GE1804

Name: Rose Camil Aguila Section: BSBA 2.1

Date: 11/08/21 Score:

Directions: Provide the required information in the given bullets. (100 points)

The Cavite Mutiny

I. Brief Overview
a. What is the Cavite Mutiny?

The Cavite Mutiny is an event in Philippine history where Filipinos thought that it will cause Philippine
Revolution. Filipino troops began to rise for the sake of their fellow citizens against the Spanish but it did not
work well. A troop of 200 Filipinos were locally recruited believing that it will cause national uprising.

b. What are the general events that led to the martyrdom of the GomBurZa?

First event: The Spanish rulers despised Gomburza for pushing for equal rights among priests and led the
movement against the Spanish friars. They battled over concerns of secularization in the Philippines, which
resulted in a clash between religious and church seculars.

Second event: Many late-nineteenth-century Filipinos were deeply affected by their execution; José Rizal,
eventually to become the country's national hero, dedicated his masterpiece El filibusterismo to their
memory. Their sad conclusion ushered in the emergence of Philippine nationalism in the nineteenth century,
which was fueled by Dr. Jose P. Rizal's dedication of his second novel, El Filibusterismo, which denounced
Spanish tyranny and the privileged Filipinos.

Last event: A Spanish historian called Jose Montero y Vidal reported the execution in his book Historia
General de Filipinas, which focuses on a Spaniard's account of the Cavite Mutiny. The inclusion of
prejudiced story-telling about the circumstances for Gomburza's death afterwards drew great condemnation.

II. People Involved

a. Who was Fernando La Madrid?
Ferdinand La Madrid was a mestizo sergeant who led the mutiny because Spanish authorities subjected
his Engineering and Artillery Corps colleagues to personal taxes from which they had previously been
excused. The levies compelled people to pay a monetary payment as well as do "polo y servicio," or
forced labor.

b. Who was Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera?

He was the one who proposed the building of the country's first government medical school. He co-
founded the Philippine Pharmaceutical-Medical School, of which he was the first president, alongside
other doctors in 1905. Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera was a relentless researcher with an insatiable
intellectual curiosity. This prompted him to write extensively on a wide range of subjects, including
medicine, health, linguistics, literature, philology, history, geography, anthropology, politics, government,
economy, agriculture, society, industry, trade, religion, customs, travel, emigration, and others.

c. Who was Jose Montero y Vidal?

To begin, Jose Montero y Vidal was born in Cadiz, Spain, and was a writer who specialized in reporting
key events in the Philippine Islands by the final quarter of the nineteenth century, according to
Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europea-Anericana, Vol 36, as quoted by Juan (2010). As a writer,
Montero contributed to the Real Academia de la Historica and wrote three volumes of his book, Historia
General Filipinas desde el Descubrimiento de DichasIsles hasta Nuestors Dias, which included his first-
hand account of the Cavity Mutiny (published on Vol 3) and were published in 1887, 1894, and 1895,
respectively.

d. Who was Carlos Maria de la Torre y Navacerrada?

Carlos Mara de la Torre y Navacerrada was a Spanish soldier and politician. He served as Governor-
General of the Philippines from 1869 to 1871 and is regarded as the most popular of the Spanish
Governors-General ever deployed to the Philippines. He was a Carlist army commander dispatched
from Spain by Francisco Serrano following the overthrow of Queen Isabel II as a result of the La
Gloriosa revolt. He was seen as a liberal Spaniard who used liberal and democratic ideas to impose
liberal laws.
 GE1804

e. Who was Rafael Geronimo Cayetano Izquierdo y Gutierrez?

Rafael Gerónimo Cayetano Izquierdo y Gutiérrez was a politician and statesman from Spain. From 4
April 1871 until 8 January 1873, he was Governor-General of the Philippines. He was well-known for his
usage of "Iron Fist" rule, in contrast to his predecessor, Carlos Mara de la Torre y Navacerrada's liberal
government. During the 1872 Cavite insurrection, he was the Governor-General, and 41 of the
mutineers, including the Gomburza martyrs, were executed. From March to April 1862, Izquierdo also
served as Governor-General of Puerto Rico.

f. Who was Fr. Mariano Gomez?

Mariano Gómes de los ngeles (Spanish: [majano omes]), also known by his real birth name Mariano
Gómez de los ngeles, was a Filipino Catholic priest wrongfully convicted of mutiny by Spanish colonial
authorities in the Philippines in the nineteenth century. He was put through a fake trial before being
ruthlessly killed in Manila alongside two other pastors known as the Gomburza. Gómez was the priests'
leader, and he dedicated his life writing about atrocities against Filipino priests.

g. Who was Fr. Jose Burgos?

José Apolonio Burgos y Garca was a Filipino Catholic priest who was charged with mutiny by Spanish
colonial authorities in the Philippines in the nineteenth century. He was convicted and hanged in Manila
alongside two other pastors, Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora, known as the Gomburza. Burgos'
nationalist beliefs, enshrined in editorial pieces advocating for political and ecclesiastical reforms in
favor of empowering more indigenous pastors, made him a target of civil authorities.

h. Who was Fr. Jacinto Zamora?

Father Zamora, who had aspired to be a priest since boyhood, launched a crusade against abusive
Spanish friars and pushed for equal rights for priests. When he was transported to Manila, he observed
the Spanish friars' harsh treatment of the Filipino priests. He felt so sorry for them that he determined to
fight for their rights. Notably, the Gomburza spearheaded the struggle against abusive friars and
advocated for priests' equal rights.

i. Who was Francisco Zaldua?

Colombian president Francisco Javier Zalda (born 3 December 1821; died 21 December 1882).
Francisco Javier Zalda, who was born in Bogotá, was a famous professor of law and an active member
of the Liberal Party. He was a regular member of Congress and other offices, and he presided over
Ronegro's constituent assembly in 1863.

III. Evidence Submitted

a. What evidence did the Filipino side submit to the Court?
The Filipino account of the deadly episode in Cavite was written by Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de
Tavera, a Filipino academic and researcher. According to him, the episode was only a mutiny by local
Filipino troops and employees at the Cavite arsenal who were disgruntled with the loss of their
privileges. Tavera indirectly blamed Gov. Izquierdo's cold-blooded policies, such as the abolition of
privileges for workers and native army members of the arsenal, and the prohibition on the establishment
of schools of arts and trades for Filipinos, which the general saw as a cover-up for the formation of a
political club.

b. What were the pieces of evidence presented by the prosecution (Spanish friars)?
Fearing that their power in the Philippines would dwindle, the friars exploited the episode and portrayed
it to the Spanish government as a huge plot planned across the archipelago with the goal of
overthrowing Spanish authority. Sadly, Tavera acknowledged that the Madrid administration came to
think that the program was accurate without making any attempt to check the true facts or the scope of
the purported "revolution" reported by Izquierdo and the friars.
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GE1804

c. How did the Governor-General interpret the event?

Considering the four accounts of the 1872 Mutiny, some basic facts remained consistent: first, there
was dissatisfaction among the workers of the arsenal as well as the members of the native army after
their privileges were withdrawn by Gen. Izquierdo; second, Gen. Izquierdo introduced rigid and strict
policies that caused the Filipinos to flee and turn away from the Spanish government out of disgust; and
third, the Central Government failed to conduct an investiture.

IV. Aftermath
a. What happened after the event?
There are several stories of the incident, but one thing is certain: the 1872 Cavite Mutiny laid the stage
for a historic 1898. The path to liberty was rocky and difficult to travel; many patriots, both named and
anonymous, lost their blood to obtain reforms and independence. The 12th of June, 1898, was a
beautiful moment for us, but we must not forget that before we got over to triumph, our predecessors
endured a great deal of suffering. As we celebrate our liberties, may we be more historically conscious
of our history in order to have a better future ahead of us. And, as Elias remarked in Noli me Tangere,
let us "not forget those who fallen during the night."

b. How did Rizal use this event in writing his novel?

Jose Rizal dedicated his work "El Filibusterismo" to the three priests, Mariano Gomez, 85, Jose Burgos,
30, and Jacinto Zamora, 35, who were killed on February 17, 1872, in Bagumbayan Field. The death of
three Filipino priests, one of them an octogenarian, for something no one thought they had anything to
do with in the first place sparked a tide of compassion for the martyrs and revulsion against the foreign
overlords who could bring the ax down on the innocent's necks.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Izquierdo_y_Guti%C3%A9rrez
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/485/today-in-philippine-history-august-14-1835-jacinto-zamora-was-
born-in-pandacan-manila
https://nhcp.gov.ph/the-two-faces-of-the-1872-cavite-mutiny/
http://www.stuartxchange.org/CaviteMutiny.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_la_Torre_y_Navacerrada