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    Sesame and Niger

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    Sesame is an ancient oilseed crop grown in India that provides edible oil and pharmaceutical compounds. It is seasonally grown across 24 states in varied climates. Many varieties have been developed with different seed coat colors suited to different regions. Foundation and certified seed production requires isolation distances of 100m and 50m, respectively, to maintain genetic purity. Rouging at different plant stages and a grow-out test help ensure only true-to-type plants are selected. Post-harvest processing like threshing and cleaning must be done with care to avoid mechanical mixtures due to sesame's small, light seeds.

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    Sesame and Niger

    Uploaded by

    p
    71 views9 pages
    Sesame is an ancient oilseed crop grown in India that provides edible oil and pharmaceutical compounds. It is seasonally grown across 24 states in varied climates. Many varieties have been developed with different seed coat colors suited to different regions. Foundation and certified seed production requires isolation distances of 100m and 50m, respectively, to maintain genetic purity. Rouging at different plant stages and a grow-out test help ensure only true-to-type plants are selected. Post-harvest processing like threshing and cleaning must be done with care to avoid mechanical mixtures due to sesame's small, light seeds.

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    Sesame is an ancient oilseed crop grown in India that provides edible oil and pharmaceutical compounds. It is seasonally grown across 24 states in varied climates. Many varieties have been developed with different seed coat colors suited to different regions. Foundation and certified seed production requires isolation distances of 100m and 50m, respectively, to maintain genetic purity. Rouging at different plant stages and a grow-out test help ensure only true-to-type plants are selected. Post-harvest processing like threshing and cleaning must be done with care to avoid mechanical mixtures due to sesame's small, light seeds.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    71 views9 pages

    Sesame and Niger

    Uploaded by

    p
    Sesame is an ancient oilseed crop grown in India that provides edible oil and pharmaceutical compounds. It is seasonally grown across 24 states in varied climates. Many varieties have been developed with different seed coat colors suited to different regions. Foundation and certified seed production requires isolation distances of 100m and 50m, respectively, to maintain genetic purity. Rouging at different plant stages and a grow-out test help ensure only true-to-type plants are selected. Post-harvest processing like threshing and cleaning must be done with care to avoid mechanical mixtures due to sesame's small, light seeds.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.

    ) is an oldest oilseed crop and is a source of high quality


    edible oil with pharmaceutical and nutraceutical value for sesamin and sesamolin. It is
    traditionally grown in all regions in India. Varieties of different seed coat viz., white, black and
    shades of brown are commonly cultivated for its use as oil and confectionery purpose. It is
    predominately a self-pollinated crop, but to some extent of cross-pollination occurs due to
    honey bees. Sesame is season bound and location specific due to photo and thermo sensitivity.
    Sesame is cultivated across 24 states in wide range ofagroclimatic zones in 1.52 million ha with
    production of 0.78 million t.

    Regionwise seed coat colour preferences exist. White seed is predominant in


    Northern and Western states, light brown seed type in Eastern states, Dark brown and Black
    type in Southern states of India. The average productivity is low at 502 kg/ha. West Bengal
    record highest productivity of 933kg/ha.

    Improvement in quality seed production will help in seed availability and


    encourages varietal and seed replacement among the farmers.A total of 91 varieties released
    from 1960 to 2019 for different agro-climatic zones. Twenty nine varieties are currently in seed
    chain.

    Foundation and Certified Seed Production-


    Suitable areas: Seed production shall be under taken preferably in the areas where soil and
    climate are highly suitable for the growth and development withoptimum expression of
    diagnostic characters; facilities for protective irrigation, low incidence of diseases and pests.
    Seed production should not be undertaken in the hot spots of seed borne diseases.
    Isolation: Minimum Isolation distance: Foundation seed = 100m; Certified = 50m
    Rouging: As per the standard characters of varieties, undertake rouging.
    Vegetative stage: remove morphological off types based on height, leaf size, shape and
    serration;

    Pre-flowering stage: Remove off types for branching, height and flower initiation, stem
    pubescence.

    Flowering stage: Late and early flowering, flower colourCapsule formation stage: Capsule
    characters for locules, length, shape, hairiness, formation, etc.Remove phyllody affected plants
    at all stages.

    Harvesting and Post-harvest processing

     Harvest when 70% of the capsules from bottom turn light green to greenish yellow. Cut
    the plants at the bottom and stack over a tarpaulin in slant heap/bundles in field for 3-5
    days when most leaves dry and fall.
     Transport the heaps to threshing yard.
     Over a tarpaulin, manually thresh by gentle beating with club with rotation of plants for
    all the seed to fall. Heap the seeds, dry for 2-3 days with intermittent stirring.Winnow
    and sieve to get select bold seeds. Sesame seeds can be screened with several mesh
    sizes of hardware cloth. Aluminum window screens can also be used. It is useful to have
    a large variety of mesh sizes and shapes to suite wide variety of sesame seed types.

    Dry to safe moisture level of 7-8% and store in polythene lined bags in cool dry store. For safe
    long-term storage, sesame seed should be clean, have moisture content not more than 6% and
    stored at a relative humidity of approximately 50% and at cool temperature.
    Seed yield: 3 to 5q/ha
    Maintenance of genetic and physical purity: Sesame is highly prone to mechanical mixture due
    to its very light, small seed and shattering habit which affect genetic purity. Therefore care has
    to be taken to avoid mixture at all stages of seed production.

    Following precautions are to be taken to maintain the genetic purity.

     Select the field with no preceding crop of Sesame.


     Use seed from authenticated source
     Maintain safe isolation distance as recommended for different class of seed
     Restrict selection to only true to the type plants, as any kind of selection will change the
    identity of a variety.
     Renewal of seed should be done at least once in three years. Follow strict rouging at
    vegetative, flowering and maturity stages.

     Harvesting should be done at proper stage. Threshing should be done on a clean floor.

    Grow-out test:

     Grow 800 plants of the submitted sample


     The permissible limit of off types in sesame is 0.5%.

    Challenges in seed production

     Maturity of the capsules is not synchronous


     Shattering is the main problem
     Very small, light seeds and shattering of capsules make the crop prone to mechanical
    mixture at harvesting, threshing and processing stages

    Seed Standards for certificationFactor Standard for each class (%)

    Foundation Certified

    Pure seed (minimum) 97.0 97.0

    Inert matter (maximum) 3.0 3.0

    Other crop seeds (maximum) 10/kg 20/kg

    Weed seeds (maximum) 10/kg 20/kg

    Other distinguishable varieties 10/kg 20/kg


    (max.)

    Germination (minimum) 80 80

    Moisture (maximum) 9.0 9.0

    For vapour-proof containers 5.0 5.0


    (max.)

    Tips to obtain higher yield of quality seed


     Minimum isolation 100 m for breeder and foundation stages and 50 m for certified
    stage
     Ensure ‘source seed’ for genetic purity and authenticity
     Grow five border rows of same variety to serve as barrier
     Select variety recommended for cultivation specific to the given region
     Select fertile land with adequate irrigation and drainage.
     Avoid fields with previous season/year sesame crop.
     A seed rate of 2.5 - 3 kg/ha
     Apply 5t FYM/ha and recommended RDF and S.
     Cautious about admixtures while production, harvesting, post harvest processing,
    packing.

    Niger (Guizotia abysinnica).

    SEED CLASSES AND GENERATIONS

    . The number of official pedigreed classes is determined by the Breeder of


    the variety and are normally Foundation and Certified.
    .

    Foundation: limited to one generation. For Foundation and Probation plot production, refer
    also to the plot requirements of Section 13. Land and crop inspection requirements for plot
    production are the same as for Foundation status crops.

    . For those growers who are not accredited by the CSGA to grow Probation, Select
    or Foundation plots, and who plant crops with Breeder or Select seed, the CSGA reserves the
    right to determine the status of the crop and may issue a Certified crop certificate.

    LAND REQUIREMENTS :-

    . Niger crops must not be grown on land which in the preceding 2 years grew
    anon-pedigreed crop of Niger or a different variety of Niger.

    . Niger crops must not be grown on land which in the previous year grew a crop of
    Canola, Mustard, Oilseed Radish or Rapeseed.
    .

    CROP INSPECTION ;-

     The basic standards for all crops are set out in Section 1.7. In addition, the following
    apply to crops in this section:
     It is the grower’s responsibility to ensure that crops are inspected by an
    authorizedinspector prior to swathing or harvesting.
     A crop that is cut, swathed or harvested prior to crop inspection is not eligible for
    pedigree.
     The crop must be inspected at a stage of growth when varietal purity is best
    determined. Crops not inspected at the proper stage for best determining varietal purity
    may be cause for declining pedigreed status.
     Inspection should be made during the bloom stage after at least 50 percent of the
    plants are showing one or more blossoms .

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