Chapter 2a: Operating-System Services: Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 Operating System Concepts - 10 Edition
Chapter 2a: Operating-System Services: Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 Operating System Concepts - 10 Edition
Chapter 2a: Operating-System Services: Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018 Operating System Concepts - 10 Edition
Services
Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
Outline
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Objectives
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Operating System Services
▪ Operating systems provide an environment for execution of programs
and services to programs and users
▪ One set of operating-system services provides functions that are
helpful to the user:
• User interface - Almost all operating systems have a user
interface (UI).
Varies between Command-Line (CLI), Graphics User
Interface (GUI), touch-screen, Batch
• Program execution - The system must be able to load a program
into memory and to run that program, end execution, either
normally or abnormally (indicating error)
• I/O operations - A running program may require I/O, which may
involve a file or an I/O device
.
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Operating System Services (Cont.)
▪ One set of operating-system services provides functions that are
helpful to the user (Cont.):
• File-system manipulation - The file system is of particular
interest. Programs need to read and write files and directories,
create and delete them, search them, list file Information,
permission management.
• Communications – Processes may exchange information, on the
same computer or between computers over a network
Communications may be via shared memory or through
message passing (packets moved by the OS)
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Operating System Services (Cont.)
▪ One set of operating-system services provides functions that are
helpful to the user (Cont.):
• Error detection – OS needs to be constantly aware of possible
errors
May occur in the CPU and memory hardware, in I/O devices, in
user program
For each type of error, OS should take the appropriate action
to ensure correct and consistent computing
Debugging facilities can greatly enhance the user’s and
programmer’s abilities to efficiently use the system
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Operating System Services (Cont.)
▪ Another set of OS function exists for ensuring the efficient operation of
the system itself via resource sharing
• Resource allocation - When multiple users or multiple jobs
running concurrently, resources must be allocated to each of them
Many types of resources - CPU cycles, main memory, file
storage, I/O devices.
• Logging - To keep track of which users use how much and what
kinds of computer resources
• Protection and security - The owners of information stored in a
multiuser or networked computer system may want to control use
of that information, concurrent processes should not interfere with
each other
Protection involves ensuring that all access to system
resources is controlled
Security of the system from outsiders requires user
authentication, extends to defending external I/O devices from
invalid access attempts
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A View of Operating System Services
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User Operating System Interface
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CLI
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Bourne Shell Command Interpreter
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GUI
▪ User-friendly desktop metaphor interface
• Usually mouse, keyboard, and monitor
• Icons represent files, programs, actions, etc.
• Various mouse buttons over objects in the interface cause various
actions (provide information, options, execute function, open
directory (known as a folder)
• Invented at Xerox PARC
▪ Many systems now include both CLI and GUI interfaces
• Microsoft Windows is GUI with CLI “command” shell
• Apple Mac OS X is “Aqua” GUI interface with UNIX kernel
underneath and shells available
• Unix and Linux have CLI with optional GUI interfaces (CDE, KDE,
GNOME)
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Touchscreen Interfaces
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The Mac OS X GUI
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System Calls
▪ Programming interface to the services provided by the OS
▪ Typically written in a high-level language (C or C++)
▪ Mostly accessed by programs via a high-level Application
Programming Interface (API) rather than direct system call use
▪ Three most common APIs are Win32 API for Windows, POSIX
API for POSIX-based systems (including virtually all versions of
UNIX, Linux, and Mac OS X), and Java API for the Java virtual
machine (JVM)
Note that the system-call names used throughout this text are
generic
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Example of System Calls
▪ System call sequence to copy the contents of one file to another file
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Example of Standard API
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System Call Implementation
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API: System Call to Open a File
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System Call Parameter Passing
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Parameter Passing via Table
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Types of System Calls
▪ Process control
• create process, terminate process
• end, abort
• load, execute
• get process attributes, set process attributes
• wait for time
• wait event, signal event
• allocate and free memory
• dump memory if error
• Debugger for determining bugs, single step execution
• Locks for managing access to shared data between processes
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Types of System Calls (Cont.)
▪ File management
• create file, delete file
• open, close file
• read, write, reposition
• get and set file attributes
▪ Device management
• request device, release device
• read, write, reposition
• get device attributes, set device attributes
• logically attach or detach devices
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Types of System Calls (Cont.)
▪ Information maintenance
• get time or date, set time or date
• get system data, set system data
• get and set process, file, or device attributes
▪ Communications
• create, delete communication connection
• send, receive messages if message passing model to
host name or process name
From client to server
• shared-memory model create and gain access to memory
regions
• transfer status information
• attach and detach remote devices
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Types of System Calls (Cont.)
▪ Protection
• control access to resources
• get and set permissions
• allow and deny user access
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Examples of Windows and Unix System Calls
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Standard C Library Example
▪ C program invoking printf() library call, which calls write() system call
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Example: Arduino
The Arduino is a simple hardware platform consisting of a microcontroller
along with input sensors that respond to a variety of events, such as
changes to light, temperature, and barometric pressure, etc.
▪ Single-tasking
▪ No operating system
▪ Programs (sketch) loaded via
USB into flash memory
▪ Single memory space
▪ Boot loader loads program
▪ Program exit -> shell reloaded At system startup running a program
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Example: FreeBSD
▪ Unix variant
▪ Multitasking
▪ User login -> invoke user’s choice of shell
▪ Shell executes fork() system call to create
process
• Executes exec() to load program into
process
• Shell waits for process to terminate or
continues with user commands
▪ Process exits with:
• code = 0 – no error
• code > 0 – error code
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System Services
▪ System programs provide a convenient environment for program
development and execution. They can be divided into:
• File manipulation
• Status information sometimes stored in a file
• Programming language support
• Program loading and execution
• Communications
• Background services
• Application programs
▪ Most users’ view of the operation system is defined by system
programs, not the actual system calls
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System Services (Cont.)
▪ Provide a convenient environment for program development and
execution
• Some of them are simply user interfaces to system calls; others
are considerably more complex
▪ Status information
• Some ask the system for info - date, time, amount of available
memory, disk space, number of users
• Others provide detailed performance, logging, and debugging
information
• Typically, these programs format and print the output to the
terminal or other output devices
• Some systems implement a registry - used to store and
retrieve configuration information
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System Services (Cont.)
▪ File modification
• Text editors to create and modify files
• Special commands to search contents of files or perform
transformations of the text
▪ Programming-language support - Compilers, assemblers,
debuggers and interpreters sometimes provided
▪ Program loading and execution- Absolute loaders, relocatable
loaders, linkage editors, and overlay-loaders, debugging systems for
higher-level and machine language
▪ Communications - Provide the mechanism for creating virtual
connections among processes, users, and computer systems
• Allow users to send messages to one another’s screens, browse
web pages, send electronic-mail messages, log in remotely,
transfer files from one machine to another
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System Services (Cont.)
▪ Background Services
• Launch at boot time
Some for system startup, then terminate
Some from system boot to shutdown
• Provide facilities like disk checking, process scheduling, error
logging, printing
• Run in user context not kernel context
• Known as services, subsystems, daemons
▪ Application programs
• Don’t pertain to system
• Run by users
• Not typically considered part of OS
• Launched by command line, mouse click, finger poke
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Linkers and Loaders
▪ Source code compiled into object files designed to be loaded into any
physical memory location – relocatable object file
▪ Linker combines these into single binary executable file
• Also brings in libraries
▪ Program resides on secondary storage as binary executable
▪ Must be brought into memory by loader to be executed
• Relocation assigns final addresses to program parts and adjusts
code and data in program to match those addresses
▪ Modern general-purpose systems don’t link libraries into executables
• Rather, dynamically linked libraries (in Windows, DLLs) are
loaded as needed, shared by all that use the same version of that
same library (loaded once)
▪ Object, executable files have standard formats, so operating system
knows how to load and start them
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The Role of the Linker and Loader
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Why Applications are Operating System Specific
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End of Chapter 2a
Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018