Experiment 1 - Theory
Experiment 1 - Theory
Experiment 1 - Theory
STUDENT NUMBER:
STUDENT NAME SURNAME:
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL
AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT MANUEL
THEORY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
THEORY
The values of fixed resistors are denoted by the producer firms through two methods.
First method is to write the resistance value over the resistor using numbers (like 100R, 180K,
1.5M). This method is not commonly used because the alphabets of all languages are not the
same. The second method is to denote the resistance values with color scales. This method is
usable for all countries. Every color denotes a number in that method. So, the color codes of
resistors should be learned well.
There are four colors in the color scales on the carbon resistors while there are five
colors in the color scales on the metal film resistors. Colors, their numerical values and how
to read them is given in Figure 1.
Figure 1
As seen from Figure 1, the last color shows the tolerance. Tolerance determines the
maximum and minimum values of resistance. Carbon resistors have higher tolerances than
metal film resistors. Due to this reason, metal film resistors are used in precision-bored
(delicate) circuits while carbon resistors are used in circuits which are not precision-bored.
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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
For instance, let’s calculate the value of resistance and limits of resistance values according to
the tolerance of a four band resistor on which there are colors of brown, black, red and gold.
1.Colour 2.Colour 3.Colour Value Tolerance
(1.Number) (2.Number) (Multiplier) (Ohm) (%)
1 0 00 1000R 5
5 5000
% ± 5 tolerance=1000. = =50 Ω
100 100
This means that the resistance is between 1000-50= 950 Ω and 1000+50=1050 Ω.
For instance, let’s calculate the value of resistance and limits of resistance values according to
the tolerance of a five band resistor on which there are colors of red, red, black, brown and
purple.
1.Colour 2.Colour 3.Colour Value Tolerance
(1.Number) (2.Number) (Multiplier) (Ohm) (%)
2 2 00 2200R 0.1
0.1 220
% ± 0.1 tolerance=2200. = =2.2 Ω
100 100
This means that, the resistance value is between 2200-2,2=2197,8 Ω and 2200+2,2=2202 Ω.
Smaller the tolerance limits of a resistor, better is the resistor.
In delicate electronic circuits, tolerances of some resistors are specifically shown on a
schema. If these kinds of circuits are being applied, attention must be paid to the tolerance
value.
Another point to pay attention is the power of resistor. Power of resistors is
determined as Watt (W). If too great currents pass through the resistors and if the resistors do
not have enough power they may be heatened and deformed. Because of that, you should use
the resistors which have enough power suitable for the structure of the circuit.
Resistors present the same opposition to the direct current (DC) and alternating current
(AC). This opposition is called “ohmic resistance”.
MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCES
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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Digital devices are commonly used by electricians. They can measure electric current
(Amper), electric voltage (volt) and resistance (ohm). These devices are also called
“AVOMETER” (Amper-Volt-Ohm). Delicate values can be read by digital avometers and
they are easy to use. A typical avometer can be seen in figure 2.
Figure 2
The cables that are used to connect the terminals of the measured component to
the avometer are called “probes”. Probes have special plugs on both sides.
The part of the probe that we grab by the hand is made of good insulators and the
parts (terminals) that are used for measurement are made of good conductors. The
conducting parts are also called “live terminals”. In order to prevent problems of usage,
probes are produced as black and red. Black probe is called (-) negative probe and red
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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Figure 3
Black probe will be plugged to “com” socket in all measurements. Red probe will
be plugged to the socket of related measurement unit. In resistance measurement, the red
probe will be plugged to ohm socket. The switch will be adjusted to “ohm”.
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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
THEORY
Ohm’s law is expressed as the ratio of the potential difference between the two ends of
a conductor to the current intensity passing through the conductor is constant. Ohm’s law
examines the mathematical relation between voltage, current and resistance in electric
circuits.
In Figure 4, the “S” switch is closed. If the voltage of adjustable generator is increased
it will be observed that the current also increases. If voltage is decreased then current also
decreases. This means that voltage is directly proportional to the current.
If any value of voltage is divided by the current at the same moment, the result will be
the same. This constant value equals the circuit resistance (R). Mathematically, resistance in
circuit:
E
R= (1)
I
In (1);
R= Circuit resistance (ohm)
E= Circuit voltage (volt)
I= Circuit current (amper)