in terms of flux units. Moreover, for some spe- Table 1. Filter selection for NIRCam and MIRI.
cific gas lines (e.g., [FeII], H2 ) observed recently
with the Keck telescope at very high angular Species λ1 Filter Cont. OB3 NGC
resolution (∼0.100 ), we compare our model pre- (µm) filter2 19823
dictions to the observed peak emission at the NIRCam
√
ionization front and dissociation front (Habart [FeII] 1.644 F164N F162M
√ √
et al. in prep). This allowed us to ensure that Pa α 1.876 F187N F182M
√ √
we do not underestimate the peak emission by Br α 4.052 F405N F410M
√ √
important factors. We emphasize that the in- H2 2.120 F212N F210M
√
dividual spectra of the different regions, ob- H2 3.235 F323N4 F300M
tained by making simple assumptions and by √
H2 4.694 F470N F480M
separately estimating the different components √ √
AIB 3.3 F335M F300M
(ionized gas, neutral gas, dust in ionized gas, √
1.405 F140M
dust in neutral gas, PAHs) are not fully real- √
1.659 F150W2
istic. However these spectra can be useful for √
2.672 F277W
time estimates with the JWST time exposure √
3.232 F322W2
calculator, or testing data-analysis tools, before √ √
4.408 F444W
obtaining actual data.
MIRI
7. OBSERVATIONS √
7.7 F770W
√
The program objectives (Sect. 3, 5) require 11.3 F1130W
√
the use of near- and mid-IR spatially resolved 15.0 F1500W
√
spectroscopy to extract the spectra and sig- 25.5 F2550W
natures of the critical sub-regions in a PDR
(Figs. 1, 3), and near- and mid-IR imaging to 1 The wavelength of the transition or the pivot
obtain a general understanding of the environ- wavelength of the filter for NIRCam broad band
ment. Hereafter we describe in details the set filters. 2 Continuum filter; 3 OB: Orion Bar (on-
of planned observations as part of this ERS target observations); NGC 1982: NIRCam parallel
project with MIRI, NIRSpec and NIRCam. For observations; 4 This filter is not contaminated by
the imaging, the filter selection is given in Ta- the 3.3 µm AIB.
ble 1. The file containing the details of these
observations can be downloaded directly in the dither. We include a dark exposure to quantify
Astronomer Proposal Toolkit (APT) using the the leakage of the Micro-Shutter Array (MSA)4 .
program ID 1288. We use five groups per integration with one in-
tegration and one exposure for a total on-source
7.1. NIRSpec IFU spectroscopy integration time of 257.7s5 . The expected SNRs
We will obtain a 9×1 mosaic centered on posi-
tion α = 05 35 20.4864, δ = -05 25 10.96 (Fig. 3) 4
https://jwst-docs.stsci.edu/
for the 1-5.3 µm range. The exact position angle jwst-near-infrared-spectrograph/
nirspec-operations/nirspec-ifu-operations/
(PA) for the mosaic will depend on the date of
nirspec-msa-leakage-correction-for-ifu-observations
observation, however we plan to have PA ∼ 60◦ . 5
Definitions of groups, integrations, and expo-
We use the H grisms with a spectral resolution sures can be found at https://jwst-docs.stsci.edu/
of ∼2700, the NRSRAPID readout mode, which understanding-exposure-times.
is appropriate for bright sources, and a 4 point
PDRs4All 21
NIRCam PA ∼ 60◦ . We note that the NIRspec IFU

spectroscopy mosaic described above is fully in-
cluded in the MIRI IFU mosaic, the latter being
larger, especially at longer wavelengths due to
instrument design (Rieke et al. 2015). We use
the MRS spectrometer with a spectral resolu-
tion of ∼3000. We apply a 4 point dither opti-
mized for extended sources and use the FASTR1
MIRI + readout mode and the SUB128 imager subarray,
both adapted for bright sources. We integrate
50.5s on-source using five groups per integration
with one integration and one exposure. Accord-
30’’
ing to the ETC, using our reference spectrum
this yields a minimal SNR per spectral resolu-
Figure 7. Overlay of the JWST NIRCam (red) tion element of ∼ 10 on the continuum, and up
and MIRI (white) imaging footprints on the Hub- to above 500 for bright lines and PAH bands.
ble Space Telescope image of the Orion Bar at 1.3
µm (Robberto et al. 2020). MIRI observations are 7.3. NIRCam imaging
centered on position α = 05 35 20.3448 and δ = -05 We will observe i) the 3.3 µm PAH band
25 4.01 (position indicated by the white cross). For which, when combined with the 11.3 µm PAH
NIRCam, only module B covering the Bar is shown
band, measures PAH size (Fig. 4c; Ricca et al.
in this overlay. Module A is situated to the North
(outside of image), and the pointing position (also
2012; Croiset et al. 2016; Knight et al. 2021a),
outside this image) is situated in between these two ii) the vibrationally excited lines of H2 at 2.12,
modules at α = 05 35 20.1963, δ = -05 23 10.45. 3.23, and 4.7 µm, tracing the dissociation front,
iii) the [FeII] at 1.64 µm, tracing the ioniza-
have been computed using the Exposure Time tion front, and iv) the Pa α and Br α lines,
Calculator (ETC)6 provided by STScI, based on tracing the H ii region. For each, we include a
a reference spectrum which is the average of the reference filter for the subtraction of the under-
four template spectra described in Sect. 6. This lying continuum emission. We will also obtain
provides a SNR per spectral resolution element broad band observations at 1.5, 2.7, 3.2, and
on the continuum of at least 25, and up to sev- 4.4 µm. We will map the PDR region with a
eral hundred for the 3.3 µm PAH band and up single pointing using a 4 point dither (Fig. 7).
to a few thousand on bright lines. In Canin All used filters are summarized in Table 1. We
et al. (2022) we provide a detailed simulation use the RAPID readout mode since the Orion
of the NIRSpec-IFU observations of the Orion Bar is very bright. We will obtain a SNR on the
Bar. extended emission above 10 for all filters with a
total on-source exposure time of 85.9s (2 groups
7.2. MIRI IFU spectroscopy per integration, one integration and one expo-
sure).
We will obtain a 7×2 mosaic centered on posi-
tion α = 05 35 20.4869, δ = -05 25 11.02 (Fig. 3) 7.4. MIRI imaging
over the entire 5-28.5 µm range, also with a We will observe i) the 7.7 µm PAH band, ii)
the 11.3 µm PAH band which, when combined,
6
https://jwst.etc.stsci.edu/ provide a proxy for PAH ionization (e.g., Joblin
et al. 1996b; Hony et al. 2001), iii) VSGs (Désert background sources. We have chosen a back-
et al. 1990), and iv) continuum emission at 25 ground position (same for both instruments) sit-
µm, tracing warm dust in the H ii region, sim- uated in a region of very low emission in 2MASS
ilarly to the corresponding WISE, Spitzer, and and WISE surveys at a distance of 2 degrees
IRAS filters. We obtain a 3 × 3 mosaic us- from our on-source observations at α = 05 27
ing 2 dithers and a 2 point dither pattern (2- 19.40 and δ = -05 32 4.40.
POINT-MIRI-F770W-WITH-NIRCam) with 4
pointings (Fig. 7). To accommodate the bright- 7.7. Risks of saturation: estimates and
ness of the Orion Bar, we use the FASTR1 read- mitigation
ing mode and the SUB128 imager subarray. We
We have conducted a number of tests to esti-
obtain a SNR above 10 with a total on-source
mate and mitigate the risks of saturation.
integration time of 136.9s (5 groups per integra-
For the spectroscopic observations, the stan-
tion, 115 integrations, and 1 exposure).
dard ETC calculations do not show any warn-
7.5. NIRCam parallel observations ing of saturation when employing a reference
spectrum of the Orion Bar. However, the true
We will obtain parallel NIRCam observations
(peak) intensities could be underestimated due
with the on-source MIRI imaging. The exact
to the increased spatial and spectral resolution
FOV will depend on the time of observations.
of JWST compared to prior observations. We
If the observations are taken in the September
therefore took a conservative approach and in-
visibility window (as we expect as of today), it
vestigated potential risks when employing this
will be located North of the Orion Bar, on the
reference spectrum multiplied by a factor of 3.
NGC 1982 region. We will observe i) the 3.3 µm
For MIRI, we obtain partial saturation7 in the
PAH band, ii) the vibrationally excited line of
[Ne ii] line at 12.8 µm and in the [S iii] line
H2 at 2.12 µm, and iii) the Pa α and Br α lines.
at 18.7 µm. This risk is thus mainly affecting
For each, we include a reference filter for the
the part of the mosaic situated in the H ii re-
subtraction of the underlying continuum emis-
gion and only concerns theses lines (i.e. the rest
sion. We will also obtain a broad band observa-
of the spectrum is not saturated in this exer-
tion at 4.4 µm. The filters for theses observa-
cise). Since the saturation is only partial and
tions are summarized in Table 1. The pointings,
the integration ramps are usable up to when
number of dithers, and dither pattern are set
the saturation occurs, we expect that fluxes can
by those of the primary observations (on-source
still be recovered for these lines. We do not
MIRI imaging). To accommodate the bright-
see any saturation issues with NIRSpec. Re-
ness of the Orion Bar, we will use the BRIGHT2
garding the photometric observations, we apply
readout mode and will obtain a total integration
the same method to probe potential risks. For
time of 128.8s (using 2 groups per integration,
NIRCam observations, the ETC calculations do
1 integration, and 1 exposure).
not show any warnings using the reference spec-
7.6. “Off” observations trum nor this spectrum multiplied by a factor
We include spectroscopic “off” observations
7
to subtract any undesirable emission from scat- Partial saturation indicates saturation oc-
curs in the third group or a later group of
tered light from the Sun or the Galactic plane, the integration ramp (https://jwst-docs.stsci.
telescope emission, Zodiacal light, or instru- edu/jwst-exposure-time-calculator-overview/
mental signal. This ensures the highest qual- jwst-etc-calculations-page-overview/
ity data, and provides information on possible jwst-etc-saturation).
PDRs4All 23
of 3 (assuming an extended source). Discus- First, we will provide the following enhanced
sions with instrument teams suggest that satu- data products:
ration with NIRCam on the Orion Bar in the
• Highly processed data products of
extended emission is highly unlikely. We have
the obtained observations. We will pro-
also run detailed modeling of the observations
vide the data in post-pipeline format
using the MIRAGE instrument simulator 8 , in-
(Stage 3). We will also provide highly
serting background images of the Orion Bar at
processed data, in particular stitched IFU
appropriate wavelengths from Hubble or Spitzer
cubes for NIRSpec and MIRI.
(Canin et al. 2021). These simulated data do
not show any saturation in the extended emis- • Maps of spectral features. Using the
sion. For saturation of point sources, we ran spectral decomposition tool PAHFIT (see
the MIRAGE simulator inserting a point source below, Smith et al. 2007), we will produce
with the magnitude of θ2 Ori A (Canin et al. integrated line and band maps, with un-
2021). The star saturates the detector but only certainties, from our IFU spectroscopy ob-
in a few pixels at the position of the star. Stray servations. Final products will be maps
light is also limited to the immediate surround- (FITS files) in physical units and astrom-
ings of the star. Overall, our predictions suggest etry.
that the risk of saturation for NIRCam on the
Orion Bar is low. For MIRI imaging, the ETC • Template spectra from the key re-
predicts that the Orion Bar saturates the de- gions (the H ii region, the ionization
tectors in all filters if the full array is used for front, the dissociation front, and the
an extended source with the reference spectrum molecular zone). These will be extracted
multiplied by 3. We have therefore modified the directly from the observations and by
observations and adopted a strategy which con- blind signal separation methods (e.g.
sists in reading the detector much faster only on Berné et al. 2012). The templates can
a sub-field of 128×128 pixels (SUB128) to avoid be used by the community to interpret
saturation. The resulting field of view is thus spectroscopic observations of non-resolved
much smaller, hence to cover a large enough re- PDRs, such as in distant galaxies or
gion, we must perform a 3 × 3 mosaic (Fig. 7). proto-planetary disks.
This is more time consuming that a standard Second, to facilitate post-pipeline data reduc-
strategy, however this is the only approach to tion and processing of similar JWST observa-
limit the risks of saturation. tions, we will deliver:
• Spectral order stitching and stitched
8. SCIENCE-ENABLING PRODUCTS
cubes. The official JWST pipeline as-
(SEPS)
sumes that combining spectra taken with
In the context of this ERS project, we will pro- different gratings and/or settings can be
vide three types of SEPs to the community: 1) done without any specific matching step.
enhanced data products, 2) products facilitat- This is a success-oriented view, however
ing data reduction and processing, and 3) data- past experience (with e.g. Spitzer-IRS,
interpretation tools via STScI and our website9 . ISO-SWS) has shown that extra cor-
rections are usually needed to provide
8
https://github.com/spacetelescope/mirage smooth transitions between such spectral
9
http://pdrs4all.org segments. We will quantify any spectral
stitching issues. If needed, we will de- energy levels and Einstein coefficients for
velop a Python-based tool to provide the spontaneous emission will be added.
needed extra corrections and, if possible,
make it automated. We will also provide an extensive and powerful
set of tools for the interpretation of JWST data:
• Cross-correlation of spectra & im- • H2 fitting tool will provide fits of
ages. For the overlapping photometric observed H2 excitation diagrams (e.g.,
and spectroscopic FOVs, a comparison Fig. 4) for any pixel and yield the warm
will be done between the flux in specific and hot (UV-pumped) excitation tem-
(spectroscopic) lines or bands and the flux peratures (Tex ), warm, hot, and total
observed in specific (photometric) filters column densities (NH2 ), and ortho-to-
or combinations of filters (narrow and/or para ratio (Rotp ). Outputs will be ex-
wide). This will be used for cross calibra- citation diagrams and maps of Tex , NH2
tion purposes and to define color correc- and Rotp . The tool will be part of the
tion for fields with bright PAH bands (e.g. PDR Toolbox (Pound & Wolfire 2008,
Reach et al. 2005). The products will be http://dustem.astro.umd.edu), which has
correlation tables and simple mathemati- been rewritten as an open-source Python
cal recipes. package (https://pdrtpy.readthedocs.io).
• PAHFIT. This tool decomposes a spec- • The interstellar medium database,
trum into gas lines, dust features (aro- ISMDB, is a model database with a web-
matic/PAHs, aliphatics, fullerenes, sili- based fitting tool to search in massive
cates, ices), and dust continuum compo- grids of state-of-the-art PDR models and
nents and was developed for the anal- derive physical parameters from observa-
ysis of Spitzer-IRS observations (Smith tions of any number of spectral lines to
et al. 2007). Recently, Lai et al. (2020) be observed with JWST (http://ismdb.
applied it to AKARI-Spitzer observa- obspm.fr). This web service will give
tions. We will extend its capabilities to access to model grids from the Meudon
include JWST applicability, various de- PDR code (Le Petit et al. 2006) and
composition methods for dust features the KOSMA-tau PDR code (Röllig et al.
and continuum, and various extinction 2013). This tool will be able to handle
determination methods (silicate absorp- maps of multiple lines (rather than sin-
tion, H2 lines) so it becomes more ver- gle pointing observations in the existing
satile. In addition, we will make sure version) and return the estimated param-
it can automatically treat all pixels in eter maps, providing in addition maps of
IFU maps. This is implemented as a the goodness-of-fit at each pixel and of the
community open-source Python project uncertainties at each pixel, as well single-
(https://github.com/PAHFIT/pahfit). pixel analysis tools allowing to visualize
uncertainty correlations between the dif-
• Line list of all the lines and bands present ferent parameters.
in the data. The final product will be an
ASCII table with the wavelength position, • pyPAHdb Spectral Analysis Tool
characteristic (line or band), and assign- decomposes a PAH emission spectrum
ment of each line. For the lines, upper into contributing sub-populations (e.g.,
PDRs4All 25
charge, size, composition, structure; Shan- (Fig. 8). The program is led by the PI team
non & Boersma 2018). It is based (O. Berné, E. Habart & E. Peeters) who are as-
on tools provided via the NASA Ames sisted by a core team of 17 scientists10 . This
PAH IR Spectroscopic Database version core team is complemented by extended-core
3.2 (PAHdb; http://www.astrochemistry. team members who significantly contribute to
org/pahdb/, Cami 2011; Bauschlicher the program, in particular with respect to the
et al. 2010; Boersma et al. 2014; Bauschlicher Science-Enabling Products. Telecons open to
et al. 2018; Mattioda et al. 2020), i.e., the community will be organized on a regular
the AmesPAHdbIDLSuite and the Ames- basis to disseminate data reduction and analysis
PAHdbPythonSuite (https://github.com/ techniques and recipes, best practices to design
PAHdb/). The tool makes use of a ma- JWST proposals, and tutorials on the provided
trix of pre-calculated emission spectra SEPs. We will organize the workshop “Galactic
from version 3.20 of PAHdb’s library of and extragalactic PDRs with JWST”. For more
density-functional-theory computed ab- information, please visit http://pdrs4all.org.
sorption cross-sections. The products will 10. CONCLUSIONS
be maps of the PAH ionization and large
fraction. The tool is implemented as a This paper presents the JWST ERS program
community open-source Python project PDRs4All: “Radiative feedback from massive
(https://github.com/PAHdb/pyPAHdb). stars”. PDRs4All will be the go-to place for
JWST observers who 1) are eager to see one
• Ionized gas lines diagnostic dia- of the first data taken with JWST, 2) are in-
grams. We will provide diagnostic di- terested in how JWST’s instruments perform
agrams of key species to be observed with on bright, extended targets, 3) need advanced
JWST for the interpretation of ionized gas software tools for the processing, analysis, and
lines (Fig. 4) and its conversion into phys- interpretation of JWST data, or 4) are simply
ical conditions and extinction. These di- interested in PDR physics and chemistry. In-
agrams will be based on multi-level mod- deed, the unprecedented capabilities of JWST’s
els or Cloudy (Ferland et al. 2017) and instruments will give access to the key physi-
can be used for sources showing emission cal and chemical processes present in PDRs on
of ionized gas. This tool has recently the scale at which these processes occur. There-
been implemented in the PDR Toolbox fore, without any exaggeration, PDRs4All will
(http://dustem.astro.umd.edu). revolutionize our understanding of PDRs and
provide major insight for the interpretation of
9. COMMUNITY unresolved PDRs, such as the surfaces of proto-
The philosophy of this ERS program has been, planetary disks or distant star-forming galaxies.
from the start, to be open to the largest pos- 11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
sible number of scientists, with the objective
We are grateful to the PAHFIT developers
to gather together the international community.
team (Karl Gordon, Thomas Lai, Alexandros
This has materialized into a large international,
interdisciplinary, and diverse team of 145 sci- 10
The core team consists of A. Abergel, E. Bergin, J.
entists from 18 countries. The team includes Bernard-Salas, E. Bron, J. Cami, S. Cazaux, E. Dartois,
observers, theoreticians, and experimentalists A. Fuente, J. R. Goicoechea, K. Gordon, Y. Okada, T.
in the fields of astronomy, physics, and chem- Onaka, M. Robberto, M. Röllig, A. Tielens, S. Vicente,
istry, and has a gender balance of 41% women M. Wolfire.
South AmericaOthers
Asia 3%
CSA
20% 5% 5% 2% female male
observers lab 38%
theory 54%
58% 31% 63%
22%
NASA ESA
Figure 8. Detailed demographics of the PDRs4All team. The right chart represents the gender balance
based on first names as given by the python package gender-guesser0.4.0. For the first names found in this
database (90% of the team), results ‘female’ and ‘mostly female’ were combined so were the results ‘male’
and ‘mostly male’ while the result ‘androgynous’ (1 name) was equally split over both genders.
Maragkoudakis, Els Peeters, Bethany Schefter, Grant (ROLA ID 0000050636). J.R.G. and
Ameek Sidhu, and J.D. Smith). S. C. thank the Spanish MCINN for funding
Support for JWST-ERS program ID 1288 was support under grant PID2019-106110GB-I00.
provided through grants from the STScIwww.jwst-ism.org
under Work by M.R. and Y.O. is carried out within
NASA contract NAS5-03127 to STScI (K.G., D. the Collaborative Research Centre 956, sub-
VDP., M.R.), Univ. of Maryland (M.W., M.P.), project C1, funded by the Deutsche Forschungs-
Univ. of Michigan (E.B., F.A.), and Univ. of gemeinschaft (DFG) – project ID 184018867.
Toledo (T.S.-Y.L.). T.O. acknowledges support from JSPS Bilat-
O.B. and E.H. are supported by the Pro- eral Program, Grant Number 120219939. M.P.
gramme National “Physique et Chimie du Mi- and M.W. acknowledge support from NASA
lieu Interstellaire” (PCMI) of CNRS/INSU with Astrophysics Data Analysis Program award
INC/INP co-funded by CEA and CNES, and #80NSSC19K0573. C.B. is grateful for an
through APR grants 6315 and 6410 provided by appointment at NASA Ames Research Center
CNES. E.P. and J.C. acknowledge support from through the San José State University Research
the National Science and Engineering Coun- Foundation (NNX17AJ88A) and acknowledges
cil of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant pro- support from the Internal Scientist Funding
gram (RGPIN-2020-06434 and RGPIN-2021- Model (ISFM) Directed Work Package at NASA
04197 respectively). E.P. acknowledges support Ames titled: “Laboratory Astrophysics – The
from a Western Strategic Support Accelerator NASA Ames PAH IR Spectroscopic Database”.
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Pdrs4All: A JWST Early Release Science Program On Radiative Feedback From Massive Stars

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Draft version January 14, 2022

Typeset using LATEX preprint2 style in AASTeX62

Markus Röllig,16 Alexander G. G. M. Tielens,20, 21 Sı́lvia Vicente,22 Mark G. Wolfire,21

Corresponding author: PI Team: Berné, Habart, & Peeters

1. INTRODUCTION which is dedicated to studying the interactions

JWST @ 5 μm, beam = 0.2’’

Hubble Space Telescope

Halpha / HST: Ionized gas 10 000 K

NIRCam PA ∼ 60◦ . We note that the NIRspec IFU

Zettergren, H., Domaracka, A., Schlathoelter, T.,

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