Journal of International Dental and Medical Research ISSN 1309-100X Dental Articulators

http://www.jidmr.com Rawan Abu Zaghlan and et al

Dental Articulators

Rawan Abu Zaghlan1*, Jamal Aqrabawi2, Omar Al-Fatyan3, Basmah AbuZaghllan4

1. Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
2. Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
3. General dental practitioner, Private dental practice, Amman, Jordan.
4. General physician, Ministry of health, Amman, Jordan.

Abstract
Advancements in dental materials and techniques enabled dentists to provide complex
prosthetic treatments to patients. Dental articulator is an indispensable tool to enhance the quality
of the delivered work and increase patient satisfaction1.
It is the purpose of this paper to present an overview of dental articulators, their different types,
indications, advantages and limitations. A practical guide for selecting the right articulator for
individual clinical situations is provided.
Review (J Int Dent Med Res 2021; 14(4): 1629-1638)
Keywords: Articulators; instruments; cast; temporomandibular joints.
Received date: 17 April 2021 Accept date: 30 August 2021

Introduction
Requirements of a dental articulator4:
The glossary of prosthodontic terms 1. Maintain the inter-maxillary relationship
defines the dental articulator as a mechanical accurately
instrument that represents the 2. It should have an incisal pin and table that
temporomandibular joints and jaws, to which allow adjustment of the vertical relationship
maxillary and mandibular casts may be attached 3. Allow free rotational movement
to simulate some or all mandibular movements 2. 4. It should have adjustable anterior and
The idea of copying the relationship posterior guides and accept facebow record
between upper and lower teeth is not new; it 5. It should be made of strong, corrosion, light-
goes back to Phillip Pfaff (1756) who introduced weight and wear-resistant material
the concept of taking impressions of teeth, 6. The upper and lower members should be
pouring them in plaster and relating teeth using sufficiently separated to allow evaluation of
wax bite registration. Gariot (1805) was the first occlusion posteriorly
to use the term ”articulator” referring to plaster It should allow protrusive and laterotrusive
casts with posterior extensions indexed in a movements
plaster board (Fig 1) 3.
It is the purpose of this paper to present
an overview of dental articulators, their different
types, indications, advantages and limitations. A
practical guide for selecting the right articulator
for individual clinical situations is provided.

*Corresponding author:
Rawan Abu Zaghlan Figure1. Gariot's articulator.3
DDS, MSc, MFDS RCS(Ire), M(Endo)RCS(Ed)
Assistant professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry, The mandibular movements
School of Dentistry, The University of Jordan
Consultant endodontist, University of Jordan Hospital The articulatory system is composed of
PO Box Amman, 11942, Jordan two temporomandibular joints (TMJ) connected
E-mail: [email protected] or
[email protected]
at the symphysis, occlusal surfaces of teeth,
masticatory muscles and periodontal
proprioceptive nerve fibres 5.

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Functional mandibular movements are (CR), centric relation-inter-cuspal position

highly repeatable as they are limited by the (ICP) slide as well as protrusive and
mandibular ligaments. Posselt (1957) laterotrusive contacts 7.
represented the mandibular border movements in • Mounted casts are adjuncts to clinical
a three-dimensional envelope (Fig 2). examination, as it enhances visualization and
evaluation of occlusion in the molar region
without the hindrance of the tongue and
cheeks 8
• If the casts are accurately mounted on a semi-
adjustable articulator, mandibular movements
can be simulated as purely guided by the
occlusal anatomy without the influence of the
protective neuromuscular reflexes that
camouflage occlusal interferences 8
2. Treatment planning for :
• Restorative procedures: diagnostic wax-up to
envisage the planned treatment outcome prior
to executing it 7.
Figure 2. Posselt's envelope of motion (CR: • Orthodontic treatment 9
centric relation, CO: centric occlusion, MRL: • Orthognathic surgery 10
maximum right lateral position, MLL: maximum 3. Fabrication of occlusal splints, custom trays 5
left lateral position, MP: maximum protrusion, and prostheses with the desired occlusion and
ER: edge-edge relationship, MMO: maximum aesthetics 11.
mouth opening, THA: true hinge axis, RAT:
rotation after translation). Classification of dental articulators
Different types of articulators have been
The basic mandibular movements are developed over the years:
rotation, translation and lateral movements. The 1. Hand-held casts
mandible can open and close up to 20 mm while After pouring the impressions in stone, casts are
the condyles are rotating in their terminal hinge trimmed to occlude in the ICP 10.
position, further opening the condyles leave the Advantage:
glenoid fossa and translate down the articular • No need for expensive equipment to relate
eminence. the casts 7
On lateral movement the working side Disadvantages:
condyle rotates with minimal medial shift while • Once the bite record removed, the centric
the nonworking side condyle rotates, shifts relation cannot be reproduced.
laterally (immediate side-shift) and then
• The ICP can be reproduced only if enough
descends gradually forward along the medial wall
positive occlusal contacts are present
of the glenoid fossa (progressive side-shift) 6.
• Restorations fabricated on hand-held casts
Limitations of a dental articulator 6:
will be high in the mouth
1. Articulators are machined devices that are
subject to manufacturing inaccuracy, metal • Eccentric movements cannot be reproduced
fatigue and wear • Not suitable for restoring multiple units or
2. The movements they reproduce are not the distal extension edentulous spaces
functional movements (they reproduce empty Uses:
mouth border movements) • Assuming that the casts are accurately
3. None of the available articulators can related, evaluation of the ICP is possible 7
reproduce the exact mandibular movements • If properly trimmed, casts can be used for
Uses of the dental articulator orthodontic treatment planning 9
1. Occlusal analysis: 2. Cast relaters
• Depending on the bite records taken and the a. Simple hinge articulator
type of articulator used, mounted casts are Consists of upper and lower members that are
useful to analyse occlusion at centric relation attached together by a hinge (Fig 3)12.

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• It does not accept facebow transfer. So, the

aesthetic perspective is limited 7
• It allows opening and closure around a
horizontal axis whose distance from the
attached casts is less than the distance
between patient’s teeth and TMJs (Fig 4) 14
• Prostheses fabricated on these articulators
are usually high when tried in the mouth and
require occlusal adjustments on excursions
prior to cementation. This effect is
exaggerated when the anterior guidance is
not steep enough to disocclude the posterior
teeth rapidly 12. Therefore the dentist is
expected to spend considerable time on
selective grinding.

Uses:
Hinge articulators have limited diagnostic value
and may be used for the construction of a single
unit that conforms to the existing ICP. A
functionally-generated bite record could be used
to reduce interferences on lateral and protrusive
movements 7
b. Verticulators
Figure 3. Simple hinge articulator.12 Consists of lower and upper members. The
latter glides vertically on metallic rods which
brings the mounted casts into ICP (Fig 5) 5.

Figure 4. Difference between articulator hinge

axis (aha) and mandibular hinge axis (mha).11

Advantage:
• Hinge articulators are inexpensive and do
not demand much time and skill to use 8.
Disadvantages:
Figure 5. Verticulator.5
The disadvantages of hinge articulator outweigh
its advantages:
Advantage:
• Only the static ICP could be visualised using
• Very easy to use and allow more accurate
this articulator 13
positioning of the casts compared with the
• It does not permit adjustments of elements of
hinge articulator 5.
protrusive and laterotrusive movements and Disadvantage:
no facility to change the vertical dimension
• It is incapable of simulating any occlusal
accurately 7
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http://www.jidmr.com Rawan Abu Zaghlan and et al

relationship apart from the ICP. No excursive will need intra-oral adjustments on excursions
movements are allowed 5. 14

Uses: Uses13:
• Occasionally, it can be used to fabricate • Fabrication of single-unit anterior or posterior
single intra-coronal restoration5 restorations.
• Fabrication of short span posterior prostheses
3. Average value (fixed condylar path) for patients having prominent canine
articulators guidance.
These articulators, as their name indicates,
have fixed condylar and incisal angles (30° and Fabrication of anterior bridges for patients
15° respectively) and a fixed inter-condylar with minimal overjet and overbite (≤1mm).
distance (110 mm) 14, which makes them
superior to simple hinge articulators only if these 4. Semi-adjustable articulators
fixed values coincide with patient’s values (Fig 6) Semi-adjustable articulators are the most
13
. commonly used for advanced restorative
treatments and are satisfactory for most
prosthetic work 15.
They are manufactured to match the
anatomical size of the structures they simulate
and can accept facebow record which permits
transferring the relation between a patient’s hinge
access and maxillary teeth to the articulator 5.
Broadly speaking, semi-adjustable
articulators come in two main designs: Arcon and
nonarcon (Table 1).

Figure 6. Average value articulator (Ivoclar

Vivadent Corporate, 2012).

These articulators are based on Bonwill’s

equilateral triangle theory (1850) “the two Table 1. Comparison between the Arcon and the
condyles and a point located between the lower Nonarcon articulator.
central incisors form an equilateral triangle with
sides of 4 inches”.

Advantages 8:
• Does not require complicated equipment and
user friendly
• Affordable cost
Disadvantage:
• Limited protrusive and laterotrusive Figure 7. The mechanical condyle of A: Arcon,
movements are possible on these articulators. B: Nonarcon articulators (Lee Culp, 2005).
These movements bear little resemblance to
actual patient’s movements as facebow It was shown that there is no difference in
cannot be used with average value the accuracy of restorations fabricated on either
articulators 12 type 11. However, some believe that the arcon
• Restorations fabricated on these articulators type is superior for the following reasons:

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• In the nonarcon type, the condyles are 2. The Bennett angle

restricted in the fossae tracks which limits the It is the angle between the advancing condyle
correct shifting between the retruded contact path and the sagittal plane. Adjustment of this
position and the intercuspal position. However in angle affects the width of the central fossae of
the arcon type, this movement is possible(Fig 7).7 fabricated posterior restorations; the larger the
• The angle between the inclination of the angle, the wider the fossae should be to allow
condylar track and the maxillary occlusal plane is freedom of jaw movement without nonworking
fixed in the arcon type on opening and closing side interferences 8.
but it is not in the nonarcon type (Fig 8). This Bennett angle can be measured by the
may introduce some inaccuracy in the relation of following methods 1:
the condylar angle to the maxillary cast upon the 1. Lateral occlusal records
removal of the protrusive bite record as they 2. Calculated from Hanau’s formula: H/8+12
become more parallel to each other resulting in (H is the protrusive angle). The validity of
fabrication of restorations with reduced cuspal this formula is questionable
height.17 3. Alternatively, it can be set arbitrarily at 15°
(most commonly used method)
The immediate side-shift is the sideway shift
of the mandible at the beginning of lateral
excursions and the progressive side-shift is the
gradual mediotrusive movement of the mandible
occurring at a rate proportional to the forward
movement of the advancing condyle. Bennett
angle represents both components as a straight
line with a start point at the centric position and
an endpoint at the maximum lateral excursion 8.
However, some semi-adjustable articulators
allow adjustment of these elements separately.
This is especially valuable in treating patients
with considerable side-shift 16.
Figure 8. The angle between the condylar track
This variable is not adjustable. It is fixed at
and the maxillary plane is fixed in the arcon
110mm in some designs (Denar®MK II) and can
articulator (A and C) and varies on the nonarcon
be adjusted to small, medium or large patterns in
articulator (B and D) on opening and closing.17
others (Whipmix).
Adjustments of the condylar width on the
Adjustments
articulator to match that of the patient allow more
Five main adjustments are possible on
accurate duplication of the laterotrusive
these articulators 8,13
movements (Fig 9) 11.
1. The condylar angle (set using
Additionally, measuring and duplicating the
protrusive and lateral inter-occlusal records)
inter-condylar width can be a useful guide for
The steepness of the track along which the
setting the canines and the molars in complete
condyle descends on protrusion and laterutrusion
dentures 18.
has a great influence on fossa depth and cusp
3. The inter-condylar distance
height of the fabricated restorations 8.
The steeper the condylar angle, the
steeper the cusp inclines will be. Setting the
articulator condylar incline at a steeper angle
than that of the patient results in a positive
occlusal error on the fabricated restoration (high
cusps) during excursive jaw movements. While
setting the condylar incline of the articulator at a Figure 9. The effect of the inter-condylar width
shallower angle than that of the patient results in
on the occlusal anatomy of fabricated
a negative occlusal error (wide fossae or flat restorations (Hobo et al., 1976)
cusp inclines) on eccentric movements 11. A: The paths of lateral movements traced in the

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mouth (m) are exactly reproduced on the Setting the mechanical incisal table at a
articulator (a) when the intercondylar width of the steeper angle than that of the patient increases
articulator equal to that of the mandible. the vertical overlap between teeth and thus the
B: The lateral movement paths of the articulator fabricated posterior restorations may have taller
are mesial to those of the patient when the cusps and positive error will exist resulting in
intercondylar width of the articulator is less than occlusal interference during protrusion and
that of the mandible. laterotrosion 5.
C: The lateral movement paths of the articulator 5. Semi-adjustable articulator accepts
are distal to those of the patient when the facebow record
intercondylar width of the articulator is greater Advantage of using semi-adjustable
than that of the mandible. articulator
Restorations can be made to function in
4. Incisal angle harmony with the existing teeth in both centric
The incisal guidance is determined by the and eccentric movements without the need for
steepness of the palatal surface of the upper extensive intraoral occlusal adjustments 8.
anterior teeth. It has two components: the The disadvantages of using semi-
horizontal and the vertical overlap between the adjustable articulator
upper and the lower anterior teeth. Adjustment of • Time consuming during facebow transfer
the incisal guidance table influences the and eccentric records registration. However,
protrusive and laterotrusive movements of the it saves the time needed for later intraoral
mandible and can be done by raising the lateral adjustments 8
wings of the incisal table. Alternatively, a • Expensive 8
customized incisal guide table can be fabricated • The condylar track of these articulators is
using mouldable auto polymerizing resin that is straight so they can reproduce the curvilinear
carved according to the patient’s jaw movements eccentric condylar movements along the
(Fig 10) 16. curved walls of the glenoid fossa in a straight
path simulation. This entails some intraoral
refinement of eccentric contacts on the final
restoration (Fig 11) 16.
Uses 10:
• Treatment planning for orthognathic
procedures
• Complex restorative work with multiple
missing teeth or full dentures Alteration of the
vertical dimension Occlusal analysis.14

Figure 11. Curved anatomical condylar track

versus straight articulator condylar track.6

5.Fully-adjustable articulator
Fully-adjustable articulators are very
sophisticated. It allows a wide range of
adjustments including condylar angle, immediate
and progressive side-shifts, the exact
Figure 10. Customized incisal guide table.16 intercondylar distance (Fig 13) and working

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condylar shift, to more accurately simulate the Uses7:

patient’s actual jaw movements 8. Denar 5A (Fig • Full mouth rehabilitation
14) and Stuart are examples. • Severe tooth surface loss cases
Unlike the semi-adjustable articulator • Shallow posterior guidance and/or Bennett
which allows adjustments of the condylar angle in angle
a straight pathway, the fully-adjustable one • Shallow anterior guidance with mobile
allows duplication of the angle and curvature of guidance teeth
the patient’s condylar incline 8 • Short clinical crowns
A fully-adjustable articulator is capable of • Balancing side interferences
duplicating the slight lateral movement of the • Alteration of the vertical dimension (if has not
rotating condyle during lateral movement. This been done before on provisionals)
shift may have superior, inferior, anterior or
• Implant-tooth supported fixed prostheses
posterior component. Adjustment of this variable
allows more accurate determination of fossa
width and cup height as well as the direction of Combination of the above with
grooves and ridges on the fabricated posterior parafunctional habits.
restorations to avoid occlusal interferences 8.
Requirements for using a fully-adjustable
articulator 5:
1. Kinematic facebow
2. Centric occlusal record
3. Pantographic tracing (Fig. 12)

Figure 13. Accurate adjustment of the inter-

condylar width (canyon state dental supply,
2013).

Figure 12. Pantographic tracing.16

A pantograph is made up of a maxillary

clutch that supports six styli and a mandibular
clutch that supports six tracing tables. Clutches
are attached to upper and lower teeth so that
teeth are only contacting a central bearing point
and movement are determined by the anatomy of
the articulating condyle, disc and fossa. The
patient is asked to perform all border movements
while the tracing styluses scribe lines across the
tables. The pantograph acts as a facebow to
mount the upper cast in the right orientation and
it stores all jaw movement elements needed to
program the articulator8. Electronic pantographs
provide numeric values of settings, facilitating Figure 14. Denar D5A fully-adjustable articulator.
articulator programming16. (canyon state dental supply, 2013)

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7. Stereographic or fossa-moulded 8. Virtual articulators

articulators Computer technology has been implemented into
These are sometimes referred to as the different fields of dentistry including occlusion.
scribing articulators. The posterior and anterior Virtual articulators were introduced as potential
guidance mechanisms of the articulator are substitutes to conventional mechanical ones to
customized to exactly reproduce the patient’s jaw overcome the shortcomings of the latter 21.
movement. The TMJ Articulator is an example. After taking digital images of the teeth and
Stereographic articulators accept dynamic, three- the bite record, an ultrasonic system is attached
dimensional, functionally engraved records to set to the patient’s condyles and mandible to analyze
the condylar and anterior guidance elements (Fig jaw movements. The patient is instructed to
15). These records are registered using intraoral perform all possible mandibular movements.
studs that mould auto polymerizing resin placed Data obtained is then processed and stored 22.
in receptacles. On curing, the condylar inclines
and the Bennett shift will be carved on these
templates which are then used to program the
articulator 14.

Figure 15. Carved resin in the incisal (A) and

condylar (B,C) receptacles19 Figure 16. steps for fabricating a restoration
using a virtual articulator.28

None of the available mechanical Digital articulators provide a three-

articulators reproduced the actual mandibular dimensional animation of jaw movements with
movements, simply because the casts are the ability to visualize dynamic maxillary-
mounted and the articulator is adjusted according mandibular relationships without the restrains of
to static interocclusal records that capture the mechanical articulator or the mounting casts.
maxillary-mandibular teeth at the endpoint of Furthermore, a quantitative analysis of occlusal
eccentric movements20. However, these forces and directions can be provided. This
movements are dynamic and cannot be facilitates the provision of tailored treatment for
evaluated by looking at one captured moment11. individual patients without overlooking occlusal
interferences23. Data obtained can be saved in
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patient’s records and transferred to the laboratory Conclusion

for fabrication of prostheses that function in
harmony with the opposing teeth. Alternatively, A dental articulator is a masterpiece in
data can be sent directly to the milling machine in every dental practice. Many designs are available.
the practice (Fig 16). So, the restoration can be However, none can duplicate the physiologic,
prepared and fitted at the same appointment functional mandibular movements exactly. The
eliminating extra laboratory steps24. more adjustments allowed by the articulator to
Virtual articulators are highly precise and match the patient’s movements, the better the
reliable25,26. One of several other studies reported treatment outcome will be and fewer adjustments
almost the same number and location of dynamic will be needed intraorally. Several factors affect
occlusal contacts recorded using a virtual the choice of an articulator, but it is safe to say
articulator as those obtained using a mechanical that semi-adjustable articulators satisfy the
one24. requirements of most treatment purposes. It must
Articulator selection: be emphasized that the articulator is only as
good as the hands operating it and that the
Proper selection of the dental articulator
clinician's understanding of occlusion can
plays a key role in the success of dental
compensate for the inherent limitations of these
restorations. There is no single articulator that is
instruments.
suitable for all cases 11. Several factor affect the
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