English 1 Gramma

Book
1
BASIC ENGLISH ABAARSO TECH UNIVERSITY
GRAMMAR GRAMMAR
BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR Book 1

Book
1
Younger students at beginning to intermediate levels will
greatly benefit from this step-by-step approach to English
grammar basics. This is the ideal supplement to your
language arts program whether your students are native
English speakers or beginning English language learners.
Skill-specific lessons make it easy to locate and prescribe
instant reinforcement or intervention.
• Illustrated lessons are tightly focused on core concepts

of grammar
• Nearly 70 practice exercises are included

for ready reinforcement
• A wealth of examples are provided on every topic
• Concise explanations are bolstered by extra grammar

tips and useful language notes
Book
Dauda W. Jamada • Salim A. Sabil

ISBN 1-59905-201-6
13 12 11 10 09 08 07 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Introduction
Grammar is a very old field of study. Did you know that the
sentence was first divided into subject and verb by Plato,
the famed philosopher from ancient Greece? That was
about 2,400 years ago! Ever since then, students all over
the world have found it worthwhile to study the structure
of words and sentences. Why? Because skill in speaking
and writing is the hallmark of all educated people.
Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction

in the eight parts of speech—nouns, pronouns, verbs,
adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and
interjections—as well as the standard patterns of English
sentences.
All students of English, be they native speakers or those

who are studying English as a second language, will
profit from the fundamental introduction and review of
grammar provided by SADDLEBACK’S BASIC ENGLISH
GRAMMAR 1 and 2. Helpful marginal notes throughout
the books have been provided to reinforce existing skills
and call attention to common problem areas.
We wish you every success in your pursuit of English

proficiency.
1 What is Grammar? 5 The Simple Past Tense 98
Regular and Irregular Verbs 99
Was and Were 104
2 The Capital Letter 6 The Past Progressive Tense 106
The Future Tense 108
Can and Could 112
May and Might 113
3 Nouns 8 Do, Does and Did 115
Common Nouns 8 Would and Should 120
Proper Nouns 13
Singular Nouns 21
Plural Nouns 23 8 Subject-Verb Agreement 123
Collective Nouns 34
Masculine and Feminine Nouns 37
9 Adverbs 127
4 Pronouns 44
Personal Pronouns 44 10 Prepositions 132
Reflexive Pronouns 47
Interrogative Pronouns 48
Demonstrative Pronouns 49 11 Conjunctions 135
5 Adjectives 52
12 Interjections 138
Adjective Endings 54
Kinds of Adjectives 58
Comparison of Adjectives 65 13 Sentences 139
What is a Sentence? 139
6 Determiners 71 Kinds of Sentences 140
The Imperative 141
The Articles 71 The Subject and the Object 143
Demonstrative Determiners 73 Direct and Indirect Objects 144
Interrogative Determiners 74 Positive and Negative Sentences 146
Possessive Determiners 75 Questions 147
7 Verbs and Tenses 79 14 Punctuation 150

The Simple Present Tense 80 Period 150
Am, Is and Are 83 Comma 151
The Present Progressive Tense 89 Exclamation Point 152
Have and Has 93 Question Mark 152
The Present Perfect Tense 96 Apostrophe 153
1 What is Grammar?
Here’s an old children’s rhyme about the eight parts of

speech of English grammar. It gives you an idea of what
grammar is about. Read and remember it.
Every name is called a noun, Pronoun

As field and fountain, street and town.
Noun
In place of noun the pronoun stands,
As he and she can clap their hands.
The adjective describes a thing,
As magic wand or bridal ring.
Adjective
Most verbs mean action, something done,
Verb
To read and write, to jump and run.
How things are done the adverbs tell,
As quickly, slowly, badly, well.
ition Adverb
Prepos
The preposition shows relation,
As in the street or at the station.
Conjunctions join, in many ways,
Sentences, words, or phrase and phrase.
The interjection cries out, “Heed!
Interjection
Conjunction An exclamation point must
follow me!”

2 The Capital Letter
The capital letter is also called a big letter or upper-

case letter, or sometimes just a capital.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
When do you use a capital letter?

4 Use a capital letter for the first letter in a
sentence:
The dog is barking.
Come here!
4 Always use a capital letter for the word I :
I am eight years old.
Ali and I are good friends.
4 Use a capital letter for the names of people:
Abdi, Tom, Ahmed, I ido,Sahra, Warsame
4 Use a capital letter for the names of places:
National Museum, Burco,Zoo, London, Saudi Arabia
4 Use a capital letter for festivals, holidays,
days of the week, months of the year:
New Year’s Day, E id Day, Labor Day, Mother’s Day,
Sunday, Monday, Friday, January, May, July, October

Exercise 1
Circle the letters that should be CAPITALS. Then write
the correct letter in the space above them.
1 salmaan and i are good friends.

we are going to chicago during our summer
2
vacation.
3 there is an interesting football game on sunday.
4 nimco lives in qasabka village.
5 january is the first month of the year.
Exercise 2
Look at the signs on the left. Can you find the
mistakes? Write the names correctly.
city plaza hotel ciitco school
orchard street hargeisa road
botanic gardens national library
alamzey stadium

3 Nouns
Common Nouns
Nouns are divided into common nouns and proper nouns.

Common nouns are words for people, animals, places,
or things.
These are words for people. They are common nouns.
artist
Word File
Here are more words for people:
actor lawyer
aunt judge
baby man
baker pilot
cook police officer acrobat
dentist singer
clown
doctor soldier
giant teacher astronaut
you kn
id o
D Another word for astronaut is
w
?
spaceman or spacewoman.

These are words for animals. They are common nouns.
eagle
zebra
deer
crocodile
bird
bear Word File

Here are more words for animals:
cat
cow hen
dog horse
dolphin mouse
duck parrot
fish shark
goat whale

These are words for places. They are common nouns.
beach
park
Word File
Here are more words for places:
airport market
cave mountain
library Mosque playground
shop farm restaurant
hill school
Everfresh Co.
hospital seashore
hotel stadium
house supermarket
island gymnasium
mall zoo
10
These are words for things. They are common nouns.
basket
bed
drum
cake
blanket Word File

Here are more words for things:
bag kite
box ladder
bread lamp
can picture
chair radio
cot television
cup train
desk truck
door watch
gate egg window
11
Exercise 1
Underline the common nouns in these sentences.
1 There’s a little bird in the garden.
2 Who is your teacher?
3 Don’t eat that rotten apple.
4 Kate has a lovely doll.
5 I like reading stories.
6 My father is a doctor.
7 Every child has a dictionary.
8 Rudy hates bananas.
9 The phone is ringing.
10 Here’s a book for you.
Exercise 2
Here’s a mixed bag of words. Put each word under its
correct heading.
swimmer snail fire engine clown

letters flag river barber
mountain fox hotel parrot
granny taxi gardener camel
People Animals Places Things

12
Proper Nouns
Proper nouns are names for particular people, places or

things. They always begin with a capital letter.
Omar
Handule
Word File
Here are some more names
of people:
Ali Baba
Mo Ibrahim
Delle Alli
Pauline
Lisa
Johnny Depp
Silanyo
Harry Potter
Pinocchio
Ahmed Deeq
you kn
id o Your own name and the names
D
of your friends are proper
w
Kim Lee
?
nouns too.
13
The names of countries and their people are also
proper nouns.
American Egyptian Indian Italian Thai
Japanese Korean Malay Filipino Pakistani
Country People Country People

America Americans Korea Koreans
Egypt Egyptians Malaysia Malaysians
India Indians Pakistan Pakistanis
Italy Italians France the French
Japan the Japanese Thailand Thais
14
The names of towns, cities, buildings and landmarks
are proper nouns.
Egypt
Hong Kong
the Great Wall of China
the Statue of Liberty
Tokyo Sydney
Bangkok New Delhi
London Denver the Grand Canyon
New York Central Park the Leaning Tower of Pisa
Paris the Eiffel Tower Brooklyn Bridge
Beijing Big Ben Pike’s Peak
15
The days of the week and months of the year are proper
nouns.
Days
Sunday March March March March
Monday 1 2 3 4
Sunday Monday Tuesda es day
y Wedn
Tuesday
Wednesday
March March Mar
Thursday ch
Friday
5 6 7
Thursday Friday Satu
rda
Saturday y
Months
January
February
March
January
February March April April
May
June
July
May June
July August August
September
October
December
November
e r October November December
Septemb
you kn
id o
D
January is the first month of the year.
w
?
Sunday is the first day of the week.

A table that shows the months, weeks and
days
16
The names of mountains, seas, rivers and lakes are
proper nouns.
Mount Everest
the Thames
Lake Michigan
the Alps the Himalayas
the Dead Sea the Pacific Ocean Niagara Falls
Mount Fuji the Yellow River
you kn
id o
D
w
You often use the before names of oceans,

?
rivers, seas and ranges of mountains.

Mount means mountain.
It is often used in the names of mountains.
For example: Mount Everest
Mount St. Helens
The written short form for Mount is Mt.
For example: Mt. Everest, Mt. Fuji
17
The names of festivals, some special events and holidays
are proper nouns, too.
Valentine’s Day
Father’s Day
Halloween
Word File
Here are more names of festivals and holidays:
Eid Day Mother’s Day New Year’s Day
Memorial Day April Fool’s Day
Labor Day Thanksgiving Day
Independence Day
1
8
Exercise 1
Underline the proper nouns in the following
sentences.
1 July is often the hottest month in summer.
2 One day Ali Baba saw the forty thieves hiding in a
cave.
3 Sahra and Aisha are going to the beach for a swim.
4 Mr. Lee is reading a book.
5 “I am your fairy godmother,” said the old woman to
Hoodo.
6 Uncle Mahamed is a lawyer.
7 Next Tuesday is a public holiday.
8 Many children enjoyed the movie Lion King.
Exercise 2
Look at the words in the box. Which ones are common
nouns and which ones are proper nouns? Put each word
under its correct heading.
Lisa bank President Hotel United Bank

January beach White Sand Beach hotel
doctor month Dr. Wang girl
Common Nouns Proper Nouns

1
9
Exercise 3
Write C for common or P for proper on the blank
before each noun.
1 _______ the White House
2 _______ the green dress
3 _______ the tall building
4 _______ the Empire State Building
5 _______ the Yellow River
6 _______ the muddy river
7 _______ the governor
8 _______ Governor Parker
9 _______ the Oregon Trail
10 _______ the winding trail
Exercise 4
Underline the nouns that should be capitalized. Circle the
nouns that should not be capitalized.
1 Robert louis Stevenson wrote treasure island.
2 The Capital of somaliland is hargeisa.
3 My Friends and I prefer Glittergums toothpaste.
4 Their Family visited Yellowstone national Park.
5 Jamac and mariam attend ciitco Middle school.
6 We had a Surprise Party for aunt Hawa.
7 Spring and Fall are my favorite Seasons.
8 The Manager scolded his lazy Employees.

20
Singular Nouns
Nouns can be singular or plural. When you are talking

about one person, animal, place, or thing, use a singular
noun.
an owl
a ship
a train
a woman
Word File
These are also singular nouns:
an airplane a letter
a bicycle a map
a boy a photograph
a bus a refrigerator
a flower a comb a slide
a girl a swing
a key a van
21
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
4 Use a or an before singular nouns.
Use an before words beginning with vowels
(a, e, i, o, u). For example, say:
an axe an igloo
an egg an orange
an envelope an umbrella
an ice cream an uncle
4 But some words don’t follow this rule. For example,

use a (not an) before these words that begin with u:
a uniform a university
4 Use a before words beginning with the other

letters of the alphabet, called consonants.
For example, say:
a basket a rainbow
a bowl a monster
a car a pillow
a hill a watch
a house a zoo
4 But some words don’t follow this rule. For example,

use an (not a) before these words that begin with h:
an heir
an honor
an hour
22
Plural Nouns
When you are talking about two or more people,

animals, places, or things, use plural nouns.
Most nouns are made plural by adding -s at the end.
star bats
bat
stars
mug
Word File
Singular Plural
bird birds
broom brooms
camel camels fan
desk desks
doll dolls mugs
egg eggs
flower flowers
fork forks
game games
lamb lambs cap
nest nests fans
pen pens
photo photos
shirt shirts caps
spoon spoons
23
Some plural nouns end in -es.
glass
bus brush
glasses
brushes
buses
watch Word File

watches Singular Plural
beach beaches
branch branches
box boxes
bush bushes
mosque mosques
dish dishes
dress dresses
foxes
sandwich sandwiches
witch witches
fox
m ar H
am ch
+
Gr
elp
When the last letters of singular sh

nouns are ch, sh, s, ss or x, s es
you usually add -es to form ss
the plural. x
24
Some plural nouns end in -ies.
butterflies
canaries
canary
butterfly
Word File
Singular Plural
baby babies
cherry cherries lilies
diary diaries
lily
dictionary dictionaries
fairy fairies
family families
fly flies candies
lady ladies candy
library libraries
puppy puppies
story stories
strawberry strawberries
am
m ar H
i +
Gr
elp
Nouns like these are made es

plural by changing y to i, and y
adding -es.
25
What if there is a vowel before the y?
In that case, add -s to form the plural. y s
key
turkey
keys
turkeys
tray
Word File
Singular Plural
chimney chimneys
cowboy cowboys
day days
trays
donkey donkeys
jersey jerseys
kidney kidneys
monkey monkeys
toy toys
trolley trolleys
valley valleys
26
If a noun ends in -f, you often change f to v, and add -es.
Singular Plural Singular Plural

calf calves loaf loaves v es
f
elf elves shelf shelves
half halves thief thieves
leaf leaves wolf wolves
m ar H
am
f s
Gr
elp
Often nouns that end in -f, just

need -s to form the plural.
chef chefs handkerchief handkerchiefs
chief chiefs roof roofs
cliff cliffs sheriff sheriffs
For some words that end in -f, the plural can be spelled
in two different ways.
Singular Plural
s
dwarf dwarfs or dwarves
f
hoof hoofs or hooves ves
scarf scarfs or scarves
With some words that end in -fe, you change f to v, and add -s.
Singular Plural f
knife knives
life lives v e s
wife wives
you kn
id o
D
But you only add -s to giraffe to form the
w
?
plural.
27
If a noun ends in -o, you just add -s to form the plural.
a rhino rhinos
Word File
Singular Plural
a hippo hippos
a video videos
a zoo zoos
a kangaroo kangaroos
But with some nouns that end in -o, you add -es to form
the plural.
Word File
Singular Plural
a tomato tomatoes
a flamingo a potato potatoes
flamingoes a hero heroes
m m ar H
a
Gr
elp
With some nouns that end in -o, you can add

either -s or -es to form the plural.
Singular Plural Plural

a mango mangoes mangos
a mosquito mosquitoes mosquitos
a zero zeroes zeros
a buffalo buffaloes buffalos
28
Some plural nouns don’t follow the -s rule. They don’t end in
-s, -es, -ies or -ves. Instead, the word changes form.
mouse mice
Word File
Singular Plural
child children
man men
ox oxen
tooth teeth
woman women
foot feet
you kn
id o
D
The plural of the mouse that you
w
?
use with your computer is either

mice or mouses.
2
9
Some plural nouns are the same as the singular noun.
sheep sheep
reindeer reindeer
fish
Word File
Singular Plural
bison bison
fish deer deer
you kn
id o
D
You can use fishes as the plural of
w
?
fish when you are talking about

different kinds of fish: all the fishes
of the Pacific Ocean.
30
Some nouns are always plural.
binoculars
goggles
Word File pliers

pants scissors
pajamas sneakers
shorts slippers
trousers stockings
sandals jeans
you kn
id o
D
Another word for spectacles
w
?
is glasses.
spectacles
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
You can make these plural nouns singular by

using a pair of:
a pair of binoculars
a pair of spectacles
a pair of goggles
a pair of jeans
a pair of shorts
a pair of pliers
a pair of shoes
31
Exercise 1
Look at the words below. Do you know which ones
are singular and which are plural ? Put a checkmark
(✓) in the correct box.
Singular Plural
word
pencils
books
fan
hat
children
kites
people
crab
foxes
Exercise 2
Do you add -s or -es to these singular nouns to make
them plural? Write your answers on the lines.
1 desk 6 basket ___________

2 class 7 peach ___________
3 comb 8 belt ___________
4 mug 9 taxi ___________
5 bus 10 box ___________
32
Exercise 3
Do you change -y to -ies, or just add -s to make
these singular nouns plural? Write your anwers.
1 key 6 toy
2 city 7 baby
3 butterfly 8 party
4 monkey 9 chimney
5 fly 10 lady
Exercise 4
All these singular nouns end with -o. Add either -s or -es
as you write the plurals on the line.
1 video 6 radio
2 piano 7 hippo
3 mango 8 zoo
4 kangaroo 9 zero
5 rhino 10 photo
33
Collective Nouns
Collective nouns are words for groups of people,

animals or things.
These are nouns for groups of people.
a family
a crew
an orchestra Word File

Here are some more groups
of people:
an audience a gang
a band a group
a choir a team
a class
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
Many collective nouns can be used with a

singular or plural verb.
For example:
My family was happy to see me.
or
My family were happy to see me.
But the following collective nouns always take a plural verb:
cattle people the police
34
Here are more collective nouns that are used for groups
of people, animals or things.
a brood of chickens
a band of musicians
Word File a school of fish

Here are some more
collective nouns:
a bunch of keys
a class of pupils
a collection of books
a deck of cards
a fleet of ships
a flock of sheep
a gaggle of geese
a gang of robbers a team of players
a herd of cattle
a litter of cubs
a pod of whales
a pack of wolves
a pride of lions a flight of steps
a set of stamps
a swarm of bees
a troupe of actors
35
Exercise
Farmer John had several different kinds of animals
on his farm. Write the correct collective noun for
each group of his animals.
Farmer John had:

a of ducks
a of sheep
a of cattle
a of horses
One day a of coyotes tried to attack his animals.

Farmer John yelled and waved a pitchfork to frighten them
away.
36
Masculine and Feminine Nouns
Masculine nouns are words for men and boys, and

male animals.
Feminine nouns are words for women and girls, and
female animals.
rooster
bride bridegroom
hen
lion
lioness
Word File
Masculine Feminine
boy girl
man woman
prince princess
steward stewardess
king queen
waiter waitress
37
Here are some more masculine and feminine nouns for
people.
Masculine Feminine
actor actress
brother sister
emperor empress
father mother
gentleman lady
grandfather grandmother
grandson granddaughter
headmaster headmistress
man woman
master mistress
nephew niece
prince princess
son daughter
steward stewardess
uncle aunt
wizard witch
you kn
id o Masculine nouns belong to the
D
w
masculine gender.
?
Feminine nouns belong to the

feminine gender.
38
Here are some masculine and feminine nouns for male
and female animals.
Animal Male Female
chicken rooster hen

cattle bull cow
deer buck doe
donkey jack jenny
duck drake duck
fox fox vixen

horse stallion mare
lion lion lioness
sheep ram ewe
tiger tiger tigress
you kn
id o
D
Nouns that end in -ess and -ress often belong
w
?
to the feminine gender. For example:
actress stewardess
lioness tigress
princess waitress
39
Many nouns are used for both males and females.
dancers
doctors
scientists
Word File
Nouns like these are used for
both males and females:
accountants parents
artists managers
hairdressers designers pupils
engineers singers
lawyers teachers
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
We call these nouns common-gender nouns.
40
Words for things that are neither male nor female are
called neuter nouns.
leaves
bench
fire
mirror
waterfall
Word File
Here are some neuter nouns:
ball forest
building gymnasium
broom playground
cake rock
computer sky
card socks
floor wind
41
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct masculine or
feminine nouns.
Masculine Feminine
1 master
2 uncle
3 niece
4 lioness
5 tiger
6 empress
7 husband
8 son
9 mother
10 madam
Exercise 2
Fill in each blank with a suitable masculine or feminine
noun.
1 The host and the ____________ welcomed their guests.

2 The steward and the ____________ look after the
passengers on the plane.
3 My uncle and ________ lived in Nebraska.
4 The king and the _________ had two children, a boy
and a ________. The prince was eight and the
_____________ was five.
5 Ladies and ______________ , welcome to our party this
evening.
42
Exercise 3
Look at the words in the box. Write each word under
its correct heading.
children sun witch king

boy son father girl
mother queen file teacher
lamp doctor dancer wizard
ram rooster elf fish
Masculine Feminine Common Gender Neuter
43
4 Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a common

noun or a proper noun. There are different kinds of pronouns.
Personal Pronouns
The words I, you, he, she, it, we and they are called
personal pronouns. They take the place of nouns and
are used as the subject of the verb in a sentence.
My name is Abdi . I am the youngest in the family.

This is my father. He is a teacher.
This is my mother. She is a lawyer.
I have a brother and two sisters.
They are Ahmed, Deka and Amina
I have a dog. It is called Lucky.
Lucky, you are a good dog.
Good morning, children! You may sit down now.
My family and I live in a big city. We have an apartment.
m ar H
am
The subject of a sentence is the person, animal,
Gr
elp
place or thing that does the action shown by the

verb.
44
The words me, you, him, her, it, us and them are also
personal pronouns. They also take the place of nouns.
These pronouns are used as the object of the verb in a
sentence.
I am standing on my head. Look at me.

My mother is kind. Everybody likes her.
Lisa, I told you to tidy your bed!
Sharon and Jenny! Dad is waiting for you!
Lucky and I are playing in the park. Dad is watching us.
You must not play with the knife. Give it to me.
Pick up your toys and put them away.
Baby birds cannot fly. Tom likes riding my bicycle.

Mother bird has to feed them. I sometimes lend it to him.
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
The object of a sentence is the person, animal,

place or thing that receives the action shown by
the verb.
45
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
There are three groups of pronouns: first person,
second person and third person.
The person speaking is called the first person.
The first-person pronouns are I or me (in the singular) and
we or us (in the plural).
The person spoken to is called the second person. The
second-person pronoun is you (in both singular and plural).
The person (or animal, or thing) spoken about is called the
third person. The third-person pronouns are he or him, she or
her, and it (in the singular), and they or them (in the plural).
The word I is always spelled with a capital letter.
The pronoun he is used for men and boys, she for
women and girls, and it for things and animals.
Here is a table to help you.
Subject Object
First person singular I me
Second person singular you you
Third person singular he him
she her
it it
First person plural we us

Second person plural you you
Third person plural they them
46
Reflexive Pronouns
The words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,

ourselves, yourselves and themselves are called
reflexive pronouns.
They refer to the person or animal that is the subject of
the verb.
I made this cake myself.

Be careful with the knife. You’ll cut yourself.
Michael is looking at himself in the mirror.
Susan has hurt herself.
Our cat washes itself after each meal.
We organized the party all by ourselves.
Come in, children, and find yourselves a seat.
Baby birds are too young to look after themselves.
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
Here is a table to remind you about reflexive

pronouns.
Singular Plural
First person (I,me) myself (we,us) ourselves
Second person (you) yourself (you) yourselves
Third person (he, him) himself (they, them) themselves
(she, her) herself (they, them) themselves
(it) itself (they, them) themselves
47
Interrogative Pronouns
The words who, whom, whose, what and which are

called interrogative pronouns.
These pronouns are used to ask questions.
Who Whom
Who is he talking to? Whom are you playing with?
Who are those people? Whom is he talking to?
Which Whose
Which of these bags is yours? Whose is this umbrella?
Which do you prefer? Whose are these gloves?
What
What is your dog’s name?
What are you talking about?
What is the time?
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
Who can be used as the object of a verb as well

as the subject.
Whom is used only as the object. For example,
you can say:
Who are you playing with?
or
Whom are you playing with?
48
Demonstrative Pronouns
The words this, these, that and those are called

demonstrative pronouns. They are showing words.
Those are goats.
That is John’s house.

That is a mountain.
Those are horses.
What are those?
We can do better
These are sheep.
than that.
No, that’s not mine.
This is my house. You mean you won?
This is a hill. That’s amazing!
These are donkeys. Hello, who is that
What is this? speaking, please?
Did you drop this? Hello, is that you,
Hi, Jane! This is Michael! George?
m m ar H
a
Gr
elp
You use this and these when you point to things

near you.
You use that and those when you point to things
farther away.
Demonstrative pronouns can be singular or plural:
Singular Plural
this these
that those
49
Exercise 1
Draw a line to join each of the subject pronouns
to the object pronoun that matches.
I he it she they you we
us her you them me him it
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with the correct pronouns.
1 Peter and I are brothers. _______ share a bedroom

together.
2 Sue isn’t well. Dad is taking _______ to see a doctor.
3 My brother is a teacher. _______ teaches English.
4 All his students like _______ very much.
5 Children, _______ are making too much noise!
6 Who are those people? Where are _______ from?
7 Mom is a doctor. _______ works in a hospital.
8 The sky is getting dark. _______ is going to rain.
9 John, we are all waiting for _______. Are you coming
with _______?
10 May _______ borrow your pen?
11 Yes, of course. When can you return _______ to
_______?
12 What are _______ reading, Jenny?
50
Exercise 3
Fill in the blanks with the correct reflexive pronouns
from the box.
yourselves themselves itself myself

himself yourself ourselves herself
1 No one can help us. We have to help ____________.

2 Jane always makes the bed by ____________.
3 They painted the wall all by ____________.
4 I hurt ____________ in the playground yesterday.
5 John, you must behave __________ before your friends.
6 Children, you must do the homework ____________.
7 Tom defended ____________ against the bullies.
8 The dog is scratching ____________.
Exercise 4
Write the correct interrogative pronouns in the blanks to
complete the sentences:
1 _______ is the matter with you?

2 _______ invented the computer?
3 _______ of the twins is older?
4 _______ do you wish to speak to?
5 _______ is this car in front of our house?
6 _______ knows the answer?
7 _______ came first, the chicken or the egg?
8 _______ would you like to drink?
9 _______ of them do you think will win the race?
10 _______ is the word for a stamp collector?
51
5 Adjectives
An adjective is a describing word. It tells you more about

a noun. An adjective usually appears before the noun
it describes. Sometimes, though, the adjective appears
after the noun, later in the sentence.
a smart dog
an old building
a busy street
a dark corner
a deep sea a tall basketball player
a large bed
It is windy.
John’s handwriting is very neat.
The sea is rough.
All the players are very tall.
The baby’s hands are very small.
Sue’s drawing is beautiful.
That problem is too difficult.
Peter is very quiet today.
a low fence
52
Exercise 1
Underline the adjectives in the following sentences.
1 There is an empty room upstairs.
2 It’s a hot summer.
3 You are so kind.
4 Don’t be crazy.
5 This park is clean and green.
6 Many people exercise to keep healthy.
7 I think these eggs are rotten.
8 We are all bored. There isn’t anything to do.
9 The pupils don’t find the joke amusing.
10 James was absent because he was ill.
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with suitable adjectives from the box.
hot large short free
high sweet poor playful
1 The ice cream is very _________.

2 It’s very _________ in summer.
3 The company is giving away _________ gifts to its
customers.
4 They live in a _________ house.
5 Jean is wearing a _________ skirt.
6 The climbers are climbing up a _________ mountain.
7 These puppies are very _________.
8 Many _________ people have no home.
53
Adjective Endings
Adjectives have different endings.

Some adjectives end in -ful or -less.
a beautiful dress
a careless driver
a faithful dog
a harmless insect
a useful tool
homeless people playful puppies
m m ar H
a
Gr
elp
An adjective that ends in -less is the opposite of

the same adjective that ends in -ful.
For example:
careful – careless useful – useless
colorful – colorless harmful – harmless
The -ful ending means having a lot of something.

For example:
painful = having a lot of pain
hopeful = having a lot of hope
The -less ending means without.

For example:
leafless = without leaves
sleeveless = without sleeves
54
Some adjectives end in -y.
a dirty street
a noisy room
an oily pot a stormy sea
a sleepy passenger
a sunny day
a muddy path
Some adjectives end in -ive.
an expensive necklace
an active child
an attractive hat
a creative toy
talkative pupils
Some adjectives end in -ing.
a cunning fox
a caring nurse
an interesting book
loving parents
matching clothes
a smiling face
dazzling sunshine
55
Some adjectives end in -ly.
a costly diamond ring a daily newspaper

an elderly woman
lively kittens
a lonely boy
a lovely girl
a weekly magazine
a friendly police officer
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
Many adverbs also end in -ly.
Here are some adjectives with the endings -able, -al,

-en, -ible, -ish and -ous.
a broken chair
a famous pop singer
childish behavior a national costume

a comfortable chair a musical instrument
a dangerous place a terrible mess
a foolish act a woolen sweater
a horrible smell a wooden table
a loveable koala a poisonous snake
56
Exercise 1
Add the correct endings to turn these words
into adjectives.
-y -ful -less -al
1 peace 6 dirt
2 storm 7 music
3 mud 8 nation
4 forget 9 dust
5 spot 10 play
Exercise 2
Add the correct endings to turn these words
into adjectives.
-en -y -ing
-ish -ous -ly
1 wind 6 fool
2 gold 7 charm
3 friend 8 child
4 rot 9 love
5 danger 10 interest
57
Kinds of Adjectives
There are different kinds of adjectives.

Some adjectives describe the qualities of nouns.
a hot bun
a cold drink
an ugly monster
a fierce dog a beautiful rainbow

a clever monkey
a difficult question
happy children
a kind lady
a new car
an old house
a pretty girl
a rich family
a sad story
a strong man
a loud crash a wicked queen
58
Some adjectives tell you which place or country a person
or thing comes from, or belongs to. They are called
adjectives of origin.
Chinese kungfu an Indian temple
Dutch clogs
a Mexican hat
Australian apples
a Balinese dancer
the English language
the French flag
an Italian car
a Japanese garden
a Scottish kilt
A Filipino shirt Thai boxing
59
Some adjectives tell you the color of things.
Please get me some white paint.
The sky is gray.
The sea is blue.

George is wearing brown shoes.
I don’t like green apples.
Carrots are orange.
Flamingos are pink.
Eggplants are purple. Your hands are black!
Roses are red.
60
Some adjectives tell you the size of the nouns they
describe.
a big hat
a huge balloon broad shoulders
a high mountain
a large ship
a long bridge
a low ceiling
a narrow path
a fat sumo wrestler small animals
tiny insects
a wide street
a thin boy
a short man
you kn
id o
D
w
The word tall describes people and narrow,

?
upright objects. For example, you can say:

a tall girl a tall bookcase
The word high describes bigger or wider objects that reach
a great height. For example, you can say:
a high mountain a high wall
61
Numbers are adjectives, too. They tell you how many
people, animals, or things there are. Sometimes they are
called adjectives of quantity.
two princes three princesses
four mermaids five witches

one giant
seven elves
six fairies
nine dwarfs
eight puppets
ten angels
eleven hens fifteen frogs nineteen lizards

twelve geese sixteen snails twenty butterflies
thirteen birds seventeen kittens
fourteen mice eighteen ants
62
Other adjectives tell you something about quantity
without giving you the exact number.
some soldiers
a little ice cream

a little rice
a lot of books not many people
too much salt
lots of insects
plenty of money
some food
Is there any milk?
a few cups
a few puppies
you kn
id o
D
Adjectives that tell you about quantity are also
w
?
called quantifying determiners.
63
Exercise
Look at the underlined words in the following
sentences. Do you know what kinds of adjectives
they are?
In the blanks write C if the underlined words tell you
about color, S if they tell you about size, Ql if they tell
you about quality, O if they tell you about origin, or Qn if
they tell you about the number or quantity of things.
1 Dad has two pairs of shoes. ___

2 One pair is brown and the other pair ___
is black. ___
3 This is a very simple puzzle. ___
4 What color is the American flag? ___
5 A kind fairy appeared before Cinderella. ___
6 He is a proud man. ___
7 There is some food left. ___
8 Tom is wearing a blue T-shirt. ___
9 Jack has ten marbles; Peter has twenty. ___ ___
10 How many marbles have Jack and Peter ___
altogether?
11 There is an Indian temple in the city. ___
12 There is a large crowd outside the temple. ___
13 My house is just a few miles from the ___
school.
14 They are driving a small car. ___
15 Sue likes those yellow and red balloons. ___ ___
64
Comparison of Adjectives
When you compare two people or things, use the

comparative form of the adjective.
Lots of comparative adjectives end in -er.
fast faster
small smaller
bright cheap cheaper

clear clearer
brighter loud louder
new newer
old older
rich richer
short shorter
tall taller
slow slower
thick thicker
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
The word than is often used with comparative

adjectives. For example, you might say:
Jack is taller than John.
A sports car is faster than a motorbike.
65
Use the superlative form of an adjective to compare
three or more nouns. Lots of superlatives end in -est.
dark darker darkest
thick thicker
thickest
clean cleaner cleanest
easy easier easiest
fat fatter fattest
flat flatter flattest
heavy heavier heaviest
hot hotter hottest
narrow narrower narrowest
noisy noisier noisiest
simple simpler simplest
thin thinner thinnest
wet wetter wettest long longer longest
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
You often add the before the superlative form.

For example, you say:
Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the
world.
Peter is the tallest boy in his class.
66
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
4 With adjectives that end in -e, add -r to form
the comparative, and -st to form the superlative.
For example:
Comparative Superlative
close closer closest
large larger largest
safe safer safest
wide wider widest
4 Some adjectives have only one syllable, end with a
consonant, and have a single vowel before the
consonant. With these adjectives, double the last letter
before adding –er to form the comparative, and -est to
form the superlative. For example:
big bigger biggest
dim dimmer dimmest
mad madder maddest
sad sadder saddest
4 Some adjectives have two syllables and end in -y. With
these adjectives change the y to i. Then add -er to form
the comparative, and -est to form the superlative.
For example:
busy busier busiest
dirty dirtier dirtiest
happy happier happiest
pretty prettier prettiest
67
With some adjectives, you use more to make the
comparative form, and most to make the superlative
form.
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
active more active most active

charming more charming most charming
cheerful more cheerful most cheerful
comfortable more comfortable most comfortable
delicious more delicious most delicious
you kn
id o
D
Adjectives that form their comparative and
w
?
superlative with more and most are usually

adjectives with two or more syllables, or
sounds. For example:
ac-tive ex-pen-sive
beau-ti-ful fa-mous
charm-ing for-tu-nate
cheer-ful in-tel-li-gent
com-fort-a-ble pow-er-ful
de-li-cious val-u-a-ble
68
The comparative and superlative forms of some
adjectives are completely different words.
good better best
little less least
bad worse worst

few less least
many more most
much more most
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
With these adjectives, you don’t add -er or more

to form the comparative, or -est or most to form
the superlative.
69
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct comparative and
superlative forms of the following adjectives.
hard
cold
soft
tall
rich
mad
funny
big
sad
busy
noisy
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with the correct comparative and
superlative forms of the following adjectives.
foolish
harmful
poisonous
valuable
difficult
generous
70
6 Determiners
Determiners are words such as this, those, my, their,

which. They are special adjectives that are used before
nouns.
The Articles
The words a, an and the belong to this group of words

called determiners.
The words a and an are called indefinite articles. You
can use them with singular nouns to talk about any
single person or thing.
Can you hear a

bird singing ?
This is a picture of an elephant.

Rudy is reading a book.
Mom bought me a new dress today.
Do you wear a You will need an umbrella when you go out.
uniform to school? She eats an apple a day.
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
The article an is usually used before words

beginning with vowels. The article a is used
before words beginning with consonants.
71
The word the is called the definite article. Use the
before a noun when you are talking about a certain
person or thing.
The telephone is ringing.
Where’s the cat?

I think she is under the bed.
Tom has won the race.
Granny is sitting in the garden.

The street is very busy today.
The sky is getting dark. The ice is melting.
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
You also use the before a noun when there

is only one. For example:
the sun
the moon
the sky
the front door of my house
72
Demonstrative Determiners
The words this, that, these and those are determiners.

They are used to tell which thing or person you mean.
These words are called demonstrative determiners, or
demonstrative adjectives.
I am keeping these books.

I am selling those books.
This ice cream is delicious.

How much is that racket?
What is that animal?
James lives in this house. Bring me that ball.
Would you like these apples?
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
You use this and these to point to people or

things near you.
You use that and those to point to people or things that are
farther from you.
You use this and that before singular nouns.
You use these and those before plural nouns.
Here’s a table to help you remember the rules:
Singular Plural
this these
that those
73
Interrogative Determiners
Use the words what, which and whose before nouns

to ask about people or things. These words are called
interrogative determiners or interrrogative adjectives.
What size do you wear? What kind of bird is that?
What time is it?

What color is her hair?
What kind of clothes do you like to wear?
Which school do you go to?
Which doll is your favorite?
Which road leads to the zoo?
Which runner is the winner?
Do you know which girl won the prize?
what
Whose footprints are these? which
Whose baby is this? whose
Whose dog was barking in the middle of the night?
74
Possessive Determiners
The words my, your, his, her, its, our, their are called
possessive determiners or posessive adjectives. Use
these words before nouns to say who something
belongs to.
I lent Margaret my guitar.
Is this your house?

Robert, your handwriting is difficult to read. The dentist asked
Michael is showing his tortoise to his friends. his patient to open
My sister lost her way in the city.
her mouth.
The lion is chasing its prey.
m m ar H
a
Gr
elp
Here is a table to help you remember the

possessive determiners.
Singular Plural
First person my our
Second person your your
Third person his their
her their
its their
75
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with a, an or the.
1 __________ owl 7 __________ moon

2 __________ rocket 8 __________ Missouri River
3 __________ apron 9 __________ mango
4 __________ sun 10 __________ animal
5 __________ page 11 __________ eagle
6 __________ computer 12 __________ baby
Exercise 2
Write a, an or the in the blanks to complete the
sentences.
1 There is ________ rainbow in ________ sky.
2 Who is ________ man outside ______ gate?
3 ________ doctor gave Jane ________ injection.
4 Paul opened ________ door to let ________ dog in.
5 Mark is ________ only child in _______ family.
6 What’s ______ largest animal in ________ world?
7 There’s ________ nest in ________ tree.
8 Sue is writing ________ letter to her grandfather.
9 Jack has ________ brother and ________ sister.
10 We reached ________ top of ______ hill in two hours.
76
Exercise 3
Fill in the blanks with the correct demonstrative
adjectives.
1 Come and look at ________ insects.

2 Stop ________ man!
3 I was in fifth grade last year. I am in sixth grade
________ year.
4 Bring ________ chairs here.
5 ________ ice cream is delicious.
6 Can you see ________ stars in the sky?
Exercise 4
Are the underlined words demonstrative adjectives or
demonstrative pronouns? Write DA (for demonstrative
adjectives) or DP (for demonstrative pronouns) in the
blanks.
1 This house has five bedrooms. _______

2 Who is that man? _______
3 This is our school. _______
4 These are wild animals. _______
5 That is right. _______
6 What’s that noise? _______
7 These books are Jane’s. _______
8 Those books belong to me. _______
9 These are donkeys. _______
10 Those are horses. _______
77
Exercise 5
Choose the correct possessive adjectives from the
box to fill in the blanks.
my his your her
its our their
1 Is this Jane’s dog? Yes, this is ______ dog.

2 The dog is chasing ________ own tail.
3 Peter, is ________ father at home?
4 Rudy is showing ________ stamps to Ali.
5 I am going to ________ aunt’s house this evening.
6 We always keep ________ classroom clean.
7 Children, have you all finished ________ homework?
8 The children are proud of ________ school.
Exercise 6
Choose the correct interrogative adjectives from the box
to fill in the blanks.
what which whose
1 ________ kind of animal is that?

2 ________ runner is the winner?
3 ________ is the matter?
4 ________ desk is this?
5 ________ handphone is ringing?
6 ________ is your name?
7 ________ twin is taller?
8 ________ hand is holding the pebble?
78
7 Verbs and Tenses
Most verbs are action words. They tell you what people,
animals or things are doing.
knock burst
climb
dig
read
Word File
act jump
bake move
bend pull
buy run
close shout
cook sing
cross sit
fall slide
fly stand
drop go start
grow swim
hop walk
79
The Simple Present Tense
The simple present tense expresses a general truth or

a customary action.
The sun rises in the east.

Uncle Joe wears glasses.
Ducks love water. The children go to school by bus.
Mary enjoys singing.

Peter sometimes lends me his bike.
Cows eat grass.
Monkeys like bananas.
Tom collects stamps.
The earth goes around the sun.
It often snows in winter.
We always wash our hands before meals.
We eat three meals a day.
Father takes the dog for a walk every morning.
80
Use the simple present tense to talk about things that are
planned for the future.
Melanie starts
school tomorrow. Next week I go to
summer camp.
The train departs

in five minutes.
We join the senior scout troop in July this year.

My big brother leaves school at 4 o’clock.
The new supermarket opens next Friday.
The new grammar book comes out in September.
Grandad retires next year.
We fly to London next Thursday.
The plane lands at 5:30 P.M.
We move to our new house in a month.
My big sister begins her summer job next week.
81
Exercise 1
Underline the verbs in the following sentences.
1 The children go to school by bus.
2 Bats sleep during the day.
3 These toys belong to Kathy.
4 Every pupil has a good dictionary.
5 Polar bears live at the North Pole.
6 Most children learn very fast.
7 Mr. Thomas teaches us science.
8 The earth goes around the sun.
9 We never cross the street without looking.
10 Many stores close on Sunday.
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with the simple present tense of the
verbs in parentheses.
1 Winter ________ after autumn. (come)
2 A dog ________. (bark)
3 You ________ tired. (look)
4 Everyone ________ mistakes. (make)
5 Ali ________ in a department store. (work)
6 Judy ________ English very well. (speak)
7 Tim’s knee ________. (hurt)
8 Monkeys ________ bananas. (like)
9 Kate always ________ sandwiches for lunch. (eat)
10 He ________ very fast. (type)
82
Am, Is and Are
The words am, is, are are also verbs, but they are not
action words. They are the simple present tense of the
verb be.
Use am with the pronoun I, and is with the pronouns he,
she and it. Use are with the pronouns you, we and they.
It is a donkey.
It is not a horse.
It is very hot today.

It is not very comfortable.
the verb ‘be’
am is are
I am Peter. I am not Paul.
She is Miss Lee. She is a teacher.
He is my father. He is a doctor. He is not a lawyer.
You are a stranger. You are not my friend.
We are in the same class, but we are not on the same team.
They are good friends. They are not enemies.
83
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
Here’s a table to help you remember how to
use am, is and are:
Singular Plural
First person I am we are
Second person you are you are
Third person he is they are
she is they are
it is they are
Learn these short forms called contractions:

I am = I’m they are = they’re
you are = you’re we are = we’re
he is = he’s
she is = she’s
it is = it’s
am not = aren’t (only in questions)
is not = isn’t
are not = aren’t
In questions, use aren’t as a contraction of am not. For

example, you can say:
I’m taller than you, aren’t I?
But in a statement you say:
I’m not as old as you.
84
Use the verb is with singular nouns and are with plural
nouns.
The camel is a desert animal. Vegetables and fruit

are healthy foods.
Lambs are baby sheep. is

Singular Plural are
nouns nouns
Kenneth is a lawyer.
Rex is a clever dog.
A duck is a kind of bird.
The playground is full of people today.
My house is near the school.
These questions are too difficult.
The balloons are very colorful.
Those people are very busy.
Dad and Mom are in the kitchen.
85
Use is and are with the word there to say what you can
see and hear.
There is a castle on the hill. There is a wasps’ nest

There are some clouds in the sky. in the tree.
There is a fence around the school.

There are a lot of books in the library.
There are two guards at the gate.
Is there any food in the fridge?
Are there any apples left on the tree?
How much rice is there?
There are a few sharks in the bay.
There are enough candies for everyone, aren’t there?
There are two pigeons on the roof.
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
Learn this contraction:

there is = there’s
86
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with am, is or are.
1 They ________ my good friends.
2 He ________ a soldier.
3 You ________ taller than Charlie.
4 She ________ ill.
5 We ________ very hungry.
6 It ________ a sunny day.
7 I ________ angry with Joe.
8 You ________ all welcome to my house.
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with is or are.
1 John’s dog ________ very friendly.
2 Robert ________ ten years old.
3 These flowers ________ very pretty.
4 The two schools ________ close to each other.
5 Math ________ not a very difficult subject.
6 ________ dinner ready?
7 This computer ________ very easy to use.
8 All the windows ________ open.
9 Sue and Jane ________ neighbors.
10 His hair ________ curly.
87
Exercise 3
Fill in the blanks with There is or There are.
1 ______________ a fence around the barn.
2 ______________ trees along the road.
3 ______________ a rainbow in the sky.
4 ______________ lots of parks in our town.
5 ______________ nothing in the cupboard.
6 ______________ not many bedrooms in the new house.
7 ______________ lots of mistakes on your test paper.
8 ______________ a wasps’ nest in the tree.
9 ______________ ants in the cookies.
10 ______________ many different kinds of animals

in the zoo.
11 ______________ plenty of food on the table.
12 ______________ a church on the hilltop.
13 ______________ no more water in the pool.
14 ______________ too many people on the beach.
15 ______________ only a few customers in the shop.
88
The Present Progressive Tense
When do you use the present progressive tense? To talk

about actions in the present, or things that are still going
on or happening now.
I am writing
a letter.
Mom is knitting
a sweater
for Sally.
The phone is ringing.
I’m playing chess with my friend.

She’s riding a horse.
He’s taking a walk in the park.
The man’s counting the money.
They are practicing tai chi.
We’re rushing to the airport to meet Mr. Smith.
They are still sleeping.
They are swimming in the sea.
What are they doing?
What’s happening?
Why aren’t you doing your homework?
Aren’t I sitting up straight?
89
m ar H am +
am
is verb ing
Gr
elp
are
4 Form the present progressive tense like this:

am + present participle
is + present participle
are + present participle
4 The present participle is the form of a verb ending with

-ing. For example:
show + ing = showing
come + ing = coming
4 You have to double the last letter of some verbs before

you add -ing. For example:
get + ing = getting rob + ing = robbing
nod + ing = nodding stop + ing = stopping
jog + ing = jogging swim + ing = swimming
4 Notice that the verbs above are all short verbs of just
one syllable.
They all end with a consonant such as b, d, g, m, p, t
and have only one vowel before the consonant.
4 If a verb ends in e, you usually have to drop the e
before you add -ing. For example:
chase + ing = chasing
cycle + ing = cycling
drive + ing = driving
smile + ing = smiling
90
Use the present progressive tense to talk about things you
have planned to do, or things that are going to happen in
the future. To form the present progressive tense, use am,
is and are as helping verbs or auxiliary verbs.
When are you taking We are having a barbecue

me to the zoo? later this evening.
We are going camping tomorrow.

I’m starting piano lessons soon.
Jim’s parents are taking him to Texas next week.
My favorite TV program is starting in a minute.
All our friends are coming.
Who’s bringing salad for the barbecue? I am.
I am visiting Joe next week.
Where are you going for your vacation?
What are we eating for dinner?
91
Exercise 1
Write the present participle of these verbs on the
blanks.
1 come ____________ 7 go ____________

2 run ____________ 8 ask ____________
3 sleep ____________ 9 catch ____________
4 fall ____________ 10 write ____________
5 jump ____________ 11 drop ____________
6 climb ____________ 12 bring ____________
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with the present progressive tense of the
1 They ________________ the roller-coaster ride. (enjoy)

2 Jill ________________ her hair. (wash)
3 It ________________ dark. (get)
4 The dentist ________________ Sue’s teeth. (examine)
5 The train ________________ through the tunnel. (pass)
6 The men _______________ very hard in the sun. (work)
7 What _________ the theater _________ today? (show)
8 We ________________ a snowman. (make)
9 The plane ________________ above the clouds. (fly)
10 The teachers ________________ a meeting. (have)
92
Have and Has
The verbs have and has are used to say what people own
or possess. They are also used to talk about things that
people do or get, such as illnesses. These words are the
simple present tense of the verb have.
Peter has a sore knee.
We have breakfast at 7:00 A.M.
He has a lot of stamps.

She has long hair.
Our house has large windows.
I have a younger brother. Monkeys have
We have art lessons on Mondays. long tails.
Have a cookie, if you like.
Dad has a cold.
Jenny often has sandwiches for lunch.
93
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
Use has with he, she, it, and with singular nouns. Use
have with I, you, we, they, and with plural nouns.
Here is a table to help you remember the rules:
Singular Plural
First person I have we have
Second person you have you have
Third person he has they have
she has they have
it has they have
Learn these contractions:

I have = I’ve
you have = you’ve
he has = he’s
she has = she’s
it has = it’s
we have = we’ve
they have = they’ve

have not = haven’t
has not = hasn’t
94
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with have or has.
1 We ________ a new science teacher.

2 He ________ a bad temper.
3 I often ________ fruit for dessert.
4 You ________ a good chance of winning the prize.
5 She always ________ oatmeal for breakfast.
6 The broom ________ a blue handle.
7 They never ________ any problem with tests.
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with have or has.
1 The girls ________ golden hair.

2 An insect ________ six legs.
3 Dad ________ his cell phone with him.
4 The children ________ a new swing set.
5 Many poor people ________ nothing to eat.
6 Chicago ________ a very big airport.
7 A triangle ________ three sides.
8 The man ________ two daughters.
9 James ________ a toothache.
10 All the passengers ________ their tickets.
95
The Present Perfect Tense
Use the present perfect tense to talk about happenings

in the past that explain or affect the present. The verbs
have and has are used as “helping” or auxiliary verbs to
form the present perfect tense.
Sam has scored two goals.

I’ve just finished my shower.
Uncle Tom has lost his wallet.
It’s been very wet today.
John has gone out.
The Lees have moved to Ohio.
Kim’s cut It has not rained for months.
her finger. Have you found your keys yet?
Tim has made two spelling mistakes.
They have opened a new shop.
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
To form the present perfect tense join have or

has to the past participle of the verb:
have + past participle
has + past participle
The past participle of a regular verb usually ends in -ed,

just like the simple past tense. But the past participles of
irregular verbs don’t follow this rule.
96
Exercise 1
Write the past participle of these verbs on the
blanks.
1 break _______________ 6 buy _______________
2 drink _______________ 7 find _______________
3 cut _______________ 8 draw _______________
4 do _______________ 9 hear _______________
5 sing _______________ 10 know _______________
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with the present perfect tense of the
1 Dad ______________ his car key. (lose)
2 All the guests ______________. (arrive)
3 Tony ______________ a goal. (score)
4 Peter _____________ in the tent several times. (sleep)
5 It ____________ not ____________ for two months. (rain)
6 Some prisoners ______________ from the prison. (escape)
7 The plane ______________ at the airport. (land)
8 John ______________ a puppet. (make)
9 Dad and I ______________ a big fish. (catch)
10 I ______________ this movie twice. (see)
97
The Simple Past Tense
Use the simple past tense to talk about things that

happened in the past. The simple past tense is also
used to talk about things that happened in stories.
The wicked Queen gave Pinocchio’s nose grew longer

Snow White a poisoned apple. every time he told a lie.
Dinosaurs lived
millions of years ago.
I bought a new camera last week.

Joe learned to play the guitar very quickly.
We drove to the safari park last weekend.
The giant panda gave birth to a cub last night.
Yesterday Dad took me to the carnival.
The plane landed a few minutes ago.
The children visited a farm during the holidays.
Who invented the computer?
Jack and Jill went up the hill.
Little Red Riding Hood decided to visit her grandmother.
The Three Bears found Goldilocks asleep in their house.
98
Regular and Irregular Verbs
The simple past tense of most verbs ends in -ed. These

verbs are called regular verbs.
Spelling File
Base Form Simple Past
aim aimed
bake baked
open opened
happen happened Who closed all
pull pulled the windows?
push pushed
scold scolded
shout shouted
visit visited
wait waited
walk walked
work worked It snowed last night.
Mom opened the door for us.

Sally petted the dog.
That event happened long ago.
We visited our uncle last week.
They walked to school together yesterday.
They worked until twelve last night.
Dad tried to fix the light.
William Tell aimed at the apple on his son’s head.
99
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
4 The simple past tense is usually formed by adding -ed
to the verb. For example:
jump + ed = jumped lift + ed = lifted
laugh + ed = laughed look + ed = looked
4 If the verb ends with -e, just add -d. For example:
agree + d = agreed hate + d = hated
die + d = died live + d = lived
4 Remember these spelling rules:

You must double the last letter of some verbs before
adding -ed. For example:
fan + ed = fanned pat + ed = patted
grab + ed = grabbed rip + ed = ripped
nod + ed = nodded slam + ed = slammed
4 Notice that the verbs above are all short verbs of just
one syllable. They all end with a consonant such
as b, d, m, n, p, t, and have only a single vowel
before the consonant.
4 With verbs that end in -y, change the y to i before

adding -ed. For example:
bury + ed = buried fry + ed = fried
carry + ed = carried hurry + ed = hurried
cry + ed = cried try + ed = tried
100
The simple past form of some verbs does not end in -ed.
Such verbs are called irregular verbs.
The simple past tense of some irregular verbs does not
change at all.
David hurt his foot when he The worker cut down the
jumped over the drain. tree this morning.
Spelling File
beat beat
burst burst
Her ring cost only 10 dollars. cost cost
cut cut
He hit the ball over the net. hit hit
hurt hurt
Dad read to us last night.
put put
He shut the door. read read
I put some sugar in my split split
coffee. shut shut
101
Most irregular verbs, however, take a different form in
the simple past tense.
Spelling File
bend bent
break broke
bring brought
buy bought
Sam bent the stick in two. fall fell
fly flew
get got
hear heard
keep kept
lose lost
sell sold
shoot shot
sleep slept
Tom shot and scored a goal.
I lost my pen on the bus.

We sold our car last week.
The baby slept right thought the night.
Peter got a watch for his birthday.
I heard a noise in the night.
He brought his pet mouse to school. A bird flew into
My book fell off the desk. the classroom.
102
Exercise 1
Write the simple past tense of these verbs on the
blanks.
1 take ____________ 7 tell ____________

2 walk ____________ 8 write ____________
3 rain ____________ 9 sit ____________
4 shut ____________ 10 read ____________
5 open ____________ 11 close ____________
6 cry ____________ 12 cook ____________
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with the correct simple past tense of the
1 She ___________ home alone. (go)

2 The wind ___________ throughout the night. (blow)
3 An apple ___________ on his head. (drop)
4 The Princess’s ball ___________ into the well. (roll)
5 A frog __________ into the well and ___________ it
back to her. (jump/bring)
6 Jack ___________ the highest grade in his English
class. (get)
7 The party ___________ at 8:00 P.M. (begin)
8 He __________ his old car and __________ a new
one. (sell/buy)
9 Jack ___________ up the ladder carefully. (climb)
10 Who ___________ all the windows? (shut)
103
Was and Were
The verbs was and were are also forms of the verb be.
Was is the simple past tense of am and is. Use was with
the pronouns I, he, she and it, and with singular nouns.
Edison was a
Beethoven was a German composer.
famous inventor.
Sue was at the library this morning.
It was very wet on Monday.
Ten years ago she was only a baby.
He was not well yesterday.
Last year she wasn’t tall enough to reach
the high shelf.
Samantha was second in the race,
wasn’t she?
Were is the simple past tense of are. Use were with the
pronouns you, we and they, and with plural nouns.
These were my best jeans.
The Romans were brave soldiers.

They were third in the wheelbarrow race.
There weren’t any clouds in the sky.
Were you still in bed when I phoned?
We were on the same school team.
Those were my best jeans.
104
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
Singular Plural
First person I was we were
Second person you were you were
Third person he was they were
she was they were
it was they were
Here’s a table to show you the different forms of the verb be:
Simple Present Simple Past

First person singular am was
Second person singular are were
Third person singular is was
First person plural are were

Second person plural are were
Third person plural are were
was not = wasn’t

were not = weren’t
105
The Past Progressive Tense
Use the past progressive tense to talk about actions that

were going on at a certain moment in the past.
Miss May was cleaning the

chalkboard.
Sally was packing her books into
her schoolbag.
Jenny and I were tidying the
classroom.
The twins were fighting in the
corner.
Michael and John were washing
Mary was waiting for the the paint brushes.
bus when Peter passed by. Mom was cooking our supper
when I came home.
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
You form the past progressive tense like this:

was + present participle
were + present participle
In the examples above, was and were are called helping
verbs, or auxiliary verbs. They help to form the past
progressive tense when you join them to the present
participle (the form of verbs ending in -ing) . For example:
Ben was doing his homework. +
Peter was making a model of a bridge. was verb ing
were
106
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with was or were.
1 We ________ the champions last year.

2 Where is James? He ________ here just now.
3 Mom and Dad ________ on vacation last week.
4 The weather ________ fine this morning.
5 There ________ a lot of people at our party yesterday.
6 There ________ a small lake here many years ago.
7 He ________ sick yesterday.
8 Don’t blame him. It ________ my mistake.
Exercise 2
When Miss May walked into the class what were the
children doing? Fill in the blanks with the correct past
progressive tense of the verbs in brackets.
1 James ______________ to Peter. (talk)

2 Sue ______________ a storybook. (read)
3 Rudy ______________ the chalkboard. (erase)
4 David ______________ his math exercise. (do)
5 Peter ______________ Joe his new watch. (show)
6 Jane ______________ a horse in her notebook. (draw)
7 Ahmad ______________ for his pencil. (look)
8 Some children ______________ a lot of noise. (make)
107
The Future Tense
Use the future tense for things that have not happened
yet, but are going to happen.
Use the verbs shall and will as helping verbs or auxiliary
verbs to form the future tense.
I shall be eight years old

next year.
The weatherman
They will finish the job
says it will rain
next week.
this afternoon.
We shall play a game of chess after lunch.

You will be sick if you eat too much.
I hope it won’t rain tomorrow.
Sharon is ill. She will not be at the party.
You will enjoy visiting New Zealand.
Dad will be back for dinner.
He will make lots of friends at his new school.
108
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
Use shall or will with I and we.
Use will with you, he, she, it and they.
Singular Plural
First person I shall we shall
I will we will
Second person you will you will
Third person he will they will
she will they will
it will they will
I shall = I’ll we shall = we’ll

I will = I’ll we will = we’ll
you will = you’ll they will = they’ll I shall/will
he will = he’ll
she will = she’ll shall not = shan’t we
it will = it’ll will not = won’t
you
he
she
will
it
109
There are other ways of talking about future actions and
happenings.
You can use going to.
We are going to bake a cake this

afternoon.
I’m sure Mom and Dad are going to
be proud of me.
When are you going to clean your
room?
I think I’m going They are going to wash the car for
Dad.
to be sick.
It is going to get dark very soon.
You can also use the simple present tense to talk about
things that have been arranged for the future.
The new supermarket opens

tomorrow. The bus leaves in
James moves to the second ten minutes.
grade next year.
The new school year starts on
Monday.
Next month I go to summer
camp.
We have a history test next week.
110
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct future tense of
the verbs in brackets, using shall or will.
1 You __________ fat if you eat too many desserts. (grow)

2 The new school building ___________ ready soon. (be)
3 We ___________ to the zoo after breakfast. (go)
4 I ___________ my bath before dinner. (take)
5 Peter ___________ lots to do on his grandmother’s
farm. (find)
6 If we ask her, she ___________ us how to play
chess. (teach)
7 If he works hard, he ___________ his exams. (pass)
8 ___________ we ___________ home now? (go)
Exercise 2
Complete these sentences by changing shall or will to the
appropriate form of the verb be + going to (i.e., am, is, or
are + going to).
1 They will be busy tomorrow.

They ______________ be busy tomorrow.
2 I hope I will be ready on time.
I hope I ______________ be ready on time.
3 We shall visit James this evening.
We ______________ visit James this evening.
4 It will rain soon.
It ______________ rain soon.
5 Dad will take us to the movies tomorrow.
Dad ______________ take us to the movies tomorrow.
111
Can and Could
The verbs can and could are both helping or auxiliary

verbs. Use can and could to talk about people’s ability
to do things.
Can and could are used with the pronouns I, you, he,
she, it, we and they, and with singular or plural nouns.
Could is the past tense of can.
He can run faster than Arthur.

She cannot afford such an expensive ring.
I’m full. I can’t eat any more.
Jack ran as far Can you help me?
as he could. Can I come with you?
I knew you could do it if you tried.
She could not come because she was ill.
Miss Lee said we could go home early.
All the King’s men could not put Humpty
Some birds cannot fly. Dumpty together again.
you kn
id o
D
w
People often use can when they are asking for

?
permission to do something. For example:

Can I use your pen? Yes, here it is.
When you put not after can, you write it as one word: cannot
Learn these contractions: cannot = can’t
could not = couldn’t
112
May and Might
May and might are helping or auxiliary verbs, too.
4 Use may to ask if you are allowed to do something,

or to give someone permission to do something.
May I borrow your pen?

May I watch
television now? You may come in.
Yes, you may. You may go now.
4 May is also used to talk about things that are likely to

happen.
If it continues to rain, there
may be a flood.
I may go to Sue’s birthday party
if I’m free.
You may fall down if you aren’t
Take an umbrella. It may rain. careful.
4 Might is used as the past tense of may.

He realized he might catch the earlier train if he hurried.
I knew my teacher might find out.
m ar H
am
You can also use might to talk about things that
Gr
elp
are possible. For example:

Put your purse away or it might get stolen.
You might slip, so hold on to the railing.
113
Exercise
Fill in the blanks with can, could, may or might.
1 ________ you jump over the hurdle?

2 We ran as fast as we ________.
3 Some people ________ speak three languages.
4 Jean ________ dance quite well.
5 The man is shouting. He ________ need help.
6 If you hurry you ________ catch the train.
7 Dave doesn’t look well. He ________ have a fever.
8 The baby is crying. She ________ be hungry.
9 ________ I borrow your bike?
1 0 I don’t know where Jane is. You ________ find her in
the library.
11 ________ you drive?
12 Who ________ answer the question?
13 ________ you show me the way to the zoo?
14 He ________ play the piano.
114
Do, Does and Did
Use do, does and did to talk about actions.

Use do with the pronouns I, you, we and they, and with
plural nouns. Use does with the pronouns he, she and it,
and singular nouns.
Did is the simple past tense of do and does.
Dad does Mom does

the dishes. the cooking.
We always
He does such interesting work. do exercise together.
They do amazing tricks.
Sally did her hair in front

of the mirror.
They did the dusting and
cleaning.
Jane did all the laundry
by herself.
You did well in the test.
Who did this drawing?
Henry did. I did poorly on my exam.
115
m m ar H
a
I
Gr
elp
you
do
we
they
4 Here’s a table to remind you about the use of
do and does:
Singular Plural
First person I do we do
Second person you do you do
Third person he does they do
she does they do
it does they do
4 Here’s a table to remind you about the use of

the verb did:
Singular Plural
First person I did we did
Second person you did you did
Third person he did they did
she did they did
it did they did
4 Learn these contractions: he

do not = don’t she does
does not = doesn’t it
did not = didn’t
116
You can also use do, does and did as helping verbs to
ask and answer questions.
Where did you find Do ducks like water?

the wallet? Yes, they do.
Do you like ice cream? Yes, I do.

Does it rain often here? Yes, it does.
Does he enjoy music? Yes, he does.
Did it snow last night? No, it didn’t.
Who wants to come with me to the zoo? We all do!
What do you want for lunch?
Who broke this vase? Peter did!
Does Ken often come home late? Yes, he does.
Why did he leave so suddenly?
Does everyone have a dictionary?
117
Use do not, does not and did not to make other verbs
negative.
The baby does not look

very happy.
Dad did not catch

his train.
The garden looks lovely,

doesn’t it? Yes, it does.
Cats do not like water.

I don’t enjoy difficult math tests.
Sophie doesn’t want to go to school.
He didn’t get to the station in time.
Don’t you have a ticket? No, I don’t.
Don’t they go to the gym on Mondays? Yes, they do.
Didn’t they win? No, they didn’t.
You didn’t draw that picture yourself, did you?
Did you see the rainbow? No, I didn’t.
Do not forget to switch off the air conditioner.
Don’t tell lies!
118
Exercise
Fill in the blanks with do, does or did.
1 The shoes were too small. They ________ not fit me.
2 Jack ________ not do well on the exam last week.
3 Where ________ eggs come from?
4 The vase is broken. Who ________ that?
5 What ________ this word mean?
6 How ________ the computer work?
7 ________ he drink coffee?
8 Who ________ that drawing?
9 Where ________ you buy that dress?
10 How ________ you spell your name?
11 ________ not play on a busy street!
12 ________ your work quietly!
13 ________ a snake have legs?
14 He ________ not have any brothers.
15 ________ cats like to eat fish?
119
Would and Should
The verb would is another helping or auxiliary verb.

Use would as the past tense of will.
Peter said he would come.

I knew you would enjoy Disneyland.
The Prince said he would only
marry a true princess.
John and Sue said they
would meet me at the airport.
We started running so we He promised he wouldn’t forget
would get there in time. her birthday.
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
It is polite to use would like when you are

offering people things, or asking for something
yourself. For example:
Would you like a cup of coffee?
I am tired now. I’d like a rest.
You’d like a meal now, wouldn’t you?
What color would you like?
you kn
id o
D When they are accepting an offer, people
w
often use would love instead of would like.

?
For example:
Would you like a chocolate?
Yes, please, I would love one.
120
Should is a helping or auxiliary verb. Use should to
talk about necessary actions or things that people
ought to do.
Children should not You should always look

play in traffic. before crossing the street.
If you are tired you should go to bed early.

You should know how to spell your own name.
We should all drink more water.
You should do more exercise.
Should I turn off the computer when I’m not using it?
Shouldn’t you tell your Mom if you’re going out?
We should always thank people for presents, shouldn’t we?
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
I would = I’d we would = we’d

you would = you’d they would = they’d
he would = he’d should not = shouldn’t
she would = she’d would not = wouldn’t
121
Exercise
Fill in the blanks with would or should.
1 Every student ________ have a good dictionary.

2 ________ you like some coffee?
3 Yes, I ________ love a cup of coffee.
4 We ________ all learn good table manners.
5 We ________ like to go outdoors if it stops raining.
6 John said he ________ help me with science.
7 ________ you like to play a game with me?
8 Children ________ not watch too much television.
9 You ________ not play with fire.
10 He promised he ________ meet me after school.
11 We ________ not waste water.
12 You ________ all pay attention in class.
13 What ________ we do now?
14 ________ you help if I asked?
15 Of course, I ________ help you!
122
8 Subject-Verb Agreement
When you write a sentence you must make sure that the
subject and the verb agree.
If the subject is a singular noun, or the pronoun he, she
or it, you need a singular verb.
She enjoys music. She shares her books

with her friends.
The zookeeper is feeding

the animals.
The children are playing on the
swings.
The earth moves round the sun.
Dad always drives to work.
The clerk is wrapping a package. It is snowing.
Does everyone know the answer?
Mom has bought a dress for Sara.
123
Use a plural verb if the subject is a plural noun, or the
pronoun we, you or they.
The two girls always All birds lay eggs.

walk home together.
The children are

playing on the swing.
The stars shine brightly on a clear night.

Mom and Dad love us a lot.
Do you all know the words?
We have finished our game of tennis.
They have both worked very hard.
124
Collective nouns may be used with either singular or
plural verbs. If the group members are all acting together
as one, use a singular verb. If the members of the group
are acting as individuals, use a plural verb.
The audience are laughing. The band is playing.
Singular
That family has moved to Texas.
The team is coached by Mr. Clark.
Plural
The family were giving their opinions.
The team are sharing new ideas.
Our team has won.
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
Some plural nouns, such as people, cattle,

police, don’t end with -s. Always use a plural
verb with these nouns. For example:
People like to be praised.
The cattle are in the field.
The police have caught the thief.
125
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with verbs that match the
subjects. Use the correct form of the simple
present tense of the verbs in parentheses.
1 I always ________ to school with my brother. (go)
2 Mark always ________ to school with his brother. (go)
3 You ________ the answer. (know)
4 Luis ________ the answer, too. (know)
5 This book ________ very few drawings. (have)
6 These books ________ lots of beautiful drawings. (have)
7 Anne ________ my sister. (be)
8 Pat and Alice ________ good at English. (be)
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with verbs that match the subjects. Use
the correct form of the simple present tense of the verbs in
parentheses.
1 A tiger ________. (roar)
2 All birds ________ eggs. (lay)
3 Dad ________ listening to music. (like)
4 Uncle Bob ________ his car every day. (wash)
5 She ________ all the answers. (know)
6 There ________ twelve months in a year. (be)
7 The twins often ________ . (fight)
8 Our parents ________ us. (love)
126
9 Adverbs
An adverb is a word that describes a verb. It tells you

about an action, or the way something is done.
A lot of adverbs end in -ly.
The baby is
sleeping soundly.
They laughed loudly.
The dog is barking fiercely. Spelling File
Alice skated beautifully. Adjective Adverb
The Prince and the Princess beautiful beautifully
lived happily ever after. brave bravely
bright brightly
The birds are singing sweetly.
fierce fiercely
It is raining heavily. happy happily
The dog and the cat live heavy heavily
together peacefully. loud loudly
peaceful peacefully
The soldiers fought bravely.
slow slowly
The sun is shining brightly. sound soundly
The old man walked slowly. sweet sweetly
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
Many adverbs are made by adding –ly to

adjectives.
127
Some adverbs describe the way something is done.
They are called adverbs of manner.
The driver braked

suddenly. The parcel arrived safely.
The dog jumped up

playfully.
Please write legibly.

Spelling File
Please speak clearly. Adjective Adverb
Look closely at these footprints. careless carelessly
You have all answered correctly. cheap cheaply
clear clearly
You can shop cheaply close closely
at this store. correct correctly
Jamal dressed smartly for the party. different differently
Maria is behaving selfishly. playful playfully
safe safely
The man drove carelessly.
selfish selfishly
The twins liked to dress differently. skillful skillfully
She played skillfully. smart smartly
128
Some adverbs describe when something happens.
They are called adverbs of time.
Can I do my work later? Paul has just arrived.

No, do it now.
He often swims in the evening.

Lisa is always cheerful.
Sometimes I ride my bike to school.
Everyone arrived early.
David arrived late.
It’s snowing again.
The mother bird started to build her nest yesterday.
She is continuing to build it today.
She will finish it tomorrow.
John’s shoes were too big for him last year.
They fit him this year.
They will be too small for him next year.
It rained last night.
The weather is fine this morning.
129
Some adverbs tell you where something happens. They
are called adverbs of place.
Mom and Dad are

watching television
upstairs.
The children are

playing downstairs.
It’s raining. Let’s

go inside.
Rex, you can stay

outside.
Come here!
Please put the books there.
The workers are moving the rubbish away.
The miners are working underground.
They are going abroad to study.
There are trees everywhere.
Alice lived next door.
Where’s Shamika?
130
Exercise 1
Rewrite the following adjectives as adverbs.
1 slow ____________ 7 cool ____________

2 beautiful ____________ 8 comfortable ____________
3 strong ____________ 9 wise ____________
4 tidy ____________ 10 quiet ____________
5 brave ____________ 11 merry ____________
6 soft ____________ 12 busy ____________
Exercise 2
Underline the adverbs in the following sentences.
1 The man shouted loudly.

2 He arrived early.
3 The train has already left.
4 He drove carelessly.
5 The students talked noisily.
6 The children are playing outside.
7 Let’s go now.
8 Tom spoke politely to his teacher.
9 Have you seen Anne’s cat anywhere?
10 Come here!
131
10 Prepositions
A preposition is a word that connects one thing with

another, showing how they are related.
Some prepositions tell you about position or place.
There’s a big balloon Jane is jumping The books fell

in the sky. into the pool. off the shelf.
Dad always keeps his wallet in the drawer.

There is a long mirror on the wall.
The school is near the park.
There is an old castle on the hill.
The horse jumped over the hurdle.
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
A preposition is usually followed by

a noun or pronoun.
132
Some prepositions are used to talk about time.
Many shops close on Sundays.

We watched the World Cup
game until 2:00 A.M.
The trees lose their leaves We always wash our

during winter. hands before meals.
We get up in the morning.

We go to bed at night.
It’s always hot in summer.
The movie starts at two in the afternoon.
Autumn begins in September.
They were married in 1990.
Joe arrived after me.
It has not rained at all for two weeks.
Dad gets home about
six in the evening. Breakfast is served at seven o’clock.
Kevin and Joe have been in the same
class since first grade.
133
Exercise 1
Underline the prepositions in the following
sentences.
1 The man fell off the ladder.
2 We have dinner at 7:30 P.M.
3 Tom was born on a Friday.
4 There are seven days in a week.
5 Sue is running after her dog.
6 Several people are waiting at the bus stop.
7 I received a letter from Sara yesterday.
8 Why are you still in bed?
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions from the box.
near by on at between
in around into up behind
1 The bus arrived ________ 8:30 A.M.

2 The children are swimming ________ the pool.
3 There’s a picture ________ the wall.
4 There is a fence ________ the house.
5 Granny is sitting ________ fire.
6 Harold is hiding ________ the chair.
7 Jack climbed ________ the beanstalk.
8 We divided the candy ________ us.
9 I dived ______ the river.
10 Don’t go too ________ the edge.
134
11 Conjunctions
A conjunction is a linking word such as and, or, but.

Conjunctions are used to connect words or sentences.
Is this a
The animal is sheep or a goat?
large but timid.
a cat and its kittens

a builder and his tools
a doctor and a nurse
slow but steady
sweet or sour?
a male or a female?
A horse, a zebra or a donkey? It’s cold, wet and
Paul has a dog, a parrot and a cat. windy today.
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
A conjunction may link two or more than two

words or sentences.
135
The words before, after, as, when, while, until, since,
are also conjunctions. They tell when something
happens, so they are called conjunctions of time.
Maggie could play the piano I always brush my teeth

before she was five. after I’ve had my breakfast.
After he began exercising You have grown taller

regularly, Jerry became healthier. since I saw you last.
Look both ways before you cross the street.
Joe listened to music while he was doing his homework.
Miss Lee was smiling as she walked into the class.
Wait here until I come back.
Don’t leave until you’ve finished your work.
Tran saw an accident while he was walking home.
Take all your belongings with you when you leave the plane.
Joe first met his wife when he was studying in London.
Tom and Joe have been friends since childhood.
136
Exercise 1
Complete these sentences with and, but or or.
1 I asked for some bread ________ butter.
2 Mr. ________ Mrs. Chen have three children.
3 Maggie is a good singer ________ a poor dancer.
4 We wish you a Merry Christmas ________ a Happy
New Year.
5 Is their new baby a boy ________ a girl?
6 The dictionary has 1000 words ________ 200 drawings.
7 Sue is taller than Nat ________ shorter than Mike.
8 Are you going by train ________ by bus?
Exercise 2
Choose the correct conjunctions of time from the box to
complete these sentences.
when while as before

after since until
1 Jack always brushes his teeth ________ he has eaten

a meal.
2 It started to rain ________ the children were playing in
the garden.
3 Let’s go home ________ it gets dark.
4 Give this letter to Anne ________ you see her.
5 She has known Jack ________ he was a child.
6 The party began at 8:00 P.M. and lasted ________
midnight.
7 Alice looked unhappy ________ she walked in.
137
12 Interjections
An interjection is a word that expresses a sudden, strong

feeling such as surprise, pain, or pleasure.
Oh dear! Happy
Cheers! Birthday!
Wow!
Goodness!
Ouch! Oh!
Ssh! Good!
Oh no!
Hooray!
Thanks!
Help!
Good luck!
Well done!
Gosh!
Hey!
Look out!
Eid Mubarak!
Happy New Year!
you kn
id o
D
Notice that an exclamation point (!) is often
w
?
used after interjections.
138
13 Sentences
What is a Sentence?
A sentence is a group of words that expresses a

complete thought. A sentence must have a subject
and a verb, but it may or may not have an object.
Subject Verb Object

Sally is making a doll.
Wendy and Kim are fighting.
The hedgehog curled up.
Maggie is reading a book.
It is raining.
Dad cooked dinner.
I am flying a kite.
We are eating our breakfast.
They are washing the dishes.
The dentist is examining Susan’s teeth.
The old couple have no children.
Janet screamed.
you kn
id o
D
A sentence that makes
w
Sentence
?
capital period
a statement begins letter subject verb
with a capital letter and
ends with a period.
139
Kinds of Sentences
There are four kinds of sentences.
4 A declarative sentence makes a statement.
The children are swimming. Richard is feeding

The telephone rang. the hens.
Everyone sat down.
4 An interrogative sentence asks a question.
Where are the twins? What is Richard

Are you going shopping today? doing?
What is your name?
4 An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotion.
What lovely weather!

The silly girl!
How stupid I am!
4 An imperative sentence gives an order.
Please sit down.

Tell me the truth.
Come back!
Speak up!
140
The Imperative
Use the base form of a verb to give commands or

make direct requests. This use of the verb is called the
imperative.
Stand, everyone!
Tidy your bedroom immediately!
Choose a partner!
Eat plenty of vegetables.
Find some nice round pebbles.
Come back soon!
OK, children, open your Take a sandwich.
books to page 25. Come and look at this, Tom!
Imperatives are a very direct way of telling people to do

something. Using do or please before an imperative is
more polite.
Do sit down.
Do check these figures again.
Please help yourselves to some food.
Please don’t change anything on
Please come in. my computer.
a m m ar H
You can also use the helping verb would to
Gr
elp
sound polite. For example:

Please would you clear the table?
Would you please talk quietly? Please Would
141
Exercise
Look at the groups of words below. Do you know
which are sentences and which are not?
Put a checkmark in the space next to sentences, and

an X next to other word groups.
1 Mrs. Chen is a good teacher.

2 not well today
3 Do the work yourself.
4 How are you?
5 basic rules of grammar
6 bread and butter
7 Welcome to the National Zoo.
8 brush his teeth
9 toys in the box
10 more than one
11 What is the time now?
12 Sit down!
13 Please come here.
14 Mark is sleeping.
15 Open the door.
142
The Subject and the Object
The subject of a sentence sometimes does something

to someone or something else.
The person or thing that receives the action is called
the object.
Dad is cooking supper. We have built a sandcastle.
Subject Verb Object

Susan has bought a painting.
Hannah is reading her book.
The twins climbed the hill.
James stroked the cat.
Mom is holding the baby.
Jacob is making a kite.
They were playing football.
I am writing a story.
Emma crossed the street.
You have forgotten your umbrella.
143
Direct and Indirect Objects
Some verbs have two objects. The direct object receives

the action of the verb. The indirect object tells to whom
or for whom the action is done.
indirect direct
object object
Dad bought
James a bike.
Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object

The bank lends people money.
Madison is making her doll a dress.
I am writing Grandma a letter.
Grandma is reading Diana a story.
Andrew gave his dog a bone.
We left you some food.
Joshua is showing us his stamps.
Miss Lee found Alice a chair.
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
The indirect object usually comes before the

direct object.
144
Exercise 1
Read the following sentences. Then draw a line
under the subjects and a circle around the objects.
1 Anne has drawn a panda.
2 They are playing table tennis.
3 Little Kate knows the alphabet well.
4 Dad bought a computer.
5 I am writing a letter.
6 Birds have feathers.
7 The workmen are building a house.
8 Samantha has a pretty doll.
9 The children received one gift each.
10 Do you know the answer?
Exercise 2
There are two objects in each sentence. Draw a
line under the direct objects and a circle around the
indirect objects.
1 Dad gave Dave a present.
2 Mom is making the children a meal.
3 Mr. Soane bought them ice cream cones.
4 I sent Khushi a birthday card.
5 Granny told us a story.
6 The waiter brought the guests their drinks.
7 Can I get you a sandwich?
8 The police officer showed us the way to the museum.
145
Positive and Negative Sentences
A positive sentence tells you that something is so.

A sentence that tells you something is not so is called
a negative sentence. It contains a negative word like
not, never, no, no one, nobody, none, or a negative
verb like isn’t or can’t or won’t.
Yes
No
Positive sentence Negative sentence

Jaffer is running. He is not walking.
We should tell the truth. We should never tell lies.
Everyone is in the garden. There is no one in the house.
The fridge is empty. There is nothing in it.
It is very cloudy. It isn’t sunny.
I have sold the last I have no newspapers left.
newspaper.
Someone has eaten There are none in the bag.
all the cookies.
146
Questions
There are two kinds of questions: yes or no questions

and wh- questions.
4 You ask a yes or no question to get yes or no as the

answer. Use the verbs be, have or do, or any of the
helping verbs, to ask yes or no questions.
Can you swim? Yes. Are they coming? No.

Is it raining? No. May I come in? Yes.
4 In questions, the helping or auxiliary verbs come before
the subject of the sentence. When be and have
are used as ordinary verbs, they come before the
subjects, too.
Statement Question
Jim is ill today. Is Jim ill today?
She has an older brother Has she an older brother?
The cats want to be fed. Do the cats want to be fed?
We should go now. Should we go now?
It will rain tomorrow. Will it rain tomorrow?
You may use my computer. May I use your computer?
Kate can ride a bike. Can Kate ride a bike?
m m ar H
a
Gr
elp
Here are some different ways of asking the

same question:
Has he a sister called Jane?
Does he have a sister called Jane?
Has he got a sister called Jane?
147
Wh- questions usually include the verbs be, have,
do, or any of the helping verbs.
4 To ask for facts, use the question words what, which,

who, whom, how, when, where. The helping verbs
in wh- questions usually come before the subject. So
does the verb be when it is used as an ordinary verb.
Where are you?

What is David saying?
How did you get up here?
Why was the girl crying?
Which color do you prefer?
Who is she going to invite to her party?
Whom is she going to invite to her party?
What is your problem?
When do the stores open in the morning?
Where shall I put this box?
Whose dictionary
What have you done to my computer? is this?
How am I going to finish all this work?
What would you like for dinner?
4 If the wh- question word is the subject of the question,

it comes before the verb. For example:
Who told you that?
What made you change your mind?
148
Exercise 1
Write short answers to the following questions.
Example: Is he tall? Yes, he is.
1 Do you know the answer? Yes, ___________.

2 Is Sara at home? No, ___________.
3 Do they know any grammar? Yes, ___________.
4 Are all of you coming to my house this evening?
Yes, ___________.
5 Is Mr Khadar your English teacher? No, __________.
6 Can you dance? No, ___________.
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with the correct question words from
the box.
where when why how

whose what who which
1 ________ is your house?

2 ________ wallet is this?
3 ________ are you always late?
4 ________ wrote this book?
5 ________ of the two boys is smarter?
6 ________ size do you wear?
7 ________ old is he?
8 ________ is Jeff going to get a haircut?
149
14 Punctuation
Punctuation marks are signs such as periods, commas

and question marks. You use them in sentences to make
the meaning clear.
Period
You put a period at the end of a sentence.
He drew a horse
Albert is my good friend.

Please don’t be late.
The bird is sitting on a branch.
It’s snowing heavily today.
There’s a rainbow in the sky.
This big house belongs to a rich man.
I can swim.
Ethan is good at drawing.
They all enjoyed playing baseball.
150
Comma
Use a comma between nouns and noun phrases in

a list.
I bought two apples, three oranges and some grapes.
He enjoys tennis, badminton, skating and football.
At school we study English, math, science, history and
geography.
Use commas between adjectives when you use several

of them to describe something.
A giraffe is a tall, long-necked, long-legged animal.
He is a tall, handsome, smart and ambitious young man.
Use a comma after yes and no, and before please in

sentences. You also use a comma before or after the
name of the person you are speaking to.
Goodbye George!
No, it has stopped.
Good morning, sir!
Can you tell me what time it is, please?
Yes, it’s a quarter past three, George.
Commas are used to show where there is a brief pause.
Unfortunately, she injured her knee skiing.

She was in the bedroom, listening to music on the radio.
151
Exclamation Point
An exclamation point is often used after a command,

an interjection, or a word that shows surprise or anger.
Sit down! Quiet!

Oh dear! Put the knife down!
What a surprise! Help! Help!
You are fired! Eeek! A ghost!
I told you not to do that! Stop him!
Question Mark
Use a question mark after a question.
How are you

What’s your name?
How many stamps do you have?
Where do they come from?
Who has taken my pen?
Can you lend me your bicycle?
Where are you going?
Why are you always late?
What’s the meaning of this word?
Do you know the answer to this problem?
152
Apostrophe
Use an apostrophe with an s (’s) to show who owns

something.
The ’s is added after singular nouns or names.
This is Peter’s bed and A squirrel’s tail is big

that is Michael’s bed. and bushy.
We all like Mom’s cooking.
Amanda clears everybody’s plates after dinner.
John’s dog is very friendly.
All the pupils have a month’s vacation in June.
I spent the evening at David’s playing video games.
I took a ride in Tom’s car.
Father is holding Susie’s hand.
Jane is wearing her mother’s shoes.
We’re going to our aunt’s house.
There is a bird’s nest in that tree.
Our dog’s collar is brown.
Is this Portland’s tallest building?
153
4 Follow the same rule when a name or a singular noun
ends in -s. Write an apostrophe first and then add
another s.
The princess’s golden ball fell into a well.

A rhinoceros’s skin is very thick.
Dad is at his boss’s party.
4 For plural nouns that end in -s, put the apostrophe

after the -s.
Birds’ beaks are all different shapes and sizes.
Miss Lee is marking her pupils’ work.
This is my parents’ wedding photo.
Dresses are upstairs in the ladies’ department.
Henry goes to a boys’ school.
Dr. Kim parked his car in the doctors’ parking lot.
My brothers’ bedrooms are always messy.
The girls’ bedrooms are usually tidy.
A flood has destroyed all the farmers’ crops.
4 Some plural nouns do not end in -s. Just add ’s to

these plural nouns.
There are slides and swings and seesaws in the children’s

playground.
The men’s changing room is occupied.
The bookstore sells newspapers, comics and women’s
magazines.
Doctors look after people’s health.
154
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
4 You can also refer to a person’s office or shop by
using a possessive form with an apostrophe.
For example:
I’ll buy some bread at the baker’s.
I was reading a book at the dentist’s.
It’s time you went to the barber’s.
4 You can also refer to your friends’ homes

in the same way:
I’m going next door to Peter’s.
I stayed the night at Susan’s.
4 How do you make a possessive form of two people

joined by and, such as Peter and John, or Mary and
Anne? Put ’s only after the second name.
For example:
Barbara and David’s house
Jill and Andy’s party
4 These possessive forms of names and nouns can be

used without a following noun. For example:
Which desk is Susan’s?
George’s is in the back row.
This room is my brother’s.
155
The apostrophe can also be used to show that one or
more letters in a contraction have been left out.
I’ve finished my math, but I haven’t finished my spelling.

We’ll come to your party, but Sue won’t be able to come.
He’s gone to the library.
Dad wasn’t at home and the children weren’t at home either.
I don’t like potatoes and Susan doesn’t like tomatoes.
I didn’t watch which way I was going and I can’t find my way
home.
We’re late because we couldn’t find your house.
Mom’s finished her shopping but she hasn’t gone through the
checkout line yet.
Mary’d like a cat as a pet, You are taller than Peter, but
but she wouldn’t like a turtle. you aren’t as tall as I am.
m m ar H
a
Gr
elp
The words has and is are often shortened to ’s

after a noun or proper noun. For example:
The mail has arrived.
The mail’s arrived.
Sally is here.
Sally’s here.
156
Exercise 1
Write the punctuation marks from the box to
complete the following sentences:
,
. ?
1 He hates cheese
2 Who is your teacher
3 Stop that man
4 Keep quiet
5 Good morning madam
6 George are you okay
7 Peter David and Susan are playing hide and seek
8 Mom bought meat fish and vegetables at the
supermarket
9 What is the time now
10 Anne is a pretty girl
Exercise 2
Complete the following sentences by writing the
apostrophe(‘) in the correct place:
1 This is Peters bike.
2 Paul cant find his shoes.
3 Miss Lee is marking the pupils papers.
4 They are all on the childrens playground.
5 Dont make so much noise!
6 Doctors take care of peoples health.
7 Theyre having a game of tennis.
8 Jack doesnt look well.
157
Book
1
BASIC ENGLISH BASIC ENGLISH
GRAMMAR GRAMMAR
BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR Book 1

Book
1
Younger students at beginning to intermediate levels will
greatly benefit from this step-by-step approach to English
grammar basics. This is the ideal supplement to your
language arts program whether your students are native
English speakers or beginning English language learners.
Skill-specific lessons make it easy to locate and prescribe
instant reinforcement or intervention.
• Illustrated lessons are tightly focused on core concepts

of grammar
• Nearly 70 practice exercises are included

for ready reinforcement
• A wealth of examples are provided on every topic
• Concise explanations are bolstered by extra grammar

tips and useful language notes

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Book

BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR Book 1

• Illustrated lessons are tightly focused on core concepts

• Nearly 70 practice exercises are included

• A wealth of examples are provided on every topic

• Concise explanations are bolstered by extra grammar

Dauda W. Jamada • Salim A. Sabil

13 12 11 10 09 08 07 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction

All students of English, be they native speakers or those

We wish you every success in your pursuit of English

7 Verbs and Tenses 79 14 Punctuation 150

Here’s an old children’s rhyme about the eight parts of

Every name is called a noun, Pronoun

The capital letter is also called a big letter or upper-

When do you use a capital letter?

1 salmaan and i are good friends.

city plaza hotel ciitco school

orchard street hargeisa road

botanic gardens national library

Nouns are divided into common nouns and proper nouns.

bear Word File

blanket Word File

swimmer snail fire engine clown

People Animals Places Things

Proper nouns are names for particular people, places or

American Egyptian Indian Italian Thai

Japanese Korean Malay Filipino Pakistani

Country People Country People

the Great Wall of China

the Statue of Liberty

Sunday is the first day of the week.

You often use the before names of oceans,

rivers, seas and ranges of mountains.

Lisa bank President Hotel United Bank

Common Nouns Proper Nouns

Nouns can be singular or plural. When you are talking

4 But some words don’t follow this rule. For example,

4 Use a before words beginning with the other

4 But some words don’t follow this rule. For example,

When you are talking about two or more people,

watch Word File

When the last letters of singular sh

Nouns like these are made es

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Often nouns that end in -f, just

With some nouns that end in -o, you can add

Singular Plural Plural

use with your computer is either

fish when you are talking about

Word File pliers

You can make these plural nouns singular by

Singular Plural Singular Plural

1 desk 6 basket ___________

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Collective nouns are words for groups of people,

an orchestra Word File

Many collective nouns can be used with a

Word File a school of fish