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    Implementation of Simple Stack Allocation Scheme

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    Samyak Varshney
    The document summarizes stack allocation scheme and activation records. Stack allocation sequentially allocates storage in a stack from one end. Storage must be freed in reverse order. An activation record is created for each procedure call containing return address, arguments, local data, and a pointer to the caller's activation record. Two pointers, top and stack pointer, are used to manage the stack. When a procedure is called, parameters are passed and its code is executed until a return, at which point the next statement in the caller executes.

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    Implementation of Simple Stack Allocation Scheme

    Uploaded by

    Samyak Varshney
    1K views4 pages
    The document summarizes stack allocation scheme and activation records. Stack allocation sequentially allocates storage in a stack from one end. Storage must be freed in reverse order. An activation record is created for each procedure call containing return address, arguments, local data, and a pointer to the caller's activation record. Two pointers, top and stack pointer, are used to manage the stack. When a procedure is called, parameters are passed and its code is executed until a return, at which point the next statement in the caller executes.

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    The document summarizes stack allocation scheme and activation records. Stack allocation sequentially allocates storage in a stack from one end. Storage must be freed in reverse order. An activation record is created for each procedure call containing return address, arguments, local data, and a pointer to the caller's activation record. Two pointers, top and stack pointer, are used to manage the stack. When a procedure is called, parameters are passed and its code is executed until a return, at which point the next statement in the caller executes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    1K views4 pages

    Implementation of Simple Stack Allocation Scheme

    Uploaded by

    Samyak Varshney
    The document summarizes stack allocation scheme and activation records. Stack allocation sequentially allocates storage in a stack from one end. Storage must be freed in reverse order. An activation record is created for each procedure call containing return address, arguments, local data, and a pointer to the caller's activation record. Two pointers, top and stack pointer, are used to manage the stack. When a procedure is called, parameters are passed and its code is executed until a return, at which point the next statement in the caller executes.

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    Ans 1.

    Implementation of Simple Stack Allocation Scheme


    Stack Allocation scheme is the simplest Run-Time Storage Management Technique. The storage is allocated sequentially in
    the stack beginning at one end. Storage should be freed in the reverse order of allocation so that a block of storage being
    released is always at the top of the stack.

    A program consists of data and procedures. On execution of each procedure, some amount of memory is occupied, which
    has information regarding the procedure, i.e., its actual parameters, number of arguments, return address, return values &
    local data, etc. That part of memory is the Activation Record of that procedure.

    Activation Record

    An Activation Record is a data structure that is activated/ created when a procedure/function is invoked, and it contains the
    following information about the function.

    Activation Record in 'C' language consist of

     Actual Parameters
     Number of Arguments
     Return Address
     Return Value
     Old Stack Pointer (SP)
     Local Data in a function or procedure
    Here, Old SP stores the value of stack pointer of Activation Record of procedure which has called this procedure which
    leads to the generation of this Activation Record, i.e., It is a pointer to the activation record of the caller.

    Two pointers are required for Stack Allocation Scheme −

     top− It points to the top of the stack. top points to the top of the top activation record. In the figure, the top pointer
    will point to the top of the C Activation Record.
     Stack Pointer (SP)− It points to the activation record of the currently active procedure.

    Actual Parameter− It is used by the calling procedure to supply parameters to the called procedure.

    Return value− This field is used by the called procedure to return a value to the calling procedure. The size of each of the
    above fields is determined at the time when the procedure is called. The size of almost all the fields can be determined at
    compilation time.

    Stack Allocation of Procedure Calls

    It can analysis on how the memory is allocated at runtime when a procedure is called & when the value from the procedure
    is returned.

    Consider a procedure P(x1, x2, x3 … … xn).Three address code statement for the call of this procedure will be

    param x1

    param x2

    …………….

    param xn

    call P, n

    where 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐏, 𝐧 → calls the procedure P with n number of arguments.

    𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐦 𝐱 → refers to passing actual parameter x.

    Execution of all the following statements related to the procedure will perform stack allocation at runtime.
     𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐦 𝐱 ∶ Passing actual parameter x.
     𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐏, 𝐧− calling procedure P with n arguments.
     𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐛𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐧− The first statement of procedure
     𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐮𝐫(𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞)− When the value is returned.
     𝐞𝐧𝐝− Last statement of procedure.
    Ans 2 Explain Storage Allocation in Block Structured Language.

    Static storage allocation Static allocation supports the dynamic data structure that means memory is created only at
    compile time and deallocated after program completion. The drawback with static storage allocation is that the size
    and position of data objects should be known at compile time.

    Blocks consist of one or more declarations and statements. A programming language that permits the creation of
    blocks, including blocks nested within other blocks, is called a block-structured programming language. Blocks are
    fundamental to structured programming, where control structures are formed from blocks.

     Compiler must carry out the storage allocation and provide access to variables and data
     Allocation can be done in two ways:
    Compiler Time Allocation or Static Storage Allocation
     A static storage allocation decision is taken by the compiler by looking only at the text of the program, but not by looking at
    what the program does when it executes
     Allocation is done at compile time
    Runtime Allocation or Dynamic Storage Allocation
     A storage allocation decision is dynamic if it can be decided only while program is running
     Allocation is done at runtime 
     Storage allocation can be done for two types of data variable:
                    Local data
                    Non local data

     The local data can be handled using activation record where as non-local data can be handled using scope information

     The block structured storage allocation can be done using static scope

     The non-block structured allocation can be done using dynamic scope

     Scope storage allocation includes,

     Definition of procedure
     Declaration of a name or variable
     Scope of declaration
    Dynamic storage allocation includes,
     Activation of procedure
     Binding of a name
     Lifetime of a binding
    Activation Record
     Information needed for each execution of a procedure is stored in a record called activation record
     Procedure calls and returns are usually managed by a runtime stack called the control stack
     Each live activation has an activation record or a frame
     The root of activation tree is a the bottom of the stack
     The current execution path specifies the content of the stack with the last activation as record in the top of the stack
     Activation record contains 7 fields which are:

    Returned
    Actual parameters
    Control link
    Access link
    Machine status
    Local data
    Temporary data
     Size of each field of activation record can be estimated at compile time.

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