Module 5: Working with groups towards Community identify the assets within the group that might be

Development utilized or maximized.

 Dr. Irvin D. Yalom is the guru of group therapy,
specifically interpersonal and is mention in many Major Interventions to Facilitate work group:
research books and articles. 1. Provide the necessary Orientation, Structure and
 Although Dr. Yalom’s textbooks read more like a Direction:
novel, he makes group therapy and its purpose  During the stage of orientation, the level of
more relatable and fun in clinical practice than anxiety can be decreased by helping provide
most resources. the necessary orientation, structure and
 He was the first person to put a theoretical direction to the group.
perspective on group work and believed that all  For instance when the group members do not
groups had to go through specific phases. know each other, preliminaries of introductions
should be made.
A. Stages of Group Development:  There is a great positive impact on group
5 STAGES OR PHASES OF THE GROUP members if they got introduced by the leader
DEVELOPMENT: or facilitator.
Stage 1. Forming; the orientation phase.  They can also be encouraged to get to know
 The leader is most active in this stage. one another by making them introduce a co-
 Universal norms are discussed such as member.
confidentiality, attendance, and rules of  Certain structured learning exercises on group
communication and participation are addressed. decision making and consensus may be
 This is the stage that discusses the time utilized to help group members experience
frame/termination of the group. performing the various task and group building
Stage 2. Storming; the satge of conflict. or maintenance functions necessary for
 Anxiety, ambiguity, and conflict become prevalent effective group work.
as group members test and act-out behaviors to  The facilitator or leader creates an atmosphere
define themselves and the group norms. for productive group work when member’s
 This stage creates an interpersonal climate where interpersonal needs are met to satisfactory
members should feel free to disagree with each degree for each one. Meeting these
other. interpersonal needs may be initiated by the
Stage 3. Norming; the cohesiveness phase. leader.
 Members develop group-specific standards  Helping group members meet their
(cohesiveness) and a therapeutic alliance forms interpersonal needs to belong and to be a part
such as disapproving late-arriving members, or the of the group can be encouraged by
level of anger/conflict that will be tolerated. acknowledging the importance of their
Stage 4. Work Group Stage; the performing phase.   presence in the group and contributions they
 During this stage, individual growth and team make.
productivity and effectiveness occur. 2. Process, Negotiate and Resolve Conflicts to
 Members experiment with new ideas or behaviors Members Satisfaction:
and egalitarianism develops.  Hostility and conflict cannot be resolve unless
Stage 5. Adjourning; the termination phase. the group members have the necessary
 The closure for the group as a whole or the attitude towards conflicts and the
individual that left. competencies necessary to handle or manage
 The primary task is to discuss and review actual them.
outcomes and achievements, explore feelings of  The following are the specific interventions on
what work (and what didn’t), and any feelings of developing the members competencies to
loss. handle conflict constructively:
 Introducing new concerns or initiatives are not a. Understanding the nature of the conflicts – group
appropriate. members learn to develop a positive attitude towards
conflict when they realize that it has the following
B .Intervention to Facilitate Group Growth. characteristics:
 Specific interventions in developing work groups in  It is a natural part of any relationship and of
community nursing practice can be used by the any group. It is inevitable in a problem-solving
nurse to engage the community and its resources group primarily because persons differ from
in a partnership for the attainment of health goals. each other in many ways- needs, motives,
 These interventions, tasks and techniques can interest, ideas, and perspective.
help the group members to handle the  Conflict is desirable and extremely valuable for
psychological processes-the interplay of varied several reasons: it encourages inquiry,
personalities, feelings, needs and concerns that stimulates interest and curiosity, and it greatly
bring about anxiety or discomfort. reduce the natural tension and frustration of
 It can help the nurse identify where the group is, to working together. Members derive personal
predict in what direction it might move, and to benefits from the experience of conflict.

1
  Conflicts are managed effectively by  Another instance is when the facilitator
encouraging group cooperation and by using handles conflicts, especially when the group
the problem-solving approach. associates the conflict and its sources with
b. Conflict Resolution through the Problem-Solving her.
Approach.  The facilitator must utilize every available
 A conflict can be analyzed, negotiated, and opportunity to maximize group growth by
resolved utilizing the problem-solving making sure that she does not rail road the
approach. According to Johnson and Johnson group's decision.
the following are the basic steps in problem-  It is therefore, vital that the facilitator becomes
solving: aware of her own behavior and its effects on
1. Clarify the basic issues the group.
2. Diagnose the dimension and causes of conflict  Otherwise her behavior may potentiate or
3. Explore ways to settle the conflict mitigate such experiences and expressions of
4. Decide upon and implement an agreement satisfactory of aggression, passivity, rebellion, etc.
the group  When these are allowed to happen and are not
5. Evaluate the success of the actions taken. handled effectively, the group may not be
c. Generating New Ways of Looking at the Situation or allowed to grow from earlier stages, or it may
Problem. eventually undergo dissolution.
 Conflicts can be minimized by helping 4. Application of New Learnings
members isolate/separate the ideas, beliefs,  Group experiences provide varied learning
and concepts from the persons advocating opportunities for members.
them.  More often, the basic concepts and principles
 One best way to do this is to put all ideas, for effective group life are re-lived in various
beliefs, and concepts on the blackboard or group experiences.
other visual materials.  Members gain more depth in understanding
 This shall free the group members from always group process as they realize that the
associating these ideas with the person. concepts and principles previously learned in
 Role reversal is another way to help group handling a particular issue can be applied in
members understand each other position and another situation dealing with a different issue.
frame of references.  üA sample communication technique is: “ In
 Through role-reversal, members can be analyzing what we are going through right
encouraged to re-create exactly how it is for now, is there anything we learned from the
the other person. group's experience in our previous sessions
d. Helping Members Analyze the Here-and-Now that can help us better understand this present
Experience. experience”.
 During experiences of conflicts, tension and  When the group undergoes the process of
anxiety can affect group process to a degree termination, there is an experience of
that individual members feel the need to do separation, sadness, hurt and unpleasant
something about the situation they are in. emotions that affect the capability of
 Members can learn to assume the establishing relationship again in the future.
responsibility for sustaining the vitality of the  By deriving the learning opportunities that
group and to gain control over tension-laden group life offered the members, the facilitator
experiences by helping them reflect back on can help them realize that the advantages of
the reasons why these experience or events investing resources, efforts and feelings for a
happened. successful group work far outweigh the
 Through a focus on here-and-now, the blocks unpleasant emotions of separation.
or barriers to group progress are pinned down
and analyzed for possible alternatives, re- C. Partnership and Collaboration:
direction or behavior change.  The aim of partnership and collaboration is to
3. Be Aware of the Effects of Own Behavior on the Group get people to work together in order to address
 The nurse as facilitator or coordinator or leader problems or concerns that affect them.
of group discussion exerts an influence on the  It gives people the opportunity to learn skills in
behavior and experience of group members. group relationship, interpersonal relations,
 Members look up to the facilitator, coordinator critical analysis and most important of all,
or leader for approval of certain behavior, decision making process in the context of
response or actions. democratic leadership.
 The facilitator, coordinator or leader becomes Activities in Partnership and Collaboration:
the model of the group as regards behavior 1. Networking – is a relationship among organizations
that is expected or acceptable. that consist of exchanging information about each
 This is exemplified by such experiences as other's goals and objectives, services or facilities.
being on time for meetings, keeping 2. Coordination – is a relationship where
appointments and promises. organizations modify their activities in order to
provide better service to the target beneficiary. It

2
 requires more time since it involves trust on the  As part of a records management plan for
part of the committed organization. electronic records, you will need to determine
3. Cooperation – is a relationship where organizations where and how your records will be stored. 
share information and resources and make  This decision will be based on the likelihood of
adjustments in one's own agenda to accommodate access of those resources versus the overall cost
the other organization's agenda. in maintaining them. 
4. Collaboration – is the level of organizational Online Storage:
relationship where organizations held each other  Online storage allows immediate access to records
enhance their capacities in performing their tasks to anyone on the system’s network.  Properly
as well as in the provision of services. designed storage will provide access to appropriate
5. Coalition or Multi-sector Collaboration - is the level users only.  Online storage maintains the greatest
of relationship where organizations and citizens functionality but requires more expensive network
form a partnership. storage. 
Examples of online storage include:
Advocacy – The nurse as an advocate helps empower the  Storage Area Networks (SAN).  SANs allow access
people to make decisions and carry out actions that have to remote drives with the same convenience of
the potential to better their lives. internal hard drives.  A SAN is a networked
Advocacy work involves: system. 
1. Informing the people about the rightness of the Offline Storage
cause.  Files that cannot be accessed immediately are said
2. Thoroughly discussing with the people the nature to be stored offline (e.g., files not accessible
of the alternatives, their content and possible through your network such as on removable media
consequences. like external hard drives or magnetic tape).  
3. Supporting people's right to make a choice and to  Older records or records that do not need to be
act on their choice accessed frequently are often stored online.  This
4. Influencing public opinion option trades functionality for stability. 
 The longer records need to be maintained the
Module 6: Information Technology and Community Health more important preservation methods, back-up
1) Definition of e-health procedures, storage conditions, handling
 Is the use of information and communication procedures, and security become. 
technologies (ICT) for health (WHO).  Offline storage can be stored in-house, off-site, or
The eHealth unit works with partners at the global, outsourced. 
regional and country level to promote and Examples of offline storage include:
strengthen the use of ICT in health development,  Removable magnetic or optical media (tape,
from applications in the field to global governance. DVD).  For integrity purposes, read-only media is
 Is an emerging field in the intersection of medical preferred. 
informatics, public health and business, referring  Flash media (solid state media has no moving
to health services and information delivered or parts)
enhanced through the Internet and related  External hard drives (with moving parts)
technologies. Retrieval
 Is a broad term, and refers to the use of  Retrieval is the act of getting something back, or of
information and communications technologies accessing stored data and files in a computer.
in healthcare.  An example of retrieval is when you access
Purpose: a file that you saved on a hard drive on your
1. Communicating with a patient through a computer.
teleconference, electronic mail (e-mail), short  For Offline: USB, CD, External device
messaging services (SMS) Transmittal:
2. Recording, retrieving and mining data in an  Data transmission (also data
electronic medical record (EMR) communication or digital communications) is the
3. Providing patient teachings with aid of electronic transfer of data (a digital bitstream or
tools such as radio, television, computers, a digitized analog signal) over a point-to-
smartphones, and tablet. point or point-to-multipoint communication channel.
4. Delivery of health information for health Examples of such channels are:
professionals and health consumers, through the  Copper wires
internet and telecommunications  Optical fibers
5. Using the power of IT and e-commerce to improve  Wireless communication channels
public health services (Ex: education and training  Storage media and computer buses. 
of health workers. There are two methods used to transmit data between
6. The use of e-commerce and e-business practices digital devices:
in health systems management Serial transmission and parallel transmission.
 Serial data transmission sends data bits one after
1. Storage another over a single channel.
Storage Options:

3
  Parallel data transmission sends multiple data bits 5. Currency - All data must up-to-date and timely.
at the same time over multiple channels. This is exemplified when the community nurse
records data at the point-of-care or when it
DSL is faster than standard data transmission over regular happened.
phone lines, and cable modem transmission is faster 6. Definition - Data should be properly labeled and
than DSL. The Internet is a worldwide computer network clearly defined.
that connects hundreds of thousands of smaller networks.
Digital subscriber line (DSL): C. E-Health Situation in the Philippines
 A digital subscriber line (DSL) modem is a device  In 2001, roughly 2.5 % of the country's population
used to connect a computer or router to a had internet access
telephone line which provides the digital subscriber  In the span of 10 years, this rate steadily increased
line service for connection to the Internet, which is to 29%
often called DSL broadband.  The Philippines has a mobile phone penetration
rate of 80%, with 73 million subscriber in 2009
2) Power of Data in Information  Ranked 1st in terms of short messaging system
 Data are simply facts or figures — bits usage in the entire world (Business wire, 2010)
of information, but not information itself.  ICT changed the Filipino access to information and
When data are processed, interpreted, organized, on how the government utelized this (Ex. traffic
structured or presented so as to make them conditions, curents events, critical weather reports)
meaningful or useful, they are called information.   Health sector also utelized ICT to improve their
 Data are the fundamental elements of cognition services .Ex.
and are defined as unanalyzed raw facts that do  Electronic Filed Health Service Information System
not imply meaning. (Gudea, 2005)  Online Electronic Injury Surveillance System
 Data collection in healthcare allows health systems  Philippine Health Atlas
to create holistic views of patients, personalize  Unified Health Management Information System
treatments, advance treatment methods, improve
communication between doctors and patients, and Factors Affecting eHealth in the Country
enhance health outcomes. 1. Limited Health Budget
 Information is a processed, 2. The Emergence of Free and Open Source
organized data presented in a given context and is Software
useful to humans. Information is a group of 3. Decentralized Government
data that collectively carry a logical meaning. 4. Target Users and Unfamiliar with the Technology
Why ICT Data? 5. Surplus of “Digital Native” Registered Nurses
The following are disadvantages of Paper-based records:
1. Continuity and interoperability of care stops in the eHealth Strategic Framework in the Philippines
unlikely event that a record gets misplaced A. eHealth Plan Development Methodology
2. Illegible hand writing poses misinterpretation of Methodology used to develop and/or update the eHealth
data Strategic Framework and Plan is as follows:
3. Patient privacy is compromised 1. Review of the national health priorities of the
4. Data are difficult to aggregate country; current eHealth context; assessments,
5. Actual time for patient care gets limited findings and recommendations; planned strategies
and activities; and environment to gain better
Advantages of ICT Data: understanding and focus (Document Sources –
1. Data are readily mapped, enabling more targeted Universal Health Care or Kalusugan
interventions and feedback Pangkahalatan, NOH 2011-2016, DOH HEA
2. Data can be easily retrieved and recovered Version 1.0, PHIS Strategic Plan 2010-2016,
3. Redundancy of data is minimized Information System Strategic Plan 2011-2013,
4. Data for clinical research becomes more available ICT4H Findings and Recommendations, and
5. Resources are use efficiently National HIS forum country commitments).
2. Review of the existing eHealth Framework - vision,
Good Data Qualities: mission, goals, and objectives and the
1. Accuracy - This ensures that documentation 3. National eHealth Toolkit.
reflects the event as it happened. All values 4. Review of the existing priority focus areas and
should be correct and valid. identification of activities required to deliver the
2. Accessibility - Readily available reports or national eHealth vision.
statistics when needed by decision makers 5. Hold series of focus group discussions to comment
3. Comprehensive - Data inputted should be and provide recommendations on the existing
complete. Done by making sure that all required eHealth Strategic Framework and Plan.
fields in the patient's record are properly filled up 6. Review of the outputs of the focus group
4. Consistency/Reliability - Having no discrepancies discussions.
in the data record makes it consistent. Can be 7. Updating or refining of the existing eHealth
done by error detection and alerts program by the Strategic Framework and Plan based on the review
computer. of outputs.

4
 community programs, and services. (Essentials of
B. National Health System Goals Nursing Informatics 4th edition p. 369)
 The Department of Health (DOH) is mandated to  Assist community health agencies in the decision-
be the over-all technical authority on health that making processes for the management of nursing
provides national policy direction and develop facilities
national plans, technical standards and guidelines  Use to evaluate the impact of noninstitutional
on health. nursing services on patients,families, and
 It is also a regulator of all health services and community health conditions
products, and provider of special or tertiary health
care services and of technical assistance to other eHealth in the Community:
health providers especially to local government 1. Universal Health Care and ICT
units.  Implementation of “Kalusugan Pangkalahatan” or
 The implementation of Kalusugan Pangkalahatan Universal Health Care through ICT
or Universal Health Care is directed towards  Provide evidence for policy and program
ensuring the achievement of the health system development
goals of better health outcomes, sustained health  Improvement of province-wide management health
financing and responsive health system. system
2. Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) or Electronic
C. eHealth Strategic Guiding Principles Health records (EHRs)
The guiding principles in the development of Philippines  comprehensive patient records that are stored and
eHealth Strategic accessed from a computer or server
Framework are as follows:  community health centers have the capacity to
1. Client-focus or person centered information rapidly adapt EMRs /EHRs because they utelize a
2. Collaboration and/or partnerships with different standard process
stakeholders 3. Telemedicine
3. Users’ Involvement  “the delivery of health care services, where
4. Strategic approach in phases to achieve the distance is a critical factor, by all health care
eHealth vision so as to gain more focus, judiciously professionals using information and
and efficiently use resources communications technologies for exchange of valid
5. Harmonization and Independence to guide information for diagnosis, treatment and prevention
alignment of eHealth activities at the national level of disease and injuries, research and evaluation,
without controlling health care providers to and for the continuing education of health care
implement local eHealth solutions providers, all in the interest of advancing the health
6. Recognize the presence of entities that have of individuals and their communities”.
already started eHealth so as not to constraint their  To provide better health services to geographically
continuing advancement and gain their support isolated and disadvantaged areas (GIDA)
7. Availability of human resource to implement the  To support MDG
eHealth agenda in the country and promote  To disseminate information to citizens and
transparency and public accountability providers through telemedicine and mobile health
8. Compliance to laws and regulations  To bridge the gaps in the health referral
9. Optimize use of resources so as not to duplicate 4. eLearning
time, effort and investments  use of electronic tools to aid in teaching which can
be done synchronously or asynchronously
D. eHealth Vision:  can be done with simple instructional videos and
 By 2020 eHealth will enable widespread access to interactive simulations
health care services, health information, and  with eLearning community nurse can elicit
securely share and exchange patients’ information community interest by showing instructional videos
in support to a safer, quality health care, more on measures to control a particular disease
equitable and responsive health system for all the  educate fellow professionals and continuing
Filipino people by transforming the way information education can be availed
is used to plan, manage, deliver and monitor health
services. Areas of Community Health Systems:
1. Healthcare Programs
D. Using e-Health in the Community 2. Agencies
 The main focus of eHealth in the community are 3. Settings
health promotion and health maintenance of  They support health promotion and disease-
individuals, families, and groups within the preventive programs, statistical information
community required by state/local health department
 “Community Health Systems” connotes those programs, funding informtion and grants
computerized IT systems specifically developed
and designed for use by community health The Following are some of the typically used systems
agencies, local and state health departments, in the community health systems:
1. Categorical systems

5
 2. Screening Programs e. Response
3. Client registration systems 7. National Electronic Disease Surveillance System
4. Management Information System (MIS) (NEDSS)
5. Statistical reporting systems  promote the use of data and information system
6. Public Health Information Network standards to advance the development of efficient
7. National Electronic Disease Surveillance System and integrated surveillance systems at the national
8. Special purpose systems and local level
9. School Health Systems Designed to:
10. Home Health Information Systems a. Detect outbreaks rapidly and monitor the health of
the nation
1. Categorical systems b. Facilitate the electronic transfer of appropriate
 Categorical Program Systems are designed to information from clinical health departments
support data processing and tracking soecific c. Reduce provider burden in the provision of
programs such as cancer program, MCH information
immunization, or Family planning . d. Enhance he timeliness and quality of information
 Collect longitudinal data for specific disease that
can be use for national databases for tracking
incidence and prevalence of disease conditions
 Generally count, track, and identify the health 8. Special Purpose Systems
status of registered clients  Developed to collect statistical data for
2. Screening Programs administering a specific program, regardless of
 use to detect individuals afflected with specific what type of agency offers the program
disease or predisposing health condition  Collect and summarize management data on
 results of the screening test are tracked so that services in clinics, schools, and homes
data analysis can be used to measure the  Provide statistics needed to obtain funds from state
effectiveness of the screening program or local units for grants
 common application is tracking lead screening in 9. School Health Systems
high-risk pediatric populations  Improved data collection and monitor and evaluate
3. Client Registration System health of school age students
 designed to identify state/loal residents/clients  Could be individual school base or district base
eligible for CHN services in clinics and home allowing for collecting data about education district
 consist of an online communication network, with  Also include healthcare plans, student activity
terminals located in each of the local/district offices records, medication logs, appointment scheduling,
that are linked to a central computer facility used to and referral/tracking
collect, store, and process all data. 10. Home Health Information Systems
 the centralized registry can then be accessed from  Designed to support home healthcare, hospice,
the local/district units prior to providing services and private duty programs and hospital based
4. Management Inforamtion Systems (MIS) programs
 focus on the management of statistical and  Designed to collect and process data in order to
operational needs of the agency ad professionals prepare the documents required by third party
 provides framework on collecting and reporting payer for the payment of home healthcare services
statistical as well as financial data needed for the
management of personal/client and programs E. Roles of the community health nurse in e-health
 data are used for he management of consumer  Nursing and e-Health Author: Paula M Procter
care both clinically and admnistratively, quality Reader in Informatics and Telematics in Nursing
improvement and public accountability Sheffield Hallam University, UK
5. Statistical Reporting System  The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines e-
 these are community health computer applications health as "… the use of information and
that have been developed to collect and process communication technologies (ICT) for health to, for
statistical information primarily for state/local health example, treat patients, pursue research, educate
departments such as epidemiologic data and students, track diseases and monitor public
immunization data health."
6. Public Health Information Network  (WHO, 2010) Nursing is more difficult to define.
 enable consistent exchange of response (during According to the International Council for Nursing
emergencies/disaster), health, and disease (ICN, 2010), “Nursing encompasses autonomous
tracking data between public health partners and collaborative care of individuals of all ages,
through defined data and vocabulary standards families, groups and communities, sick or well and
5 key components: in all settings.
a. Detection and Monitoring  Nursing includes the promotion of health,
b. Analysis prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled
c. Information Resources and Knowledge and dying people.
Management  Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment,
d. Alerting and Communication research, participation in shaping health policy and

6
 in patient and health systems management, and  participate in making eLearning videos on specific
education are also key nursing roles.” disease
 Certainly, this definition gives an indication of the  use scheduled text messages to patients among
diverse range of nursing roles, and it is such catchment population to send important health
diversity that causes some difficulties in information, reminders, etc.
determining collectivity amongst nurses. 4. Telepresenter
 Were Florence Nightingale alive today she would  In the event that a patient needs to be referred to a
be a champion for e-health from a nursing remote medical specialist
perspective.  Nurse present the pateint's case to a remote
 It was she who invented the pie chart to medical specialist
demonstrate more clearly the issues of disease  Noting salient points for case assessment,
and public health in the Crimea. evaluation treatment

5. Client Advocate
The Following are Roles of Nurses in e-Health:  Must safeguard clients records ensuring that
1. understand and improve, influence and use new security, confidentiality and privacy of all patient
technologies and informatics, including remote information are being upheld
care;  Nurse must also guarantee that all eHealth
2. find the most reliable sources of information to interventions are performed in a safe ethical
support evidence-based practice; manner, making sure that personnel involved in
3. guide patients through publicly available eHealth are competent and have received eHealth
information sources; training/certification
4. incorporate ICT into patient consultations;  Client must be informed about the benefits and
5. manage the nurse patient relationship when the challenges of EMRs, telemedicine and other
nurse is not physically in the same place as the eHealth tools.
patient; 6. Researcher
6. perform a quick and accurate data entry at the  responsible for identifying possible points for
point of care; research and developing a framework, based on
7. understand the legal and ethical issues associated data aggregated by the system
with  Pursues continuing informatics education
8. managing and sharing patient information;
9. extract data to support decisions and monitor the Module 7: Current Trends in Public Health: Global and
outcomes of practice; National
10. understand the role of technology in the delivery
and organization of care, and
11. train other users such as patients and careers how
to use relevant ICTs.

Roles of Community Health Nurse in eHealth

1. Data and Records Manager
 monitor trends of disease through EMR/EHR
allowing for targeted interventions for health
promotion, disease prevention, curative services or
rehabilitation
 make sure all data are accurate, complete,
consistent, correct, and current
 Perform regular data audits
2. Change Agent
 work closely with the community and implementing
eHealth with them and not for them
 inform and guide the community in selecting and
applying appropriate ICT tools
 Collaborate with health leaders, policy makers,
stakeholders and other community health
professionals
 Help developed appropriate eHealth tools for the
community
3. Educator
 provide health education to the individuals,
families, groups and community through ICT tools
(teleconference, SMS, e-mail and virtual)

7
8
9
10
11
 National Health Situation
Top 3 killer diseases in PH
Ischemic heart disease
 Out of 582,183 registered deaths in 2016, some
74,134 cases or 12.7 percent of the total was due
to ischemic heart disease.
 It is the top cause of death among Filipino men
with 74,134 cases and the second cause of death
among Filipino women with 29,662 cases in a year.
Cancer
 Cancer, also known as neoplasms, is
characterized by the presence of a malignant
growth or tumor which results from abnormal cell
division. The most common types of neoplasms
include uterine, urinary bladder, thyroid, soft tissue,
prostate, ovarian, skin, lymph node, lung, kidney,
gastric, anal, blood, bone, breast, cervical,
esophageal and colorectal cancer.
Pneumonia
 Pneumonia is the infection of both lungs. In the
past decade, it claims the lives of 57, 089 Filipinos
every year.
Other diseases:
The other illnesses which cause death among Filipinos
include
4. Cerebrovascular diseases with 56, 938 cases
5. Hypertensive diseases with 33,452 cases
6. Diabetes mellitus 33,295 cases
7. Other heart diseases with 28,641 cases
8. Respiratory tuberculosis with 24,462 cases
9. Chronic lower respiratory infections with 24, 2365 cases
and
10. Diseases of genitourinary system with 19,759 cases.

Top 10 Morbidity Cases

1. Acute Respiratory Infection
2. Hypertension

12
 3. Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection and
Pneumonia
4. Urinary Tract Infection
5. Influenza
6. Bronchitis
7. Acute Watery Diarrhea
8. TB Respiratory
9. Acute Bloody Diarrhea
10. Dengue Fever

Module 7: Current Trends in Public Health: Global and

National

13
COVID Cases as of November 13, 2020
Global case - 55 million, 35.3 recovered and 1.33 million
deaths
National - 411,736 million, 374, 000 recovered and 7, 846
deaths
Western Visayas Total Cases - 19,108, Recovered 16,475
and 475 deaths (as of November 2020)

14
Role of a Community Health Nurse in the National and
Global Health Care Delivery System:
 “Nurses are well positioned to help meet the
evolving needs of the health care system,” the
report states. “They have vital roles to play in
achieving patient-centered care; strengthening
primary care services; delivering more care in the
community; and providing seamless,
coordinated care.

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Universal Health Care Law / Republic Act No. 11223
Abbreviations
 UHC - Universal Health Care
 PHIC - Philippine Health Insurance Corporation
 SHI - Social Health Insurance
 PAGCOR - Philippine Amusement and Gaming
Corporation
 HMO - Health Maintenance Organization
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 PHI - Personal Health Information

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 A. Filipino Culture
Resilient
 Filipinos are very resilient
 In times of calamities and catastrophes,
Filipinos always manage to rise above the
challenge. Instead of wallowing, they manage
to pick themselves up and smile.
Pride in Their Family
 Filipinos take pride in their families
 In the Philippines, it is family first. So whether
you are part of the immediate family or you
belong to the third or fourth generation, you
are treated as a family member. Sometimes,
even the closest of friends are considered
family, too.
Religious
 Filipinos are very religious
 In all corners of a Filipino house, you can find
brazen images of crosses and other religious
paraphernalia. They go to church every
Sunday, or sometimes even twice or three
times a week.
Respectful
 Filipinos are very respectful
 From the moment they are born into this world,
they are already taught how to be respectful by
using these simple catchphrases—po and opo,
words that end sentences when addressing
elders. They have a culture of pagmamano,
which is where they raise the backs of the
hands of their elders to their foreheads as a
sign of respect.
Community Spirit “Bayanihan”
 Filipinos help one another
 More popularly known as bayanihan, Filipinos
help one another—without expecting anything
in return—so that undertaking their tasks and
responsibilities become much easier.
Sometimes this is called “community spirit.”
Longest Christmas Celebration
 Filipinos have the longest Christmas
celebrations—ever
 Even as early as August, you can hear
Christmas songs and jingles being played in
the malls or in the restaurants in the
Philippines. The mood becomes festive, with
many people shopping and in good spirits.

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  Christmas celebrations last until around the  A serenade would require the young man to sing a
first or second week of January. love song in front of the young lady's house
Party Superstition
 Filipinos love to party  In the Philippines, superstitious beliefs have grown
 Yes, Filipinos love to hold celebrations and throughout the country.
fiestas. Bacolod has its MassKara Festival,  These beliefs have come from the different sayings
Davao has its Kadayawan Festival, and and beliefs of our ancestors that aim to prevent
Marinduque has its Moriones Festival. danger from happening or to make a person refrain
Love to Eat from doing something in particular.
 Filipinos love to eat Cuisine
 Aside from breakfast, lunch, and dinner,  The Philippines is considered the melting pot of
Filipinos manage to squeeze in a little meal in Asia.
between, too. Whether they eat every hour or  The rich medley of Chinese, Malay, Spanish,
every three hours, they savour every bite. Oh, Mexican, American, and Indian cooking are noticed
and they do love going to buffets! in Philippine cuisine.
Love for Art and Architecture  Eating out is one of the favorite Filipino past times.
 Filipinos love art and architecture  A typical Pinoy diet consists at most of six meals a
 Just look at the massive and tall buildings day; breakfast, snacks, lunch, snacks, dinner, and
everywhere. Filipinos have a penchant for again a midnight snack before going to sleep.
bringing art and architecture to a whole new Marriage and Wedding Customs
level. They love to design creatively, to think  In the country, marriage is a sacred union of man
intuitively, and have a passion for anything and women after a period of courtship and
different and unique. engagement.
Love to Sing  It is a sacrament between two people who love
 Filipinos love to sing each other.
 This is the reason why karaoke has become  For many Filipinos, the eternal quality of dedication
so prevalent. As part of their recreation, to God pervades a truly sacred marriage.
Filipinos spend some quality time with their Death
families or friends singing or belting out new  Death in the Philippines is one of the most
and old songs. important occasions in family life.
Festivals  For many Filipinos, a death of relatives is an
Filipino Customs and Tradition opportunity to strengthen ties in the Family.
 Our customs and tradition is a big reflection of our  To pay respect and honor the relationship to the
great and complex history. deceased, long lost relatives, friends, and even
 It is influenced by most of the people we have relatives working abroad are reunited.
interacted with. Society
 A blend of the Malayo-Polynesian and Hispanic  The primary ancestors of Filipinos are Malays who
culture with the influence from Chinese, Indians came from the southeastern Asian country which is
Arabs, and other Asian cultures really contribute to now called Indonesia.
the customs and traditions of the Filipinos.  The Philippines is a combined society, both
Mano Po singular and plural in form.
 When children or young people greet or say  It is singular as one nation, but plural in that it is
goodbye to their elders they typically do so by fragmented geographically and culturally.
taking the right hand of the elder with their right Living with Parents
hand and touch the back the elder's hand lightly on  Filipinos highly value the presence of family more
their forehead. than anything.
 It is a way of giving respect to the elders and I  Adult children living with their parents are another
believe that is also a way of receiving blessing to Filipino traditional that make them exceptional.
the elders. Eating with a Fork and Spoon
Close Family Ties is also one of their unique traits.  One Filipinos identity is that they are eat using a
 It is one of the outstanding cultural values that fork and a spoon.
Filipinos have. The family takes care of each other  The fork is place in the left hand while the spoon is
and are taught to be loyal to family and elders by in the right hand.
simply obeying their authorities.  Fork is used to place or push the food into the
 This is one of the unique characteristics of spoon which is held by the right hand.
Filipinos.  Since rice is the main staple of the Filipinos at
Courtship almost every meal, the fork and spoon method is
 We Filipinos are very romantic when it comes to ideal.
heart affairs.  It is believe that the use of a spoon and a fork is
 Serenading or Harana in Tagalog is one of the perfect for the way Southeast Asians prepare and
most popular forms of courtship to show that a cook their food.
man is very serious with his intentions to a woman.

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Eating with Hands (Kamayan)
 In addition to the use of the fork and spoon, eating
with your hands or kamayan is another common
Filipino tradition.
 For many Filipinos, kamayan gives full taste to the
food instead of using utensils.
 Gather a small portion of meat or fish and a bite-
sized portion of rice on your plate.
 Then use all your fingers to gather the food into a
small mountain or mound
Balikbayan Boxes
 Some Filipinos leave the Philippines to live and
work abroad.
 A balikbayan box is a box of items sent by the
balikbayan to their family in the Philippines.
 The box can be sent or it can be brought by the
sender when they themselves return to the
Philippines.

C. Filipino Values, Traits and beliefs

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Good Filipino Traits and Habit

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 candy), as it signifies inviting misfortune into your
home.
 Reassure your host that you’re human
 A very common line used by Filipinos when
knocking on someone’s door is “Tao (person) po!“.
 Many assume it refers to the knocker calling out to
ask if there are any people inside, when actually, it
is said to stem from the knocker reassuring the
people inside that s/he is a person and not a
possibly harmful supernatural creature.
 Siblings should not marry within the same year
 This superstition is called “sukob” and advises
against siblings marrying within the same year as it
is said to divide the luck between the two
marriages.
 Another type of sukob advises against marriages
within the same year as the death of an immediate
family member.
 Pushing to do so is considered bad luck.
 Another wedding-related superstition is that the
bride should never try on her dress before the big
9 Superstitions Many Filipinos Still Believe day.
 The number of steps of staircases at home should  This is said to bring bad luck and cause the
not be divisible by three cancellation of the union.
 Enter a Filipino household with a staircase and  Serve pancit (noodles) at celebrations,
begin chanting “Oro (gold), plata (silver), mata especially birthdays
(death)”, taking one step up with each word.  This ever-present dish at Filipino gatherings is
 Most likely, upon reaching the top step, the chant believed to represent long life.
will end with either oro or plata.  And while Filipinos today may joke and laugh about
 This is because many Filipinos will go to great actually believing that this noodle dish is served for
lengths to avoid ending in mata which denotes bad long life, it remains a staple at nearly every
luck. birthday feast.
 The two preceding words on the other hand,  Respect the elementals
obviously denote good fortune.  Filipino folklore is rich with a variety of elementals,
 Turn your plate when someone leaves in the from giants smoking tobacco, to small, grumpy, old
middle of a meal men living in anthills.
 When sitting at the dining table for a meal and  Stories of these creatures fill the childhoods of
someone gets up to leave before the rest of the many Filipino children, inciting both intrigue and
group finishes, everybody left at the table should fear.
turn their plates to ensure safe travels for the  Many superstitions still surround the beliefs in
person leaving. such creatures today.
 Another meal superstition (though more loosely  Among the most practiced is the saying of “tabi tabi
believed) is that the table should not start being po” (excuse me) when passing through places
cleared while people are still eating. where elementals are likely to dwell
 If this is done, it is believed that the last person left  Blame your missing things on elves
dining will live a lonely life.  In the Philippines, there is an assumption that
 Don’t go straight home after attending a wake when items around the house go missing and
 This superstition is called “pagpag” (the shaking off reappear, this is caused by dwendes or playful
of dirt). elves.
 In the context of a wake, it means going elsewhere  While mischievous, these little creatures are
after attending the wake before heading home to believed to be mostly harmless – aside from the
shake off the spirit of the deceased lest it follows type that take small children.
you home.
 Another is that the family of the deceased should Filipino Negative Values That Could Hinder the delivery
not drop off visitors at the door upon saying of Health Services
goodbye as it symbolizes dropping them off at their
own deaths.
 And, as for serving food at wakes (be it heavy
meals or light snacks) at Filipino wakes is
customary, visitors should not make the mistake of
taking any home with them (be it a small piece of

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