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FAKULTI SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

STAE1213 : PRINSIP SAINS SEKITARAN
NAMA AHLI:
NADIAHTUL MARYAM BINTI RUSYDI @ RUS A190632
ANIS QISTINA BINTI HAIRON ANUAR A187439
NUR AIN SYAFIKA BINTI MOHD ZAHID A188946
NOORISMAIYUNI BINTI SULAIMAN A188971
NUR LAILI BINTI MOHD NOR A187993
HANA HUMAIRA BINTI KHAIRUL ISKANDAR A189004
NUR RAHIL BINTI MOHAMMAD AMIR A186652
NOR ATHIRAH IZAZI BINTI ZAHARIMAN A185952
FATINI ZULAIKHA BINTI ALIAS A189049
SAIDAH NAFISAH BINTI ABDUL HALIM A188387
MUHAMAD HAKIMI BIN JALIL A190594
SITI NURHIDAYAH BINTI IBERAHIM A186602
NAMA PENSYARAH : DR. RAMLAN OMAR

TONTON DAN KOMEN 01
PLATE TECTONICS
1. The World Before Plate Tectonics

• Climate was remarkably stable
• There was not much glacial activity
• Sun 5-18% less powerful
• Modern plate tectonics, the movement of rock plates on top of Earth’s mantle had gotten started
yet.
• The mantle is too hot, it bound the continental plates together into supercontinent.
• The plates also flimsy and thin.
• Today, Earth’s plate tectonics cycle is active.
• The plates move around. forming mountains as they smash together, shallow seas when the plate
rift apart and volcanoes occurs when the plates slide under each other.
• Plates movement cause some of Earth most noticeable features (Himalayas, East African Rift
valley, Pacific Ring of Fire)
• A lot of rock continuously recycled and destroyed through subduction, one slab rocks slides
under another and dives down into the mantle, where it melts.
• Evidence of oldest rocks is limited, because it been ripped, apart, smashed and eroded away
.
• Minerals in a rock can figure out how a deep a piece of land went into Earth’s interior and how
hot it is.
• When two plates separate from each other, oceanic ridges form underwater mountain ranges
where hot magma constantly comes out and cools and becoming part of the plates. This process is
called seafloor spreading.
• Seafloor spreading is occurring in several ocean basins, and oceanic ridges
• Moving plates can constantly create new habitats and destroy others, which promotes rapid
diversification of life
2. How Do We Know Plate Tectonics Is Real ?
• The notion of moving continents all started with Alfred Wegener
i. He noticed the continents appeared to fit together almost perfectly (like a jigsaw puzzle).
ii. If they used to fit together that means they must have somehow moved apart.
iii. This led him to introduce a new idea which is continental drift
iv. He noticed fossils of certain animals had been found in Africa, India and Antarctica.
v. Remains of an ancient fern had also been found on 5 continents.
vi. The same types of rocks and mountains lined up continuously between continents.
• In 1929, Arthur Holmes showed thermal convection in the mantle could create enough of a
current to move continental crust on top of it.
•
• In 1962, geologist Harry Hess found a strange magnetic pattern along a seafloor ridge.
i. Magnetic minerals deep in the Earth, in hot magma, preserved this magnetic fingerprint
as they cooled and hardened into rock.
ii. Geologist could analyze the rock on either side of the ridge to retrace its history.
iii. The seafloor was spreading apart at these ridges, where new rock was oozing up from
the hot mantle.
iv. They finally had proof that earth’s crust wasn’t static. It was constantly changing.
Every year, the spreading at the Mid Atlantic ridge pushes the Eurasian plate and North American
plate 2.5cm further apart over millions of years.
Spreading between plates also happens on land.

i. The African plate and the Arabian plate are splitting the continent in two.
ii. These deep rift valley will eventually become an ocean and create a new separate
African landmass.
The “Ring of Fire” is where denser oceanic crust is moving underneath the less dense continental
crust.
3. The Early Earth and Plate Tectonics
• Red tinted sky punctuated by volcanoes and small land.

• Crust= a skin that is so thin and it would be less than a sheet of paper
• Mantle boils in extreme slow motion
• Around a half billion years later, Arctica took shape about another half a billion years passed
before Atlantica formed.
• The continents roamed separately until about 1.8 billion years ago Artica collided.
• Nina Antarticia and Ur collided 1 billion years ago forming the supercontinent Rodina
• After 300 million years, the three land masses separated and came back together in a new
configuration Pangea.
• When Pangea split, Ur and Atlantic split up too.
• Semi-solid mantle lies below the rigid plates.
• Superheated magma rises to the surface to cool and sinks back down to the bottom of the pot
where it is reheated and rises again.
4 . Plate tectonics.
• A theory explaining the structure of the earth's crust and many associated phenomena as resulting
from the interaction of rigid lithospheric plates which move slowly over the underlying mantle.
• Tectonic plates are pieces of Earth's crust and uppermost mantle, together referred to as the
lithosphere.
The lithosphere we call as plates. It consider can call them as tectonic plates or simply plates.
Characteristic of lithosphere;
• Float on the asthenosphere beneath.

• Made of the rock granite.
• Lithosphere solid outer shell of the earth
In diagram 4.2 shown of a process known as convection. Convection occur when hot material becomes less
dense and rises. When it rises it cool down becomes more dense and sinks. End up with are these rising and
sinking currents called convection cells in the mantle.
In diagram 4.3 shown that the plates some are very large and some are a little bit smaller. This plate
boundary all moving and that there is lots of action at the places where plates meet. In examples, when the
plates are meet we find that earthquakes and volcanoes and also active mountains ranges.
4.1 Plate boundaries.
• All of plate tectonics comes down to the fact that things happen when two plates interact with one
another.
3 types of interactions of plate boundaries Examples
i. Known as transform boundary and that occurs when plate Example of place on
slide one another as seen by these arrows. earth known as the San
Andreas Faults and it is
found in California.
Transform boundaries will occur earthquakes.

ii. Known as convergent boundaries where plates collide as The Philippine Sea
seen by these arrows. Plate. The Philippine
Sea plate is tectonically
unusual in that almost
all the boundaries are
convergent.
A convergent boundary (also known as a destructive boundary) is an
area on Earth where two or more lithospheric plates collide . 2
different types of convergent boundaries are Subduction Zone and
Island Arc.
iii. Known as divergent boundaries where they drift apart as The Mid-Atlantic Ridge
seen by these arrows. is an example of
divergent plate
boundaries.
A divergent boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move away

from each other. Along these boundaries, earthquakes are common
and magma (molten rock) rises from the Earth's mantle to the surface,
solidifying to create new oceanic crust.

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FAKULTI SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI

UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

NAMA PENSYARAH : DR. RAMLAN OMAR

1. The World Before Plate Tectonics

Spreading between plates also happens on land.

3. The Early Earth and Plate Tectonics

• Red tinted sky punctuated by volcanoes and small land.

• Float on the asthenosphere beneath.

Transform boundaries will occur earthquakes.

A divergent boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move away

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