READING AND WRITING

LESSON 8: UNIVERSITY OF MAKATI

HIGHER SCHOOL NG UMAK
FINDING TEXTUAL EVIDENCES
Time Started : ___________
Time Ended : ___________

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. cite efficiently the textual evidences in various written text;

2. determine textual evidences to validate using text features; and
3. enumerate the different text features used in various written text.

INTRODUCTION/KEY POINTS
Academic writing often requires students to use evidence, and learning how to use evidence
effectively is an important skill for writers to master. Frequently, the evidence that writers used comes
from textbooks, course readings, or other written work. It is
important to learn how to use these writings responsibly and
accurately.

A reader that has previous experience or has already

read about a particular topic will have some insight or
knowledge about the topic before reading it. Having prior
knowledge will help the readers comprehend it better than
having no prior knowledge. It is almost like having the upper
hand and it provides extra support to the reader’s thinking
process.

KNOWLEDGE BOOSTER (CORE CONTENT)

I. TEXT EVIDENCE
 It is information that you find in the selection that helps you support your answer.
 It is any evidence from a fiction or nonfiction text that can be used to support ideas, arguments,
opinions, and thoughts. When we cite textual evidence, we paraphrase, quote, or refer to the
specific part of the text that we are using to back up or support our thoughts and ideas.
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General Considerations

There are three methods of incorporating the writing of others into your paper as evidence:

1. quotation, which is anything from a word to several sentences taken word-for-word from the
original source and enclosed in quotation marks;
2. paraphrase, which is a rephrasing in your own voice and sentence structure of one portion of
the original source and is about the same length as the original sentence or sentences you are
paraphrasing; and
3. summary, which is shorter version of the original source and gives the text’s central idea in
your own words.

HOW DO YOU FIND TEXT EVIDENCE?

P – Paragraph/passage

R – Reference

O – Offer support

V – View of author

E – Eyes can see

I – Inferences

T – Text features

PARAGRAPH/PASSAGE

 The evidence must be found somewhere in the passage.

 It could be in just one paragraph.
 It could be several places throughout the passage.
 Don’t stop with the first piece of evidence you find.
 Sometimes, the best supporting piece evidence comes later in the text.

REFERENCE

 You should be able to locate a specific reference on the text.

 On page ___, …
 In paragraph, …
 In the section “___”, ...
 It says in paragraph ____ on page ___, that …

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OFFER SUPPORT

 There must be a connection between the question and the evidence.

 Make sure the evidence actually supports your idea.
 Just because the evidence is in the selection, it does not mean it automatically supports any idea
on the topic.
 The author shows this (what is asked in the question) by … (connection to the evidence)”
 “I know because…”
 “The reason I think…is because…”

VIEW OF AUTHOR

 Provides the author’s view on the topic.

 Links back to what the author meant or author’s purpose.
 “The author stated…”
 For instance, the author states…”

EYES CAN SEE

 Has to be something your eyes can physically see in the text.

 Something is directly stated that supports the idea.
 “The text directly states…”
 “In the text. It explicitly states…”
 “The text said …”

INFERENCES

 Making inferences is like being a detective.

 You must use clues from the text to figure something out because it was not stated completely in
the text.
 You must also use your own knowledge to help
 “I think... because…
 “I can infer from…that…

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II. TEXT FEATURES

What do we mean by the term “features”?

Text features are the different, specific characteristics in a text that help the reader understand the
information better, such as italic and bold-faced type, page numbers, titles and subtitles, illustrations, etc.

Text features are parts of text that draw attention to important information.

What are the features of a house?? Here are some house features.

granite counter-tops Refrigerator with ice-maker

A/C insulated roof
two full bathrooms high r-factor windows
bay windows wall-to-wall carpet
French doors screened-in patio and pool
crystal chandeliers area

What are the features of this coral reef?

Anemone
rocks
water
sand and so on

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UNDERSTANDING TEXT FEATURES

HEADINGS PHOTOGRAPHS

TITLES

CAPTIONS ILLUSTRATIONS

PARTS OF TEXT FEATURES

Can you find the title of the article?

TITLE

 Titles

 The name of a text that is located on the

front cover or at the beginning of a chapter; it tells what
the content is mostly about.

Can you find the headings?

HEADING

 Headings

 The headings introduce topics in the text.

They are often written in bold print,
large print, or colorful text

HEADING

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 Bold and Italic print

 Bold print is print that is darker or brighter than the rest of the sentence. Authors use bold print to
signal important information or new words.
 Authors use italic to signal important words, new ideas, or foreign words.

Can you find the italicized words? Can you find the bold print words?

Bold print
Italicized word

Bold print
Italicized word

 Photographs
 Illustrations are drawing. They are created by an artist. Illustrations can be very basic, or they can
be very detailed.
 Photographs are taken by a photographer. They show real objects in real settings.

How does the photograph help the reader understand this text?
picture

The picture helps readers to understand

ideas.

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 Illustrations

Why do you think the author chose to illustrate this

text instead of using a photograph? How does the
illustration help a reader to understand this text?

Illustrations can do what photographs cannot. Often,

Illustration artists use illustrations to show things from the past or
simplify ideas.

Can you find the caption?

 Captions
 Captions are found underneath illustrations or Caption
photographs. They explain what’s in the picture.

OTHER TEXT FEATURES:

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INSIGHT
Citing evidence requires students to think more deeply
about the text, analyze the author, source, etc. Students also
need to practice finding strong evidence to support their
ideas. There are several reasons why text evidence skills are
important. When we read, we often have to answer questions
or share what we know about the text with others. We need
to be able to go back into the story and prove our answers
so that people don’t think we are making things up!

On the other hand, the purpose of text features goes

hand-in-hand with comprehension. For instance, if the author
wants a reader to understand where a country is in the world, then providing a map helps the reader
visualize and understand the importance of that country’s location. If the anatomy of an animal is
vitally important to understanding a text, a detailed photograph with labels gives the reader the
support he needs to comprehend the text.

 ASSESSMENT/ACTIVITY
LET’S TRY IT!

Look at your favorite books. Answer the following questions.

1. Is there any photo? Why did you think the writer includes a photo?
2. What different text features the does the book have? How does this help you understand key
ideas?
3. What have you learned about the text features of the book?
4. Does the book make sense without text features like a picture, or heading?

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ASSIGNMENT
LET’S TEST YOUR SKILLS!

Find an article related to your strand and identify text features that are used in the article.
Summarize the article according to your understanding and explain how the different text features help
you understand the text.

Excellent 20% Good 16-19% Below Average 11-15 % Ineffective 10%below

Clear main idea Somewhat clear main Main idea is unclear-not The main idea is not
idea specifically stated in the present.
writing.

All important details are Important details are Some critical information Contains only some
included included but some might is missing details
be missing

Details are in logical order Ideas are in logical order Ideas are in random order Ideas are not in a logical
and not logical order

Demonstrates clear Demonstrates adequate Demonstrates basic Demonstrates little or no

understanding of understanding understanding of understanding
information in the text. information in text

Is characterized by Is characterized by Is characterized by the Is characterized by the

paraphrasing of the main paraphrasing of the main substantial copying of key substantial copying of
idea and significant idea and significant phrases and minimal indiscriminately selected
details details paraphrasing phrases or sentences.

REFERENCES:
REX: Reading and Writing by Marella Therese A. Tiongson and Maxine Rafaella C. Rodriguez

Brilliant Creation: Exploring Literature and Grammar

https://www.missdecarbo.com/text-evidence/

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