Quadratic Equation

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3 QUADRATIC EQUATION

Pre-requisites
 Basics of Algebra
 Definition of Equation
 Algebraic Expressions
 Meaning of Inequalities

Learning Outcomes

• Linear Inequations
• Range of quadratic Expressions
• Method of solving Linear Equations
• Condition of Common Root
• Nature of Roots
• Theory of Equation

O. INEQUATIONS
A statement involving variable (s) and the sign of inequality viz, > , <,  or  is called an inequation.
An inequation may contain one or more variables. Also, it may be linear or quadratic or cubic etc.
(i) 3x – 2 < 0 (Linear)
2
(ii) 2x + 3x + 4 > 0 (Quadratic)
(iii) 2x + 5y  4 (Linear in two variable)

(a) Properties of inequalities


x y
(i) If 'a' is a +ve no. i.e. a > 0 then for x < y   & ax < ay.
a a
x y
(ii) If 'a' is a –ve i.e. a < 0 then for x < y   & ax > ay.
a a
x y
(iii) If 'a' is a +ve no. i.e. a > 0 then for x > y   & ax > ay.
a a
x y
(iv) If 'a' is a –ve no. i.e. a < 0 then for x > y   & ax < ay.
a a
(b) Types of intervals
(i) Closed interval : Let a and b be two given real numbers such that a < b. Then the set of all real
numbers x such that a  x  b is called closed interval and is denoted by [a, b] may be graphed as:

(ii) Open interval : If a and b are two real numbers such that a < b, then the set of all real numbers x
satisfying a < x < b is called an open interval and is denoted by (a, b) or ]a, b[ and may be graphed as:

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(iii) Semi-closed or semi-open interval : If a and b are two real numbers such that a < b, then the sets
(a, b] = {x R : a < x  b} and [a, b) = {x R : a  x < b} are known as semi-open or semi-closed
intervals. (a, b] and [a, b) are also denoted by ]a, b] and [a, b[ respectively.

(c) Linear inequations in one variable


Let a be a non-zero real number and x be a variable. Then inequations of the form ax + b < 0, ax + b  0,
ax + b > 0 and ax + b  0 are known as linear inequations in one variable x.
For example : 9x – 15 > 0, 5x – 4  0, 3x + 2 < 0 and 2x – 3  0 are linear inequations in one variable.

(d) Solving linear inequations in one variable


Rule 1: Same number may be added to (or subtracted from) both side of an inequation without
changing the sign of inequality.
Rule 2 : Both sides of an inequation can be multiplied (or divided) by the same positive real number
without changing the sign of inequality. However, the sign of inequality is reversed when both sides of
an inequation are multiplied or divided by a negative number.
Rule 3 : Any term of an inequation may be taken to the other side with its sign changed without
affecting the sign of inequality.

(e) Absolute value of a real number


 x, when x  0
The function f(x) defined by f(x) = |x| = 
  x, when x  0
is called the modulus function. It is also called the absolute value function.

Solved Examples

Example.1 Solve the inequality ax > a.


Solution : This inequality has the parameter a that needs to be investigated further.
If a > 0, then x > 1
If a < 0, then x < 1
Example.2 Solve : 24 x < 100 when
(i) x is a natural number (ii) x is an integer.
Solution : We are given 24 x < 100
24x 100
   
24 24
25
   x<
6
(i) When x is a natural number, the following values of x make the statement true. 1, 2, 3, 4.
(ii) When x is an integer, the solutions of the given equations are ...., –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
The solution set of the equation is :
{ ..., –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

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Example.3 Solve & graph the solution set of 3x + 6  9 and –5x > –15, x R.
Solution : 3x + 6  9 and –5x > –15
 3x  3 and  – x > –3
 x  1 and x<3
Combining the solution

So, the solution is x [1,3).


Example.4 Solve & graph the solution set of –2 < 2x –4 and –2x + 5  13, x  R.

Solution :
– 2 < 2x – 4
 2x – 4 > –2 and –2x + 5  13
 2x > 2 and 2x  13 – 5
x>1 and 2x  8
x>1 and x4
x>1 and x  –4
x > 1 and x  –4 or x(– , – 4] (1, ).
x  .  {No value satisfies}
Example.5 Solve the following equation : 2(2x + 3) – 10 < 6 (x – 2)
Solution : We have,
 2(2x + 3) – 10  6 (x – 2)
 4x + 6 – 10  6x – 12
 4x – 4 6x – 12
 4x – 6x  – 12 + 4 [Transposing –4 to RHS and 6x to LHS]
 –2x  – 8
2x 8
  
2 2
x4
 x  [4, )
Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is [4, ) which can be graphed on real line as shown
in Figure.

5x  2 7x  3 x
Example.6 Solve the following inequations :   .
3 5 4
5x  2 7x  3 x
Solution :  
3 5 4
5(5x  2)  3(7x  3) x

15 4
25x  10  21x  9 x

15 4
4x  1 x

15 4
4 (4x – 1) > 15 x [Multiplying both sides by 60 i.e. LCM of 15 and 4]
16x – 4 > 15x
16x – 15x > 4 [Transposing 15 x to LHS and –4 to RHS]
x>4
x  (4, )

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Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is (4, ). This can be graphed on the real number
line as shown in figure.

2x  4
Example.7 Solve the following inequations :  5.
x 1
2x  4
Solution : We have, 5
x 1
2x  4
 –5  0
x 1
2x  4  5(x  1)
 0
x 1
2x  4  5 x  5
 0 
x 1
3x  9
 0 [Multiplying both sides by –1]
x 1
3x  9
 0
x 1
3(x  3)
 0 [Dividing both sides by 3]
x 1

x3
    0
x 1
 1<x3
 x  (1, 3]

Hence, the solution set of the given inequations is (1, 3].

Example.8 Solve 5x - 3 < 3x + 1 when


(i) x is an integer, (ii) x is a real number.
Solution : We have, 5x – 3 < 3x + 1
 5x – 3 + 3 < 3x + 1 + 3
 5x < 3x + 4
 5x – 3 x < 3x + 4 – 3x
 2x < 4
 x<2
(i) When x is an integer, the solutions of the given inequality are {..........., –4, –3, –2, –1, 0,1}
(ii) When x is a real number, the solutions of the inequality are given by x < 2, i.e., all real number x
which are less than 2. Therefore, the solution set of the inequality is x (–, 2).

Example.9 Solve : |x – 4| = 7
 x  4, where x  4  0  x  4
Solution : | x  4 | 
  (x  4), where x  4  0  x  4
x – 4 = 7 and – (x – 4) = 7
x = 11 and – x + 4 = 7
 x  3
 –x = 3  x = –3  Ans. 
 x  11
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Example.10 Evaluate : |3|  |–2 – 3| – 3 – | – 7|.
Solution : |3|  |–2 – 3| – 3 – | 7 = 3 + | 5 |– 3 – {–(–7)}
= 3 + {–(–5)} – 3 – 7 = 3 + 5 – 10 = 8 – 10 = – 2.

(a) Inequations involving absolute value


Result 1. If a is a positive real number, then
(i) | x | < a  – a < x < a i.e. x  (– a, a)

(ii) | x |  a  – a  x  a i.e. x  [–a, a]

Result 2. If a is a positive real number, then

(i) | x | > a  x < – a or x > a

x  (–, –a)  (a, )


(ii) | x |  a  x  – a or x  a

x  (–, –a]  [a, )

Example.11 Find x from 1 | x |  2 and represent it on number line.


Solution : 1 | x |  | x |  1x > 1 or x < –1
 x  (,1) (1,  ...(i)
also | x |  2x < 2 or x > –2
 x lies between –2 & 2
 x (–2, 2) ...(ii)
Combining the two results, we get
1 | x |  2 {– 2 < x < –1} {1 < x < 2}
i.e. x (– 2, –1) (1, 2)

Example.12 Find x satisfying | x – 5 |  3 .


Solution : as | x – a |  r a – r  x  a  r i.e. x [a – r, a  r]
 | x – 5 |  3  5 – 3  x  5  3 i.e. 2  x  8 i.e. x [2, 8]

(A) QUADRATIC EQUATION


A polynomial of degree two of the form P(x) = ax2 + bx + c (a  0) is called a quadratic expression in
variable x, and P(x) = 0 is known as a quadratic equation.
The general form of a quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are real numbers and a  0.

(a) Roots of a quadratic equation


The value of x which satisfies the given quadratic equation is known as its root. The roots of the given
equation are known as its solution.

(b) Methods of solving a quadratic equation


 Factorisation Method
Step (i) Factorise the constant term of the given quadratic equation.
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Step (ii) Express the coefficient of middle term as the sum or difference of the factors obtained in step 1.
Clearly, the product of these two factors will be equal to the product of the coefficient of x2 and the
constant term.
Step (iii) Split the middle term in two parts obtained in step 2.
Step (iv) Factorise the quadratic equation obtained in step 3.

 Completing the square method


Step-(i) Let the quadratic equation be ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0.
b c
Step-(ii) Make the coefficient of x2 unity, if it is not unity. i.e., obtain x2 + x  = 0.
a a
c b c
Step-(iii) Shift the constant term on R.H.S. to get x2 + x = –
a a a
2
 b 
Step-(iv) Add square of half of the coefficient of x.i.e.   on both sides to obtain
 2a 
2 2
 b   b   b  c
x2 + 2   x       
 2a   2a   2a  a
Step-(v) Write L.H.S. as the perfect square of a binomial expression and simplify R.H.S. to get
2
 b  b2  4ac
x   
 2a  4a 2
Step-(vi) Taking square root both the sides we get,
b b 2  4ac
x 
2a 4a 2
b
Step (vii) By shifting the constant term on RHS and simplifying we obtain a formula for values
2a
of x.
 b  b 2  4ac
x=
2a
It is also known as Quadratic Formula
Hence, the roots of the quadratic equation
 b  b 2  4ac
ax2 + bx + c = 0 are :  =
2a
 b  b2  4ac
and  =
2a
A quadratic equation is satisfied by exactly two values of ' x ' which may be real or imaginary. The
equation a x2 + b x + c = 0 is:
 A quadratic equation if a  0. [Two roots]
 A linear equation if a = 0, b  0. [One root]
 A contradiction if a = b = 0, c  0. [No root]
 An identity if a = b = c = 0. [Infinite roots]
 A quadratic equation cannot have more than two roots.
 It follows from the above statement that if a quadratic equation is satisfied by more than two values of
x, then it is satisfied by every value of x and so it is an identity. In fact, a  0 is necessary condition for
equation to be quadratic. Hence, identity can never be quadratic equation.

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Solved Examples

x 1 x 1
Example.13 If   2 then value of x are :
1 x x 6
5 7 7 9 9 4
(A) , (B) , (C) , (D) none
13 13 13 13 13 13
x
Solution : Let =y
1 x
1 13
y+ 
y 6
y2  1 13

y 6
6y2 + 6 = 13y
6y2 – 13y + 6 = 0
6y2 – 9y – 4y + 6 = 0
3y(2y – 3) – 2 (2y – 3) = 0
(3y – 2)(2y – 3) = 0
2 3
y= ,
3 2
3
When y =
2
x 3

1 x 2
x 9

1 x 4
4x = 9 – 9x
13x = 9
9
x
13
2
When y =
3
x 2

1 x 3
9x = 4 – 4x
13x = 4
4
x
13

Example.14 Find the roots of the equation x2 – x – 3 = 0. Also comment on nature of roots.
Solution : x2 – x – 3 = 0
From the quadratic formula we can find the value of x,
1  1  4  1( 3) 1  13
x 
2 1 2
1  13 1  13
So, x = ,
2 2
Hence, the roots are Irrational.

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Example.15 Determine the value of K for which the x = – a is a solution of the equation :
x2 – 2(a + b) x + 3K = 0.
Solution : Putting x = – a in the given equation, we have (– a)2 – 2 (a + b) (– a) + 3K = 0
a
 a2 + 2a2 + 2ab + 3K = 0  3K = –3a2 – 2ab  K=– (3a + 2b).
3

Example.16 Solve the following quadratic equation by factorization method : x2 – 2ax + a2 – b2 = 0.


Solution. Here, Factors of constant term (a2 – b2) are (a – b) and (a + b).
Also, Coefficient of the middle term = –2a = –[(a – b) + (a + b)]
 x2 – 2ax + a2 – b2 = 0
 x2 – {(a – b) + (a + b)} x + (a – b) (a + b) = 0
 x2 – (a – b) x – (a + b) x + (a – b) (a + b) = 0
 x {x – (a – b)} – (a + b) {x – (a – b)} = 0
 {x – (a – b)} {x – (a + b)} = 0
 x – (a – b) = 0 or, x – (a + b) = 0
 x = a – b or x = a + b
Aliter : Completing the square method may be more useful.

Example.17 The sum of the squares of two consecutive positive integers is 545. Find the integers.
Solution : Let x be one of the positive integers. Then the other integer is x + 1, where x z+.
Since the sum of the squares of the integers is 545, we get x2 + (x + 1)2 = 545
2x2 + 2x – 544 = 0
x2 + x – 272 = 0
x2 + 17x – 16x – 272 = 0
x (x + 17) – 16 (x + 17) = 0
(x – 16) (x + 17) = 0.
Here, x = 16 or x = – 17. But, x is a positive integer. Therefore, reject x = – 17 and take x = 16.
Hence, two consecutive positive integers are 16 and (16 + 1), i.e., 16 and 17.

Example.18 The sum of two numbers is 48 and its product is 432. Find the numbers.
Solution : Let the two numbers be x and 48 – x so that their sum is 48. It is given that the product of the
two numbers is 432. Hence, we have
x(48 – x) = 432
 48x – x2 – 432 = 0
 x2 – 48x + 432 = 0
 x2 – 36x – 12x + 432 = 0
 x (x – 36) – 12 (x – 36) = 0
 (x – 36) (x – 12) = 0
 Either x – 36 = 0
 x = 36 o x – 12 = 0  x = 12.
 When one number is 12 another number is 48 – 12 = 36 and when one number is 36, another
number is 48 – 36 = 12.

7
Example.19 Out of a group of swans, times the square root of the total number are playing on the shore
2
of a tank. The two remaining ones are playing, in deep water. What is the total number of
swans ?
Solution : Let us denote the number of swans by x.
7
Then, the number of swans playing on the shore of the tank = x.
2
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There are two remaining swans.
7 7
Therefore, x = x +2  x–2= x
2 2
2
7
 (x – 2)2 =   x  x  4(x2 – 4x + 4) = 49x
2
 4x2 – 65x + 16 = 0  4x2 – 64x – x + 16 = 0
 4x(x – 16) –1(x – 16) = 0  (x – 16)(4x – 1) = 0
1
This gives x = 16 or x = .
4
1
We reject x = and take x = 16.
4
Hence, the total number of swans is 16.

(B) RELATION BETWEEN ROOTS AND COEFFICIENTS


(a) If roots of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a  0) are  and  then,
 b  D    b  D  2b  b
+=    +  = 
 2a   2a  2a a
   
 b  D    b  D  c
&  =     =
 2a   2a  a
   
 Some more relation between  and 

Note : Students are advised to prove all these formulas


b 2  4ac  D
 (i) ( – ) = (  ) 2  4   
a a
2
b  2ac
(ii) 2 + 2 = ( + )2 – 2 =
a2
b b 2  4ac
(iii) 2 – 2 = (+) (  ) 2  4  
a2
b(b 2  3ac)
(iv) 3 + 3= ( + )3 – 3( +)  
a3
(b2  ac) b2  4ac
(v) 3 – 3= ( – )3+ 3( – ) = (  )2  4 {( + )2 – } =
a3
2
4 4 2 2  b 2  ac 
2 2 c2
(vi)  +  = {( + ) – 2} – 2  =  2   2
 a  a2

 b(b 2  2 ac) b 2  4ac


(vii) 4 – 4 = (2 – 2) (2 + 2) =
a4
(viii) 2 +  + 2 = ( + )2 – 
   2  2 (  ) 2  2
(ix)   
   
2 2
(x)   +   = (+)
2 2
     4  4 ( 2  2 ) 2  2 22
(xi)       2 2 =
      22
(xii) nb2 = ac(1 + n)2 which one root is n times of another.

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(b) Theory of equations
If 1, 2, 3……n are the roots of the equation f(x) = a0xn + a1xn–1 + a2 xn–2 + …..an–1x + an = 0
where a0, a1, a2…..an are all real, a0  0 then
f(x) = a0xn + a1xn–1 + a2xn–2 + …..an–1x + an
= a0(x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) …..(x – n)
= a0[xn – xn–1 (1) + xn–2 (12) +….+(–1)n 123 …..n
Now comparing the coefficients from above identity
we get,
a1
1 = – , [Sum of roots taken one at a time]
a0
a2
12 = , [Sum of roots taken two at a time]
a0
a3
123 = – , ……….
a0
an
 123 ……..n = (–1)n [Product of roots]
a0
b
Ex. If  are the roots of ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 then,  +  +  = – , +  +  = c/a
a
d
&  = –
a

FORMATION OF AN EQUATION WITH GIVEN ROOTS


A quadratic equation whose roots are  and  is given by(x –  (x – ) = 0
 x2 – x – x +  = 0
 x2 – ( + )x +  = 0
i.e. x2 – (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0
 x 2  Sx  P  0

Equation in terms of the roots of another equation [Transformation of Roots]


If  are roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then the equation whose roots are
(i) –, – ax2 – bx + c = 0 (replace x by –x)
2
(ii) 1/,1/ cx + bx + a = 0 (replace x by 1/x)
n n 1/n 2 1/n
(iii)  ,  ; n  N  a(x ) + b(x ) + c = 0 (replace x by x1/n)
(iv) k, k ax2 + kbx + k2c = 0 (replace x by x/k)
2
(v) k + ,k +  a (x – k) + b(x – k) + c = 0
 
(vi) ,  k2ax2 + kbx + c = 0 (replace x by kx)
k k
(vii) 1/n, 1/n; n  N  a(xn)2 + b(xn) + c = 0 (replace x by xn)

Note : This method can also be applied to higher degree equations.

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Solved Examples

(   )(  )
Example.20 If  be the roots of x2 + px – q = 0 and  be the roots of x2 + px + r = 0 then =
(   )(  )
(A) 1 (B) q (C) r (D) q + r
Solution : Here
    p 
     
    p 
& q, r
Now, () () = 2 – () + 
= r
r
= – (– q) + r = q + r
By symmetry of the results
() () = q + r
Hence the ratio is 1

Example.21 If tan q and sec q are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then
(A) a4 = b2 (b2 – 4ac) (B) b4 = a2 (b2 – 4ac)
4 2 2
(C) a = b (b + 4ac) (D) b4 = a2 (b2 – 4ac)
Solution : ax2 + bx + c = 0
equation has two roots tanq, secq
Then,
atan2q + btanq + c = 0 ......(i)
2
asec q + bsecq + c = 0 ......(ii)
b
 secq + tanq = – .....(iii)
a
c
 secq  tanq =
a
(secq – tanq) = (secq + tanq)2 – 4 secq tanq
2

2
 b  c b 2  4ac
=    4 =
 a  a a2
b 2  4ac
(secq – tanq) = .....(iv)
a
multiplying eq.(iii) and (iv), we get
 b b 2  4ac
1=
a a
2 2 2 2
 (a ) = b (b – 4ac)
 a4 = b2 (b2 – 4ac)

Example.22 If ,  are the roots of x2 + ax +b = 0, find the equation for which 2 + 2 and 2 + 2 are the
roots.
Solution :  = –a,  = b
2 + 2 = () –2  = a2 –2b
1 1  2  2 a 2  2b
2 + 2 = 2  2  2 2 
   b2
a  2b

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Required equation is
x2 – Sx + P = 0
 a 2  2b  (a 2  2 b)
x 2  x (a 2  2b)    (a 2
 2 b) 0
 b2  b2
 b2 (a 2  2 b)  a 2  2b  (a 2  2 b)(a 2  2 b)
 x2  x   0
 b2  b2
 b2x2 – x {b2(a2 –2b) + a2 – 2b} + (a2 – 2b)2 = 0

Example.23 If ,  are the roots of a quadratic equation x2 – 3x + 5 = 0, then the equation whose roots are
(2 – 3 + 7) and (2 – 3 + 7) is –
(A) x2 + 4x + 1 = 0 (B) x2 – 4x + 4 = 0
(C) x2 – 4x – 1 = 0 (D) x2 + 2x + 3 = 0
2
Solution : Since ,  are the roots of equation x – 3x + 5 = 0
So 2 -  + 5 = 0
2 – 3+ 5 = 0
 2 – 3 = – 5
2 – 3 = – 5
Putting in (2 - 3a + 7) & (2 – 3 + 7) .......(i)
–5 + 7, –5 + 7
 2 and 2 are the roots.
 The required equation is
x2 – 4x + 4 = 0. Ans. (B)

Example.24 If  and  are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, find the value of (a + b)–2 + (a + b)–2.
Solution : Take b = – ( + ) a
1  1 1 
(a+ b)–2 + (a+ b)–2 =   2 
a2  (    )
2
(    ) 
 
1      1 b  2ac  b 2  2ac
2 2 2
= 2 2 2  2 
a     a  2 c2  a 2c2
a . 2
 a 

Example.25 If two roots of 4x3 + 20x2 – 23x + 6 = 0 are equal. Find all roots.
Solution : Let roots be ,  and .
20
 + +=–  2 +  = – 5 .........(i)
4
23 6
 .  +  +  = –  2 + 2 = – & 2 = –
4 4
from equation (i)
23 23
2 + 2 (–5 – 2) = –  2 – 10 – 42 = –  122 + 40 – 23 = 0
4 4
23
  = 1/2, –
6
1
when  =
2
1 3
2 = (–5 – 1) = –
4 2

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23 23  23   23   3
when  = –  2 =  5  2x      
6 36   6  2
1
    = =–6
2
1 1
Hence roots of equation = , , 6
2 2

Example.26 If , ,  are the roots of x3 – px2 + qx – r = 0, find :


(i) 3 (ii) ( + ) + 2 ( + ) + 2 ( + )
Solution : We know that  +  +  == p
 + +  = q
 = r·
(i)  +  + 3 = 3+ (+  + ){(+  + )2 – 3(+ + )}
3 3

= 3r + p{p2 – 3q} = 3r + p3 – 3pq


(ii) 2( + ) + 2( + ) + 2( + )= 2{p – ) + 2(p – ) + 2 (p – )
= p(2 + 2 + 2 ) – 3r – p3 + 3pq = p(p2 – 2q) – 3r – p3 + 3pq = pq – 3r

Example.27 If q, r, s are positive, show that the equation f (x) = x4 + qx2 + rx – s = 0 has one positive, one
negative and two imaginary roots.
Solution : Product = –s < 0
let roots be , , ,
 < 0
this is possible when -
(i) one root is negative & three are positive
(ii) three roots are negative & one is positive
(iii) one root negative, one positive & two roots imaginary.
f (x)  x4 + qx2 + rx – s
As there is one change of sign, the equation has atmost one positive root.
f (–x)  x4 + qx2 – rx – s
Again there is only one change of sign, the equation has atmost only one negative root.
so (i), (ii) can't be possible.
Hence there is only one negative root, one positive root & two imaginary roots.

Example.28 If the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are  and , then find the equation whose roots are :
2 2  
(a) , (b) , (c) 2, 2
   1  1
2 2
Solution : (a) ,
 
2 2
put, y = =
 y
2
 2  2 
a    + b   + c = 0  cy2 – 2by + 4a = 0
 y  y 
required equation is cx2 – 2bx + 4a = 0
 
(b) ,
 1  1
 y
put, y =  =
 1 1 y

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2
 y   y 
 a  +b   +c=0  (a + c – b)y2 + (–2c + b)y + c = 0
 1 y   1 y 
Required equation is (a + c – b) x2 + (b – 2c) x + c = 0
(c) 2, 2
put y = 2   = y

ay+ b y +c=0
b2y = a2y2 + c2 + 2acy
 a2y2 + (2ac – b2) y + c2 = 0
Required equation is a2x2 + (2ac – b2) x + c2 = 0

1 1 1
Example.29 If the roots of ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 are , ,  then find equation whose roots are , , .
  
1  a d
Solution : Put y = = =– (  = – )
  d a
dy
Put x = –
a
3 2
 dy   dy   dy 
 a   + b   + c   + d = 0
 a   a   a 
Required equation is d2x3 – bdx2 + acx – a2 = 0

Example.30 If ,  are the roots of x2 + px + q = 0, and ,  are the roots of x2 + rx + s = 0, evaluate (– )
( – ) ( – ) ( – ) In terms of p, q, r and s. Deduce the condition that the equations have a
common root.
Solution : ,  are the roots of x2 + px + q = 0
  +  = –p,  = q ........(1)
2
and ,  are the roots of x + rx + s = 0
  +  = –r,  = s
Now, ( – ) ( – ) ( – ) ( – ) ........(2)
2 2
= [ – ( + ) + ] [ – ( + ) + ]
= (2 + r + s) (2 + r + s)
= 22 +r( + ) + r2 + s(2 + 2) +sr( + ) + s2
= 22 +r( + ) + r2 + s(( + )2 – 2)) + sr( + ) + s2
= q2 – pqr + r2q + s(p2 – 2q) + sr (-p) + s2
= (q – s)2 – rpq + r2q + sp2 – prs
= (q – s)2 – rq (p – r) + sp (p – r)
= (q – s)2 + (p – r) (sp – rq)
For a common root (Let  =  or  = ) ........(3)
then ( – ) ( – ) ( – ) ( – ) = 0 ........(4)
from (3) and (4), we get
(q – s)2 + (p – r) (sp – rq) = 0
 (q – s)2 = (p – r) (rq – sp), which is the required condition.

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(C) NATURE OF ROOTS
The term b2 – 4ac is called discriminant of the equation.
It is denoted by  or D.
Case (i) : Suppose a, b, c  R and a  0 then
(i) If D > 0  roots are real and unequal
(ii) If D = 0  roots are real and equal and each equal to –b/2a
(iii) If D < 0 roots are imaginary and unequal or complex conjugate.
i.e. if one root is,  = x + iy then the other root will be  = x – iy
Case (ii) : Suppose a, b, c  Q, a  0 then
(i) If D > 0 & D is a perfect square
 roots are unequal & rational
(ii) If D > 0 & D is not a perfect square
 roots are irrational & unequal & occurs in
conjugate pairs i.e. if one root is,  = x + y then
the other root will be  = x – y where x, y  Q

(a) Roots under particular cases


For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
(i) If b = 0 roots are of equal magnitude but of opposite sign
(ii) If c = 0one root is zero and the other root is – b/a
(iii) If b = c = 0  both roots are zero
(iv) If a = c roots are reciprocal to each other
(v) If sign of a  sign of c  both roots are of opposite signs
(vi) If sign of a = sign of b = sign of c both roots are negative
(vii) If sign of a = sign of c  sign of b both roots are positive
(viii) If sign of a = sign of b  sign of c  greater root in magnitude is negative
(ix) If sign of b = sign of c  sign of a Greater root in magnitude is positive.
(x) If a + b + c = 0   one root is 1 and second root is c/a
(xi) If a = b = c = 0 then equation will become an identity and will be satisfied by every value of x.

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(b) Condition for common roots
Let quadratic equations are a1x2 + b1x +c1 = 0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0
(i) If only one root is common:
2  1
 
b1c 2  b 2 c1 a 2 c1  b1c 2 a l b 2  a 2 b1
(ii) If both roots are common:
a1 b1 c1
 
a 2 b2 c 2
   The condition for only one root common is
(c1a2 – c2a1)2 = (b1c2 – b2c1) (a1b2 – a2b1)

Note : Two different quadratic equations with rational coefficients cannot have single common root which is
complex or irrational, as imaginary and surd roots always occur in conjugate pairs.

Solved Examples

Example.31 Show that the roots of x2 – 2ax + a2 – b2 – 2bc– c2 = 0 are rational.


Solution : When the roots of a quadratic equation are rational, then the discriminant is a perfect square.
The discriminant for
x2–2ax+ a2 –b2 –2bc – c2 = 0 is (–2a)2 – 4(1) (a2 –b2 – 2bc – c2)
= 4a2 – 4 (a2 – b2 – 2bc – c2)
= 4{a2 – a2 + b2 + 2bc + c2}
= 4 (b2 + 2bc + c2)
= 4 (b + c)2, which is a perfect square. Hence the roots are rational. Proved

Example.32 If a, b, c  R and equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and x2 + 2x + 9 = 0 have a common root then show
that a : b : c = 1 : 2 : 9
Solution : x2 + 2x + 9 = 0 ……(i)
9x2 + bx + c = 0 ……(ii)
Clearly roots of equation (i) are imaginary (as D < 0).
Since equation (i) & (ii) have a common root, therefore common root must be imaginary and
hence both roots will be common (Since imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs) therefore
eq. (i) & (ii) are identical.
a b c
   a : b : c = 1 : 2 : 9
1 2 9

Example.33 If x2 + 2x + c = 0 and x2 + 4x – 5 = 0 have a common root, then the value of ‘c’ is


(A) 3 (B) – 3 (C) 5 (D) – 5
Solution : Let  be the common root Then, it must satisfy both the equations
2 + 2 + c = 0 ……(1)
2
 + 4 – 5 = 0 ……(2)
By cross multiplication
2  1 Aliter : Put x = –5 or
  x=1
10  4c c  5 4  2
in first equation to
(i) (ii) (iii)
get value of c.
By (i) and (ii)
10  4c
= ……(4)
c5

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By (ii) and (iii)
c5
 ……(5)
2
from (4) and (5)
10  4c c  5
 
c5 2
 – 20 – 8c = (c + 5)2
 – 20 – 8c = c2 + 10 c + 25
 c2 + 18 c + 45 = 0
 c(c + 15) + 3 (c + 15) = 0
 (c + 15) (c + 3)
So, c = – 15 or c = – 3

Example.34 Determine the nature of roots of the equation px2 + 2 pq x + q = 0 (p  0)


(A) Imaginary & Unqual roots (B) Rational & Equal roots
(C) Real & & Unqual roots (D) None of these
Solution : px2 + 2 pq x + q = 0
a = p, b = 2 pq , c = q
2
 
D = b2 – 4ac = 2 pq – 4 × p × q
D=0
Since D = 0
Hence roots are real and equal
Ans. Real & equal roots

Example.35 Show that the equation x2 + ax –4 = 0 has real and distinct roots for all real values of a.
Solution : The given equation is
x2 + ax – 4 = 0
The discriminant of the given equation is given by
D = a2 – 4 × – 4 = a2 + 16
Clearly, D = a2 + 16 > 0 for all a R.
Hence, the given equation has real and distinct roots.

Example.36 If p, q, r are real and p  q, then show that the roots of the equation
(p – q)x2 + 5(p + q)x – 2(p – q) = 0 are real and unequal.
Solution : The given equation is
(p – q)x2 + 5(p + q)x – 2(p – q) = 0
Hence a = p – q, b = 5(p + q) and c = – 2(p – q)
 D = b2 –4ac = 25 (p + q)2 – 4(p – q) × – 2(p – q
    D = 25(p + q)2 + 8(p – q)2
Clearly, 25(p + q)2 > 0 and 8(p – q)2 > 0
 D = 25 (p +q)2 + 8(p – q)2 > 0.
Hence roots of the given equation are real and unequal.

Example.37 Find the values of k for which the equation x2 + 5kx + 16 = 0 has no real roots.
Solution : The given equation is x2 + 5kx + 16 = 0
Here, a = 1, b = 5k and c = 16
 D = b2 – 4ac = (5k)2 – 4 × 1 × 16 = 25k2 – 64
The given equation will have no real roots, if D < 0

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 25k2 – 64 < 0
 64 
 25  k 2   < 0
 25 
64
 k2 – <0 [ab < 0 and a > 0  b < 0]
25
8 8
– <k< [x2 – a2 < 0  – a < x < a]
5 5

Example.38 Show that the roots of (x – k) (x –l) = a2 are always real.


Solution : For real roots, the discriminant should be  0
Now, (x – k)(x– l) – a2 = 0
 x2 – x(k + l) + (kl – a2) = 0
Discriminant = (k + 1)2 – 4(kl – a2)
= k2 + 2kl + l2 – 4kl + 4a2
= k2 + l2 – 2kl + 4a2 = (k – l)2 + 4a2
Since, this is the sum of two squares, its value should be  0
Hence, the roots are real.

Example.39 If the roots of the equation (b – c) x2 + (c – a) x + (a – b) = 0 are equal, then prove that 2b = a + c.
Solution : If the roots of the given equation are equal, then discriminant is zero i.e
(c – a)2 – 4 (b – c) (a – b) = 0
 c2 + a2 – 2ac + 4b2 – 4ab + 4ac – 4bc = 0
 c2 + a2 + 4b2 + 2ac – 4ab – 4bc = 0
 (c + a – 2b)2 = 0  c + a = 2b. Hence Proved.

Note : Some of coefficients = 0  x = 1 is one root.

Example.40 If the roots of the equation x2 – 8x + a2 – 6a = 0 are real and distinct, then find all possible
values of a.
Solution : Since the roots of the given equation are real and distinct, we must have D > 0
64 – 4 (a2 – 6a) > 0  4[16 – a2 + 6a ] > 0
–4(a2 – 6a – 16) > 0  a2 – 6a – 16 < 0
(a – 8) (a + 2) < 0
–2 < a < 8.
Hence, the roots of the given equation are real if ‘a’ lies between – 2 and 8.

Example.41 Find all the integral values of a for which the quadratic equation (x – a)(x – 10) + 1 = 0 has
integral roots.
Solution : Here the equation is x2 – (a + 10)x + 10a + 1 = 0. Since integral roots will means D should be a
perfect square.
From (i) D = a2 – 20a + 96.
 D == (a – 10)2 – 4  4 = (a – 10)2 – D
If D is a perfect square it means we want difference of two perfect square as 4 which is possible
only when (a – 10)2 = 4 and D = 0.
 (a – 10) = ± 2  a = 12, 8 Ans.
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x 2  bx k  1
Example.42 In equation  has roots equal in magnitude & opposite in sign, then the value of
ax  c k  1
k is –
ab ab a a
(A) (B) (C)  1 (D)  1
ab ab b b
Solution : Let the roots are a & – a.
given equation is
(x2 – bx)(k + 1) = (k – l)(ax – c) {Considering, x  c/a & k –1}
 x2(k + 1) – bx(k + 1) = ax (k – 1) – c(k – 1)
 x2(k + 1) – bx(k + 1) - ax (k – 1) + c(k – 1) = 0
Now sum of roots = 0 (  –  = 0)
ab
 b(k + 1) + a(k – 1) = 0 k= Ans. (B)
ab

Example.43 If the equation (2 –5 + 6)x2 + (2 – 3 + 2)x + (2 – 4) = 0 has more than two roots, then find
the value of ?
Solution : As the equation has more than two roots so it becomes an identity. Hence
2 – 5 + 6 = 0   = 2, 3
2
and  – 3 + 2 = 0   = 1, 2
2
and  –4=0   = 2, –2
So =2 Ans.  = 2

Example.44 If roots of the equation (a - b)x2 + (c - a)x + (b - c) = 0 are equal, then a, b, care in
(A) AP. (B) H.P. (C) G.P. (D) none of these
Solution : (a – b)x2 + (c – a)x + (b – c) = 0
As roots are equal so
B2 – 4AC = 0
 (c – a)2 – 4(a – b) (b – c) = 0
 (c – a)2 – 4ab + 4b2 + 4ac – 4bc = 0
 (c – a)2 + 4ac – 4b(c + a) + 4b2 = 0
 (c + a)2 – 2 . (2b)(c + a) + (2b)2 = 0
 [c + a – 2b]2 = 0
 c + a – 2b = 0
 c + a = 2b
Hence a, b, c are in A P.
Alternative method :
 Sum of the coefficients = 0
bc
Hence one root is 1 and other root is .
ab
Given that both roots are equal, so
bc
1=
ab
a–b=b–c
 2b = a + c
Hence a, b, c are in AP.

Example.45 The equations 5x2 + 12x + 13 = 0 and ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a, b, c  R) have a common root, where
a, b, c are the sides of the ABC. Then find C .
(A) 45° (B) 60° (C) 90° (D) 30°

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2
Solution : As we can see discriminant of the equation 5x + 12x + 13 = 0 is negative so roots of the
equation are imaginary. We know that imaginary roots always occurs in pair. So this equation
can not have single common roots with any other equation having real coefficients. So both
roots are common of the given equations.
a b c
Hence   = (let)
5 12 13
then a = 5, b = 12, c = 13
 a, b, c forms pythagoras triplet
C = 90° Ans. (C)

ax 2  3x  4
Example.46 Find the values of a for which the expression assumes all real values for real
3x  4x 2  a
values of x.
ax 2  3x  4
Solution : Let y =
3x  4x 2  a

x2(a + 4y) + 3(1 – y)x – (4 + ay) = 0


If x  R ,D  0
 9(1 – y)2 + 4(a + 4y)(4 + ay)  0
 (9 + 16a)y2 + (4a2 + 46)y + (9 + 16a)  0
for all y  R, (9 + 16a) > 0 & D  0
 (4a2 + 46)2 – 4(9 + 16a)(9 + 16a)  0
 4(a2 – 8a + 7)(a2 + 8a + 16)  0
 a2 – 8a + 7  0  1 a  7
9 + 16a > 0 & 1  a  7
Taking intersection, a  [l, 7]
Now, checking the boundary values of a
For a = l
x 2  3x  4 (x  1)(x  4)
y= 2

3x  4x  1 (x  1)(4 x  1)
 x  1  y  –1
 a = 1 is not possible
if a = 7
7x 2  3x  4 (7 x  4)(x  4)
y=   x  –1  y  –1
3x  4x 2  7 (7  4x)(x  1)
So y will assume all real values for some real values of x.
So a  (1,7)

Example.47 If a. is a root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 and  is a root of the equation -ax2 + bx + c = 0,
a
then prove a that there will be a root of the equation x2 + bx + c = 0 lying between  and .
2
a
Solution : Let f(x) = x2 + bx + c
2
a 2 a
f() =  + b + c = a2 + b + c - a2
2 2
a
= – a2 (As  is a root of ax2 + bx + c = 0)
2

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a 2 3a 2
And f() =  + b + c = –a2 + b + c + 
2 2
3a 2
=  (As  is a root of –ax2 + bx + c = 0)
2
3 2 2 2
Now f() . f() = a <0
4
 f(x) = 0 has one real root between  and .

(D) MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUE OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSION


 Range of quadratic expression
ax2 + bx + c
(i) If a > 0, quadratic expression has least value at
b
x=– . This least value is given by
2a
4ac  b 2 D

4a 4a
b
(ii) If a < 0, quadratic expression has greatest value at x = – . This greatest value is given by
2a
4ac  b 2 D

4a 4a

 Range of an algebraic expression


ax 2  bx  c
Let y = … (1)
px 2  qx  r
To find the range of the given expression, we first solve it for x.
x2 (py – a) + x(qy – b) + (ry – c) = 0 … (2)
For real value of x, D of (2) should be greater than or equal to zero.
D = (qy – b)2 – 4(py – a) (ry – c)  0 … (3)
Those values of y which will satisfy (3) are called range of the function.
Some results to remember :
(i) ax – b > 0  x > b /a if a > 0 and x< b/a if a < 0
(ii) x2 – a2 > 0  x < – a or x > a
(iii) x2 – a2  0  x  – a or x  a
(iv) x2 – a2 < 0  – a < x < a
(v) (x – a) (x – b) > 0, a < b  x < a or x > b
(vi) (x – a) (x – b) < 0, a < b  a < x < b

Solved Examples

Example.48 Find the minimum value of 3x2 – 2x + 1.


Solution : If a > 0, the minimum value of ax2 + bx + c is
4ac  b 2 b
at x 
4a 2a
Here a = 3 , b = – 2, c = 1
4(3)(1)  (2) 2 12  4 2
Minimum value = = 
4(3) 12 3
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x2
Example.49 If x be real, find the maximum value of 2
2x  3x  6
x2
Solution : Let y =
2x 2  3x  6
then, 2x2y + (3y – 1)x + 6y – 2 = 0
for x to be real, (3y – 1)2 – 8y(6y– 2)  0
or (1 + 13y)(1 – 3y)  0
or (13y +1)(3y – 1)  0
Putting each factor equal to zero, we get
1 1
y= ,
13 3
1
If, y < , (1+ 13y)(1 – 3y) < 0
13
1 1
If, < y < , (1 + 13y)(1 – 3y) > 0
13 3
1
If, y > (1 + 13y)(1 – 3y) < 0
3
1 1
Thus, y will lie between – and .
13 3
1 1
Hence the maximum value of y is and minimum value is .
3 13

Example.50 The value of the expression x2 + 2bx + c will be positive for all real x if
(A) b2 – 4c > 0 (B) b2 – 4c < 0 (C) c2 < b (D) b2 < c
Solution : As a > 0, so this expression will be positive if D < 0
so 4b2 – 4c < 0
b2 < c Ans. (D)

Example.51 The minimum value of the expression 4x2 + 2x + 1 is -


(A) 1/4 (B) 1/2 (C) 3/4 (D) 1
2
4(4)(1)  (2) 16  4 12 3
Solution : Since a = 4 > 0 therefore its minimum value is =    Ans. (C)
4(4) 16 16 4

Example.52 If y = x2 – 2x – 3, then find the range of y when :


(i) x  R (ii) x  [0,3] (iii) x  [–2, 0]
Solution : We know that minimum value of y will occur at
b (2)
x=–  1
2a 2 1
D (4  3  4)
ymin =    4
4a 4
(i) x R;
y  [–4, )
(ii) x  (0, 3)
f(0) = –3, f(l) = –4, f(3) = 0
 f(3) > f(0)
 y will take all the values from minimum to f(3).
y  [–4, 0]

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(iii) x  [–2, 0]
This interval does not contain the minimum
value of y for x E R.
y will take values from f(0) to f(–2)
f(0) = –3
f(–2) = 5
y  [–3, 5]

x 2  3x  4
Example.53 For x E R, find the set of values attainable by .
x 2  3x  4
x 2  3x  4
Solution : Let y =
x 2  3x  4
x2(y – 1) + 3x(y + 1) + 4(y – 1) = 0
Case- I : y  1
For y  1 above equation is a quadratic equation.
So for x  R, D  0
 9(y+ 1)2 – 16(y – 1)2  0
 7y2 – 50y + 7  0
 (7y – l)(y – 7)  0
1 
 y   , 7  – {1}
7 
Case-II : when y = 1
x 2  3x  4
 1= 2
x  3x  4
 x + 3x + 4 = x2 – 3x+ 4
2

 x=0
Hence y = 1 for real value of x.
1 
so range of y is  , 7  .
7 

Example.54 If b2 < 2ac and a, b, c, d  R, then prove that ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 has exactly one real root.
Solution : Let , ,  be the roots of ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0
b
Then  +  +  = –
a
c
 +  +  =
a
d
      =
a
b 2 2c b2  2ac
2 + 2 + 2 = (a +b + g)2 –2( +  + ) = 2  
a a a2
 2 + 2 + 2 < 0, which is not possible if all a, p, y are real. So atleast one root is non-real,
but complex roots occurs in pair. Hence given cubic equation has two non-real and one real
roots.

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EXERCISE # 1

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
SECTION (A) : METHOD OF FINDING ROOTS
A-1 Solve the following quadratic equation by factorisation method : x2 + 2ax + a2 – b2 = 0.

A-2 Solve : 9x2 – 30x + 25 = 0

A-3 Solve the following quadratic equation by completing the square method :- x2 + 9x + 1 = 0

2x 1 3x  9
A-4 Solve :   0
x  3 2x  3 (x  3)(2 x  3)

A-5 Solve the following equation for x : 9x2 – 9(a + b) x + (2a2 + 5ab + 2b2) = 0.

A–6. If the roots of 4x2 + 5k = (5k + l)x differ by unity, then find the values of k.

SECTION (B) : NATURE OF ROOTS


B-1 Find the value of k for which quadratic equation (k – 2)x2 + 2(2k – 3)x + 5k – 6 = 0 has equal roots.

B-2. If the roots of the equations px2 + 2qx + r = 0 and qx2 – 2 pr x + q = 0, then prove that q2 = pr.

B-3. If the roots of the equation 8x3 – 14x2 + 7x – 1 = 0 are in G.P. then find the roots.

B-4 If the roots of the equation x2 – 8x + a2 – 6a = 0 are real and distinct, then find all possible values of a .

B-5 For what value of k, (4 – k)x2 + (2k + 4)x + (8k + 1) is a perfect square.

SECTION (C) : WORD PROBLEM


C-1 A motor boat whose speed is 18 km/h in still water takes 1 hour more to go 24 km upstream than to
return downstream to the same spot. Find the speed of the stream.

3
C-2 Two water taps together can fill a tank in 9 hours. The tap of larger diameter takes 10 hours less than
8
the smaller one to fill the tank seperately. Find the time in which each tap can seperately fill the tank.

C-3 A two digit number is four times the sum and three times the product of its digits, find the number.

C-4 The numerator of a fraction is 1 less than its denominator. If 3 is added to each of the numerator and
3
denominator, the fraction is increased by . Find the fraction.
28

C-5 An aeroplane left 30 minutes later then its scheduled time and in order to reach its destination 1500 km
away in time, it has to increase its speed by 250 km/h from its usual speed. Determine its usual speed.
C-6. For the following equations, find the nature of the roots (real & distinct, real & coincident or imaginary).
(a) x2 – 6x + 10 = 0 (b) x2 –(7 + 3 )x +6(1 + 3)=0 (c) 4x2 + 28x + 49 = 0

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C-7. If , m are real and   m, then show that the roots of ( – m)x2 – 5( + m)x – 2( – m) = 0 are real and
unequal.

C-8. Consider f (x) = x2 + bx + c.


(a) Find c if x = 0 is a root of f (x) = 0.
1
(b) Find c if , are roots of f (x) = 0.

(c) Comment on sign of b & c, if  < 0 <  & |  | > |  |, where ,  are roots of f (x) = 0.

C-9. If x2 + bx + c = 0 & 2x2 + 9x + 10 = 0 have both roots common then find b & c.

C-10. If x2 – 7x + 10 = 0 & x2 – 5x + c = 0 have a common root, find c.

SECTION (D) : RANGE OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS


D-1. Find the minimum value of :
(a) y = x2 + 2x + 2 (b) y = 4x2 – 16x + 15

D-2. For following graphs of y = ax2 + bx + c with a, b, c  R, comment on the sign of :


(i) a (ii) b (iii) c (iv) D (v)  +  (vi) 

(1) (2) (3)

D-3. Given the roots of equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are real & distinct, where a, b, c  R+, then the vertex of
the graph will lie in which quadrant.

8x  4
D-4. Prove that the expression 2
cannot have values between 2 and 4, in its domain.
x  2x  1

x 2  2x  1
D-5. Find the range of , where x is real
x 2  2x  7

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
SECTION (A) : SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC EQUATION
A-1. Find the roots of equation 9x2 – 9 (a + b) x + 2a2 + 5ab + 2b2 = 0
2a  b a  2b 2a  b a  2b a  3b 3a  b
(A) , (B) , (C) , (D) None of these
3 3 9 9 9 9

34
A-2. Find the roots of the following equation (x – 3) (x – 4) =
332
51 82 98 133 122 53 89 67
(A) , (B) , (C) , (D) ,
33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33

x 1 x  2 x  5 x  6
A-3. Solve the equation for x :   
x 2 x 3 x 6 x 7
9 3 7 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
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xa x b a b
A-4. Solve the equation for x :   
xb xa b a
(A) 0, a – b (B) 0, a + b (C) 0 , 1 (D) a + b , 2

A-5. If 2x  9 +x = 13, then x =


(A) 8, 10 (B) 8, 20 (C) 10, 20 (D) 8

A-6. How many values of x are there which satisfy the equation :
x2  x  6 – x + 2 = x 2  7x  10 , x R
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

A-7. Solve for x : 3x + 2 + 3–x = 10


(A) 2, 0 (B) 0, 3 (C) –2, – 1 (D) –2, 0

A-8. How many real solutions are there for equation (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4) = 24
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

x 2  2 x 1 2
A-9. 
If 2  3   (2  3) x
2
 2 x 1

2 3
, then x is equal to :

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) both (A) and (C)


A-10. Find the harmonic mean of the roots of 3  2 x 2  2  3 x  2 2  6  0     
(A) 2 (B) 2 2 (C) 2 (D) 1

1 1 1 3
A-11. Solve the equation for x :   
(x  1)(x  1) (x  2)(x  3) (x  3)(x  4) 40
(A) 9, 4 (B) – 9, – 4 (C) – 4, 9 (D) 4, – 9

SECTION (B) : RELATION BETWEEN ROOTS AND COFFICIENTS


B-1. If ,  are the roots of x2 +ax + 1 = 0 and , are roots of x2 + bx + 1 = 0, find the value of
.
(A) (a + b)2 (B) (a – b)2 (C) (a2 + b2) (D) (a2 – b2)

(   )(  )
B-2. If  be the roots of x2 + px – q = 0 and  be the roots of x2 + px + r = 0 then =
(   )(  )
(A) 1 (B) q (C) r (D) q + r
B-3. Given that ,  are the roots of x + bx + c= 0, find the value of ( + b) + ( + b)–2.
2 –2

b 2  2c b 2  2c b 2  2c
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
c2 c2 c

B-4. If ,  are the roots of x2 + x + 1 = 0 and , are the roots of x2 + 3x + 1 = 0, then


( – ) ( + ) ( + ) ( – ) =
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8

B-5. ,  are the roots of x2 + ax + 1 = 0 and , are roots of x2 + bx + 1 =0. Find the value of
  .
(A) a2 + b2 (B) a2 – b2 (C) a + b (D) b2 – a2

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B-6. If the roots of the equation px2 + qx + r = 0 are in the ratio  : m then :
(A) ( + m)2 pq =  mr2 (B) ( + m)2 pr =  mq
(C) ( + m)2 pr =  mq2 (D) None of these

m n
B-7. If the roots of ax2 + bx + b = 0 are in the ratio m : n, then find the value of  .
n m
b b a a
(A)  (B) (C) (D) –
a a b b
 2  2  1 2  2  1
B-8. If  are the roots of x2 – p(x + 1) – c = 0 then  is equal to
 2  2  c 2  2  c
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) None of these

B-9. If r1 and r2 are the roots of x2 + bx + c = 0 and S0 = r1 0 + r20, S1 = r1 + r2 and , S1 = r12 + r22, then the
value of S2 + bS1 + cS0 is :
(A) depends on b only (B) depends on c only
(C) depends on both b and c. (D) does not dependent on b and c.

B-10. If , ,  are the roots of the equation x3 + a0x2 + a1x + a2 = 0, then (1– 2)(1– 2)(1– 2) is equal to :
(A) (1 – a1)2 + (a0–a2)2 (B) (1 + a1)2 – (a0+ a2)2
(C) (1 + a1)2 + (a0 + a2)2 (D) None of these

B-11. If ,  are the roots of the equation 8x2 – 3x + 27 = 0, then the value of [(2 /)1/3 + (2 /1/3] is :
(A) 1/3 (B) 1/4 (C) 1/5 (D) 1/6

1 1
B-12. If ,  be the roots of the equation x2 – 2x + 3 = 0, then the equation whose roots are 2
and 2 is
 
(A) x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 (B) 9x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 (C) 9x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 2
(D) 9x + 2x – 1 = 0
B-13. Given that ,  are the roots of  x2 + mx + n = 0, find the equation with roots ( – )2 and ( + )2
(A) 4x2 – 2  2 (m2 – 2n )x + m2(m2 + 4n )
(B) 4x2 – 2  2 (m2 – 2n )x + m2(m2 – 4n )
(C)  4x2 + 2 2 (m2 – 2n )x + m2(m2 + 4n )
(D) 4x2 – 2 2 (m2 + 2n )x + m2(m2 + 4n )

B-14. A quadratic equation the product of whose roots x1 and x2 is equal to 4 and satisfying the relation
x1 x
 2 = 2, is
x1  1 x 2  1
(A) x2 – 2x + 4 = 0 (B) x2 – 4x + 4 = 0 (C) x2 + 2x + 4 = 0 (D) x2 + 4x + 4 = 0

SECTION (C) : NATURE OF ROOTS


C-1. The roots of x2 – x + k2 = 0 are not real. Find k.
1 1 1 1 3 1
(A) k < – , k > (B) k > – , k < (C) k < – , k > (D) None of these
2 2 2 2 2 2

C-2. For how many positive integers n between 1 to 100 expression x2 + x – n can be factorize into two
linear factors with integer coefficient -
(A) 7 (B) 8 (C) 9 (D) None of these
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C-3. The roots of a2x2 + abx = b2, a,b  0 are :
(A) equal (B) non real (C) unequal (D) none of these

C-4. The number of integral values of ‘m’ less than 50, so that the roots of the quadratic equation
mx2 + (2m– 1) x + (m – 2) = 0 are rational, are
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) None of these

C-5. If  and  are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then (1 +  + 2)(1 +  + 2) where (a  b  c)
(A) 0 (B) positive (C) negative (D) none of these

C-6. If the roots of the equation (a2 + b2)x2 – 2(ac + bd)x + (c2 + d2) = 0 are equal, then :
a c a b
(A)  (B)  = 0 (C) ab = cd (D) a2 + b2 = c2 + d2
b d c d

C-7. Which of the following quadratic expression can be expressed as a product of real factors ?
(A) x2 – 2x + 3 (B) 3x2 – 2 x + 3 (C) 2x2 + 3x – 4 (D) 2x2 – 5 x + 3

C–8. The quadratic in t, such that A.M. of its roots is A and G.M. is G, is
(A) t2 – 2At + G2 = 0 (B) t2 – 2At – G2 = 0 (C) t2 + 2At + G2 = 0 (D) None of these

C-9. For what values of 'a', the equations 1998x2 + ax + 8991 = 0, and 8991x2 + ax +1998 = 0 have a
common root
(A) ± 10989 (B) ± 1 (C) 0 (D) None of these

C-10. If a(b – c)x2 + b(c – a)x + c(a – b) = 0 has equal roots, find the relation among a, b and c.
(A) A.P. (B) G.P. (C) H.P. (D) None of these

SECTION (D) : MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUE


D-1. Find the maximum value of – 5x2 + 7x – 4. For what value of x expression has this maximum value ?
31 7 31 7 31 7 31 7
(A)  , (B) , (C) , (D)  , 
20 10 20 10 20 10 20 10

x2  x 1
D-2. Given that x is real, find the maximum value of
x2  x 1
1 1
(A) 3 (B) (C) – 3 (D) –
3 3

3
D-3. If the expression ax2 – 6x + 5 has its minimum value at x = , find its minimum value.
2
3 2 1
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D)
2 3 2
D-4. If p and q(  0) are the roots of the equation x + px + q = 0, then the least value of x2 + px + q (x R)
2

is :
1 1 9 9
(A) – (B) (C) (D)
4 4 4 4

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EXERCISE # 2

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. If p and q are the roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0, then :
(A) p = 1 (B) p = 1 or 0 (C) p = –2 (D) p = –2 or 0

a b
2. If the equation  = 1 has roots equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, then the value of
xa xb
a + b is
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) none of these

3. The roots of the quadratic equation (a + b  2c) x2  (2a  b  c) x + (a  2b + c) = 0 are


(A) a + b + c & a  b + c (B) 1/2 & a  2b + c
(C) a  2b + c & 1/(a + b  2c) (D) none of these

4. The least integral value of 'm' for which the expression m x2 – 4 x + 3m + 1 is positive for every x  R
is :
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 2

5. If the quadratic equations, ax2 + 2cx + b = 0 & ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 (b  c) have a common root, then
a + 4b + 4c is equal to :
(A) –2 (B) –2 (C) 0 (D) 1

1
6. If x = , then the value of x will be
1
1
1
x
x  
2 1 3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 2 2 2

7. The solution of the equation 4x + 2x = 6 is/are :


(A) 0, 1 (B) 2, 1 (C) 1, 0 (D) 1

8. The equation x  1  x  1  0 has :


(A) one real solution (B) two real solutions (C) No solution (D) None of these

9. The roots of the equation 3x 1 – 1 = x are :


(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 0, 1 (D) None

10. The roots of the equation x2 + ax – 4 = 0 are, where a  R :


(A) real and distinct (B) equal (C) imaginary (D) real

11. A shopkeeper buys a number of books for Rs. 80. If he had bought 4 more for the same amount, each
book would have cost Rs. 1 less. How many books did he buy ?
(A) 8 (B) 16 (C) 24 (D) 28
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1 / x  1 / y  3 / 2,
12. Solve the system of equations :  2 2
1 / x  1 / y  5 / 4
(A) (1,2) (B) (1,3) (C) (2, 3) (D) (2, 2)

13. If one root of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c= 0 is double the other then which one of the following
is correct :
(A) b2 = 3ac (B) 2b2 = 5ac (C) 2b2 = 9ac (D) 2b2 > 9ac

Comprehension (For Q.No. 14. to 16)


The coordinates of the vertex of the parabola f(x) = 2x2 + px + q are (–3, 1), then
14. The value of p is
(A) 12 (B) –12 (C) 19 (D) –19

15. The value of q is


(A) –19 (B) 19 (C) –12 (D) none of these

16. The parabola


(A) touches the x-axis (B) intersect the x-axis in two real and distinct points
(C) lies completely above the x-axis (D) lies completely below the x-axis
2 2
17. Solution set of the equation 32x  2.3x  x 6
 32(x 6) = 0 is
(A) {–3, 2} (B) {6, –1} (C) {–2, 3} (D) {1, –6}

18. If graph of y = (x – a)(x – b) is b , then graph of y = (x – a) (x – b) – 2 is

(A) (B)

(C) (D) None of these

19. If y = ax2 + bx + c represents the curve given in the figure and b2 = 2(b + 2ac), where a  0 and AP = 3
units, then OP =

(A) 3/2 (B) 3/4 (C) 3 (D) 6

20. If b > 0, b  1, then the equation 2logxb + logbxb + 3 log b 2 x b = 0 has


(A) Exactly one real root (B) Two real roots
(C) No real roots (D) Infinite number of real roots

a
21. If one root of the quadratic equation px2 + qx + r = 0 (p  0) is a surd , where p, q, r, a, b
a  ab
are all rationals then the other root is -
b a(a  b) a  a(a  b) a  a(a  b)
(A) (B) a + (C) (D)
a  ab b b b

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22. ax2 + bx + c = 0 has real and distinct roots a and ( > ). Further a > 0, b < 0 and c < 0, then-
b
(A) 0 <  < | | (B) 0 < |  | <  (C)  +  < 0 (D) |  | + |  | =
a
23. Let p, q  {1, 2, 3, 4}. Then number of equation of the form px2 + qx + 1 = 0, having real roots, is
(A) 15 (B) 9 (C) 7 (D) 8

24. If the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are imaginary then for all values of a, b, c and
xR, the expression a2x2 + abx + ac is -
(A) positive (B) non-negative
(C) negative (D) may be positive, zero or negative

25. If x, y are rational number such that x + y + (x – 2y) 2 = 2x – y + (x – y – 1) 6 , then


(A) x and y con not be determined (B) x = 2,y = l
(C) x = 5, y = 1 (D) none of these

26. The equation whose roots are the squares of the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is -
(A) a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 (B) a2x2 – (b2 – 4ac)x + c2 = 0
2 2 2 2
(C) a x – (b – 2ac)x + c = 0 (D) a2x2 + (b2 – ac)x + c2 = 0

27. If   , 2 =5 – 3, 2 = 5 – 3, then the equation whose roots are / & /, is
(A) x2 + 5x – 3 = 0 (2) 3x2 + 12x + 3 = 0 (C*) 3x2 – 19x + 3 = 0 (D) none of these

28. If x2 -11x + a and x2 – 14x + 2a have a common factor then 'a' is equal to
(A) 24 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 12

29. If the roots of the equation, x3 + Px2 + Qx – 19 = 0 are each one more than the roots of the equation,
x3 – Ax2 + Bx – C = 0, where A, B, C, P & Q are constants then the value of A + B + C =
(A) 18 (B) 19 (C) 20 (D) none
1 1 1 1
30. If , , ,  are roots of x4 – 100x3 + 2x2 + 4x + 10 = 0, then    is equal to -
   
2 1 2
(A) (B) (C) 4 (D) –
5 10 5

31. Number of real solutions of the equation x4 + 8x2 + 16 = 4x2 – 12x + 9 is equal to -
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

32. For every x  R, the polynomial x8 – x5 + x2 – x + 1 is -


(A) positive (B) never positive
(C) positive as well as negative (D) negative

33. The roots of the equation


(p – 2)x2 + 2(p – 2)x + 2 = 0 are not real when-
(A) p  [l, 2] (B) p  [2, 3] (C) p  (2, 4) (D) p  [3, 4]

34. The real roots of the equation x2 + 5| x | + 4 = 0 are-


(A) (–1, –4) (B) (1, 4) (C) (–4, 4) (D) No real root
2 2
 
35. A quadratic equation whose roots are   and   , where ,  , are the roots of x3 + 27 = 0, is:-
 
2 2
(A) x – x + 1 = 0 (B) x + 3x + 9 = 0 (C) x2 + x + 1 = 0 (D) x2 – 3x + 9 = 0

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x2 3
36. The number of real solutions of the equation 5  2 6    (5  2 6) x
2
3
= 10 is –
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) none of these.

37. If roots of the equation 12x2 + mx + 5 = 0 are in 3 : 2 them m =


(A) 5 10 (B) 3 10 (C) 2 10 (D) None of these

38. If a > 0, b > 0 then the roots of the equation a – bx – x2 = 0 are


(A) both positive
(B) both negative
(C) of opposite sign and numerically greater root is positive
(D) of opposite sign and numerically greater root is negative

39. If the quadratic equations 3x2 + ax + 1 = 0 and 2x2 + bx + 1 = 0 have a common root, then the value of
the expression 5ab – 2a2 – 3b2 is-
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) none of these

1 1 1
40. If the roots of the equation   are negatives of each other, then r =
xp xq r
pq pq
(A) p + q (B) p – q (C) (D)
2 2

EXERCISE # 3

IJSO STAGE-I (PREVIOUS YEARS)


Note : More than one correct option may be possible.
1. The quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has real roots a and b. If a, b, are real and of the same sign,
then: [IJSO-2008]
(A) a and b are both positive
(B) a and b are both negative
(C) a and b are of opposite sign
(D) Nothing can be said about the signs of a and b as the information is insufficient.

2. (2x2 + 3x + 5)1/2 + (2x2 + 3x + 20)1/2 = 15, therefore x is : [IJSO-2009]


(A) (–8 / 3) (B) (14/5) (C) (–11/2) (D) 4

3. The sum of all roots of the equations |x – 1|2 – 5| x – 1| + 6 = 0 is : [IJSO-2009]


(A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 6

4. Solve for x, given y = x2 – 1 and x = 2y + 1. [NSTSE 2009]


 1 3   1   3 
(A) x  {0, 1} (B) x   ,  (C) x   , 1 (D) x  0, 
2 4 2   4

5. Find the sum of all values of "x", so that 16


x 2

 3x 1 x 2
 3x  2  [NSTSE 2009]
8 .
(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) – 3 (D) – 5

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1 1
6. If a and b are the roots of x2 + p = 0 where p is a prime, then which equation has the roots & ?
 
[NSTSE 2010]
1 1 1 1
(A)  0 (B) px2 + 1 = 0 (C) px2 – 1 = 0 (D)  0
x2 p x2 p

7. Two students Ragini and Gourav were asked to solve a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0.
1
Ragini made some mistake in writing b and found the roots as 3 and – . Gourav, too made mistake in
2
1
writing 'c' and found the roots – 1and – . The correct roots of the given equation should be :
4
[NSTSE 2010]
3 1 1
(A) – 2, (B) 3, – 1 (C) – , – 1 (D) 3, –
4 2 4

3
8. The product of the roots of the equation 8  x  3 8  x = 1 is : [IJSO-2010]
(A) – 21 (B) – 189 (C) 9 (D) – 5

9. If a, b, g are the roots of the equation (x – 2) (x2 + 6x – 11) = 0, therefore, (a + b + g) equals :


[IJSO-2010]
(A) – 4 (B) 23/6 (C) 13 (D) – 8

10. If one of the roots of the equation x2 – px + q = 0 is m times the other root then m/(1 + m2) is equal to :
[IJSO-2012]
q p q p
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 2
p  2q q  2p q  2p p  2q

74 3
11. If , then x2(x – 14)2 = [NSO]
74 3
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 12 (D) –12

A2 B2
12. The number of real roots of the equation   1 , where A and B are real numbers not equal to
x x 1
zero simultaneously is [NSO]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) Can't say

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Answer Key

EXERCISE # 1

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
5 5 9  77
A-1 x = –(a – b) or x = –(a + b) A-2 x= , A-3 x=–
3 3 2
2a  b a  2b 1
A-4 x = –1 A-5 , . A–6 3, –
3 3 5

1 1
B-1 1,3 B-3. 1, , B-4 –2 < a < 8
2 4
B-5 k = 0 or k = 3.

C-1 6 km/hr. C-2 Smaller tap = 25 hr , larger tap = 15 hrs.


3
C-3 10 x + y = 10 × 2 + 4 = 24. C-4 . C-5 750 km/hr.
4
C-6. (a) imaginary; (b) real & distinct ; (c) real & coincident
9
C-8. (a) c = 0; (b) c = 1; C-9. b = , c = 5; C-10. c = 0, 6
2

D-1. (a) 1, x = –1; (b) –1, x = 2


D-2.
(1) (i) a< 0 (ii) b < 0 (iii) c < 0 (iv) D > 0 (v) + < 0 (vi)  > 0
(2) (i) a< 0 (ii) b > 0 (iii) c = 0 (iv) D > 0 (v) + > 0 (vi)  = 0
(3) (i) a< 0 (ii) b = 0 (iii) c = 0 (iv) D = 0 (v) + = 0 (vi)  = 0
D-3. Third quadrant
D-5. least value = 0, greatest value = 1

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
A-1. (A) A-2. (B) A-3. (A) A-4. (B) A-5. (D)
A-6. (B) A-7. (C) A-8. (A) A-9. (D) A-10. (B)
A-11. (C)

B-1. (B) B-2. (A) B-3. (B) B-4. (D) B-5. (D)
B-6. (C) B-7. (A) B-8. (B) B-9. (D) B-10. (B)
B-11. (B) B-12. (B) B-13. (B) B-14. (A)

C-1. (A) C-2. (C) C-3. (C) C-4. (A) C-5. (B)
C-6. (A) C-7. (C) C–8. (A) C-9. (A) C-10. (C)

D-1. (A) D-2. (A) D-3. (D) D-4. (C)

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EXERCISE # 2

Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. B B D D C D D C C A B A C A B C C A C B
Ques. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. C B C A B C C A A D A A A D C B A D B C

EXERCISE # 3

Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ans. B C,D B C C B A B A A A B

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