TE 4113 Cellular Communication Systems

Modul 8 Mobility Management

Faculty of Electrical and Communication

Institut Teknologi Telkom
Bandung – 2010
1 Modul 8 Mobility Management
2 Universal Telecommunication Platform

USER ACCESS SERVICE

CORE NETWORK
ENVIRONMENT NETWORK PLATFORM

TMN

Copper Cable MSC SSF

HLR
Fiber Optic PSTN SSF

Coaxial Cable SDH SSF SCP

WLL ISDN SSF SMP

Cellular ATM SSF

SCE
Satellite Satellite IP SSF
Phone

Modul 8 Mobility Management

3 Networks and Layering ...
• Sistem komunikasi yang kita gunakan tiap hari memiliki kompleksitas tinggi :
(1) sistem yang berbeda, (2) dari pabrik yang berbeda, sehingga diperlukan
cara agar semua kompleksitas dapat dimengerti, dimaintain, dan dimanage
• Prinsip paling fundamental dalam jaringan komunikasi :
(1) Standardized Interface, (2) Layering
• Standardized Interface : mengijinkan user atau equipment di satu sisi
interface untuk mengabaikan semua detai equipment pada sisi interface yang
lain
Contoh :
Standar interface kanal voice 4 kHz memungkinkan kita menancapkan
telepon dari pabrik mana saja dan dimana saja diseluruh dunia

• Layering Communication : memecah fungsi-fungsi komunikasi dalam modul-

modul yang terpisah yang disebut layer / lapis komunikasi
(a) komunikasi antara layer lebih tinggi dengan layer dibawahnya
menggunakan standardized interface
(b) komunikasi melewati jaringan menuju lawan komunikasi (dengan
layer yang setara ) melewati layer paling bawah

2/6/2012
4 Communication Protocol

 Rules and procedures to determine the

format and transmission of data
 Packet structure of the data transmitted or the
control commands that manage the session
 A protocol suite such as TCP/IP is made up of
several levels of functionality – OSI Model

Modul 8 Mobility Management

5 3G Concept

 Hierarchical cell structure to support multimedia

services within various cell layers using advanced
transmission and protocol technologies

 2G:  3G:
 one layer cell structure  multilayer cell structure
 each cell manages its own  more integrated radio
radio zone and radio circuit resource management (traffic
control (traffic management & management & HO
HO procedures) procedures)
 supported traffic in each cell is  dynamic capacity
fixed

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6 Global Integrated Mobile Network

Global

Sub-urban

U rban

In B uilding

M a crocell M icro cell P ic ocell

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7 3G Requirements

 BR up to 2 Mbps
 Variable BR
 Mux of services with different QOS on a single connection
 Delay requirements from delay-sensitive real time traffic to
flexible best effort packet data
 QOS requirements from 10% FER to 10-6 BER
 Coexistence of 2G&3G and intersystem HO
 Asymmetric DL & UL traffic
 High spectrum efficiency
 FDD & TDD modes

Modul 8 Mobility Management

8 CDMA2000 Layering Protocol

Modul 8 Mobility Management

9 CDMA2000 Layering Protocol

Modul 8 Mobility Management

10 Network Management Functions

1. Fault Management
2. Configuration Management
3. Performance Management
4. Security Management
5. Accounting Management

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11 TMN & Telecommunication Networks

Work Work Work

Station Station Station
TMN TMN Interfaces
Operations Operations Operations
System System System

TMN Interfaces

Data Communications
Network

TMN Interfaces

Network Network Network

Element Element Element

TMN FOCUS: Communication of Management Information

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12 TMN Logical Layered Architecture (M.3010)

• Enterprise view
OSF Business • Revenue and account management
Management • Marketing & human resource planning
q •
• Contacts with customers & svc providers
OSF Service • Service orders, complaints, & billing
Management • Quality of service
q •
OSF Network
• Network support of all services Inter Domain
• End-to-end network view of all NEs & links Strategies
q • Management

OSF Element • NE view or a sub-network view Single Domain

Strategies
Management • Data collection
q •
Network
NEF Elements • Network resource functionality
OSF: Operations System Function, NEF: Network Element Function

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13 Intelligent Network

 Basic Idea: to segregate basic call processing logic

from service control logic and locate it in external
servers (SCP)
 SCP contains and executes service logic processing
programs (SLP)
 INAP:
– Register all SLPs and their interest in certain call processing
events
– Notify the corresponding SLP when such events occur
– Manipulate a switch’s call processing

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14 Intelligent Network

 INAP protocol runs on top of a SS7 network

 TMN+IN=TINA (Telecommunication Information
Network Architecture)
 Distributed Broadband IN=CORBA (Common Object
Request Broker Architecture) that using MAT (Mobile
Agents Technology).
 MA are software objects that are able, while executing
at a computer node, to stop their execution, transfer
themselves to a remote computer and resume
execution there

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15 IN Protocol Stacks

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16 IN-based Services

 Pre-paid Calls
 Private Numbering Plan
 Number Portability
 Mobile Access Hunting (MAH)
 Cellular VPN
 Position-related Services
 New barring services (location-based)

Modul 8 Mobility Management

17 Paradigms in Mobile Communications

Operator’s Expectation
-Well classified QOS
-Cheap,flexible & efficient network
-The best mobile & personal services
-Profitable business

Circuit Switch Packet Switch

-Mature business -Immature business
-Expensive -Cheap
-Unflexible Mobile Communication -Flexible
-High QOS -Mobility -Best effort
-End to end QOS -Personality -No end to end QOS
-Rapid deployment
-Limited frequency
-Limited bandwidth
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18 Communication Management
Manajemen komunikasi pada siskomber :
Proses mengontrol komunikasi untuk memberikan layanan komunikasi
anywhere, any place, dan anytime (mobilitas) dengan tingkat keandalan
yang baik

Bagi user :
- Kemampuan mobilitas (handover)
Yang perlu - Kualitas layanan yang cukup baik (probabilitas
digaransi pada drop call, probabilitas blocking call, biaya
mobile murah, dsb)
communication - Keamanan
management
Bagi operator :
- Kemampuan identifikasi lokasi user (location
updating) untuk keperluan paging, billing ,
charging, database
- Authentikasi (mencegah frauder)

2/6/2012
19 Mobility Management
 Each generation of Wireless Mobile Network has different mechanisms
for Mobility Management.
 Network support of subscriber mobility requires registration,
authentication, paging, roaming, radio resource management and
excess channel capacity.
 Mobility Management focuses on registration, authentication,
paging and roaming processes.
 Radio Resource Management focuses on the network’s ability to
allocate radio access network resources.
 Mobility Management transitioned from proprietary processes for
voice delivery services to open standards supporting voice and
high speed data delivery services.
 The most significant trends are migration to global roaming, enhanced
security, distribution of mobility management between core network
and radio access network and optimal use of network resources for
registration and paging.
 Radio Resource Management transitioned from simplistic RSSI
switching criteria to switching based on sophisticated signal quality
assessments and assumption of some mobility management
responsibilities.
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20 PLMN Architecture

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21 Mobility Management
 The base stations provide network access via a radio
interface for mobile subscribers.
 The MSC manages base stations, consults PLMN
databases to establish subscriber access rights, routes
mobile traffic and serves as a gateway to external
networks.
 The HLR, VLR, AUC and EIR are PLMN databases, which
contain subscriber profiles, location, encryption codes
and equipment data.
 Call establishment and connection maintenance are
fundamental services required by all telephone networks.

Modul 8 Mobility Management

22 Mobility Management
 Mobility management is the ability of a PLMN to orchestrate calls
for its subscribers and radio management maintains the call
regardless of the mobility of the subscribers.
 PLMNs must track and dynamically route calls to its subscribers
in a transparent fashion.
 Locating, authenticating and tracking mobile subscribers are the
main functions of mobility management.
 PLMNs use a registration process to report a mobile subscriber’s
location.
 Paging process notifies mobile subscribers about incoming calls.
 Authentication establishes the mobile station’s right to access
network services.
 Roaming allows authorized mobile subscribers to use networks
other than their home PLMN.
 Radio Resource Management (RRM) consists of signal quality
assessments, base station selection and switching.

Modul 8 Mobility Management

23 Network Requirement for Mobility Management

Modul 8 Mobility Management

24 Registration and Paging

 Registration updates the home PLMN’s HLR and

serving VLR databases with location information
for authorized mobile subscribers.
 The network operator uses the mobile subscriber’s
registration information to optimize the delivery of
services.
 Registration frequency can streamline the paging
process and minimize the size of VLR databases.

Modul 8 Mobility Management

25 Authentication
 Mobile stations registering in an unknown network
invoke an authentication process.
 The network solicits unique identifiers from the
mobile station and passes the information to the
HLR.
 The HLR processes the information with the AUC
and the EIR.
 The mobile station’s subscription and equipment
status is established and provided to the network.
 If the status is valid, the network issues encryption
information and permits access. If the status is
invalid, the network denies access.

Modul 8 Mobility Management

26 Roaming

 Roaming is the ability to access services from a

network other than a home network.
 Registration, authentication and paging processes
must be capable of supporting subscribers in
foreign networks.
 Agreements between network operators are
required as well.

Modul 8 Mobility Management

27 Radio Resource Management

 The most vulnerable part of a PLMN is the signal

quality between an authorized mobile subscriber
and its serving base station.
 Distance between antennas and interference
sources attenuate radio signals.
 Frequency hopping and RF transmit power level
controls mitigate interference issues.
 Handoffs, base station resource switching, mitigate
distance related signal attenuation, traffic overloads
and persistent interference.

Modul 8 Mobility Management

28 Handoff and RSSI

Modul 8 Mobility Management

29 Handoff Scenario
The majority of handoffs support calls as mobiles
traverse cell or sector boundaries.
Handoff processes are required for each of the following
scenarios :
1.) Crossing cell boundaries within a MSC’s service area
(Intra-MSC)
2.) Crossing cell boundaries between MSCs (Inter-MSC)
3.) Crossing cell boundaries between different network
operators (Roaming)
4.) Crossing sector boundaries within a cell (Intra-cell)
5.) Switching channels to circumvent persistent
interference
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30 Handoff Scenario

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31 GSM Architecture

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32 GSM Protocol

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33 Layer 3 Protocol
 Layer 3 provides Radio Resource (RR), Mobility
Management (MM), and Connection Management (CM)
functions.
 RR manages all air interface procedures such as
frequency selection, cell choice,handovers, signal
quality assessments, channel assignment requests
and encryption/decryption synchronization.
 MM is responsible for issuing TMSIs, finding the mobile
station, tracking the mobile station, IMSI attach/detach,
mobile station recognition, subscription verification and
protecting subscriber identity.
 CM is responsible for call setup and termination.

Modul 8 Mobility Management

34 Registration and Paging
 Registration and paging processes benefit from
well-defined service areas, which have
internationally unique designations.
 Cells are grouped together to form Location Areas
and are represented by Location Area Indicators
(LAI).
 LAIs are globally unique and include country,
mobile network and location area codes.
 All individual cells have global identifiers, which
specify their LAI and Cell Identifier (CI)

Modul 8 Mobility Management

35 Authentication
 Authentication is sophisticated and uses the A3 algorithm.
 Every new GSM subscriber receives a Subscription
Authentication Key (Ki) with the International Mobile
Subscriber Identifier (IMSI). The Ki is confidential and
secure. It is stored on the SIM and in the AUC.
 During Authentication, the network issues a Random
Number (RAND). Both the mobile station and the network
derive a Signature Response (SRES) from a calculation
with the Ki and the RAND.
 The mobile station transmits its SRES to the network for
comparison with the AUC’s calculated value of SRES. If
they match, the mobile station receives network access
and encryption information. If they do not match, the
network denies access.

Modul 8 Mobility Management

36 Handoff
 All handovers are hard. GSM networks support Intracell and Intercell
handovers within a common PLMN.
 Handovers occur due to the following reasons:
1.) Signal quality between the mobile station and the base station
deteriorates indicated by excessive errors or low values of RSSI.
2.) Distance between the mobile station and the base station exceeds a
predetermined limit
3.) Cell traffic load management
4.) Maintenance
 The wealth of standardization at every level in the architecture
expedites information transfer between network elements. Network
decision execution times are 5 to 10 times faster than AMPS for
handovers. The network architecture is an excellent implementation
of 2G concepts and a foundation for future generations.

Modul 8 Mobility Management

37 GPRS Architecture

Modul 8 Mobility Management

38 SGSN and GGSN
 The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) routes all
mobile station packet traffic, performs logical link
management, supports the mobile station attach /detach
process and authenticates mobile stations.
 Subscriber profiles and location information is stored in the
SGSN’s location register.
 SGSNs serve a group of cells, Routing Area, within a
location area.
 The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) is a protocol
converter and it interfaces the GPRS network to external
packet data networks. It transforms GPRS traffic to the
packet data format of the external network, readdresses,
and routes external packets terminating in the GPRS
network to the appropriate SGSN.

Modul 8 Mobility Management

39 GPRS Protocol

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40 GMM and SM
 GPRS Mobility Management (GMM) and Session Management
(SM) perform security processes, GPRS Attach / Detach
procedures, routing area updates and protocol data packet
context activation.
 GPRS implements mobility management with Idle, Ready and
Standby states.
 The Idle state indicates that the GPRS network is not aware of
the mobile terminal.
 The Standby state indicates that the GPRS network knows the
subscriber and its routing area.
 The Ready state indicates that GPRS network knows the
subscriber, its cell location and is exchanging packets at will.
 Attach /Detach processes register and deregister mobile
terminals with the GPRS network. A successful attachment to
the GPRS network transitions a mobile station from the “Idle”
state to the Ready state.

Modul 8 Mobility Management

41 GPRS MM Model

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42 W-CDMA Network

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43 W-CDMA Control Plane Protocol

GMM GMM
/SM /SM
/SMS /SMS
Relay GTP-C GTP-C
RRC
RANAP
RRC RANAP UDP UDP
RLC RLC SCCP SCCP IP IP
Sign Sign
MAC MAC Bearer Layer 2 Layer 2
Bearer
RF AAL5 AAL5 Layer 1
RF Layer 1
ATM ATM

UE Uu RNC Iu SGSN Gn GGSN

Modul 8 Mobility Management
44 W-CDMA User Plane Protocol

Appl

IP,PPP IP,PPP
Relay Relay
PDCP
GTP-U
PDCP GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U
RLC RLC UDP/IP UDP/IP UDP/IP UDP/IP
MAC MAC AAL5 AAL5 Layer 2 Layer 2

RF RF ATM ATM Layer 1 Layer 1

UE Uu RNC Iu SGSN Gn GGSN

Modul 8 Mobility Management
45 Mobility Management
 Registration, authentication and paging
activities are determined by mobility management
states. Two different three state models are used
for circuit and packet switched mobility
management.
 Circuit switched mobility management uses MM-
Idle, MM-Connected and MM-Detached states.
 Packet switched mobility management uses PMM-
Idle, PMM-Connected and PMM-Detached states.
 The mobility management states are indicators of
mobile station location resolution.

Modul 8 Mobility Management

46 CS-MM

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47 PM-MM

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48 CDMA2000 Network

T1 /E 1
BSC SM S-SC HLR
1 2 3
4 5 6
3 Co
m
7 8 9
* 8 #

T1/ E 1

T1 /E 1

T1 / E1

4
7
*
2 3

5 6
8 9
8 #
PSTN

M SC

T1 /E 1

1 2 3
4 5 6

7 8 9
* 8 #

T1 / E 1
T1/ E 1

T1 /E 1 Int ernet
R outer Router
Fire W all
B SC
T1 / E 1
PD SN PDN

A AA
1 2 3
4 5 6

7 8 9
* 8 #

Home Agent

Modul 8 Mobility Management

49 CDMA2000 Layering Protocol

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50 CDMA2000 Layering Protocol

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51 MM Scheme Comparison

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52 MM Scheme Comparison

Modul 8 Mobility Management