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AND CELL
ORGANISATION
Allliving things are made up of basic
units called cells
The living component of a cell is
protoplasm. It consist of
cytoplasm and the nucleus
nucleus
cytoplasm
The nucleus content is known as
nucleoplasm
Nucleus is surrounded by cytoplasm
The protoplasm is surrounded by
plasma membrane
Cytoplasm contains a variety of tiny
structure called organelles
Organellesare cellular component
that perform specific function within
the cell
Some of the cellular components can
only be seen under an electron
microscope
Animal cell
Plant cell
The cellular components of animals
and plant cells
There are many similarities and
differences between animal and plant
cells
Both cells have the following cellular
components:
a) Nucleus
b) Cytoplasm
c) Plasma membrane
Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplast
and large vacuoles
Animal cells do not have cell wall
and chloroplasts
Vacuoles inside the animals cell are
usually small
Only a few types of cells have
vacuoles
Plasma membrane
A thin flexible layer
a. Nuclear envelope
ribosomes
- smooth ER – does not have
ribosomes
Functions :
Rough ER – transport protein made
by the ribosomes throughout the
cells
Smooth ER – synthesises lipids
(phospholipids and
steroid)
- carries out
detoxification of drugs
and metabolic
byproducts
Golgi apparatus
Functions :
a. is made up of cellulose
b. contains genetic information
c. controls the movements of
substances into and out of the cells
3. Name the organelles that are found
in large numbers in
a. muscle cells
b. mesophyll palisade cells
Find out the similarities and
differences between animal cells and
plant cells
The density of organelles in specific
cells
Thedensity or abundance of certain
organelles in a cell is related to the
specific functions of the cell
mitochondria Sperm cells Require
Muscle cells energy for
Meristem movement
cells
Chloroplast Mesophyll Absorb
palisade sunlight
Rough Pancreatic Synthesize
endoplasmic cells and secrete
reticulum Salivary enzymes
Golgi glands cell
apparatus
Smooth Intestinal epithelium Secretes
endoplasmic digestive
reticulum enzymes
Interstitial cells (testis, Synthesise and
secrete steroids,
adrenal glands)
hormones
Carbohydrates
Liver cells metabolism
O2
CO2
Excretion
:
- CO2, ammonia – diffusion
- water – contractile vacuole contract
to expel water
Response to stimuli :
- retreating from light, acidic
solutions
Reproduction :
- binary fusion – abundant of food
- forming spores – food is scarce
Paramecium sp.
Habitat – freshwater pond
Characteristics :
cells
System – several organs that
organized to carry out specific
function
The necessity for cell specialisation
and cell organisation
Cellspecialisation is important to
multicellular organisms as complex
organisms require various types of
tissues, organs and system to
function
Without cell specialisation, organisms
will not be able to survive or sustain
itself because there are millions of
cells found in the body
The importance of cell specialization
and organization :
1. Group of cells able to carry out
specific function more efficiently
2. Division of labour enables
organisms to carry out various task
in an orderly and systematic manner
3. All living processes can be carried
out more efficiently
4. Achieve a higher growth rate
5. Able to adapt and survive in diverse
habitat
Cell organisation in human and
animals
Tissues :
1. Epithelial tissues
2. Muscle tissues
3. Connective tissues
4. Nerve tissues
Epithelial tissues
Consist of one or more layer of cells
Cardiacmuscle :
- involuntary movement of the heart
wall
Nerve tissues
•Composed – neurons (nerve cells)
•Specialised to transmit signal or nerve impuls
Connective tissues
Consist of various types of cells and
fibre separated by extracellular
matrix
Adipose tissue
Examples : tendons, ligaments,
cartilage, bones, blood, lymph,
adipose tissue
Interwoven with fibrous strands
(collagen) with exception of blood
and lymph
Functions :
- bind structure together, provide
support and protection for other
tissues
- tendon – attach muscles to bones
- ligaments – attach bones to bones
- cartilage – provides support to the
nose
- bones – provide protections to
organs
- blood – regulating, transporting
and protective functions
Organs
Organ is formed by two or more
types of tissues working together to
perform particular functions
Examples - heart, skin, kidney
Heart – cardiac muscle
- connective tissue
- nerve tissue
- epithelial tissue
Cardiac muscle of the Connective tissues
heart
Skin
Act as a barrier against infections,
physical trauma, water loss
Sweat Malphigian
pore layer
epidermis
Oil gland
Dermis
Erector
muscle
Nerve
fibre
Sweat
Blood gland
capillaries
Hair follicle
Adipose tissue
Divided into two main layer :
- epidermis – mostly from dead
epithelial cells
- dermis –connective tissue, nerve
tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle
tissue
System
System consist of several organs
that cooperate to carry out a living
process
11 major system in the body
Major systems :
1. Nervous system
2. Skeletal system
3. Circulatory system
4. Digestive system
5. Respiratory system
6. Excretory system
7. Reproductive system
8. Muscular system
9. Integumentary system
10. Endochrine system
11. Lymphatic system
All
system combine to form
multicellular organism
Assignment
Find out the major organs/ tissues in
each system
Find out the functions of each major
system
Cell organisation in plants
Plant cells also undergo specialization
Two types of plant’s tissue :
1. meristematic tissues
2. permanent tissues
Plant tissues
2. Ground tissue
- parenchyma tissue
- collenchyma tissue
- sclerenchyma tissue
Permanent
Tissues
Epidermal
Tissues
collenchyma
sclerenchyma
Vascular tissues
parenchyma
3. Vascular tissue
- xylem tissue
- phloem tissue
Epidermal tissue
Outermost layer
Cover the stems, leaves, roots,
flowers, fruits, seeds
Walls
of epidermis covered with
waxy waterproof coating call cuticle
Functions:
- prevent loss of excessive water
through evaporation
- protects from mechanical injury
- prevent diseases
Root – have root hairs for absorption
of water
Specialised into guard cells which
surround stomata
Parenchyma
Thin walled cells, loosely arrange
Large vacuole
Least
specialised, can be found in all
organs of the plant
Functions :
- store products of photosynthesis –
sugar, starch
- specialised into palisade mesophyll
cells and spongy mesophyll which
contain chloroplast
- support and shape to plants
Collenchyma
Elongated,polygonal cells
Unevenly thick cell walls
Xylem Phloem
tissues tissues
Ground
tissues