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    Formation: The Study of Language George Yule

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    يوسف معد ناجي عباس
    The document discusses various processes of word formation in the English language. It describes 10 main processes: 1) borrowing, 2) compounding, 3) blending, 4) clipping, 5) hypocorisms, 6) backformation, 7) conversion, 8) coinage, 9) acronyms, and 10) derivation. For each process, it provides examples to illustrate how new words are created using that process. The key processes discussed are borrowing words from other languages, joining words to form compounds, clipping words down, and adding affixes to change a word's meaning or class.

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    Formation: The Study of Language George Yule

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    يوسف معد ناجي عباس
    481 views22 pages
    The document discusses various processes of word formation in the English language. It describes 10 main processes: 1) borrowing, 2) compounding, 3) blending, 4) clipping, 5) hypocorisms, 6) backformation, 7) conversion, 8) coinage, 9) acronyms, and 10) derivation. For each process, it provides examples to illustrate how new words are created using that process. The key processes discussed are borrowing words from other languages, joining words to form compounds, clipping words down, and adding affixes to change a word's meaning or class.

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    1Word Formation1

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    The document discusses various processes of word formation in the English language. It describes 10 main processes: 1) borrowing, 2) compounding, 3) blending, 4) clipping, 5) hypocorisms, 6) backformation, 7) conversion, 8) coinage, 9) acronyms, and 10) derivation. For each process, it provides examples to illustrate how new words are created using that process. The key processes discussed are borrowing words from other languages, joining words to form compounds, clipping words down, and adding affixes to change a word's meaning or class.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    481 views22 pages

    Formation: The Study of Language George Yule

    Uploaded by

    يوسف معد ناجي عباس
    The document discusses various processes of word formation in the English language. It describes 10 main processes: 1) borrowing, 2) compounding, 3) blending, 4) clipping, 5) hypocorisms, 6) backformation, 7) conversion, 8) coinage, 9) acronyms, and 10) derivation. For each process, it provides examples to illustrate how new words are created using that process. The key processes discussed are borrowing words from other languages, joining words to form compounds, clipping words down, and adding affixes to change a word's meaning or class.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 22

    Chapter 5

    Word Formation

    The Study of Language


    George Yule

    Words are formed/created by different processes.


    Etymology
    • The study of the origin and history of words.
    Word Formation Processes
    1-Borrowing
    2-Compounding
    3-Blending
    4-Clipping
    5-Hypocorisms
    6-Backformation
    7-Conversion
    8-Coinage
    9-Acronyms
    10-Derivation
    Borrowing
    • It is taking words from other languages.
    Borrowing 1
     Is one of the most common sources of
    new words.
     Examples of English borrowing from
    other languages:
    Piano (Italian)
    Yogurt (Turkish)
    Alcohol (Arabic)
    Croissant (French)
     From English to other languages:
    Suupaamaaketto / sport/ klub/futbal
    Borrowing 2

     Loan-translation (Calque)
    A direct translation of the word into the
    borrowing language.

    Gratte ciel (Fr)/ wolkenkrabber


    Skyscraper
    (Dutch)/ wolkenkratzer (Gr)
    Compounding
    • The joining of two separate words to form a single
    word.
    Blending
    • The combination of two separate forms to produce a single
    new term.

    • Taking the beginning of one word and joining it to the end


    of another.

    • smoke/fog SMOG
    • Binary /digit BIT

    • Teleprinter/exchange TELEX

    • Information/entertainment INFOTAINMENT
    Clipping
    • It occurs when a word of more than one syllable is
    reduced to one word.

     Examples
    ad = advertisment
    plane = aeroplane
    flu = influenza
    math = mathematics
    exam = examination
    Clipping
    Hypocorisms

    A word reduced to a single syllable, y or ie-is


    added to the end
    telly (television)
    movie (moving pictures)
    bookie (book maker)

    Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen


    Clipping
    Backformation

    Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen


    Clipping
    Backformation
    • A specialized type of reduction
    • A word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to
    form a word of another type (usually a verb)

    Donation Donate

    Backformation Backform

    Babysitter Babysit

    Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen


    Conversion
    • A change in the function of a word without any
    reduction.

    Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen


    Verbs as nouns:
    a must/ a guess/ a spy
    Phrasal verbs as nouns:
    A print out/ a take over

    Verbs as adjectives:
    See-through material/ a stand-up comedian
    Adjectives as verbs:
    to dirty/ to empty

    Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen


    Prepositions as verbs:

    1-Compound Noun to Verb


    Microwave (v.) - Shall I microwave something for dinner?
    2-Up/down to Verb :
    -They’re going to up the price of oil.
    - We downed the prices.
    3-Noun to Verb:
    (It has a negative meaning and is not usually associated with the
    infinitive).

    - Doctor (v.) - The picture is doctored. / The evidence was doctored.

    Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen


    Coinage

    Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen


    Coinage 1
    • The invention of totally new terms for
    Commercial products that become
    general terms.

    • Older examples: aspirin, nylon, Vaseline

    • Newer examples: Kleenex, Xerox, Google


    Coinage 2
    Eponyms
    • New words based on the names of persons or places
    Acronyms
    • New words formed from the initial letters of a set of
    other words.
    Derivation
    • By adding affixes
    Derivation
    • The most common word-formation
    process.
    • Linking affixes to words
    • Affixes are prefixes & suffixes &
    infixes.

    • Prefixes: beginning of words & change the meaning


    (un+happy=unhappy).

    • Suffixes: end of words & change the word class


    (happy+ly=happily).

    Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen


    • Words with infixes:

    Mouse / mice - Foot / feet - mother-in-law /


    mothers-in-law

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