Table of Contents

CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 2

1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 2
1.1 Problem statement ............................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Objectives ........................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.1 General objectives ............................................................................................................................ 3
1.2.2 Specific objectives ........................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Expected outcomes ............................................................................................................................. 3
1.4 Organization of the study .................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 About septic tank design ..................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 Initial design of septic tank .............................................................................................................. 5
2.1.2 Septic tank sewer line ...................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.3 Septic tank construction ................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.3.1 Septic tank design based on ebcs 9 procedures ............................................................................. 7
2.1.4 Soak field design in septic tank...................................................................................................... 10
2.1.4.1 Soakaway pit ............................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.4 Maintenance ................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.5 Checklists of septic tank design ..................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Types of septic tank .......................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.3 Classification based on material type............................................................................................. 11
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 13
3 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................................... 13
Reference ................................................................................................................................................ 14
 CHAPTER ONE
1 INTRODUCTION
An accessible public toilet is designed to accommodate people with physical disabilities. Persons with
reduced mobility find them useful, as do those with weak legs, as a higher toilet bowl makes it easier
for them to stand up.
Additional measures to add accessibility are providing more space and grab bars to ease transfer to
and from the toilet seat, and including enough room for a caregiver if necessary. Some countries have
requirements concerning the accessibility of public toilets.
Accessible toilets are designed to address challenges that face disabilities by providing more space
and bars for users to grab and hold during transfers, and space for an assistant if necessary.
Accessible toilets need larger floor space than other cubicles to allow space for a wheelchair to
maneuver. This spaces is also useful for people who are not necessarily wheelchair users, but still
need physical support from some else. A wheelchair-height changing table is also recommended, but
remains rarely available. Accessible changing tables are low and accessible to a wheelchair user, and
long enough for a caretaker to change an older child or adult with a disability. The main purpose of
the extra tall bowl toilet is help to standing and sitting down easier.
The public toilet should be designed in the following universal design for becoming more common in
public toilet facilities, are:
A, a wheelchair –height toilet, to help the user on and off the toilet, with handles (grab bars);
B, a bathroom emergency pull string, in the form of a red cord that reaches the ground, connected to a
buzzer and a flashing red light;
C, a wheelchair-height sink and hand dryer;
D, a wheelchair-width door;
E, additional options to upgrades a toilet are pit latrines that include a moveable wood seat with
support bars;
F, Flush controls shall be hand operated or automatic mounted on the wide side of the toilet area and
easily reached and operated.
For accessible public toilet well designed septic tank should be provided to transport the sewage from
the toilet to treatment plants stay clean and safe for public purpose. Septic tank allows a safe disposal
of waste water and hence is widely popular in areas that have a poor drainage system or are off the
mains sewage network. They work by collecting the excreta and waste water in one big underground
tank; they are predominantly used in rural areas. The improper design of septic tank should affect
public toilet by accumulation of sewage, so the proper design of septic tank is essential to design
public toilet including disabilities.

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In Ethiopia most of public toilet design does not provide proper toilets seat for physically disabled
peoples. The lack of public toilets can results in social isolation and creates difficulties.
In Ethiopia the quality of public toilet design is very lower than private toilet design in residential like
hotels… those problems are: Each and every public toilets are very dirty but no one is taking of.
Design problem is occurring like:
Toilets: do they flush properly? Do the flappers create a seal?
Sinks: do they drain efficiently? Is there any debris in them?
Faucets: Any drips or puddles?
Public Toilet can present accessibility challenges for people with disabilities. For example, stalls may
not be able to fit a wheelchair, and transferring between the wheelchair and the toilet seat may pose a
challenge. The improper design of septic tank should affect the cost and toilets use for design periods.

1.2 OBJECTIVES

1.2.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES

To assist with the design and siting of public toilets throughout Moreland design;
To provide toilet to make equal opportunities for physically disabled peoples.

1.2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

To enable and empower persons with these disabilities to live as independently;

To protect environment clean and safe from any pollution from lack of toilets;
To make fresh designer to become effective technological designer to solve public challenges;
To design safe septic tank that should kept enough loads from toilets and etc…

1.3 EXPECTED OUTCOMES

This paper reports ongoing to make the following expected outcomes:

To design comfortable and safe public toilet including Disabilities in the future;
To design qualified public toilet in technological way that are accessible for all peoples including
disabilities;
To design properly working septic tank to settle both solid and suspended waste black water from
toilet;
To increase challenge solving capacity of fresh designer for public toilet including disabilities;
To understand how away from public toilets feature in disabled people’s participation in urban public
life and after tracing the origins of accessible toilets, it will examine the technological responses in
uses in many public toilets and evaluate these designs with respect to people with cognitive
disabilities.

1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This papers report on public toilet design including disabilities comprised from three chapters. From
three chapter’s chapter one explains that accessible public toilet design including disabilities should
be designed to address challenges that face disabilities by providing more space and bars for users to
grab and hold during transfers, and space for an assistant if necessary. For accessible public toilet
well designed septic tank should be provided to transport the sewage from the toilet to treatment
plants stay clean and safe for public purpose. In Ethiopia most of public toilet design does not provide
proper toilets seat for physically disabled peoples. The quality of public toilet design is very lower
than private toilet design in residential like hotels and not comfortable for physically disabled peoples
in Ethiopia. The next chapter two focuses on septic tank design procedures on both their
components. Accessible design of public toilet including Disabilities should be working proper for
design periods when well-designed septic tank should be provided before using of toilets.
A septic tank is an underground chamber made of concrete, fiberglass, or plastic through which
domestic waste water (sewage) flows for basic treatments. A septic tank design needs to be well
designed and built so that it won’t crack and pollute the ground water. A final chapter concludes my
research on needs of universal design for public toilet including disabilities for accessible restrooms.
 CHAPTER TWO
2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 About Septic Tank Design

Accessible design of public toilet including Disabilities should be working proper for design periods
when well-designed septic tank should be provided before using of toilets.
A septic tank is an underwater sedimentation tank used for waste water treatments through the process of
biological decomposition and drainage. Septic tank allows a safe disposal of waste water and hence is
widely popular in areas that have a poor drainage system or are off the mains sewage network. They work
by collecting the excreta and waste water in one big underground tank; they are predominantly used in
rural areas.
Septic Tanks are not used much in urban areas as waste in cities and towns is dealt with and transported
through the sewage system, these are maintained by the water company in our local area.
A typical septic system consists of a septic tank and is designed to slowly release the effluent into the soil.
A septic tank is an underground chamber made of concrete, fiberglass, or plastic through which domestic
waste water (sewage) flows for basic treatments. A septic tank design needs to be well designed and built
so that it won’t crack and pollute the ground water.so; septic tanks are suitable for conditions where the
waste water can drain away and be absorbed into the soil without contaminating ground water where it is
extracted. Sealed solid waste storage is an option if soil is unsuitable or the water table is too high.
Cesspits are another option. A well designed septic tank takes raw sewage in, allows the solids to settle
(sludge) and allows the remaining liquid to flow into the surrounding soil by means of a soak away. Scum
on the surface is also prevented from leaving the tank.

2.1.1 INITIAL DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK

1, choose a suitable location. This should be downhill from the source of sewage. At least 15m from the
nearest water supply. This is a minimum and should be more if the ground is rocky and fissures could
take the out flow further. It should be at least 3m from the nearest building. Avoid areas where rain water
would stand or flow over the tank or vehicles could drive over it.

2, Draw a plan showing the septic tank and distances to dwellings, property lines, wells, water sources
and any other prominent manmade or natural features. Show the ground slope.

3, Calculate the volume of the tank. The volume consists of two components. Sludge storage and Liquid
retention volume.
4, Calculate how much sewage will enter the tank in 24 hours (Daily Flow). This depends on the context.
If the water supply is known then sewage can be taken as 90%.
5, Decide on a retention time (RT) of 1 to 3 days. Choose a long retention time to minimize clearing
frequency (running cost). Choose short retention time to minimize tank size and initial cost. Larger tanks
allow the sewage more time to digest and thus reduce the load on the drainage system. Smaller tanks
(6m*3) need longer retention times due to increased turbulence (i.e. 2 or 3 days.)

6, Multiply the daily flow by the retention time in days. If all the flow takes place during an 8 hour period
this must be multiplied by 3(24/3). This could be the case in a school or institutional settings.

7, the volume needed for sludge accumulation in warm climates is:

B=PxNxSxF

Where : B=sludge storage capacity in liters, P=number of people using the system, N=the number of
years between sludge emptying, S=rate of sludge and scum accumulation i.e. 25 liters per person per year
for tanks receiving WC waste only, and 40 liters per person per year for tanks receiving WC waste and
sullage. As the rule of thumb 2/3 of storage volume is for sludge and 1/3 scum, F= sludge digestion factor
(=1 in warm conditions).

8, Total volume TV=B+ (DF+RT) where DF=9XDWS (water supply)

9, Total length (3w) should be two or three times the width (w)

10, From above procedures estimation of cost should be prepared.

2.1.2 SEPTIC TANK SEWER LINE

1, the sewer pipe carries the sewage to the septic tank. The line should be at least 15m away from the
source (latrine block, etc.) and downhill from any nearby well or spring, it should be water-tight joints
and a uniform slope (minimum 2%). The line should be as straight as possible.

2, the pipe should be made of non-corrosive, hardwearing material (i.e. vitrified clay, concrete, plastic or
cast iron.)

3, for latrine blocks individual traps or access points for each latrine should be considered to avoid
blockages in the sewer line.
 2.1.3 SEPTIC TANK CONSTRUCTION

1, the walls of the tank can be made of poured, reinforced concrete, stone masonry, brick or concrete
blocks. The tanks should be made water tight with a 25mm coating of cement plaster, applied in two
coats, in order to avoid infiltration around the tank and maintain and anaerobic space. For small tanks the
floor need not be reinforced. The space between the walls and the side of the hole need to be filled with
gravel or such like. The base should be at least 15cm thick.

2, the tank should be divided into two compartments. The first should be twice as big as the second. There
is hole in the separating wall which allows liquid to flow through but not scum or sludge. Maximum
velocity through holes is 0.1m/s to minimize turbulence.

3, Inlet and outlet pipes consist of T pipes. On the outlet this is to avoid scum or solids going into the soak
field. The base can slope down towards the inlet in a large tank to allow more sludge to be stored. The
outlet on a larger tank can be a weir design.

4, if the tank will be below the ground water level at any time the weight of the empty tank should be
greater than the weight of water displaced, otherwise the tank may float.

5, Ventilation- The inlet waste water pipe should be ventilated above head height in order to allow the
gases produced in the tank to escape.

6, The roof of the tank can be made of removable sections with lifting handles (easy access) or a solid,
reinforced concrete roof with round access holes (min diameter 0.6m) (cannot fall into tank). These
provide access to the tank for dislodging, checking levels and maintenance.

2.1.3.1 SEPTIC TANK DESIGN BASED ON EBCS 9 PROCEDURES

(1) A septic tank installation shall be provided for both settlement of solids and partial biological
treatment of sewage.

(2) The design criteria shall assume that surface water and subsoil water be excluded from entering septic
tanks.

(3) Septic tanks should be watertight so that they permit neither ingress of groundwater nor egress of
sewage to the ground.
(4) Septic tanks could be constructed from bricks, stone masonry, in-situ concrete and large precast
concrete pipes.

(5) Septic tanks could also be prefabricated from steel and plastic materials.

(6) Brick and stone masonry-work should normally be in cement mortar.

(7) Where construction in water-logged ground is unavoidable, provision should be made for the
prevention of tank flotation during construction, emptying and maintenance.

(8) Calculation of the total capacity of septic tanks shall be made on the basis of the number of persons to
be served, water consumption and sludge production per capita and the hydraulic detention time.

(9) The design of septic tanks shall be such that the discharge of solids in the tank effluent is kept to a
minimum.

(10) The following formula is recommended for general use where dislodging is carried out at a
reasonable number of times per year, two years, etc.

V= τsed.p.q/103+u1.τac.p/103

Where: - V is effective volume of tank, in m3; τsed is hydraulic detention time, in day (s) (minimum, 1.0
day). P is user population; q is water consumption per capita per day, in liters. V1 is sludge production
per capita per day; in liters (0.15l), τac is number of days between de-sledging (minimum, 365.0 days).

(11) For rectangular tanks, at least two or three should be used in series either by constructing two or
three separate tanks or by dividing a single tank into two or three by partitions.
(12) (A) in all cases of (11) above, the compartments should be not less than 1200.0mm deep below the
top water level.
(b) The first compartment should have a capacity of not less than two-third of the total tank capacity with
a length of not less than twice its width and the subsequent compartments should have a combined
capacity of not less than one third of the total capacity.
(c) In order to facilitate dislodging operations, the floor of the first compartment should have a fall of 1:4
towards the inlet end.

(13) Duplicate tanks, preferably with half calculated capacities could be provided in parallel.
(14) The design of septic tank inlets and outlets shall be such that they facilitate introduction of crude
sewage and removed of the clarified liquid with the least possible disturbance of the settled sludge or the
surface scum.

a) An inlet for rectangular tanks of not more than 1200.0mm wide should be a T-shaped dip pipe not less
than the nominal bore of the incoming drain, fixed inside the tank, with the top limb rising above the
scum level and the bottom jimb extending about 450.0mm below the top water level.
b) For tanks in excess of 1200.0mm in width, two submerged inlets having inverts at the same level
should be introduced.

c) A baffle should be provided 150.0mm from the inlet end of the tank, extending 150.0mm below the
invert of the inlet pipe and 150.0mm above the top water level. Note Tanks are normally fitted with
covers.
d) Where the incoming drain has a steep gradient, at least the last 12.0m should be laid at a gradient not
steeper than 1:50 in order to minimize turbulence.

(15) (a) The final outlet for tanks which are less than 1200.0mm wide should be by a 100.0mm nominal
bore dip pipe fixed inside the tank in a similar manner to the inlet dip pipe in 14(a) above and 25.0mm
below it.

(b) For wider tanks, it is necessary to use a weir outlet extending the full width of the tank and protected
by a scumbcard such as suitable protected timber, plastics or asbestos cement fixed 150.0mm from the
weir and extending 150.0mm above and 450.0mm below the top water level.

(16) (A) A roof should be provided to a septic tank, in which case it may be wholly or partially removable
and be of concrete or timber.

(b)If fixed, the roof should have adequate access openings, with covers including those necessary for
inspection and cleansing of the inlet and outlet arrangements.

(17) Where it is not roofed, a septic tank should be provided with a protective fence to prevent
unauthorized access.

(18) (a) Septic tanks should be located as far away as practicable from buildings, water wells and water
reservoirs (underground) to prevent contamination of domestic water supply and reduce the risk of
nuisance in case of malfunctioning; i.e. overflow through manholes, gas emission through vent pipes, etc.
 2.1.4 SOAK FIELD DESIGN IN SEPTIC TANK

1) A soak field consists of a series of 15-30m long trenches with open jointed 100mm diameter pipes laid
on rocks, broken bricks or gravel. The trenches should be narrow and deep. They should be arranged in
series so that each trench overflows into the next one. This means that the trenches will either be fully
used or not and avoids a crust forming on the sides. Trenches should be 2m apart.

2) The top of the pipe should be laid about 5cm under the building paper/straw.

3) The bottom of the trenches should be above the water table. This may mean a mound has to be made.

4) Pipes can be made porous by making them out of concrete without sand, not sealing the joints or, in the
case of plastic pipes cutting slots or holes in them (at least 6mm).

5) The slope of the trenches should be

6) Other options are soak pits (small system), ponds, reed beds or evapotranspiration mounds (high
ground water).

2.1.4.1 SOAKAWAY PIT

(1) A soak away pit shall be used for discharging effluent into pervious subsoil’s such as gravel, sand,
chalk, etc. at a level above that of the water table.
(2) The pit shall be covered by a slab incorporating an inspection manhole and cover.

2.1.4 MAINTENANCE

1) Organize a maintenance system with schedule and manual,

2) Do not overload the system-this will cause clogging of the drain field,

3) Measure sludge and scum levels regularly and empty when needed and check baffles.

4) Do not put strong or hazardous chemicals into the system or use disinfectant.

2.1.5 CHECKLISTS OF SEPTIC TANK DESIGN

Well-designed septic tank should:-

1) Contain waste water long enough for maximum removal of suspended solids;
2) Prevent suspended solids from being discharged into the soak field with the effluent;
 3) Provide enough sludge and scum storage space;
4) Ensure no blockages are likely;
5) Allow adequate ventilation for gases.

2.2 TYPES OF SEPTIC TANK

The types of Septic tanks should be based on their classification, so their classification is based on:

Construction materials e.g. a, concrete septic tank and plastic septic tanks,

Conventional systems e.g. gravitational septic tank and pump using septic tanks

2.2.3 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MATERIAL TYPE

A septic tank design needs to be well designed and built so that it won’t crack and pollute the ground
water. Here we look at the design and construction of a septic tank; we provide building plans for a
standard sized tank and we discuss the features, the need to determine effluent levels the tank inlet and
outlet pipes, the transfer pipe between the internal chambers, vent pipes and the design of access
manholes so the tank can be maintained and cleaned out. A well-built septic tank will not leak and should
be able to withstand earth movements. Concrete septic tanks are very durable and can last for several
decades if properly maintained. Building septic tank using lightweight concrete blocks with a thin skim of
cement on the inside. The slightest bit of ground movement, probably even the settlement resulting from
the tank construction, will be enough to crack it.

When casting the concrete plywood formwork is placed around the steel to form a box shaped mould
ready to cast the concrete around the steel. This should be placed to make sure that the walls are 15cm
thick and, when the concrete is poured, that there will be a good thick layer of concrete on both sides of
the steel mesh to stop the steel rusting. There should also be a bed of sand underneath the concrete floor
of the tank to allow some movement as the tank settles and moves in the ground. The 15cm PVC inlet,
transfer and outlet pipes for the tank need to be installed before the concrete is poured along with a 7.5cm
diameter ventilation pipe to allow gas to flow between two chambers. The concrete should be correctly
mixed (the mix should be designed to suit the sand and other materials being used however if this is not
possible then 3 parts aggregates: 2 parts sand: 1 part of cement is good). Too much water should NOT be
added (a slump of 7 is good) to give a good hard concrete and, during pouring, the concrete should be
vibrated with a vibrator to make sure it is properly compacted with no cavities or air holes. The
aggregates must be small enough to fit easily between the steel and the plywood.
It is important when designing the septic tank that the inlet pipe to tank that carries effluent from toilet to
the tank need to be 15cm diameter and slopes of at least 2%( a fall of 2cm per meter) all the way from the
toilet to the tank. The tank must be built deep enough to allow for this and should be carefully planned
before starting the project. The inlet pipe should go straight into the septic tank.

Many contractors want to install small manholes (locally called control boxes) to access the inlet pipe just
before it enters the tank. These manholes are a common cause of blockages and smells. It is better to have
a free flow straight to the tank. Manhole covers are designed to seal with horizontal surfaces. Flat surfaces
are much better to fit covers together with a tapered joint and providing steel handles to lift it require
maintenance and checking.

Septic tank should be either made from plastics that will give a little with ground movement or be built
from reinforced concrete and designed such that in the event of ground movement the tank will move as a
single entity and retain its integrity. Plastic septic tanks are watertight and lightweight than concrete
septic tanks and are strong and easily installed are less coasty than concrete. For our design of septic tank
CONCRETE SEPTIC TANK IS ESSENTIAL THAN PLASTIC b/c of its design period purpose.

2.2.4 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CONVENTION SYSTEM

Septic tank systems based on different systems are conventional system, chamber system, drip
distribution system, aerobic treatment unit, mound systems, recirculating sand filter system, and
evapotranspiration systems. Gravitation system of septic tank is constructed during toilet placed on sloped
places and does not need pumps. Pump using septic tank may use pumps to move waste water and they
are coasty.
 CHAPTER THREE
3 CONCLUSIONS
The papers concludes by pinpointing challenges that need to be resolved by designers, before the goal of
an inclusive public toilet of the future can be realized and the studies also reports on the need for a
universal design for disabled accessible restrooms. Generally this study improves theoretical design skill
into actual design skill by giving procedures and stating problems before designs started.
 REFERENCE
https//:www.Google.com

EBCS//:1995

Water supply courses/hand out/:2010