Заняття 3. THE PRESENT PERFECT When the completion of the action is emphasized, the Present Perfect is used.

§ 17. The formation of the Present Perfect. He will know the poem by heart when he has heard it twice.
1. The Present Perfect is formed by means of the Present Indefinite of the auxiliary 3. The Present Perfect denotes an action which began in the past, has been going on
verb to have and Participle II of the notional verb. up to the present and is still going on. In this case either the starting point of the action is
2. In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject. indicated or the whole period of duration. The preposition for is used to denote the whole
In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb. period of duration. Since is used to indicate the starting point of the action. If the
Affirmative Interrogative Negative conjunction since introduces a clause, the verb in this clause is in the Past Indefinite.
I have worked Have I worked? I have not worked I have known you now for something like fourteen years. We have been engaged
He has worked Has he worked? He has not worked these four years. Where have you been since last Thursday?
She has. Worked Has she worked? She has not worked This use of the Present Perfect is called the Present Perfect Inclusive.
We have worked Have we worked? We have not worked The Present Perfect Inclusive is used:
You have worked Have you worked? You have not (a) with verbs not admitting of the Continuous form.
They have worked Have they worked? worked “There is nothing to be done. She’s dead — has been dead for hours,” said the
They have not doctor.
worked (b) in negative sentences. (In this case the Present Perfect Continuous is not
3. The contracted affirmative forms are: impossible. See § 28.)
I’ve worked. He’s worked. You’ve worked I have not slept since that night.
The contracted negative forms are: (c) with non-terminative verbs such as to live, to work, to study, to teach, to travel
I haven’t worked. He hasn’t worked. You haven’t worked etc. (In this case the Present Perfect Continuous is possible. See § 28.)
4. The negative-interrogative forms are: I have worked upon the problem for a long time without reaching any conclusion.
Has she not worked? Hasn’t she worked? Have you not worked? Haven’t you (Shaw)
worked? The Present Perfect in this case is translated into Ukrainian by the present or
§ 18. The use of the Present Perfect. sometimes by the past imperfective.
1. The Present Perfect denotes a completed action connected with the present. I have known him for many years. – Я знаю його багато років.
Stop that car! They have killed a child. I have always been fond of music. – Я завжди любив музику.
The Present Perfect is frequently used with the adverbs just, yet, already and of late. N o t e. — In the following cases the Present Perfect is not used:
I suppose, has not returned from town yet! I have just written to him. He has done a 1. What did you say? – Що ви сказали?
great deal of work of late. 2. I did not hear your question. – Я не почув вашого питання.
The Present Perfect can be rendered in Ukrainian by the past perfective or 3. Where did you buy the book? – Де ви купили книжку?
imperfective. 4. Now I understand. – Тепер я зрозумів.
How many pages have you translated for today? Have you ever translated technical 5. I hear that Mary is in Kyiv (to hear is not a verb of sense perception here, it means
articles? ‘the rumour reached me’). – Я чув, що Мері в Києві.
2. The Present Perfect is used in adverbial clauses of time after the conjunctions 6. I am told that Mary is in Kyiv. – Мені сказали, що Мері в Києві.
when, till, until, before, after, as soon as to denote an action completed before a definite 7. I forget where he lives. – Я забув, де він живе.
moment in the future. 8. I forget the title of the book (a certain fact). – Я забув назву книжки.
Don’t buy any more meat tomorrow until you have spoken to the mistress about it. C o m p a r e: I have forgotten to ring her up (a certain action).
(Bennett) The Present Perfect
I am not going till you have answered me. – recently completed actions: She has tidied her room. (She has finished tidying her
N o t e.— Verbs of sense perception and motion such as to hear, to see, to come, to room. You can see it is tidy now. - evidence in the present)
arrive, to return in adverbial clauses of time are generally used in the Present Indefinite – actions which happened at an unstated past time and are connected with the
and not in the Present Perfect. present: He has lost his keys. (He is still looking for them.)
I am sure he will recognize the poem when he hears the first line. – personal experiences/changes which have happened: I've lost 10 kilos.
We’ll ask Mr. Franklin, my dear, if you can wait till Mr. Franklin comes. – emphasis on number: She's written three letters since this morning. She has called
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on two clients since 12 o'clock. 8. 'Where are you going/do you go?' To the cinema. Would you like to come with
Time expressions used with: me?'
Present Simple: every day / week / month / year, usually, often, always, rarely, 9. Sophie is very clever. She is speaking/speaks seven different languages.
never, sometimes, in the morning/evening/afternoon, at night, on Mondays etc. 10. We are moving/have moved house tomorrow. Everything is packed.
Present Cont.: now, at the moment, at present, nowadays, today, tonight, always,
still etc. Exercise 3. Underline the correct word in bold.
Present Perfect: just, ever, never, already, yet (negations & questions), always, how 1 I always/already do the housework on Saturdays.
long, so far, recently, since (= from a starting point in the past), for (= over a period of 2 We haven't booked our summer holiday just/yet.
time), today, this week / month etc. 3 My brother has just/ever joined the football club.
Exercises 4 Linda has already/ever bought a new dress for the party.
Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect tense, and fill the 5 Have you so far/ever tasted Japanese food?
spaces by repeating the auxiliary. 6 Joe has been in Paris since/for two weeks.
You (wash) the plates? ~ Yes, I... 7 I have never/just seen this film before.
Have you washed the plates? ~ Yes, I have. 8 The secretary has typed twenty letters yet/so far this morning.
You (see) him lately? ~ No, I... 9 I have been working here since/still July.
Have you seen him lately?~ No, I haven't. 10 The Taylors have moved house recently/so far.
1 Where you (be)? ~ I (be) to the dentist. 11 They still/already haven't employed a new supervisor.
2 You (have) breakfast? ~ Yes, I ...
3 The post (come)? ~ Yes, it . . . Exercise 4. Fill in the gaps with have / has been (to) or have / has gone (to).
4 You (see) my watch anywhere? ~ No, I'm afraid I . . . 1 A: Hello, Jim! Have you seen Mum?
5 Someone (wind) the clock? ~ Yes, Tom . . . B: Yes. She …….... the shops. She'll be back soon.
6 I (not finish) my letter yet. 2 A: Where................you................today?
7 He just (go) out. B: I................the cinema.
8 Someone (take) my bicycle. 3 A: Shall we go on a picnic this weekend?
9 The phone (stop) ringing. B: Oh, yes! I ............ not.........on a picnic for ages.
10 You (hear) from her lately? - No, 1... 4 A: I'm going to India this year.
11 I just (wash) that floor. B: I..........never.........India.
12 The cat (steal) the fish. A: Really? I............there twice before.
13 You (explain) the exercise? ~ Yes, 1... 5 A: Where are the children?
14 There aren't any buses because the drivers (go) on strike. B: They...........the park to play football.
15 You (have) enough to eat? ~ Yes, I (have) plenty, thank you. A: .........Dad........with them?
B: Of course. Don't worry!
Exercise 2. Underline the correct tense.
1. Liz and I are good friends. We know/have known each other for four years. Exercise 5. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
2. 'Where is John?' 'He's upstairs. He does/is doing his homework.' 1. A: What ....................... (you/do)?
3. I can't go to the party on Saturday. I am leaving/ have been leaving for Spain on B: Nothing. I .........................(just/finish) my lunch.
Friday night. 2. A: Where.............................(you/be) all morning?
4. Jane has finished/is finishing cleaning her room, and now she is going out with B: I .......................(clean) my house since 8 o'clock.
her friends. 3. A: .......................(you/do) anything next weekend?
5. I didn't recognize Tom. He looks/is looking so different in a suit. B: No, I .......................(not/make) any plans yet.
6. I don't need to wash my car. Jim washes/has washed it for me already. 4. A: Jane looks great.......................(she/lose) weight?
7. Claire's train arrives/has arrived at 3 o'clock. I must go and meet her at the station. B: Yes, she .....................(exercise) a lot recently.
5. A: ....................(be/you) busy right now?
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 B: Yes, I ...................(just/start) typing this report. visited me ... quite a long time. 9. Nothing special has happened ... yesterday. 10.I have
6. A: Where is Peter? passed all my exams ... the last six days. 11. They have been up ... early morning. 12.
B: He ....................(wash) the car at the moment. Margie has been unwell ... she came back from the North. 13. Nick has had a beard ... he
7. A: Who .........................(be) your favourite actor? was forty. 14. Mr. Stone has been our family doctor ... ages.
B: I ......................(like) Sean Connery since I was a child.
8. A: .................(you/do) your homework yet? Exercise 10. Change the sentences using the Present Perfect. Translate the
B: Almost; I ....................(do) it now. sentences into Ukrainian.
1. She is watering the flowers. 2. He is taking his examination. 3. Beth is opening the
Exercise 6. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. window. 4. I am dusting the furniture. 5. John is washing his car. 6. The teacher is
1. 'What.............................(you/do)?' – 'I ........................ (write) a letter.' 2. explaining the rule. 7. Mary is reading a letter. 8. We are having dinner. 9. I am cleaning
Samantha........................(play) tennis with friends every weekend. 3. Tim and my teeth. 10. Jane is translating the article. 11. Little Frank is breaking his toy. 12. He is
Matilda ........................... (be) married since 1991. 4. Uncle Bill ........................... having breakfast. 13. Nick is drawing a picture. 14. My daughter is having lunch. 15. He
(just/decorate) the bathroom. 5. Pauline and Tom...................... (sing) in the school choir is putting on his coat.
twice a week. 6. Sarah is very happy. She ...................(win) a poetry competition. 7.
He.........................(drink) two cups of coffee this morning. 8. My friend .................... Exercise 11. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect or Present
(live) in America at the moment. 9. They.................. (usually/change) jobs every five Continuous.
years. 10. I......................(normally/cut) my hair myself. 11. We...................... (play) in a 1. She (to have dinner) now. 2. She just (to have) dinner. 3. They (to talk) now? 4.
concert next weekend. 12. Tim.....................(leave) the house at 7 o'clock every morning. They already (to talk) about it? 5. He (to have) his English lesson today. 6. He (to have)
13. .......................(your mother/work) in a bank? 14. ......................(you/drink) coffee his English lesson at the moment. 7. What she (to do) now? 8. What she (to do) this
with your breakfast every day? 15. We ...................... (make) plans for our summer week? 9. Beth (to translate) the article now? 10. Who already (to translate) the article?
holidays right now. 16. They.............................(move) house in September. 11. Our teacher (to explain) a new rule now. 12. Your teacher (to explain) you this rule
today? 13. She already (to find) her key? 14. He already (to have) his dinner?
Exercise 7. Add a sentence. Use the Present Perfect.
I'm tired. (I / walk/ miles) I've walked miles. Exercise 12. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect. Pay attention to
1 Emma's computer is working now. (she / repair / it) 2 It's cooler in here now. (I / for and since.
open / the window) 3 The visitors are here at last. (they / arrive) 4 Mark's car isn't 1. I (to live) hear (for/since) 1999. 2. He (to work) there (for/since) May. 3. They (to
blocking us in now. (he / move /it) 5 We haven't got any new videos, (we / watch / all be) friends (for/since) they started college. 4. We (to know) him (for/since) three years.
these) 5. They (to live) in our house (for/since) two years. 6. She (to be) ill (for/since) Friday. 7.
I (not to be) in London (for/since) I (to be) a child. 8.I (to leave) Kyiv last year and I
Exercise 8. Complete the conversation. Put in gone or been. (not to see) him (for/since 9. He (to study) French (for/since) ten years. 10. My mother
Emma: Hi. Where's Rachel? (to work) in the factory (for/since) some years. 11. They (to leave) in Brazil (for/since)
Vicky: She's …......to the supermarket to get something for a meal. 1960. 12. I (not to see) him (for/since) this Tuesday. 13. He (to be) in prison now
Emma: But I've got some chicken for tonight. I've just (1)................supermarket on (for/since) five years. 14. She (not to hear) about them (for/since) almost a year. 15. I (to
my way home, that new place near the station. know) nothing about him (for/since) several month.
Natasha: I haven't (2)..................to that one yet.
Vicky: Where's Jessica? Isn't she here? Exercise 13. Translate the sentences into English using the Present Perfect.
Emma: No, she's (3)...................to London. She'll be back tomorrow. 1. Вона вже прокинулась. 2. Ти вже пообідав. 3. Мати ще не прийшла додому.
4. Чому ти не зробив уроки? 5. М и ніколи не були в цьому місті. 6. Ти коли-
Exercise 9. Fill in the gaps with since or for небудь бачив цей фільм? 7. М і й товариш ще не повернувся з роботи. 8. Діти вже
1. I haven't met my classmates ... five years. 2. Grandma has had a headache ... the поснідали? 9. Батько щойно прийшов додому. 10. Чому ти ще не прибрала в
weather changed. 3. They have been in this business ... twenty years. 4. It hasn't rained ... кімнаті? 11. Хто зламав мою ручку? 12. Чому вона ще не вечеряла? 13. Учні вже
a month. 5. Andrew has been very busy ... the conference began. 6. We've had the same прочитали цей текст? 14. Він ніколи не говорив правди. 16. Мій брат тільки що
director ... twelve years. 7. He hasn't spoken ... his dog died. 8. My relatives haven't пішов до школи.
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