ICT502/ ITS571

LECTURE 1

INTRODUCTION TO
DATABASE
&
DATABASE ENVIRONMENT
Faiqah Hafidzah Halim
Muhammad Hamiz Mohd Radzi
Lecture Content

Introduction
File-based systems
Database
Approach
Database
Environment
History of DBMS

Advantages &
Disadvantages of DBMS
objectives

■ At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

– Describe database approach
– Differentiate database approach and file based
system
– Explain the database environment
– Explain the history of DBMS
– Describe the advantages and disadvantages of
DBMS
 Introduction to Database

Database
Database Database System
Management System
Database Application A collection of application
(DBMS)
programs that interact with
Collection of Software that A program that the database along with the
related data manages and controls interacts with the DBMS and the database
access to the database itself
database
Introduction to Database

Give examples of database systems that can be

found in everyday life?
Traditional File-Based
Systems
Collection of application programs that perform services
for the end users (e.g. reports).
Each program defines and manages its own data.
FBS developed for more efficient data access
Decentralized approach for FBS :
Each department with the assistance of Data Processing
staff, stored and controlled their own data
Traditional File-Based
Systems
Sales Contracts

Sales Contracts
Files Files
File Based Processing

Similar data
Limitations of File Based
Approach
Separation
and isolation
of data

Fixed queries
/
proliferation Duplication
of of data
application
programs
Limitations

Incompatible Data
file formats dependence
Database

Definition of data was embedded in

application programs, rather than being
stored separately and independently.

No control over access and manipulation of

2 data beyond that imposed by application
programs.

Database Management SSystem

 The Database
• Shared collection of logically
related data (and a description of
Database this data), designed to meet the
information needs of an
organization.

System catalog (metadata) provides description of data

to enable program–data independence.
The Database

Definition of data is separated from the application

programs.
The database approach separates the structure of the
data from the application programs and stores it in the
database.
Applications programs are unaffected if the new data
structures are added or existing data being modified.
The Database
Logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and
relationships of an organization’s information.

•A distinct object (person, thing, place,

Entity concept or event) in the organization
that is to be represented in the
database.
•A property that describes some aspect
Attribute of the object that we wish to record

Relationship •An association between entities.

ERD
Database Management System
(DBMS)
A software system that enables users to define,
create, maintain, and control access to the
database.
Provides facilities:
Data Definition Language (DDL) allow user to define
database.
Data Manipulation Language (DML) allows user to
insert, update, delete and retrieve data from database
Provide control access (security, integrity system,
concurrency control, recovery control, user accessible
catalog)
Database Application Program

A computer program that interacts with

database by issuing an appropriate
request (SQL statement) to the DBMS.
 Database Application
Program

FBS

Database
Approach
Views
DBMS provide view mechanism to avoid complexity.
View allows each user to have his or her own view of the
database.
A view is essentially some subset of the database.
Views
Reduce
Complexity

Present a
consistent,
Benefits Provide a
unchanging
picture of the level of
structure of the of Views security
database,

Provide
mechanism to
customize the
appearance
of the
database
 Components of Database
Environment

Can range from

Used by the User
a PC to a organization and
network a description of
computers this data called
the schema
Instructions & rules
DBMS, operating that should be
system, network applied to the
software and also design and use of
the application the database and
programs DBMS
Roles in the Database
Environment
Data Administrator (DA)

Database Administrator (DBA)

Database Designers (Logical and Physical)

Application Programmers

End Users (naïve and sophisticated)

History of Database System

First Generation
(Hierarchical and Network)

Second Generation
(Relational)

Third Generation
(Object-Relational, Object-Oriented)
 Advantages of DBMS
Control of data redundancy Economy of scale

Data consistency Balance conflicting requirements

More information from the same amount of data Improved data accessibility and responsiveness

Sharing of data Increased productivity

Improved data integrity Improved maintenance through data

independence

Improved security Increased concurrency

Enforcement of standards Improved backup and recovery services

Disadvantages of DBMS

Complexity
Size
Cost of DBMS
Additional hardware costs
Cost of conversion
Performance
Greater impact of failure
Summary
Lecture Content
Introduction

ANSI-SPARC Architecture

Database Language
Data Model and
Conceptual
Modeling

Functions of a DBMS
objectives

■ At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

– Explain three level ANSI-SPARC architecture
– Describe database language
– Explain data model and conceptual modelling
– Describe functions of DBMS
Introduction
A major aim of a database system is to provide
users with an abstract view of data, hiding
certain details of how data is stored and
manipulated.
Design of a database must be an abstract and
general description of the info requirements of
the organization that is to be represented in
the database.
Each user wants a different view of data stored
ANSI-SPARC architecture satisfies these needs
ANSI-SPARC Three Level Architecture

Consists of three levels of abstraction (3 distinct

level) at which data items can be described.
External level: The way users perceive the data.
Describes that part of database that is relevant to a
particular user.
Conceptual level: Provides both mapping and the
desired independence between the external and
internal levels. Community view of the database.
Describes what data is stored in database and
relationships among the data.
Internal level: The way the DBMS and the operating
system perceive the data. Physical representation of
the database on the computer. Describes how the
data is stored in the database.
ANSI-SPARC Three Level Architecture
 Objectives of ANSI-SPARC Three
Level Architecture

DBA Internal DBA

should be structure should be
Users
A user’s able to of able to
All users should not
view is change database change
should be need to
immune to database should be conceptual
able to know
changes storage unaffected structure
access physical
made in structures by of
same database
other without changes to database
data. storage
views. affecting physical without
details.
the users’ aspects of affecting
views. storage. all users.
Differences Between the Three
Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture
 ANSI-SPARC Three Level Architecture-
Data Independence

•Refers to immunity of external schemas to

changes in conceptual schema.
Logical data •Conceptual schema changes (e.g.
independence addition/removal of entities).
•Should not require changes to external
schema or rewrites of application programs.

•Refers to immunity of conceptual schema to

changes in the internal schema.
•Internal schema changes (e.g. using different
Physical data
file organizations, storage
independence
structures/devices).
•Should not require change to conceptual or
external schemas.
ANSI-SPARC Three Level Architecture-
Data Independence
 Database Language
Data Definition
Language (DDL)
Procedural DML
Data
Database
Manipulation
Language
Language (DML)
Non-Procedural
DML
Fourth Generation
Languages (4GLs)
Data Models & Conceptual
Modeling
Data Model: Integrated collection of concepts for describing
data, relationships between data, and constraints on the data
in an organization.

Data Model comprises:

A structural part
A manipulative part
Possibly a set of integrity rules
Data Models & Conceptual
Modeling
Purpose: To represent data in an understandable way.

Categories of data models include:

Object-based (Entity-Relationship, Semantic,
Functional, Object-Oriented)
Record-based (Relational Data Model, Network Data
Model, Hierarchical Data Model)
Physical Data Models
Data Models & Conceptual
Modeling
Conceptual schema is the core of a system supporting
all user views
Should be complete and accurate representation of an
organization’s data requirements.
Conceptual modeling is process of developing a model
of information use that is independent of
implementation details.
Result is a conceptual data model.
 Functions of a DBMS
Data Storage, Retrieval, and Update. Authorization services

A User-Accessible Catalog. Support for data communication

Transaction Support. Integrity services

Concurrency control services Services to promote data

independence

Recovery services Utility services

Summary
 3 level
 External,
conceptual, internal
Introduction  Objectives
 Differences of level
 Data independence

 DDL
ANSI-SPARC Architecture
 DML
 4GLs
Database Language

Data Model and

Data Storage, Integrity services Conceptual Modeling
Retrieval, and Concurrency
Update. control services  Parts
Authorization Services to  Structural, manipulative,
services promote data integrity rules
A User-Accessible independence  Purpose
Catalog. Recovery services  Category
Support for data Utility services  Object-based, record-
communication based, physical data
Transaction Functions of a DBMS models
Support.
Reference

■ Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design,

Implementation, and Management, Thomas Connolly
and Carolyn Begg, 5th Edition, 2010, Pearson.