Estimating and Costing

Estimating and costing
Dr. A. K.Vinodia
SPA Bhopal
Dr. A. K. Vinodia SPA Bhopal 1

DEFINITION OF ESTIMATING AND COSTING
Estimating is the technique of calculating or Computing the
various quantities and the expected Expenditure to be
incurred on a particular work or project.
Estimation is the scientific way of working out the
approximate cost of an engineering project before
execution of the work
An estimate of the cost of a construction job is the
probable cost of that job as computed from plans and
specifications.
• It is totally different from calculation of the exact cost after
completion of the project.
• Estimation requires a thorough Knowledge of the construction
procedures and cost of materials & labour in addition to the skill ,
experience, foresight and good judgment.
• For a good estimate the, actual cost of the proposed work after
completion should not differ by more then 5 to 10 % from its
approximate cost estimate, provided there are no unusual, unforeseen
circumstances.
NEED FOR ESTIMATION AND COSTING
1. To check feasibility of the project, whether the project
could be taken up with in the funds available or not.
It help to work out the approximate cost of the project in order to decide its
feasibility with respect to the cost and to ensure the financial resources,
it the proposal is approved.
2. To assess time required for the completion of the work.
From quantities of different items of work calculated in detailed
estimation, resources are allocated to different activities of the
project and ultimately their durations and whole planning and
scheduling of the project is carried out.
3. To invite the tenders and Quotations for work
It is used for framing the tenders for the works and to check contractor’s
work during and after the its execution for the purpose of making
payments to the contractor.
4. To control the expenditure during the execution of work.
Requirements of controlled materials, such as cement and steel can
be estimated for making applications to the controlling
authorities.
Data Requirement for estimation
Following requirement are necessary for preparing an
estimate
1. Drawings like plan, elevation and sections
2. Detailed specifications
3. Standard schedule of rates of the current year.
SPECIFICATIONS
1. General Specifications:
This gives the nature, quality, class and work and materials in general
terms to be used in various parts of wok. It helps to form a general
idea of building.
2. Detailed Specifications:
These gives the detailed description of the various items of work laying
down the Quantities and qualities of materials, their proportions, the
method of preparation workmanship and execution of work.

Data Requirement for estimation
Schedule of Rates
1. CSR:
Known as Current schedule of rates, a document contains operational
cost of Items of works prepared by the local authorities involved in
construction activities. SOR (PWD), SOR (RES), SOR (DA or HB)
2. DSR:
Known as Delhi schedule of rates, a document contains operational
cost of Items of works prepared by the Ministry of urban development
and applicable for all central funded projects mainly through CPWD.
Other national agencies such as NBCC, BSNL, BHEL, DRDO etc. also
prepare SOR for their own projects.
These agencies also produce yearly Cost Index for escalation in the prices
of associated goods and transportation.

Factors affecting overall cost
1.Types of project
Each type of work requires a different method of construction. Construction may
be of an ordinary house or office and it may also be of a Dam, Tunnel, Multistory
building, Airport, Bridge, or a Road, already in operation. Each of these works
requires totally different construction techniques, type of machinery, and
formwork.
2.Type of labour force used
Quality of labour and labour output varies in different localities.
3. Weather conditions
Weather conditions greatly affect the output and, hence, the overall cost.
4. Site conditions
• Ground conditions vary and change the method of construction. For example,
excavation may be dry, wet, hard, soft, shallow or deep requiring different
efforts.
• The work may be in open ground such as fields or it may be in congested
areas such as near or on the public roads, necessitating extensive watching,
lightening, and controlling efforts, etc.
• Access to the site must be reasonable. If the access is poor, temporary roads
may be constructed.

Factors affecting overall cost
5. Availability of machineries
The availability of construction machinery also affects the method of
construction.
6. Availability of material
The source of availability of a sufficient supply of materials of good quality is also a
factor.
ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF A GOOD ESTIMATOR

• In preparing an estimate, the Estimator must have good knowledge
regarding the important rules of quantity surveying.
• He must thoroughly understand the drawings of the structure, for

which he is going to prepare an estimate.
• He must also be clearly informed about the specifications showing

nature and classes of works and the materials to be used because the
rates at which various types of works can be executed depend upon
its specifications.

OTHER QUALITIES OF A GOOD ESTIMATOR
1. Knowledge of the details of construction work.
2. Experience in construction work.
3. Having information regarding the materials required,
machinery needed, overhead problems, and costs of all
kinds.
4. Good judgment with regard to different localities,
different jobs and different workmen.
5. Selection of a good method for preparing an estimate.
6. Ability to be careful, thorough, hard working and
accurate.
7. Ability to collect, classify and evaluate data relating to
estimation.
8. Ability to visualize all the steps during the process of
construction.

Pre requisites information for estimation
Before preparing the estimate, the estimator should visit the
site and make a study of conditions. The estimator or his
representative should visit the site and observe the
following:
1. Note the location of the proposed building.
2. Get data available regarding the soil conditions.
3. Make a sketch of the site showing all important details.
4. Obtain information concerning light, power, and water.
5. Secure information concerning financial availability
6. Note conditions of streets leading to railway yards and
to material dealers, and
7. Investigate general efficiency of local workman.

Types of estimates
The estimates may be divided in to the following categories:-

(1) Preliminary or Approximate estimate.
(2) Rough cost estimate based on plinth area.
(3) Rough cost estimate based on cubic contents.
(4) Approximate quantity estimates
(5) Detailed item rate estimate.
(6) Revised estimate
(7) Supplementary estimate.
(8) Supplementary & Revised estimate
(9) Annual repair and maintenance estimate
Types of estimates
(1) Preliminary or Approximate estimate.
a. This estimate is prepared to decide financial aspect, policy and to give
idea of the cost of the proposal to the competent sanctioning authority.
b. It should clearly show the necessity of the proposal and how the cost
has been arrived at
c. The calculations for approximate estimate can be done with the data
from a similar construction already complete in the nearby area
executed by the department.
d. To find rough cost of any project, this worked average unit cost is
multiplied with total quantity of the present work in the same units.
e. For example: To calculate approximate estimate for a Hospital, per bed cost is
calculated from the recent completed hospital and is multiplied with the number
of beds required. Similarly for a house, per square metre plinth area is calculated
and is multiplied with the proposed covered area. The specifications should also
be same. For a road, expenditure of per km length is taken, width also plays the
role.
f. The estimate should show separate cost of various items such as; Land, Building
cost, Roads and cost incurred in services.
g. 100 Bedded hostel constructed in 10 lacs thus,Dr.per bed cost Rs. 10,000
A. K. Vinodia SPA Bhopal 11
Types of estimates
(2) Rough cost estimate based on plinth area.
Plinth area of a building means Length x Breadth ( roofed portion only )
excluding plinth offsets. The estimates are prepared on the basis of plinth
areas of the various buildings proposed to be constructed. The rates are
being arrived at the dividing the total cost of construction with its plinth
area.
For example, if total cost of a building is Rs. 2 lac and its plinth area is 50
sq. m. then plinth area rate =2,00,000/50 = Rs. 4000/- per Sq. m.
Using this rate as basis of the construction, approximate or rough cost of
the proposal can be arrived at by multiplying the plinth area of the
proposed building with this plinth area rate.
For more than I stories, separate estimate for upper stories should be
made
Organizations like CPWD, PWD, NBCC etc. used to issue plinth area rate
schedule based on their project costs.
If drawings are not prepared then plinth areas can be determined by spaces
requirements + 30-40% additional areas (under walls) to know required
plinth area. Dr. A. K. Vinodia SPA Bhopal 12
Rough cost estimate based on plinth area: Example-1
Prepare a Rough-cost Estimate of a residential building project
with a total plinth area of all building of 1500 sq.m. given that:
Plinth Area Rate = Rs: 950.00 / sq. ft.

Extra for special architectural treatment = 1.5 % of the building cost.
Extra for water supply and sanitary installations = 5 % of building cost.
Extra for internal installations = 14 % of the building cost
Extra for Electric & Sui gas services = 16 % of building cost
Contingencies = 3 % overall
Supervision charges = 8 % overall
Design charges = 2 % overall

Prepare a Rough-cost Estimate based on unit costs of per unit plinth area
basis of a four storied office building having a carpet area of 2000 sq.m. for
obtaining the administrative approval of the Government.
It may be assumed that 30 % of the built up area will be taken by the
corridors, verandas, lavatories, staircase, etc. and 10 % of built up area will
be occupied by walls. The following data is given:
Plinth Area Rate = Rs: 1100.00 / sq. ft.

Extra for special architectural treatment = 0.5 % of the building cost.
Extra for water supply and sanitary installations = 6 % of the building
cost.
Extra for internal installations = 14 % of the building cost
Extra for electric services = 12.5 % of building cost
Extra for sui gas services = 6 % of building cost
Extra due to deep foundations at site = 1.0 % of building cost
Contingencies = 2.5 % overall
Supervision charges = 8 % overall
Design charges = 2.5 % overall
Calculate the total rough cost estimate and cost per Flat for a multi-storey
(4-storeyed) block consisting of 40 residential flats. Other details are given
in the table:
Sr. No PORTION AREA UNIT COST (Rs./sq.ft.)
(sq. ft)
Building Sanitary Electric Other
Works Works Services Services
1 Main Flat Area
(i) Ground Floor 20030 1800 130 100 60

(ii) Ist Floor 20030 1500 130 100 60
(iii) 2nd Floor 20030 1650 130 100 60
(iv) 3rd Floor 20030 1800 130 100 60
2 Park Area at G. Floor 75,800 800 -------- 40 -------
3 Circulation Area in all 4 1936 1050 -------- 70 -------
floors
4 Covered Shopping Area 920 950 -------- 70 -------
at G. Floor
5 Attached Servant 2112 1150 55 70 40
Quarters

Rough cost estimate based on plinth area: Example
Add the following costs as Lump Sum :
1- Road and Walkways =15,00,000/-
2- Land Scapping = 12,00,000/-
3- External Sewerage = 7,00,000/-
4- External Water Supply, Overhead and
Underground Water Tanks with pumping machinery
for each set of Flats = 19,00,000/-
5- External Electricity = 3,00,000/-
6- Boundary Wall = 6,00,000/-
7- Miscellaneous unforeseen items = 8,00,000/-
8- Add 6 % development charges.
9- Add 3 % consultancy charges

Types of estimates
(3) Rough cost estimate based on Cubic Contents
The cubic contents of a building means plinth area x height of the building.
The height is taken from top of floor level to top of roof.
The cubic contents of the proposed building are multiplied with cubic rates
arrived at for the similar construction i.e. total cost of construction divided
by cubic contents = cost per cubic metre.
(4) Approximate quantity method

The estimate is based on total running length of the edges multiply by cost
per running length.
Estimate is usually divided into two; (1) Foundation to plinth (2) Super-
structure work
Approx. running length of excavation, foundation, PCC and DPC etc.
calculated for sub-structure.
Similarly, approx. length of brickwork, wood work, beams, slab, parapet etc.
are calculated.
It requires building plans for calculation of length.
Types of estimates
(5) Detailed cost estimate
• The whole project is sub-divided into different items of work or
activities.
• Each of these further divided in to sub-heads and quantities of various
items are calculated individually from the drawings as accurately as
possible. The procedure is known as "taking out of quantities".
• The quantity of each item of works calculated in a tabular form called
Details of measurement form
• The unit, in which each item of the wok is to be calculated, should be
according to the prevailing practice as followed in various departments
of the country.
Details of measurement form
Description Nos Measurements Quantity Total Remarks
Sr. of item Quantity
Length Breadth Height
No

Types of estimates: Detailed cost estimate
• In the end of the detailed quantities, an abstract of cost giving quantities
of each item and rate of every item according to the sanctioned
schedule of rates shall be attached. Called as Abstract of cost estimates
Abstract of cost estimates
Sr. No. Description of Item Unit Quantity Rate Cost Amount
• Detailed estimate comprises of following:

• Report- Description of project
• General specifications
• Detailed technical specifications
• Building drawing; Plans, elevations, sections, views, structural drawings
• In case of non-schedule rates i.e. rates which are not given in the sanctioned
schedule of rates, proper analysis of rates shall be attached.
• The detailed estimate shall also provide for the cost of approach road, water
supply, electric installations (in form of contingency charges and work charge
establishment) and acquisition of land etc, so as to call it a comprehensive
estimate.
In above format if column of rate and amount kept blank so that contractor can fill
the rates during tender filing then format will called A. K.Bill
Dr.as ofSPA
Vinodia Quantity
Bhopal (BOQ) 19
Types of estimates: Detailed cost estimate
Unforeseen items in detailed estimate
• While preparing a detailed estimate, one had to be very careful to see
that all items of the work are incorporated.
• It is likely that a few Items, though unimportant in nature, might have
been overlooked and which may result in raising the estimate of the
project.
• There may be also certain unforeseen circumstances affecting the
project.
• Hence, a certain allowance usually 3 to 5% of the total cost, is made in
the estimation which will take care of all these items that are
unforeseen or are overlooked and are known as "Contingencies".
• If there is saving then amount of contingencies can be used to execute
the extra item of works (if any) with due sanctions from the competent
authorities.

Types of estimates
(6) Revised estimate
This is a detailed estimate needs to be prepared under following
circumstances:
(1)When the sanctioned estimate exceeds or likely to exceed by 5% either
due to the rate being found insufficient or due to some other reasons, a
fresh estimate is prepared which is called a Revised Estimate.
A comparative statement on the last page of the estimate is attached giving
there in the reasons of the increase of cost in case of each item.
(2) When expenditure on one or few items of work exceeds or likely to
exceed by 10% of sanctioned estimate (deviation in quantity)
(3) When there has been deviation of material specification from the
sanctioned estimate that may lead to vast variation in estimated cost.
The revised estimate should accompanied by a comprehensive statement

showing variation of each item of work, its quantity, rate and amount side
by side to the original item of work. This should show excess or saving
citing with valid reason for deviation.
Example: Due to site condition excess of earth filling required.
Types of estimates
(7) Supplementary estimate
This is fresh detailed estimate in addition to the original sanctioned
estimate prepared when additional works are deemed necessary during
the progress of a work to supplement the original works.
(1)Additional work is required to supplement or replacement of the item
of original Estimate.
(2) When additional work has been introduced during progress of work
(not included/missed out in original estimates)
The abstract of cost should show the amount of the original sanctioned
estimate as well as the supplementary amount of the original sanctioned
estimate as well as the supplementary amount for which sanction is
required.
Example:
MS Steel railings replaced by stainless steel
Polish to teak wood door/windows
Lift specs changed to MRL or its size or interiors

Types of estimates
(8) Supplementary and revised estimate
• This estimate needs when a work is partially abandoned and the
estimated cost of remaining work is less than 95% of original estimate.
• When there is deviation in material and change in design that may
result into substantial deviation in cost estimates.
(9) Annual repair and maintenance estimate

In order to keep building and roads in perfect condition, annual repairs
should be carried out as follow:-
• In case of a building-white washing, oiling and painting of doors and windows,
cement plaster repairs (inside & outside), repairs of floors etc. In no case this
annual repair amount should increase more that 11/2% to 2% of the capital
cost of the building.
• In case of a road-filling patches, maintenance of berms etc.
• In case of a building-opening of new doors, change of floors, re-plastering
walls etc.

Other expanses includes in estimates
(1) Contingencies
• To meet the incidental expanses of miscellaneous nature that can not
be predicted and included into the specific sub-head of estimates
• 3-5% of the estimated cost is added as contingencies
• If there is saving then amount of contingencies can be used to execute
the extra item of works (if any) with due sanctions from the
competent authorities.
(2) Work charge establishment

In order to smooth functioning during the construction there is need to
set up site offices and appoint few manpower
• It is recurring cost (1-2% of estimated) towards the work and functioning
• Temprary shed for office with basic furniture
• Salary of temporarily appointed Chaukidar, Gaurds, Munsi, supervisors, etc. to
help and over see the works.
• Cleaning of office, typing, photocopies, etc.
• Arrangements for the meetings, tea, and refreshments, etc.
• Telephone bills, petrol, or other petty expanses.
Other expanses includes in estimates
(3) Tool and Plants
• For mass scale projects (1-1.5%) amount use to kept for purchase of
some key tools and plants required during execution from the owners.
• However, this is contractors responsibility to arrange all necessary
tools and plants for the construction.
(4) Departmental charge or Centage

When government or public agencies take ups some execution works of
government, public or autonomous bodies, the executing agencies use to
charge (10-15%) amount of estimated cost as departmental charges to
meet out their expanses for establishment, design, planning, execution and
project management, etc.
These charges are based on the services provided by them. If services are
limited to execution only then centage would be accordingly.
Centage charges also paid to the deposit works of local authorities, PWD,
and other government agencies.

METHODS OF TAKING OUT ESTIMATES
Rules of measurement
• Measurement shall be made for finished item of work and description
of each item shall include materials, transport, labour, fabrication tools
and plant and all types of overheads for finishing the work in required
shape, size and specification.
• In booking, the order shall be in sequence of length, breadth and height
or thickness. (L X B X H/D)
• All works shall be measured subject to the following tolerances.
• i) Linear measurement shall be measured to the nearest 0.01m.
• ii) Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 sq.m
• iii) Cubic contents shall be worked-out to the nearest 0.01 cum
• In case of masonry (stone or brick) or structural concrete, the
categories shall be measured separately and the heights shall be
described:
• a) from foundation to plinth level (b) from plinth level to First floor
level (c) from Fist floor to Second floor level and so on.
• Junctions of walls, corners and the meeting points of walls require
special attention. Dr. A. K. Vinodia SPA Bhopal 26
Methods of measurement of building components
• The calculations of quantities of materials like earth work, foundation
concrete, brickwork in plinth and super structure etc., can be done
using various methods of estimates. The application of an individual
method depends upon the design and shape of the building.The
different methods are as under:
• a) Long wall - short wall method
• b) Centre line method.
• c) Partly centre line and short wall method.
a) Long wall - short wall method

• In this method, the wall along the length of room is considered to be
long wall while the wall perpendicular to long wall is said to be short
wall.
• To get the length of long wall or short wall, calculate first the centre
line lengths of individual walls then, by addition or subtraction by
breadth of walls one can get true length of long and short walls.
a) Long wall - short wall method
• In other words, Lengths of long walls are measured or found "Out-
to out" and those of short walls as "In-to-in".
Long wall length out-to-out
= C/C length + half breadth on one Side + half breadth on other side.
= Center to center length + one breadth
Short wall length in-to-in

= Center to Center length - one breadth.
• The length of long wall usually decreases from earth work to brick
work in super structure while the short wall increases.
• Quantities are calculated by multiplying the length by the breadth and
the height of the wall.
• The same rule applies to the excavation in foundation, to concrete
bed in foundation, D.P.C., masonry in foundation and super structure
etc.

(b) Centre line method
 In this method, total length of centre lines of walls,
long and short, has to be found out.
 Find the total length of centre lines of walls of same
type, having same type of foundations and footings
and then find the quantities by multiplying the total
centre length by the respective breadth and the
height.
 In this method, the length will remain the same for
excavation in foundations, for concrete in
foundations, for all footings, and for superstructure
(with slight difference when there are cross walls or
number of junctions).
 This method is quicker but requires special
attention and considerations at the junctions,
meeting points of partition or cross walls.

At corners of the building where two
walls are meeting, no subtraction or
addition is required.
In the figure, the double cross-

hatched areas marked P,Q,R, & S
come twice, while blank areas, K,L,M,
& N do not come at all, but these
portions being equal in magnitude,
we get the correct quantity.

CENTRE LINE METHOD
 For rectangular, circular polygonal (hexagonal, octagonal etc) buildings
having no inter or cross walls, this method is quite simple.
 For buildings having cross or partition walls, for every junction, half
breadth of the respective item or footing is to be deducted from the
total centre length.
 Thus in the case of a building with one partition wall or cross wall
having two junctions, deduct one breadth of the respective item of
work from the total centre length.
 For buildings having different types of walls, each set of walls shall have
to be dealt separately.
 Find the total centre length of all walls of one type and proceed in the
same manner as described above. Similarly find the total centre length
of walls of second type and deal this separately, and so on.
 Suppose the outer walls (main walls) are of A type and inner cross
walls are of B type. Then all A type walls shall be taken jointly first, and
then all B type walls shall be taken together separately.

In the figure, the double cross-hatched areas
marked A& B come twice, thus, needs to be
deducted.

Wall
Thickness
300 mm
Foundation
3M Trench
5M
300
600 mm Calculate following quantities

1. Earthwork in excavation
250 mm
2. PCC
1000 mm 600 300 mm
3. Total brickwork up to plinth
900 300 mm
150 mm
1200 mm

1. Earthwork in excavation
Long wall = c/c length+ off-set of one side+ off-set of other side
= [5.3 + (0.6+0.6)] x 2 nos. = [5.3+1.2 ] x 2 = 13.0 m
Short wall = [3.3 - (0.6+0.6)] x 2 nos. = [3.3-1.2 ] x 2 = 04.2 m
Total length of foundation= 13.0 + 4.2 = 17.2 m
Description Nos Measurements Quantity Remarks
Sr. of item
Length Breadth Height
No
01 Earthwork in 01 17.2 1.2 1.0 20.64

excavation
02 PCC in 01 17.2 1.2 0.15 3.09

foundation
2. PCC (Length and width for PCC will be similar to foundation only depth will be
differnt)
3. Brickwork in foundation
Step-1 of foundation
= [5.3 + (0.45+0.45)] x 2 nos. = [5.3+0.9 ] x 2 = 12.4 m
Short wall = [3.3 - (0.45+0.45)] x 2 nos. = [3.3-0.9] x 2 = 4.8 m
Total length of BRICKWORK= 12.4 + 4.8 = 17.2 m

Step-2 brickwork
= [5.3 + (0.3+0.3)] x 2 nos. = [5.3+0.6 ] x 2 = 11.8 m
Short wall = [3.3 - (0.3+0.3)] x 2 nos. = [3.3-0.6 ] x 2 = 5.4m
Total length of foundation = 11.8 + 5.4 = 17.2 m
Step-3 brickwork
= [5.3 + (0.15+0.15)] x 2 nos. = [5.3+0.3 ] x 2 = 11.2 m
Short wall = [3.3 - (0.15+0.15)] x 2 nos. = [3.3-0.3 ] x 2 = 6.0 m
Total length of foundation = 11.2 + 6.0 = 17.2 m
Description Nos Measurements Quantity Remarks

Sr. of item
No Length Breadth Height
01 Earthwork in 01 17.2 1.2 1.0 20.64

excavation
02 PCC in 01 17.2 1.2 0.15 3.09
foundation
03 Brickwork in 01
foundation
Step-1 17.2 0.9 0.3 4.64
Step-2 17.2 0.6 0.3 3.09
Step-3 17.2 0.3 0.85 4.38
Total Dr. A. K. Vinodia SPA Bhopal
12.10 36
Main Items of Works for Estimation for building
1. Earth work in excavation (digging and filling)
2. PCC in foundation
3. RCC work in foundation (Footing and column up to plinth)
4. Foundation masonry
5. RCC work in Plinth beam
6. Soil filling (bolder soling, stone dust, compaction)
7. PCC in ground floor level
8. RCC work in Column, beam and slabs
9. Damp proof course
10. Masonry work in super structure
11. Fixing of door and windows
12. Plastering and pointing
13. Floor finishing
14. Plumbing works (water supply, sewer lines, connections, etc.)
15. Wall tiling in toilets and kitchen
16. Wood work, iron work, aluminium work, steel work, glass work
17. Terracing and water proofing
18. White washing, colour washing, Painting
19. Other decorative items, cornice, corbelling, etc.
20. Site development work including landscaping
1. Earth work in excavation
 Earth work in excavation and filling should be taken separately.
 Quantity should be measured in cubical units (Cu.m. or Cu. ft)
 Rate for earth work varies on the basis of width and depth of the trenches,
 Transportation of excavated soil for more than 50 m needs to paid separately.
 Generally, back-filling of soil do not paid separately but, in few cases if needed to
pay volume of foundation needs to be deducted.
 If extra filling required from out side needs to paid separately.
 Surplus soil can be used for site levelling or removed from site paid separately.
Earth work in excavation by mechanical means (Hydraulic Excavator )/ manual means in
foundation trenches or drains (not exceeding 1.5 m in width or 10 sqm on plan) including
dressing of sides and ramming of bottoms, lift upto 1.5 m, including getting out the excavated
soil and disposal of surplus excavated soil as directed, within a lead of 50 m.
All kinds of soil. ₹ 129.35

Earth work in excavation by mechanical means (Hydraulic Excavator )/ manual means in
foundation trenches or drains (not exceeding 1.5 m in width or 10 sqm on plan) including
dressing of sides and ramming of bottoms, lift upto 1.5 m, including getting out the excavated
soil and disposal of surplus excavated soil as directed, within a lead of 50 m.
Ordinary rock. ₹ 152.60

Hard rock (required blasting) ₹252.20
Hard rock (Blasting prohibited) ₹ 325.25 Dr. A. K. Vinodia SPA Bhopal 38
 Earth work for pipe laying and earth filling
Excavating trenches of required width for pipes, cables, etc including excavation for sockets,
and dressing of sides, ramming of bottoms, depth upto 1.5 m including getting out the excavated
soil, and then returning the soil as required, in layers not exceeding 20 cm in depth including
consolidating each deposited layer by ramming, watering, etc. and disposing of surplus excavated
soil as directed, within a lead of 50 m :
All kinds of soil
Pipes, cables etc. exceeding 80 mm dia. but not exceeding 300 mm dia. ₹ 165.60
Filling available excavated earth (excluding rock) in trenches, plinth, sides of foundations etc. in
layers not exceeding 20cm in depth, consolidating each deposited layer by ramming and watering,
lead up to 50 m and lift upto 1.5 m. ₹ 83.80
Supplying and filling in plinth with stone dust under floors including, watering, ramming
consolidating and dressing complete. ₹ 566.35
Supplying and filling of kopra of approved quality in trenches, plinth, sides of foundation etc. in
layers not exceeding 20cm, depth, consolidating each layer by ramming and watering, lead upto
50m and lift upto 1.50 metre. ₹ 479.20
Sub-Total

2. PCC in foundation
 Concrete grades needs to be specify with thickness (M 5-1:5:10 or M 7.5-1:4:8)
2.1 Providing and laying in position cement concrete of specified grade excluding the cost of
centring and shuttering - All work upto plinth level :
2.1.1 1:4:8 (1 Cement : 4 coarse sand : 8 graded stone aggregate 40 mm nominal size). ₹ 3593.30
2.2 Providing and laying cement concrete in retaining walls, return walls, walls (any thickness)
including attached pilasters, columns, piers, abutments, pillars, posts, struts, buttresses,
string or lacing courses, parapets, coping, bed blocks, anchor blocks, plain window sills,
fillets, sunken floor, etc., up to floor five level, excluding the cost of centering, shuttering and
finishing :
2.2.1 1:2:4 (1 Cement : 2 coarse sand : 4 graded stone aggregate 20 mm nominal size) ₹ 5272.40
2.3 Centring and shuttering including strutting, propping etc. and removal of form work for :
2.3.1 Retaining walls, return walls, walls (any thickness) including attached pilasters, buttresses,
plinth and string courses fillets, kerbs and steps etc. ₹ 282.85

3. DPC and Plinth protection
 Concrete grades needs to be specify with thickness (M 15-1:2:4 or above)
 Quantity should be measured in cubical units (Sq.m. or Sq. ft)
 DPC provided at plinth levels over full width of plinth wall to avoid dampness to the super
structure
 Concrete of DPC should mix with specified water proofing compounds of requisite quantity.
 Generally 1 kg water proofing compound mixed with 1 bag cement.
 Deduction should be made for door sills for DPC
 Sometimes steel reinforcement also provided with the DPC
2.4 Providing and laying damp-proof course 50mm thick with cement concrete 1:2:4 (1 cement :
2 coarse sand : 4 graded stone aggregate 20mm nominal size). ₹ 254.70
2.5 Applying a coat of residual petroleum bitumen of grade of VG-10 of approved quality using
1.7kg per square metre on damp proof course after cleaning the surface with brushes and
finally with a piece of cloth lightly soaked in kerosene oil. ₹ 96.65
2.6 Making plinth protection 50mm thick of cement concrete 1:3:6 (1 cement : 3 coarse sand :
6 graded stone aggregate 20 mm nominal size) over 75mm bed by dry brick ballast 40mm
nominal size well rammed and consolidated and grouted with fine sand including finishing
the top smooth. ₹ 338.75

4. RCC work- Types of Concrete Grades
 Selection of suitable concrete mix has been very critical aspect for building
professionals.
 To produce a concrete of required strength, durability, workability with optimum
economy is termed as concrete design mix.
 Concrete are subjected to two states; Plastic and hardness
 Plasticity of concrete facilitates for workability for proper placement and
compaction.
 The compressive strength of concrete depends on many factors such as; quality of
cement, sand, aggregate and water, batching, mixing, placing, compaction and
curing.
 Rich-mix leads to shrinkage and cracks in structural concrete while poor-mix
leads for poor bonding and voids results for less strength of concrete.
Need for concrete mix design

To achieve required compressive strength
To achieve adequate workability and compaction
To achieve adequate durability through proper water-cement ratio
To avoid shrinkage and cracking by adequate cement content
4. RCC work- Types of Mixes
Nominal mix
• The fixed cement-sand-aggregate ratio (by volume) that ensures adequate strength are
termed as nominal mix.
• It provides simplicity in normal conditions but, due to uncontrolled variations in the mix of
ingredients strengths can very.
Standard mix
• To achieve specific compressive strength IS 456-2000 code,
has designated the concrete mix in to many grades such as
M-5, M-7.5, M-10, M-15, M-20, M-25, M-30, M-40 etc.
• M- refers to the mix and number denoted the strength of
concrete in N/mm2 after 28 days of curing.
• M-5 to M-10 are used for non-structural purposes.
Design mix
• In these mix performance of concrete is specified by the designer. In this approach
proportions are carried out with precision using computer and machines. This results
desired mix with appropriate properties in most economical manner.
• Fly-ash and slag also mixed to achieve workability. Mostly prepared at batching or RMC
Plants.
• Specific works like; exposed concrete, large span structures, bridges, dams that needs high
performance concrete uses design mix.
Basic information
Cubic contain of material in MIX
Per meter weight of Bars & material weight
Weight of material in MIX

4. RCC in foundation and super structure
 Concrete grades needs to be specify with thickness (M 15-1:2:4 or above)
 Quantity of reinforcement needs to be deducted. It can be considered as 6-
10% of total volume of component.
 Generally, centring and shuttering works excludes with the RCC work. Thus ,
needs to calculate separately for payments
 If special type of shuttering have been used (Dhoka, aluminium, PVC) then
should paid separately.
 If exposed concrete work needed then shuttering should paid separately
 Quantity of cantering and shuttering for foundation, walls, columns, beams,
slabs, lintels, etc. needs to be measured (SQ.M) separately as have varied
costing.
 Quantity of RCC in foundation, walls, columns, beams, slabs, lintels may be
subjected to varied MIX (m-15, m-20, m-25, etc.) thus, needs to be calculated
separately because each mix cost differently.

4. RCC in foundation and super structure
3.6 Providing and laying in position machine batched, machine mixed design mix
M-25 (1:1:2) grade cement concrete for reinforced cement concrete work
using cement content as per approved design mix, including pumping of
concrete to site of laying but excluding the cost of centring, shuttering,
finishing and reinforcement, including admixtures in recommended proportions
as per IS 9103 to accelerate, retard setting of concrete, improve workability
without impairing strength and durability as per direction of Engineer-in-charge.
3.6.1 All works upto plinth level. ₹ 5242.15
3.6.2 All works above plinth level and upto floor V level. ₹ 5741.20
3.7 Providing and fixing in expansion joints of beams and columns 50 mm thick
expanded polythylene expansion joint filler material silflex of reputed
manufacturer approved as per the direction of Engineer in charge. ₹ 676.50
3.8 Centring and shuttering with 12 mm thick water proof marine ply fixed from
inside of steel shuttering plates as required for shutter finish seamless surface
having no irregularities / pin holes including grinding with carborandum stone at
edges and joints including strutting, proping etc. and removal of form for
3.8.1 Walls (any thickness) ₹ 588.50

3.8.2 Beams, plinth beams, girders and cantilevers ₹ 515.50
3.8.3 Columns, Pillars, Piers, Abutments, Posts and Struts with ₹ 693.60
3.8.4 Vertical and horizontal fins individually or forming box louvers band, facias and
eaves boards ₹ 611.60
4. Centring and shuttering & Steel reinforcement
3 Centring and shuttering RCC work (unit Sq. m.) Per Sqm
3.1 Centring and shuttering including strutting, propping etc. and removal of form
for :
3.1.1 Foundations, footings, bases of columns, etc. for mass concrete. 166.90
3.1.2 Walls (any thickness) including attached pilasters, buttresses, plinth and 285.15
string courses etc.
3.1.3 Suspended floors, roofs, landings, balconies and access platform. 311.20
3.1.4 Lintels, beams, plinth beams, girders, bressumers and cantilevers. 262.15
3.1.5 Columns, Pillars, Piers, Abutments, Posts and Struts. 365.60
3.1.6 Stairs, (excluding landings) except spiral-staircases. 326.30

3.1.8 Small lintels not exceeding 1.5m clear span, moulding as in cornices, 166.90
window sills, string courses, bands, copings, bed plates, anchor blocks and
the like.
3.1.9 Edges of slabs and breaks in floors and walls. 99.45
3.10. Weather shade, Chajjas, corbels etc., including edges. 411.10
3.3 Steel reinforcement for R.C.C. work including straightening, cutting, bending, placing in
position and binding all complete upto plinth level.
3.3.1 Thermo-Mechanically Treated bars. ₹ 62.25 per Kg
3.4 Steel reinforcement for R.C.C. work including straightening, cutting, bending, placing in
position and binding all complete above plinth level.
3.4.1 Thermo-Mechanically Treated bars. ₹ 62.25 per Kg Dr. A. K.Vinodia SPA Bhopal 47
5. Masonry work in foundation and super structure
 Thickness and height of walls need to be measure carefully.
 Generally, wall area should be calculated as solid unit then proper deductions for
openings should be made.
 Masonry work of differnt material, thickness and class (I, II, III) needs to be
measure separately.
 Thin partition walls and honey combed wall measures in sq. m. And no deduction
made for holes in honeycomb wall.
 Deductions should be made for lintels in the walls and other openings.
4.1 Brick work with Fly ash modular brick of class designation 50 in foundation and plinth in:
4.1.1 Cement mortar 1:6 (1 cement : 6 coarse sand) ₹ 3815.20
4.2 Brick work with Fly ash modular bricks of class designation 50 in super structure above
plinth level upto floor V level in:
4.3 Half brick masonry with fly ash modular bricks of class designation 50 in super structure
above plinth level.
4.3.1 Cement mortar 1:4 (1 cement :4 coarse sand) ₹ 530.17 (Sq. M.)
5. Plastering work
 Quantity should be measured in cubical units (Sq.m. or Sq. ft)
 Plastering for internal walls, external walls and ceiling needs to be measured
separately. As it may be subjected to varied mortar mix (1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8)
 Generally, wall area should be calculated as solid unit on both sides for plasters
then proper deductions for openings should be made as per following-
 No deduction for opening less than 5 sq ft.
 Only one face of opening should be deducted for (5-30 sq. ft.) size however, other
face will compensated for sill, soffits and sides of the wall.
 For openings more than 30 sqft needs to be deducted at both faces of opening
and sill, soffits and sides of the wall needs to be added.
4.1 Brick work with Fly ash modular brick of class designation 50 in foundation and plinth in:
4.2 Brick work with Fly ash modular bricks of class designation 50 in super structure above
plinth level upto floor V level in:
4.3 Half brick masonry with fly ash modular bricks of class designation 50 in super structure
above plinth level.
4.3.1 Cement mortar 1:4 (1 cement :4 coarse sand) ₹ 530.17 (Sq. M.)
Exercise: Assignment-2
Take a house plan and other related working
drawings and calculate following.
1. Earth work in excavation
2. Quantity of PCC
3. RCC work in foundation up to plinth including footings,
column and plinth-beam
4. Quantity of steel used
5. Quantity of DPC
7. Centring and shuttering for various components

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Estimating and costing

Dr. A. K. Vinodia SPA Bhopal 1

Dr. A. K. Vinodia SPA Bhopal 4

Dr. A. K. Vinodia SPA Bhopal 5

Dr. A. K. Vinodia SPA Bhopal 6

ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF A GOOD ESTIMATOR

• He must thoroughly understand the drawings of the structure, for

• He must also be clearly informed about the specifications showing

Dr. A. K. Vinodia SPA Bhopal 7

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The estimates may be divided in to the following categories:-

Plinth Area Rate = Rs: 950.00 / sq. ft.

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Plinth Area Rate = Rs: 1100.00 / sq. ft.

(i) Ground Floor 20030 1800 130 100 60

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(4) Approximate quantity method

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• Detailed estimate comprises of following:

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The revised estimate should accompanied by a comprehensive statement

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(9) Annual repair and maintenance estimate

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(2) Work charge establishment

(4) Departmental charge or Centage

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a) Long wall - short wall method

Short wall length in-to-in

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In the figure, the double cross-

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600 mm Calculate following quantities

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01 Earthwork in 01 17.2 1.2 1.0 20.64

02 PCC in 01 17.2 1.2 0.15 3.09

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Description Nos Measurements Quantity Remarks

01 Earthwork in 01 17.2 1.2 1.0 20.64

All kinds of soil. ₹ 129.35

Ordinary rock. ₹ 152.60

Dr. A. K. Vinodia SPA Bhopal 39

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Need for concrete mix design

Per meter weight of Bars & material weight

Weight of material in MIX

Dr. A. K. Vinodia SPA Bhopal 44

Dr. A. K. Vinodia SPA Bhopal 45

3.8.1 Walls (any thickness) ₹ 588.50

3.1.5 Columns, Pillars, Piers, Abutments, Posts and Struts. 365.60

3.1.6 Stairs, (excluding landings) except spiral-staircases. 326.30

4.1.1 Cement mortar 1:6 (1 cement : 6 coarse sand) ₹ 3815.20