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Ravisha Mallappa, Basavarajaiah Doddagangavadi Mariyappa, Mamatha

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International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics
2020; 6(3): 41-48
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijamtp
doi: 10.11648/j.ijamtp.20200603.12
ISSN: 2575-5919 (Print); ISSN: 2575-5927 (Online)

Practical Insight of Ferroconvection in Heterogeneous

Brinkman Porous Medium
Ravisha Mallappa1, Basavarajaiah Doddagangavadi Mariyappa2, *,
Mamatha Arabhaghatta Lingaraju3, Prakash Revanna4
1
Department of Mathematics, Dr. Gundmi Shankar Government Women’s First Grade College and Post Graduate Study Centre, Udupi, India
2
Department of Statistics and Computer Science, Dairy Science College, Bengaluru, India
3
Department of Mathematics, Smt. Rukmini Shedthi Memorial National Government Women’s First Grade College, Udupi, India
4
Department of Mathematics, Rashtreeya Vidyalaya College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India

Email address:
*
Corresponding author

To cite this article:

Ravisha Mallappa, Basavarajaiah Doddagangavadi Mariyappa, Mamatha Arabhaghatta Lingaraju, Prakash Revanna. Practical Insight of
Ferroconvection in Heterogeneous Brinkman Porous Medium. International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics.
Special Issue: Dynamical Properties of Some Discrete Dynamical Systems. Vol.6, No. 3, 2020, pp. 41-48.
doi: 10.11648/j.ijamtp.20200603.12

Received: August 3, 2019; Accepted: December 23, 2019; Published: September 7, 2020

Abstract: Ferromagnetic fluids are made up of magnetic particles, which are suspended in a carrier liquid such as water,
hydrocarbon (mineral oil or kerosene) or fluorocarbon with a surfactant to avoid clumping. Worldwide many literature revealed
that, the ferromagnetic fluids application has been diversified in nature and widely used in engineering, technology,
agricultural, animal and biomedical sciences etc. (evidence based medicine for cancer patients, fertigation in agriculture). Now
a days, the driven applications are using in developing countries. The ferromagnetic fluids analytical applications are very
limited scope in Indian scenario due to paucity of literature and technological gap. In the essence of this research gap the
present study undertaking to demonstrate the various applications of ferroconvection in a heterogeneous Brinkman porous
medium on theoretical basis. The resulting eigenvalue problem is solved numerically using the Galerkin method. The effects of
vertical heterogeneity of permeability, Darcy parameter, Magnetic Rayleigh number, nonlinearity of magnetization, and
internal heat source on the onset of ferromagnetic convection is investigated.
Keywords: Heterogeneous Porous Medium, Ferrofluid, Ferromagnetic Convection, Variable Permeability,
Internal Heat Source

1. Introduction
The ferromagnetic fluids are made up of magnetic have propagated thermal state of fluid and it was derived
nanoparticles, which are suspended in a carrier liquid such as from the ferromagnetic convection. Hence, the heat can
water, hydrocarbon (mineral oil or kerosene) or fluorocarbon transfer by ferromagnetic fluids and it will be emerged as one
with a surfactant to avoid clumping [1, 2]. Ferrofluids of the major areas to know the various applications of
possess with an extensive applications in several fields engineering sciences. The problem of ferromagnetic
ranging from physics, electronics, electrical engineering, bio- convective instability leads to magnetized ferrofluid layer, it
medical, micro and nanoelectromechanical systems, was heated from below minimal temperature, this was
instrumentation in computer technology and various investigated by Neuringer et al. Rosensweig et al. Finlayson
heterogeneous engineering applications [3-5]. The et al. Recently, Afifah et al. studied various applications of
magnetization of ferrofluids will depend on the magnetic ferroconvection in a magnetized ferrofluid with saturating
field, temperature and density. Since, the magnetic forces porous medium. In Indian context a similar study was
42 Ravisha Mallappa et al.: Practical Insight of Ferroconvection in Heterogeneous Brinkman Porous Medium

reported by Sadrhosseini et al he observed that, the heat can 2. Mathematical Formulation

transfer to ferrofluid by porous media inside canal with
uniform heat flux on the wall and its effect was seen in Consider an incompressible magnetized ferrofluid-
saturated infinite horizontal Brinkman heterogeneous porous
magnetic field [6-9].
However, the ferromagnetic fluids analytical applications layer of thickness d with the presence of a uniform applied
is very limited scope in worldwide due to paucity of literature magnetic field ( 0, 0, H 0 ) in the vertical direction. The lower
and technological gap, there is a scope for further surface was held at constant temperature TL , while the upper
investigations on ferromagnetic convection in a
surface is at TU (< TL ). A Cartesian co-ordinate systems (x, y,
heterogeneous Brinkman porous medium with internal heat
z) used with the origin at the bottom of the porous layer and
source [10-12]. In this wide research gap, the present study is
the z-axis directed vertically upward in the presence of
attempt to demonstrate the various applications of
ferromagnetic convection with onset of penetrative gravitational field g . In addition to that, the model is
ferromagnetic convection in a ferrofluid-saturated horizontal uniformly distributed with internal heat source in the
heterogeneous Brinkman porous layer (uniformly distributed ferrofluid saturated heterogeneous porous layer. The
internal heat source). Boussinesq approximation density was estimated from the
following equation.

 1 ∂q 1  µf 2 ∂T
∇ ⋅q = 0 ρ  ε ∂t + 2 ( q.∇ ) q  = −∇p + ρ f g − q + µɶ f ∇ q + µ0 ( M ⋅ ∇) H A + ( q ⋅ ∇ ) T = κ ∇2T + Q (1)
0  ε  K ( z) ∂t

∇. B = 0 M -magnetization of the ferrofluid, B - magnetic induction,

H - magnetic field, µ f - fluid viscosity, µɶ f - effective
∇ × H = 0 or H = ∇ϕ
viscosity, µ 0 - magnetic permeability, ρ 0 - reference density,
T - temperature, A - ratio of heat capacities, ε - porosity of
B = µ0 ( M + H )
the porous medium, κ - thermal diffusivity, Q- overall
uniformly distributed effective volumetric internal heat
H αt
M = M (H ,T ) generation, -thermal expansion coefficient,
H
χ = (∂M / ∂H ) H , Ta -expressed magnetic susceptibility,
0
M = M 0 + χ ( H − H 0 ) − K p (T − Ta ) (2) K p = − ( ∂M / ∂ T f ) H , derived the pyromagnetic co-
0 Ta
efficient,
where, q denotes velocity vector, p - pressure, ρ f - fluid
density, K ( z ) -variable permeability of the porous medium,

M 0 = M ( H 0 , Ta ) , Ta = (TL + TU ) / 2 , H = H , M = M ϕ (3)

∇ 2 = ∂ 2 / ∂x 2 + ∂ 2 / ∂y 2 + ∂ 2 / ∂z 2 real values of Laplacian operator

In the basic conduction state, the following equation was formulated

qb = 0

 Qz 3 Qdz 2  z 2 zd   µ0 M 0 K p  Qz 2 Qdz 
pb ( z ) = p0 − ρ0 g z − ρ0α t g  − +β −  −  − + β z
 2   1+ χ
 6k 4k  d  2k 2k 
µ0 K p2 β 2  Q 2 z 4 Qd β d  Qdz 2 2β d  β 2 2 2 
− 
(1 + χ )2  8k 2
+
Qz 3 
4k 
 2 β − − +
z  8k
 Qd

 k
− 4β + +
z  2
z −z d  ( )
k 
 d  Q 2 Qd
Tb ( z ) = Ta − β  z −  − z + z
 2  2κ 2κ

 Kp  Q 2 Qd  d  
Hb ( z) =  H0 −  z − z + β  z −   kˆ
 1+ χ  2κ 2κ  2  
 International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics 2020; 6(3): 41-48 43

 Kp  Q 2 Qd  d  
M b ( z) =  M 0 +  z − z + β  z −   kˆ (4)
 1+ χ  2κ 2κ  2  

where, β = ∆T / d = (TL − TU ) / d is the temperature gradient, k̂ - unit vector in the z-direction and the subscript b clearly
expressed the basic state. Later the equation was superimposed with perturbations, the basic solution becomes

q = q ′, p = pb + p ′, T = Tb + T ′, H = H b + H ′ and M = M b + M ′ (5)

The linear stability analysis was performed with normal mode; non-dimensionalising of the real variables tends to be in the
following form of equation

(1 + χ ) Φ
( x*, y*, z *) =  dx , d , dz  , t* = κ2
y d 1
t, W * = W , Θ* = Θ, Φ* = (6)
  d κ βd Kpβ d2

Non-dimensional governing equations (asterisks for simplicity and noting that the principle of exchange of stability holds)
are derived in the form of

( ) (
 Da D 2 − a 2 − F ( z )  D 2 − a 2 W − DF ( z ) DW
  )
= Rm a 2  N s (1 − 2 z ) − 1 ( DΦ − Θ) + RD a 2 Θ

(D 2
)
− a2 Θ = [ N s (1 − 2 z ) − 1]W (D 2
)
− a2 M 3 Φ − DΘ = 0 . (7)

In the above equations, D = d / dz is the differential operator, where α1 and α 2 is real valued constants and it was
a can explain horizontal wave number RD = α t g β K 0 d 2 / ν κ formulated in quadratic function with unit mean. For the
and Darcy-Rayleigh number was given by the equation homogeneous porous medium case α1 = 0 = α 2 .
Da = µɶ f K 0 / µ f d 2 and also the modified Darcy number was Equations (7) - (8) we have solved that, the appropriate
boundary conditions tend to be significantly homogeneous.
propagated in the form of M 1 = µ0 K p β / (1 + χ )α t ρ 0 g
2
The simulated boundaries are found to be rigid,
Rm = RD M 1 = µ0 K p2 β 2 d 2 / (1 + χ ) µ κ . Finally after algebraic ferromagnetic state, either in isothermal or insulated
temperature perturbations. The boundary conditions was
solution, we have obtained the Darcy-Rayleigh number equation estimated in the following equation
N s = Q d / 2 κ β ; where M 3 = (1 + M 0 / H 0 ) / (1 + χ ) is the
measure of non-linearity of magnetization and W = DW = Θ or DΘ = Φ = 0 at z = 0, 1 . (9)
F ( z ) = K 0 / K ( z ) non-dimensional permeability heterogeneity
The resulting eigenvalue problem was solved numerically
function and K 0 is the mean value of K ( z ) . The function F ( z )
by using Galerkin method. Accordingly, W ( z ) , Θ( z ) and
was chosen in the following form of equation
Φ( z ) would be expanded in the series form
 1  1
F ( z ) = 1 + α1  z −  + α 2  z 2 −  (8)
 2  3

n n n
W= ∑
i =1
Ai Wi ( z ) , Θ( z ) = ∑
i =1
Bi Θi ( z ) , Φ ( z ) = ∑C
i =1
i Φi ( z) (10)

where Ai , Bi and Ci are unknown coefficients. Multiplying F ji Ai + G ji Bi = 0

Equation by W j ( z ) , Θ j ( z ) and Φ j ( z ) respectively and
H ji Bi + I ji Ci = 0 .
integrate them across the layer. Using the boundary
conditions, we obtain the following system of linear
homogeneous algebraic equations The coefficients C ji - I ji can involve inner products of the
basic functions and are given by
C ji Ai + D ji Bi + E ji Ci = 0
44 Ravisha Mallappa et al.: Practical Insight of Ferroconvection in Heterogeneous Brinkman Porous Medium

C ji = Da < D 2W j D 2Wi > +2 a 2 < DW j DWi > + a 4 < W jWi > 

 
( )
+ < 1 + α1 ( z − 1 / 2) + α 2 ( z 2 − 1 / 3) DW j DWi > − < (α1 + 2α 2 z ) W j DWi >

( )
+ a < 1 + α1 ( z − 1 / 2) + α 2 ( z 2 − 1 / 3) W j Wi >
2

D ji = − RD a 2 < W j Θi > + Rm a 2 <  N s (1 − 2 z ) − 1W j Θi >

E ji = − Rm a 2 <  N s (1 − 2 z ) − 1W j D Φ i >

F ji = <  N s (1 − 2 z ) − 1Θ jWi > , G ji = < D Θ j D Θi > + a 2 < Θ j Θ i >

H ji = − < DΦ j Θi > , I ji =< DΦ j DΦ i > + a 2 M 3 < Φ j Φ i > (11)

1
Where, the inner product is defined as < ⋯ > = (⋯) dz. ∫
0
The base functions Wi ( z ) , Θi ( z ) and Φi ( z ) is assumed in the following form:

Wi = ( z 4 − 2 z 3 + z 2 )Ti*−1 , Φ i = ( z 3 − 3 z 2 + 2 z )Ti*−1

Θi = ( z 2 − z )Ti*−1 (isothermal), Θi = z 2 (2 z − 3)Ti*−1 (insulated), (12)

where, Ti* s ( i ∈ N ) is the modified Chebyshev polynomials, method was obtained by Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method
(RKF45), the formulation of the fitted equation will satisfy
Wi ( z ) , Θi ( z ) and Φi ( z ) will satisfies the corresponding
the regularity conditions of value z = 1,
boundary conditions. The characteristic equation was formed
from (11) - (12) with the existence of non-trivial W (1) = 0, DW (1) = 0, Θ(1) = 0 or DΘ(1) = 0 , Φ (1) = 0.
solution.(solved numerically with different values of M 3 ,
N s , Rm , Da and for different forms of F ( z ) ). It was Finally, the critical Darcy Rayleigh number RDc and the
observed that, the numerical results were converged by corresponding wave number ac were obtained numerically in
taking sixth terms of Galerkin expansion. In the interest of the different forms of F ( z ) as well as other values of
comparison equations (8) – (9) were pooled with boundary
physical parameters of rigid-rigid ferromagnetic
conditions and real intervention was solved numerically by
(isothermal/insulated) boundary conditions. From (table 3), it
using shooting technique (Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg and
was observed that, the numerical results were significantly
Newton-Raphson iteration methods). The equation (8) – (9)
obtained from the two methods, heterogeneous equilibrium
was solved by considering initial value of z = 0 was observed during the model fitting phase.
For isothermal boundaries

W (0) = 0, DW (0) = 0, D 2W (0) = 1, D3W (0) = η1 3. Results

Θ(0) = 0, DΘ(0) = η2 The combined effect of internal heat source and the
Φ(0) = 0, D Φ (0) = η3 vertically stratified permeability at the onset of
thermomagnetic convection was derived from the Brinkman
For insulated boundaries porous method (heated below temperature). Simulation
results have been investigated by driven application of
W (0) = 0, DW (0) = 0, D 2W (0) = η1 , D3W (0) = η2 isothermal and insulated rigid ferromagnetic boundary
conditions. Present fitted model, we have considered four
Θ(0) = 1, DΘ(0) = 0
different forms of vertical heterogeneity permeability
Φ(0) = 0, D Φ(0) = η3 . function F ( z ) : F 1 , F 2 , F 3 and F 4 (table 1). The linear
stability problem was solved numerically by using the
Here, the conditions D 2W (0) = 1 and Θ(0) = 1 help us to Galerkin method to know the accuracy of the model, fitted
break the scale invariance of the solution of isothermal and model is very informative to know the provocative values of
adiabatic boundaries respectively. Further, the parameters of RDc and the corresponding ac at the different levels of
η1 , η 2 and η 3 are unknown, parameters were determined Galerkin approximation. The inspection of the results
from the Darcy Rayleigh number RD at isothermal and revealed that, the RDc turn out to be the same in vertically
insulated temperature boundary condition. The shooting stratified permeability functions of type F 1 and F 2 as well
 International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics 2020; 6(3): 41-48 45

as type F 3 and F 4 , and also the model formulation was correlated for propagation of real expected values of
vertically stratified with permeability function of type F 4 . permeability function). Further, it was observed that, the
Asper the findings F4 was found to be more stable when values of RDc will be differ with different vertical
compared to type F 1 (ROC analysis was performed to know heterogeneity of permeability functions at higher order
the accuracy of the model. Asper the model AUC was 0.91 Galerkin method.
and likelihood function was found to be significantly

Figure 1. Variation of (a) RDc and (b) ac with N s for different values of Da when Rm = 2 and M 3 = 1 for different forms of F ( z ) .

Table 1. Various forms of vertical heterogeneity of permeability function F ( z ) .

Models α1 α2 Nature of F (z)

F1 0 0 F ( z ) = 1 (homogeneous)
 1
F2 1 0 F ( z ) = 1 +  z −  (linear variation in z )
 2
 1
F3 0 1 F ( z ) = 1 +  z 2 −  (only quadratic variation in z )
 3
 1  1
F4 1 1 F ( z ) = 1 +  z −  +  z 2 −  (general quadratic variation in z )
 2  3

Table 2. Comparison of critical Darcy-Rayleigh and the corresponding wave numbers for different orders of approximations in the Galerkin expansion for
Rm = 5, M 3 = 1 and Da = 0.1 .

Approximations
i=j=1 i=j=2 i=j=5 i=j=6
Ns Model
RDc ac RDc ac RDc ac RDc ac
F1 215.708 3.145 216.531 3.147 211.047 3.151 211.047 3.151
F2 215.708 3.145 216.484 3.147 210.983 3.151 210.983 3.151
0
F3 216.534 3.163 217.308 3.164 211.850 3.168 211.850 3.168
F4 216.534 3.163 217.160 3.165 211.658 3.169 211.658 3.169
F1 215.815 3.143 208.327 3.198 203.184 3.204 203.164 3.204
F2 215.815 3.143 210.803 3.197 205.529 3.203 205.509 3.203
2
F3 216.641 3.163 211.532 3.215 206.310 3.220 206.289 3.220
F4 216.641 3.163 213.981 3.214 208.592 3.220 208.573 3.220
F1 215.976 3.147 177.067 3.384 172.865 3.400 172.800 3.400
F2 215.976 3.147 181.204 3.390 176.798 3.404 176.730 3.405
5
F3 216.801 3.164 181.623 3.408 177.301 3.421 177.231 3.421
F4 216.801 3.164 185.856 3.415 181.285 3.427 181.212 3.427
46 Ravisha Mallappa et al.: Practical Insight of Ferroconvection in Heterogeneous Brinkman Porous Medium

Table 3. Comparison of numerical methods for different forms of F ( z ) and for two values of N s with Rm = 5, M 3 = 1 and Da = 1 .

Galerkin method Shooting method

Ns Model Isothermal boundaries Insulated boundaries Isothermal boundaries Insulated boundaries
RDc ac RDc ac RDc ac RDc ac
F1 1748.21 3.120 732.13 0 1748.21 3.120 732.13 0
F2 1748.20 3.120 732.12 0 1748.20 3.120 732.12 0
0
F3 1749.07 3.122 733.55 0 1749.07 3.122 733.55 0
F4 1749.05 3.122 733.55 0 1749.05 3.122 733.55 0
F1 1490.13 3.314 728.07 0.555 1490.13 3.314 728.07 0.555
F2 1493.78 3.315 730.87 0.577 1493.78 3.315 730.87 0.577
5
F3 1494.32 3.317 732.25 0.596 1494.32 3.317 732.25 0.596
F4 1497.97 3.317 735.08 0.616 1497.97 3.317 735.08 0.616
AUC 0.91** 0.86 0.74 0.72

ranging from simple, small or even embedded up to large

4. Model Application networked ones. The GE logic is that it accepts the
uncertainties that are inherited in the realistic inputs and it
4.1. Medical Science deals with these uncertainties in their affect is negligible and
thus resulting in a precise outputs. The GE reduces the design
Medical practitioner highly exhibits tremendous variation in steps and simplifies complexity that might arise since the
decision making because of their normative approach, first step is to understand and characterize the system
biological and clinical essence to deal with uncertainties round behavior by using knowledge experience. It is successfully
the clock. The test diagnostic decision also depends upon the applied to several areas in practice like for building
physical experience, expertization and perception of the knowledge based system of following areas. Increasing
practitioners. As the complexity of the health care decision flexibility of protein, studying differences between various
system, this model will be insight for taking clinical decision at poly nucleotides, analyzing experimental data sets using GE
early stage without any bias for example, blood test and adoptive resonance theory, aligning sequencing by separate
screening of HIV, biopsy test for cervical cancer and algorithms, complex trait analysis, NGS and Mendelian
identification of rare diseases by using NGS method (Next experimental data analysis etc. [12, 13].
generation gene sequencing), the F (z) will signify and
provides sufficient analytical information to the practitioner at
early stage, this system greatly converges large population 5. Discussion
level and deal with real concept of tremendous approximation Asper the resulted findings we have observed that, the
of weak law of large numbers. The subtle of the approximation linear stability criterion expressed in terms of the critical
could provide signifying results for the practitioner at inception Rayleigh number (< the number the system is very stable
as well as last stage of decision, and also it can solidify precise and > the number system tends unstable) [14, 15]. For each
what is imprecise in the world medicine. The fitted model of the forms of F ( z ) , the effect of increasing N s ; Rm and
shows an important role in medicine for symptomatic
M 3 indicates that, the decreased trend of the Darcy
diagnostic cures in fuzzification techniques.
Rayleigh number, while in opposite condition, the trend
4.2. Extension of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Engineering was significantly increased values of Da . From the (Figure
Science 1.) depicted that, the vertical permeability of heterogeneous
function of type F 4 is more stable followed by type F 3
An artificial neural network (ANN) is an information and F 2 , least effect was seen in F 1 with presence of
processing model that is able to capture and represent internal heat source ( N s ≠ 0 ). The effect of increased
complex inputs-output relationship. The motivation of F (z)
internal heat source strength shall express large amount of
critical Darcy-Rayleigh and the corresponding wave numbers
incremental deviation was propagated simultaneously [16,
for different orders of approximations in the Galerkin
17, 18, 19]. In this Juxtapose, the distribution system was
expansion would be extended for AI system that could induced instability. We have noted that, similar findings
process information in the same way the human brain. ANNs were reported by Shivakumara et al and it was found to be
resemble human brain in two respects learning process and significantly associated with permeability heterogeneous
storing experimental knowledge. An AI network learns and function of type F 4 . The least stable was observed in the
classifies problem through repeated adjustments of the absence of internal heat source strength ( N s = 0 ) his
connecting weights between the elements.
findings were completely matched with present intervention.
4.3. Galerkin Expansion (GE) in Bio Informatics The variation of critical Rayleigh number and the
corresponding wave number of N s in different parameter
The GE logic can be easily used to implement systems values would be generated heterogeneous simulation
 International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics 2020; 6(3): 41-48 47

figures. The isothermal boundaries of magnetic Darcy- fluids under alternating magnetic fields, Phy. Rev. E. 71 (2004)
Rayleigh number Rm on the onset of convection will 066311-1-12.

triggered the function of N s with different forms of F ( z ) [6] I. Nkurikiyimfura, Y. Wang, Z. Pan, Heat transfer
enhancement by magnetic nanofluids - a review, Ren. Sustain.
M 3 = 1 and Da = 0.001 , it was found that, the effect of N s Energy Rev. 21 (2013) 548–561.
destabilizing the system of homogeneous porous medium
considering brief summary of resulted illustration, the [7] A. N. Afifah, S. Syahrullail, N. A. C. Sidik, Magnetoviscous
effect and thermomagnetic convection of magnetic fluid: A
increased values of N s and Rm was found to be positively review, Ren. Sustain. Energy Rev., 55 (2016) 1030–1040.
associated with critical wave numbers. Thus, the wave
number effect leads to reduction of convection cells [20, [8] S. E. Borglin, J. Mordis, C. M. Oldenburg, Experimental
21]. Further, the inspection of the illustration findings studies of the flow of ferrofluid in porous media, Transp.
Porous Med. 41 (2000) 61-80.
depicted that, the values of ac was found to be higher in
F 4 followed by F 3 and F 2 . The insignificant effect was [9] C. Oldenburg, S. Borglin, G. J. Moridis, Numerical simulation
of ferrofluid flow for subsurface environmental engineering
seen in F 1 in the presence of magnetic Rayleigh number applications, Transp. Porous Med. 38 (2000) 319–344.
[22, 23].
The non-linearity of magnetization M 3 has not been [10] I. S. Shivakumara, C. E. Nanjundappa, M. Ravisha, Effect of
boundary conditions on the onset of thermomagnetic
influence on the onset convection and also the critical wave convection in a ferrofluid saturated porous medium, ASME J.
numbers. Resulted model findings found that, F1 is greatly Heat Transf. 131 (2009) 101003-1-101003-9.
converges with real values of Rayleigh number and
propagates very small values [24, 25]. [11] C. E. Nanjundappa, I. S. Shivakumara, M. Ravisha, The onset
Variation of critical Rayleigh number of different forms of of buoyancy-driven convection in a ferromagnetic fluid
saturated porous medium, Meccan. 45 (2010) 213–226.
F ( z ) was presented in Figure 1 which are demonstrated by
two values of Da = 0.05 and 0.06 and function of N s . From [12] C. E. Nanjundappa, I. S. Shivakumara, R. Arunkumar, Rafael
Tadmor, Ferroconvection in a porous medium with vertical
the figure 1 we have seen that, the system was more stable in Throughflow, Acta Mech. (2015) DOI 10.1007/s00707-014-
the form of F ( z ) with type F 4 followed by F 3 and F 2 1267-1.
and least stable equilibrium was observed in F 1 till [13] H. Sadrhosseini, A. Sehat, M. B. Shafii, Effect of Magnetic
observation is turned out to be the same in isothermal field on internal forced convection of ferrofluid flow in porous
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