Human Performance & Limitations

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Human Performance & Limitations

1. Without visual reference, what illusion could the pilot get, when he is stopping the
rotation to recover from a spin? He will get the illusion of
A. straight and level flight

B. spinning into the opposite direction
C. spinning into the same direction
D. climbing and turning into the original direction of the spin
2. When accelerating forward the otoliths in the utriculus/sacculus will
A. give the illusion of climbing (body tilting backwards, nose of the a/c going up)
B. give the illusion of descending (body tilting downwards, or forwards, nose of the aircraft going
down)
C. give the illusion of banking
D. give the illusion of straight and level flight
3. A pilot, accelerating or decelerating in level flight may get:
A. the illusion of climbing or descending;

B. the feeling of rotation;
C. the illusion to turn;
D. the impression of stationary objects moving to the right or left;
4. In his/her behaviour, the "ideal professional pilot" is:
A. both "person" and "goal" oriented

B. "person" rather than "goal" oriented
C. "goal" rather than "person" oriented
D. neither "person" nor "goal" oriented
5. Which of the following symptoms may a pilot experience when subjected to

hypoxia? 1. Fatigue. 2. Euphoria. 3. Lack of concentration. 4. Pain in the joints. 5.
Pain in the inner ear
A. 1, 2 and 3 are correct

B. 1 and 5 only are correct
C. 4 and 5 only are correct
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
6. The consumption of medicines or other substances may have consequences on

qualification to fly for the following reasons:; 1. The disease requiring a treatment
may be cause for disqualification.; 2. Flight conditions may modify the reactions of
the body to a treatment.; 3. Drugs may cause adverse side effects impairing flight
safety.; 4. The effects of medicine do not necessarily immediately disappear when
the treatment is stopped.
A. 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false

B. 3 and 4 are false, 1 and 2 are correct.
C. Only 2 is false.
7. Vitamin A and possibly vitamins B and C are chemical factors and essential to
good night vision: 1. Vitamin deficiencies may decrease night vision performance 2.
An excess intake of vitamin A will improve night vision performance significantly 3.
Pilots should be carefully concerned to take a balaced diet containing sufficient
vitamin A. 4. Vitamin deficiencies may decrease visual acuity in photopic vision but
not in scotopic vision
A. 1 and 3 are correct, 2 and 4 are false

B. 1 and 3 are false, 2 and 4 are correct
C. Only 4 is false
8. Breathing 100% oxygen at 40000 ft is equivalent to breathing ambient air at:
A. 14 000 ft
B. 10 000 ft
C. 8 000 ft
D. 18 000 ft
9. At what altitude (breathing 100% oxygen without pressure) could symptoms of

hypoxia be expected?
A. 22 000 ft
B. Approximately 10 - 12 000 ft.
C. Approximately 38 - 40 000 ft.
D. Approximately 35 000 ft.
10. You can survive at any altitude, provided that
A. 21% oxygen is available in the air you breath in

B. enough oxygen, pressure and heat is available
C. pressure respiration is guaranteed for that altitude
D. the temperature in the cabin does not drop below 10" C
11. At which altitude is it necessary to breathe 100% oxygen plus pressure after a
rapid decompression ?
A. Approximately 14 000 ft.

B. Approximately 20 000 ft.
C. Approximately 50 000 ft.
12. Fatigue and stress
A. do not affect hypoxia at all

B. will increase the tolerance to hypoxia when flying below 15 000 feet
C. increase the tolerance to hypoxia
D. lower the tolerance to hypoxia
13. The atmosphere contains the following gases:
A. 78% helium, 21% oxygen, 0,03% carbon dioxide, rest: rare gases
B. 78% oxygen, 21% nitrogen, 1% carbon monoxide, rest: rare gases
C. 78% helium, 21% oxygen, 1% carbon monoxide, rest: rare gases
D. 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0,03% carbon dioxide, rest: rare gases
14. The volume percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere is 21% which
A. is constant at all altitudes for conventional aircraft

B. increases with increasing altitude
C. is dependent on the present air pressure
D. decreases with increasing altitude
15. The percentage of oxygen in the air at an altitude of approximately 34 000 ft is:
A. 5%
B. 10,5%
C. 42%
D. 21%
16. The respiratory process consists mainly of
A. the transportation of oxygen to the cells and the elimination of nitrogen

B. the diffusion of oxygen through the respiratory membranes into the blood, transportation to the
cells, diffusion into the cells and elimination of carbon dioxide from the body
C. the transportation of oxygen to the cells and the elimination of carbon monoxide
D. the transportation of carbon dioxide to the cells and elimination of oxygen
17. Inhaling carbon monoxide can be extremely dangerous during flying. Which of
the following statements is correct?
A. Carbon monoxide is odourless and colourless.

B. Small amounts of carbon monoxide are harmless.
C. Carbon monoxide increases the oxygen saturation in the blood.
D. With increasing altitude the negative effects of carbon monoxide poisoning can be
compensated for.
18. Carbon monoxide poisoning
A. is more likely to occur in aeroplanes where the cabin heating is supplied by passing cabin air
over the exhaust manifold(s)
B. occurs only above 15 degrees OAT
C. only occurs in jet-driven aeroplanes
D. is more likely to occur in aeroplanes with twin-engines because of high engine efficiency
19. Which of the following applies to carbon monoxide poisoning?
A. Several days are needed to recuperate from a carbon monoxide poisoning.

B. The human body shows no sign of carbon monoxide poisoning.
C. A very early symptom of carbon monoxide poisoning is euphoria.
D. Inhaling carbon monoxide leads to hyperventilation.
20. How is oxygen mainly transported in the blood?
A. Haemoglobin in the red blood cells.

B. Blood fat.
C. White blood cells.
D. Plasma.
21. Which gas most readily combines with haemoglobin?
A. oxygen
B. nitrogen
C. carbon monoxide
D. carbon dioxide
22. Which of the following is true concerning carbon monoxide?
A. It has no physiological effect when mixed with oxygen.

B. It is to be found in the smoke of cigarettes lifting up a smoker's "physiological altitude".
C. It combines 5 times faster to the haemoglobin than oxygen.
D. It is always present in the lungs.
23. An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood leads to:
A. a reduction of red blood cells

B. an increased respiratory rate
C. an improving resistance to hypoxia
D. a decrease of acidity in the blood
24. The rate and depth of breathing is primarily controlled by:
A. the total atmospheric pressure

B. the amount of carbon monoxide in the blood
C. the amount of nitrogen in the blood
D. the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
25. In the alveoli gas exchange takes place (external respiration). Which gas will
diffuse from the blood into the lungs?
A. Oxygen.
B. Ambient air.
C. Carbon dioxide.
D. Carbon monoxide.
26. Which statement is correct ?
A. Oxygen is mainly transported in plasma.

B. Oxygen diffusion from the lungs into the blood does not depend on partial oxygen pressure.
C. The gradient of diffusion is higher at altitude than it is at sea-level.
D. Oxygen diffusion from the blood into the cells depends on the partial oxygen pressure
gradient.
27. How can a pilot increase his tolerance to +Gz ?
A. Tightening of the stomach muscles.

B. Tighten shoulder harness.
C. Relax the muscles and lean upper body forward.
D. Take an upright seat position.
28. Hypoxia is caused by
A. reduced partial oxygen pressure in the lung

B. an increased number of red blood cells
C. a higher affinity of the red blood cells (haemoglobin) to oxygen
D. reduced partial pressure of nitrogen in the lung
29. Hypoxia can be caused by:; 1. low partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere
when flying at high altitudes without pressurisation and supplemental oxygen; 2. a
decreased saturation of oxygen in the blood due to carbon monoxide attached to the
hemoglobin; 3. blood pooling in the lower extremities due to inertia (+ Gz); 4.
malfunction of the body cells to metabolize oxygen (i.e. after a hangover)
A. 1, 2, 3 are correct, 4 is false

B. 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
C. 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false
D. 1 is false, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
30. Why is hypoxia especially dangerous for pilots flying solo?
A. Since the first signs of hypoxia are generally hard to detect.

B. In a multi-crew cockpit hypoxia will always be detectable.
C. Hypoxia improves night vision therefore the pilot will have no indication of danger.
D. Only a solo pilot is more prone to illusions.
31. The symptoms of hypoxia include:
A. Nausea and barotitis.

B. Visual disturbances, lack of concentration, euphoria.
C. Dull headache and bends.
D. Dizziness, hypothermia.
32. Which of the following is/are the symptom(s) of hypoxia ?
A. Pain in the joints

B. Lack of concentration, fatigue, euphoria
C. Excessive rate and depth of breathing combined with pains in the chest area
D. Low blood pressure
33. Which statement applies to hypoxia?
A. sensitivity and reaction to hypoxia varies from person to person

B. carbon monoxide increases the tolerance of the brain to oxygen deficiency
C. you may become immune to hypoxia when exposed repeatedly to hypoxia
D. it is possible to predict when, how and where hypoxia reaction starts to set in
34. Hypoxia can be caused by
A. too much carbon dioxide in the blood

B. a lack of nitrogen in ambient air
C. a lack of red blood cells in the blood or decreased ability of the haemoglobin to transport
oxygen
D. increasing oxygen partial pressure used for the exchange of gases
35. Which symptom of hypoxia is the most dangerous for conducting safe flight ?
A. Dizziness.
B. Lack of accommodation.
C. The degradation of reasoning and perceptive functions.
D. Lack of adaptation.
36. Breathing 100% oxygen will elevate the pilot's physiological safe altitude to
approximately:
A. 45 000 ft
B. 22 000 ft
C. 40 000 ft
D. 10 000
37. The most dangerous symptoms of hypoxia at altitude are
A. euphoria and impairment of judgement

B. the bends and the creeps
C. dehydration
D. sensation of heat and blurred vision
38. With hyperventilation, caused by high levels of arousal or overstress:
A. finger nails and lips will turn blue ("cyanosis")

B. an increased amount of carbon dioxide is exhaled causing muscular spasms and even
unconsciousness
C. peripheral and scotopic vision will be improved
D. more oxygen will reach the brain
39. Dizziness and tumbling sensations, when making head movements in a tight
turn, are symptoms of
A. "Pilot`s vertigo"
B. "Oculogravic illusion"
C. "Flicker-vertigo"
D. "Nystagmus"
40. "Pilot's vertigo"
A. is the condition of dizziness and/or tumbling sensation caused by contradictory impulses to the
central nervous system (CNS)
B. is the sensation to keep a rotation after completing a turn
C. is the sensation of climbing caused by a strong linear acceleration
D. announces the beginning of airsickness
41. What can a pilot do to avoid "Flicker vertigo" when flying in the clouds?
A. Dim the cockpit lights to avoid reflections

B. Switch strobe-lights off
C. Fly straight and level and avoid head movements
D. Engage the autopilot until breaking the clouds
42. What do you do, when you are affected by "pilot's vertigo"? 1. Establish and
maintain an effective instrument cross-check. 2. Believe the instruments. 3. Ignore
illusions. 4. Minimize head movements.
A. Only 4 is false
C. 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false
D. 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false
43. The risk of spatial disorientation increases when:
A. the pilot is performing an effective instrument cross-check and is ignoring illusions

B. there is contradictory information between the instruments and the vestibular organs
C. the pilot is buckled tightly to his/her seat and cannot sense the attitude changes of the aircraft
by the Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense
D. information from the vestibular organ in the inner ear are ignored
44. Which flight-manoeuvre will most likely induce vertigo? Turning the head while
A. climbing
B. descending
C. banking
D. flying straight and level
45. The semicircular canals of the inner ear monitor
A. movements with constant speeds

B. angular accelerations
C. relative speed and linear accelerations
D. gravity
46. Which part of the ear could be affected due to air pressure changes during climb
and/or descent?
A. The cochlea
B. The semicircular canals
C. The Eustachian tube and the tympanic membrane (ear drum)
D. The saccules and utricles
47. Which part of the inner ear is responsible for the perception of sound?
A. The semicircular canals

B. The cochlea
C. The sacculus and utriculus
D. The Eustachian tube
48. Which part of the vestibular apparatus is affected by changes in gravity and
linear acceleration?
A. The sacculus and utriculus

B. The cochlea
C. The semicircular canals
D. The eustachian tube
49. Which part of the vestibular apparatus is responsible for the detection of
angular acceleration?
A. The semicircular canals

B. The Eustachian tube
C. The sacculus and utriculus
D. The cochlea
50. The vestibular apparatus
A. reacts to vibrations of the cochlea

B. reacts to pressure changes in the middle ear
C. gives the impression of hearing
D. reacts to linear/angular acceleration and gravity
51. Which is the audible range to human hearing?
A. Between 20 MHz and 20 000MHz

B. Between 20 Hz and 20 MHz
C. Between 20 Hz and 20 KHz
D. Between 20 KHz and 20 KHz
52. Which of the following components belong to the middle ear?
A. Endolymph
B. Ossicles
C. Otoliths
D. Semicircular canals
53. Through which part of the ear does the equalization of pressure take place,
when altitude is changed?
A. Tympanic membrane
B. Eustachian tube
C. Cochlea
D. External auditory canal
54. Concerning the effects of drugs and pilot´s performance
A. the primary and the side effects have to be considered

B. medication has no influence on pilot´s performance
C. the side effects only have to be considered
D. only the primary effect has to be considered; side effects are negligible
55. What is understood by air-sickness?
A. An illness caused by an infection of the middle ear

B. An illness caused by reduced air pressure
C. An illness caused by evaporation of gases in the blood
D. A sensory conflict within the vestibular system accompanied by nausea and vomiting
56. Cigarette smoking has particular significance to the flyer, because there are
long-term and short-term harmful effects. From cigarette smoking the pilot can get:
A. a suppressed desire to eat and drink

B. a mild carbon dioxide poisoning increasing the pilot's tolerance to hypoxia
C. a mild carbon monoxide poisoning decreasing the pilot´s tolerance to hypoxia
D. a mild carbon monoxide poisoning increasing the pilot´s tolerance to hypoxia
57. A pilot who smokes will lose some of his capacity to transport oxygen combined
with haemoglobin. Which percentage of his total oxygen transportation capacity
would he give away when he smokes one pack of cigarettes a day?
A. 12 - 18%
B. 0.5 - 2%
C. 20 - 25%
D. 5 - 8%
58. Flying at pressure altitude of 10 000 ft, a pilot, being a moderate to heavy
smoker, has an oxygen content in the blood equal to an altitude
A. lower than 10 000 FT

B. of 10 000 FT
C. of 15000 FT when breathing 100% oxygen
D. above 10 000 FT
59. Which of the following applies when alcohol has been consumed?
A. Acute effects of alcohol cease immediately when 100% oxygen is taken

B. Small amounts of alcohol increase visual performance
C. Drinking coffee at the same time will increase the elimination rate of alcohol
D. Even after the consumption of small amounts of alcohol, normal cautionary attitudes may be
lost
60. Alcohol, when taken simultaneously with drugs, may
A. show undesired effects only during night flights

B. intensify the effects of the drugs
C. compensate for side effects of drugs
D. increase the rate of alcohol elimination from the blood
61. The maximum number of unrelated items that can be stored in working
memory is:
A. unlimited
B. very limited - only 3 items
C. about 7 items
D. about 30 items
62. The proprioceptive senses (seat-of-the-pants sense) are important for motor
coordination. They
A. indicate the difference between gravity and G-forces

B. allow the pilot to determine the absolute vertical at flight condition
C. are important senses for flight training in IMC
D. are completely unreliable for orientation when flying in IMC
63. The so-called "Seat-of-the-Pants" sense is
A. the only sense a pilot can rely on, when flying in IMC
B. only to be used by experienced pilots with the permission to fly in IMC
C. useful for instrument and contact flight
D. not suitable for spatial orientation when outside visual references are lost
64. Sensory input to the "Seat-of-the-Pants" sense is given by
A. blood rushing into legs

B. subcutaneous pressure receptors and muscle activity sensors
C. pressure of the heart on the diaphragm
D. acceleration of the stomach (nausea)
65. Flying from Frankfurt to Moscow you will have a lay-over of 4 days. What time
measure is relevant for your circadian rhythm on the 3rd day?
A. ZT (zonal time).
B. UTC (universal time coordinated).
C. LT (local time).
D. MEZ (middle european time).
66. Orientation in flight is accomplished by 1. eyes 2. utriculus and sacculus 3.

semicircular canals 4. Seat-of-the-pants-Sense
A. 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct

B. only 1 and 4 are correct
C. 2, 3 and 4 are correct , 1 is false
D. 2, 3 and 4 are false, only 1 is correct
67. What should a pilot do to optimise his/her night vision (scotopic vision)?
A. Avoid food containing high amounts of vitamin A

B. Not smoke before start and during flight and avoid flash-blindness
C. Select meals with high contents of vitamin B and C
D. Wait at least 60 minutes to night-adapt before he takes off
68. During poor weather conditions a pilot should fly with reference to instruments
because:
A. his attention will be distracted automatically under these conditions

B. the danger of a "greying out" will make it impossible to determine the height above the terrain
C. pressure differences can cause the altimeter to give wrong information
D. perception of distance and speed is difficult in an environment of low contrast
69. Signs of stress include:
A. Faster, deep inhalation, stabbing pain around the heart.

B. Lowering of the blood pressure.
C. Rising of the blood pressure, pupils narrowing, stabbing pain around the heart.
D. Perspiration, dry mouth, dilated pupils, fast breathing.
70. The "Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense"
A. is a natural human instinct which will always indicate the correct body position in space
B. can be used, if trained, to avoid disorientation in space
C. can give false inputs to body orientation when visual reference is lost
D. can be used as a reference for determining attitude when operating in visual and instrument
meteorological conditions
71. Illuminated anti-collision lights in IMC
A. will effect the pilots binocular vision

B. can cause disorientation
C. will improve the pilots depth perception
D. can cause colour-illusions
72. A shining light is fading out (i. e. when flying into fog, dust or haze). What kind
of illusion could the pilot get?
A. The source of light moves away from him

B. The source of light stands still
C. The source of light is approaching him with increasing speed
D. The light source will make the pilot believe, that he is climbing
73. Autokinesis is
A. the phenomenon of spinning lights after the abuse of alcohol

B. the change in diameter of the pupil, when looking in the dark
C. the apparent movement of a static single light when stared at for a relatively long period of
time in the dark
D. the automatic adjustment of the crystalline lens to objects situated at different distances
74. A pilot is used to land on small and narrow runways only. Approaching a larger
and wider runway can lead to:
A. the risk to land short of the overrun

B. an early or high "round out"
C. a steeper than normal approach dropping low
D. a flatter than normal approach with the risk of "ducking under"
75. The impression of an apparent movement of light when stared at for a relatively
long period of time in the dark is called
A. "autokinesis"
B. "white out"
C. "oculogyral illusion"
D. "oculografic illusion"
76. Generally, the time required for dark adaptation is:
A. 30 min
B. 1/10 sec
C. 10 min
D. 10 sec
77. Which problem may occur, when flying in an environment of low contrast (fog,
snow, darkness, haze)? Under these conditions it is:
A. difficult to estimate the correct speed and size of approaching objects

B. impossible to detect objects
C. no problem to estimate the correct speed and size of approaching objects
D. unlikely that visual illusions occur
78. Which of the following symptoms can mark the onset of hyperventilation?
A. Slow rate of breathing

B. Slow heart beat
C. Cyanosis (blueing of lips and finger nails)
D. Dizzy feeling
79. Out of the list of possible measures to counteract hyperventilation, the most
effective measure is:
A. avoid strenuous flight manoeuvres

B. speak soothingly and get the person to breathe slowly
C. breathe into a plastic or paper bag
D. hold breath
80. What event can cause a hyperventilation (not required by physical need)? 1.
Pressure breathing. 2. Anxiety or fear. 3. Overstress. 4. Strong pain. 5. Jogging.
A. Only 2 and 3 are correct

B. 1,2,3,4 and 5 are correct
C. 1and 5 are both false
D. 1,2,3 and 4 are correct, 5 is false
81. Which of the following could a pilot experience when he is hyperventilating? 1.

Dizziness 2. Muscular spasms 3. Visual disturbances 4. Cyanosis
A. 1 is false, all others are correct

B. 1,2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false
C. 2 and 4 are false
D. 1,2 and 4 are correct, 3 is false
82. What could cause hyperventilation ?
A. Extreme low rate of breathing

B. Abuse of alcohol
C. Fear, anxiety and distress
D. Fatigue
83. A pilot who is hyperventilating for a prolonged period of time may even become
unconscious. Hyperventilation is likely to occur, when:
A. there is an increased blood flow to the brain

B. he/she is flying a tight turn
C. the pilot is emotionally aroused

D. there is a low CO-pressure in the blood
84. Breathing pure oxygen (without pressure) will be sufficient up to an altitude of:
A. 40000 FT
B. 45000 FT
C. 60000 FT
D. 80000 FT
85. TUC (Time of Useful Consciousness) is:
A. the time after pressure loss until decompression sickness sets in

B. the length of time during which an individual can act with both mental and physical efficiency;
measured from the moment at which he/she is exposed to hypoxia
C. the time between the start of hypoxia and death
D. the time before becoming unconscious at a sudden pressure loss
86. The "Effective Performance Time" or "Time of Useful Consciousness" after a

decompression at 35 000 ft is:
A. approximately 3 minutes
B. between 30 and 60 seconds
C. approximately 5 minutes
D. less than 20 seconds
87. The time between inadequate oxygen supply and incapacitation is called TUC
(Time of Useful Consciousness). It
A. varies individually and does not depend on altitude

B. varies individually and depends on cabin pressure altitude
C. is not dependent on physical or psychological pressure
D. is the same amount of time for every person
88. After a decompression to 43 000 FT the TUC (Time of Useful Consciousness)

will be approximately:
A. 30-45 seconds
B. 5-15 seconds
C. 45-60 seconds
D. 60-90 seconds
89. Flights immediately after SCUBA-diving (compressed gas mixtures, bottles)

(>10 m depth)
A. should be avoided because hypoxia may develop

B. can be performed without any danger
C. are forbidden
D. are allowed if you fly no higher than 38000 FT
90. Pain in the Joints ("bends") is a symptom of:
A. decompression sickness
B. hypoxia
C. barotrauma
D. air-sickness
91. After a cabin pressure loss at approximately 35 000 FT the TUC (Time of Useful
Consciousness) will be approximately:
A. 10-15 seconds
B. 30 -40 seconds
C. 3-4 minutes
D. 5 minutes or more
92. You suffered a rapid decompression without the appearance of any

decompression sickness symptoms. What should you do before flying ?
A. delay your next flight for 6 hours

B. seek prompt aeromedical advice
C. nothing, you may fly immediately
D. seek aeromedical advice only if the symptoms become apparent
93. Flying immediately following a dive with SCUBA diving equipment (> 10 m
depth) is forbidden because it:
A. prevents any dangers caused by DCS (decompression sickness) when climbing to altitudes not
exceeding 30 000 FT
B. can cause decompression sickness even when flying at pressure altitudes below 18 000 FT
C. has no influence on altitude flights
D. will always lead to hypoxia
94. Symptoms of decompression sickness
A. are only relevant when diving

B. are bends, chokes, creeps and neurological symptoms
C. can only develop at altitudes of more than 40000 FT
D. are flatulence and pain in the middle ear
95. Decompression sickness symptoms may develop due to

A. fast flights from a high-pressure zone into a low pressure area when flying an unpressurised
aeroplane
B. sudden pressure surges in the cabin at altitudes below 18000 FT
C. cabin pressure loss when flying at higher altitudes (above 18000 FT)
D. emergency descents without cabin pressure loss
96. The function of the Eustachian tube is to equalise the pressure between the:
A. sinuses of the nose and the external atmosphere

B. sinuses
C. nose, throat and the external atmosphere
D. middle ear and the external atmosphere
97. Disruptions of pressure equalization in air-filled cavities of the head (nose, ear
etc.) are called:
A. hypoxia
B. hyperventilation
C. embolism
D. barotrauma
98. Barotrauma caused by gas accumulation in the stomach and intestines can lead
to:
A. decompression sickness
B. pressure pain or flatulence
C. barosinusitis
D. barotitis
99. What counter-measure can be used against barotrauma of the middle ear?
A. Stop climbing, start descent

B. Increase rate of descent
C. Close the mouth, pinch the nose tight and blow out thereby increasing the pressure in the
mouth and throat. At the same time try to swallow or move lower jaw
D. Pilots should apply anti-cold remedies prior every flight to prevent barotrauma in the middle
ear
100. A barotrauma of the middle ear
A. is more likely, when the pilot is flying with a respiratory infection and during descent
B. is to be expected during rapid decompressions, but an emergency descent immediately
following the decompression will eliminate the problem
C. causes severe pain in the sinuses
D. is only caused by large pressure changes during climb
101. Trapped intestinal gases can cause severe pain. When is this the case?
A. During descent as well as during climb, when the cabin pressure altitude is exceeding 2 000
FT
B. Only in pressurized aircraft when flying at higher flight levels.
C. At lower altitudes.
D. More frequent when flying above 18 000 FT in a non-pressurized aircraft.
102. Barotrauma of the middle ear most likely will occur
A. when climbing
B. when descending rapidly
C. in sudden steep turns
D. during a long high altitude flight
103. Barotrauma of the middle ear is usually accompanied by
A. pain in the joints

B. a reduction in hearing ability and the feeling of increasing pressure
C. dizziness
D. noises in the ear
104. The risk of barotrauma of the middle ear is more likely to occur
A. with colds and rapid descents

B. with colds and slow ascents
C. with colds and fast climbs
D. when subjected to the Somatogravic Effect
105. The Seat-of-the-Pants Sense involves receptors in the
A. utriculus and sacculus

B. semicircular canals
C. skin only
D. muscles, tendons and joints sensitive to the position and movement of body parts
106. Equalization of pressure is limited between the middle ear and the ambient,
when:
A. barotrauma exists in the sinuses

B. the nose is pinched
C. the eustachian tube is blocked
D. you breath through the mouth
107. A barotrauma of the middle ear is:

A. a bacterial infection of the middle ear

B. a dilatation of the Eustachian tube
C. an infection of the middle ear caused by rapid decompression
D. an acute or chronic trauma to the middle ear caused by a difference of pressure on either side
of the eardrum
108. A pilot approaching an upsloping runway
A. may feel that he is higher than actual. This illusion may cause him to land short.
B. establishes a slower than normal approach speed with the risk of stalling out
C. is performing a steeper than normal approach, landing long
D. establishes a higher than normal approach speed
109. What illusion may occur if an aircraft is flying into fog, snow or haze?
A. Objects seem to be farther away than in reality

B. Objects will appear bigger in size than in reality
C. Objects will appear closer than they really are
D. Objects seem to move slower than in reality
110. Adaptation is
A. the adjustment of the eyes to high or low levels of illumination

B. the adjustment of the crystalline lens to focus light on the retina
C. the reflection of the light at the cornea
D. the change of the diameter of the pupil
111. The time required for complete adaptation is
A. for night 10 sec and for day 30 min

B. for day and night: 30 min
C. for high levels of illumination 10 sec and for full dark adaptation 30 min
D. for high levels of illumination 10 minutes and for low levels of illumination 30 minutes
112. The requirement of good sunglasses is to
A. increase the time for dark adaptation

B. eliminate distortion in aircraft windshields
C. fit to the pilots individual taste
D. absorb enough visible light to eliminate glare without decreasing visual acuity
113. Scanning at night should be performed by:
A. avoiding food containing Vitamin A

B. concentrated fixation on an object (image must fall on the fovea)
C. slight eye movements to the side of the object

D. scanning with one eye open
114. A pilot accustomed to landing on a wide runway may find, when approaching
to a narrow runway, that he/she is at a:
A. greater height and the impression of landing short

B. lower height and the impression of landing slow
C. greater height than he actually is with the tendency to land short
D. lower than actual height with the tendency to overshoot
115. Flickering light when reflected from spinning rotor blades
A. can be avoided when the strobe-lights are switched on

B. has no effect
C. should be avoided, because it may destroy the optic nerve
D. can cause spatial disorientation and/or nausea
116. Alcohol, even when taken in minor quantities
A. may improve the mental functions, so that the symptoms of hypoxia are much better to be
identified
B. will stimulate the brain, making the pilot resistant to hypoxia
C. will have no effect at all
D. can make the brain cells to be more susceptible to hypoxia
117. A pilot approaching a runway which is narrower than normal may feel he is at
a greater height than he actually is. To compensate he may fly a
A. compensatory glide path and stall out

B. compensatory glide path and land long
C. flatter than normal approach with the tendency to undershoot
D. higher than normal approach with the tendency to overshoot
118. The proprioceptive senses ("Seat of-the-Pants-Sense")
A. may give incorrect information, when outside visual reference is lost

B. can be used, if trained, to avoid spatial disorientation in IMC
C. can neither be used for motor coordination in IMC and VMC
D. is a natural human instinct, always indicating the correct attitude
119. When assessing an individual's risk of developing coronary artery disease, the
following factors may contribute: 1.obesity 2.chronic stress 3.smoking 4.family
history
A. Only 3 is correct, 1, 2 and 4 are false

B. 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false
120. Hypoxia can affect night vision
A. less than day vision

B. at approximately 5 000 ft
C. and causes the autokinetic phenomena
D. and causes the Coriolis Effect
121. Stress management programmes usually involve:
A. only the removal of stress

B. the use of psychoactive drugs
C. the prevention and/or the removal of stress
D. only the prevention of stress
122. The metabolisation of alcohol
A. is a question of time
B. can be influenced by easily obtained medication
C. is accelerated by consuming alcohol with a meal
D. can be accelerated even more by coffee
123. What does not impair the function of the photosensitive cells?
A. High speed
B. Acceleration
C. Toxic influence (alcohol, nicotine, medication)
D. Oxygen deficiency
124. The fovea is
A. where the optic nerves come together with the pupil

B. the area of best day vision and best night vision
C. the area of best day vision and no night vision at all
D. the area of the blind spot (optic disc)
125. In order to completely resynchronise with local time after zone crossing,
circadian rhythms require
A. about one day per 2.5 hours of time shift

B. more time when flying from east to west
C. about one week per 2.5 hours of time shift

D. less time when flying from east to west
126. The retina of the eye
A. is the light-sensitive inner lining of the eye containing the photoreceptors essential for vision
B. only regulates the light that falls into the eye
C. filters the UV-light
D. is the muscle, changing the size of the crystalline lens
127. The Eustachian tube is the passage way between the
A. throat and the middle ear

B. nose, throat and the external auditory canal
C. sinuses and the throat
D. nose, throat and inner ear
128. Which force(s) affect(s) the otoliths in the utriculus and sacculus?
A. Angular acceleration
B. Gravity and linear acceleration
C. Linear acceleration and angular acceleration
D. Gravity alone
129. Flying a coordinated level turn will
A. make the body`s pressure receptors feel an increased pressure along the body`s vertical axis
B. first give the impression of climb , then the impression of descent
C. make the blood being pooled in the head
D. make the seat-of-the-pants sense feel a decreased pressure along the body`s vertical axis
130. Which sensations does a pilot get, when he is rolling out of a prolonged level
turn?
A. Turning into the original direction

B. Flying straight and level
C. Climbing
D. Turning in the opposite direction
131. How can a pilot overcome vertigo, encountered during a real or simulated
instrument flight?; 1. Establish and maintain an effective instrument cross-check.;
2. Always believe the instruments; never trust your sense of feeling.; 3. Ignore
arising illusions.; 4. Move the head sidewards and back and forth to "shake-off"
illusions.

B. 1and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false
C. 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
D. Only 4 is correct
132. Working memory:
A. is unlimited in duration
B. is unlimited in size
C. varies considerably in size between an expert pilot and a novice pilot
D. is sensitive to interruptions which may erase all or some of its contents
133. Motivation is an important attribute which contributes to flight safety. Which

of the following statements is correct with regards to motivation?
A. A high degree of motivation makes it possible to make up for insufficient knowledge in

complete safety
B. Excessive motivation leads to stress which adversely affects performance
C. Motivation reduces the intensity of sensory illusions
D. A high degree of motivation lowers the level of vigilance
134. Which of the following statements is correct regarding decision making?
A. Deciding means being able to come up with original solutions.

B. Deciding means choosing between alternatives.
C. Deciding means applying an automatic procedure.
D. Deciding means imposing one's point of view.
135. Human errors are frequent and may take several forms:
A. representational errors in which the pilot has properly identified the situation and is familiar
with the procedure
B. an error can be described as the mismatch between the pilots intention and the result of his/her
actions
C. a violation is an error which is always involuntary
D. all errors are avoidable through continuous and thorough training
136. The quality of learning:
A. is dependent on age and professional role

B. is independent of the level of motivation
C. depends on long-term memory capacity
D. is promoted by feedback on the value of one's own performance
137. As a cause of accidents, the human factor

A. has increased considerably since 1980 - the percentage of accident in which this factor has
been involved has more than tripled since this date
B. is cited in approximately 70 - 80 % of aviation accidents
C. which is cited in current statistics, applies to the flight crew and ATC only
D. plays a negligible role in commercial aviation accidents. It is much more important in general
aviation
138. Less experienced pilots differ from experienced pilots in the following way:
A. task for task, an expert's workload is greater than a novice's one

B. experienced pilots are less routine-minded than young pilots because they know that routine
causes mistakes
C. inexperienced pilots refer to information more than experts when carrying out the same task
D. flight planning performance decreases with age, and experience is unable to mask this
deficiency
139. Analysis of accidents involving the human factor in aviation shows that:
A. only pilot training will make it possible to improve the situation

B. failure of the human factor is always connected with technical breakdowns
C. there is hardly ever a single cause responsible
D. only front-line operators are involved
140. What are the three phases of General Adaptation Syndrome ?
A. Alert, resistance, performance.

B. alarm, resistance, performance,
C. alert, resistance, exhaustion
D. Alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
141. Stress occurs:; 1 : only in a situation of imminent danger.; 2 : only when faced
with real, existing and palpable phenomenon.; 3 : sometimes via imagination, the
anticipation of a situation or its outcome.; 4 : because of the similarity with a
formerly experienced stressful situation. The correct statement(s) is (are):
A. 1,2
B. 3,4
C. 2, 3
D. 1,2,4
142. Cognitive evaluation which leads to stress is based on:
A. the capabilities of the individual and the solutions provided by the environment
B. the evaluation of the capabilities of the individual and the time available
C. the evaluation of the situation and the state of fatigue of the individual
D. the evaluation of the situation and the evaluation of capabilities to cope with it
143. Which of the following physical stimuli may cause stress reactions? -1: noise. -
2: conflict. -3: temperature. -4: an administrative problem. -5: hunger. The
combination of correct statements is:
A. 1,3,4
B. 2,3,5
C. 1,3,5
D. 3,4,5
144. Acute stress quickly leads to
A. a decrease in the amount of resources mobilized to face the situation

B. the mobilization of resources required to cope with the stressor
C. a permanent state of incapacitation
D. a state of overactivation beyond the control of willpower
145. The resistance phase of stress:
A. is characterised by the secretion of adrenalin, increased heart rate and blood pressure
B. may cause a person to die by stopping the defence mechanisms of the body
C. is very short duration and is unlikely to give a pilot the opportunity to resolve a problem
D. allows fats to be transformed into sugars, thereby prolonging the mobilization of energy in the
body
146. A large number of medical preparations can be bought without a doctor´s

prescription. In relation to using these preparations, which of the following is
correct:
A. They will cause a condition of over-arousal

B. They have no side effects which would give problems to a pilot during flight
C. A pilot using any of these preparations should get professional advice from an aviation
medical specialist if he intends to fly and self-medicate at the same time
D. The side effects of these types of preparations are sufficiently negligible as to be ignored by
pilots
147. The total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial
pressures of the gases in the mixture. This is:
A. Henry`s law
B. Boyle Mariotte´s law
C. Dalton´s law
D. Graham´s law
148. The cabin pressure in airline operation is

A. normally between 4 000 to 5 000 feet

B. always equivalent to sea level
C. normally between 6 000 to 8 000 feet
D. normally between 2 000 to 3 000 feet
149. Human behaviour is determined by:
A. biological characteristics, social environment and cultural influences

B. the social environment only
C. cultural influences only
D. biological characteristics only
150. Pilots are more easily inclined to take greater risks when:
A. they are not constrained by time

B. they are part of a group of pilots and they feel that they are being observed and admired (e.g.
air shows)
C. making decisions independently of others
D. making a flight over unfamiliar territory
151. Judgement is based upon:
A. the ability to interpret the flight instruments

B. a process involving a pilot´s attitude to take and to evaluate risks by assessing the situation and
making decisions based upon knowledge, skill and experience
C. the development of skills through constant practice of flight manoeuvres
D. a decision-making process involving the 5 physical senses and their use to manually operate
the aircraft controls
152. The relevance of check procedures during flight becomes even more important
when:
A. flying an aircraft which you have flown many times before

B. flying an aircraft which you have flown recently
C. conducting a longer flight than you would normally perform
D. flying an unfamiliar type of aircraft and experiencing mental pressure
153. Which of the following responses is an example of "habit reversion" (negative

habit transfer):
A. habitually missing an item on the checklist or missing the second item when two items are on
the same line
B. Incorrect anticipation of an air traffic controller´s instructions
C. Turning the aircraft to the left when intending to turn it to the right
D. A pilot who has flown many hours in an aircraft in which the fuel lever points forward for the
ON position, may unintentionally turn the fuel lever into the false position, when flying a
different aircraft, where the fuel lever has to point aft to be in the ON position.
154. Although the anticipation of possible events is a good attitude for pilots to
acquire, it can sometimes lead to hazardous situations. With this statement in mind,
select the response below which could lead to such a hazard:
A. mishearing the contents of a reply from an air traffic controller when a non-standard procedure
was given but a standard procedure was anticipated
B. anticipating that the flight will take longer time than planned
C. anticipating the sequence of items on a check list.
D. anticipating that the weather may deteriorate
155. With regards to stress, as it affects human beings, which of the folowing
statements is correct?
A. ´Stress´is a term used to describe how a person reacts to demands placed upon him/her.
B. Self imposed obligations will not create stress.
C. All forms of stress should be avoided.
D. Reactive stressors relate purely to a pilot´s physical condition.
156. If during flight a pilot is in a mental condition of "optimum arousal" he/she

will be:
A. prepared best to cope with a difficult task

B. unprepared to handle a difficult situation
C. in a confused mental state
D. approaching a condition of complacency or fatigue
157. Carbon monoxide is always present in the exhaust gases of engines. If a pilot is
exposed to carbon monoxide, which of the following responses is correct?
A. When exposed to carbon monoxide for a long period of time, the body will adapt to it and no
adverse physical effects are experienced
B. A short exposure to relatively high concentrations of carbon monoxide can seriously affect a
pilot´s ability to operate an aircraft.
C. Carbon monoxide is easily recognised by odour and taste.
D. Carbon monoxide can only affect pilots if they are exposed to it for a long period of time.
158. When stopping the rotation of a spin we have the sensation
A. of the immediate stabilization of the aircraft

B. that we are starting a spin in the opposite direction
C. of the sharp dipping of the nose of the aircraft
D. of turning in the same direction
159. When accelerating in level flight we could experience the sensation of a

A. turn
B. spin
C. climb
D. descent
160. Any prolonged exposure to noise in excess of 90 db can result in:
A. a ruptured ear drum

B. presbycusis (effects of aging)
C. noise induced hearing loss
D. conductive hearing loss
161. The human ear is capable of perceiving vibrations between the frequencies
A. 30 - 15000 dB
B. 20 - 20000 Hz
C. 20000 - 40000 Hz
D. 0 - 16 Hz
162. The intensity of a sound is measured in
A. hertz
B. decibels
C. curies
D. cycles per second
163. The ozone-layer is situated in the
A. thermosphere
B. ionosphere
C. stratosphere
D. troposphere
164. The barometric pressure has dropped to 1/2 of the pressure at sea level at
A. 25 000 feet
B. 30 000 feet
C. 10 000 feet
D. 18 000 feet
165. Which of the following laws explains bubbles of nitrogen coming out of solution
in body tissues due to a decrease in atmospheric pressure?
A. Boyle´s law
B. Henry´s law
C. Gay Lussac´s law

D. Dalton´s law
166. The normal rate of breathing when at rest is
A. 25 to 30 cycles a minute
B. 60 to 100 cycles a minute
C. 12 to 20 cycles a minute
D. 32 to 40 cycles a minute
167. The main function of the red blood cells is
A. to transport oxygen
B. to participate in the process of coagulation of the blood
C. to contribute to the immune response of the body
D. the cellular defence of the body
168. Altitude-hypoxia, when breathing ambient air, should not usually occur
(indifferent phase)
A. between 3 000 m and 5 000 m

B. up to 5 000 m
C. below 3 000 m
D. between 5 000 m and 7 000 m
169. "The Bends" as a symptom of decompression sickness consists of:
A. pain in the joints

B. CNS-disturbances
C. loss of peripheral vision
D. pain in the thorax and a cough
170. What strategies can be used to combat human error?; -1: Reducing error-
prone mechanisms.; -2: Improving the way in which error is taken into account in
training.; -3: Sanctions against the initiators of error.; -4: Improving recovery from
errors and its consequences.; The correct statements are:
A. 2, 3 and 4
B. 1, 2 and 4
C. 1 and 2
D. 3 and 4
171. Concerning the relationship between performance and stress, which of the
following statements is correct?
A. A well trained pilot is able to eliminate any kind of stress completely when he is scheduled to
fly.
B. A student will learn faster and better under severe stress.
C. A moderate level of stress may improve performance.
D. Domestic stress will not affect the pilot's performance because he is able to leave this type of
stress on the ground.
172. Stress is a frequent aspect of the pilot's job. Under which of the following
circumstances does it occur?; 1. Stress occurs whenever the pilot must revise his
plan of action and does not immediately have a solution; 2. Stress occurs with
inexperienced pilots when the situational demands exceed their individual
capabilities; 3. Stress occurs if a pilot is convinced that he will not be able to find a
solution for the problem he/she faces.

B. Only 1 is false
C. 1 and 2 are correct, 3 is false
D. 1 is correct, 2 and 3 are false
173. Divided attention is the ability:; 1. to execute several mental activities at almost
the same time (i.e. when switching attention from outside the aircraft to the airspeed
indicator on the instrument panel); 2. to monitor the progress of a motor
programme (i.e. flying or taxiing the airplane) on a relatively subconscious level,
while making a radio call at the same time (requiring a rather conscious level); 3 .to
select information and check if it is relevant to the task in hand. At the same time no
other operation can be performed.; 4. to delegate tasks to the copilot while
concentrating on the procedures
A. 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false

D. Only 3 is false
174. Which of the following statements summarises the impact that motivation may
have on attention?
A. It increases alertness and attention

B. It stimulates attention but may lead to phases of low arousal
C. It only facilitates attention in extreme cases (risk of death)
D. Motivation has only a small effect on attention, but it facilitates alertness
175. What are the effects of excesive stress?
A. It has very little immediate effect on vigilance and attention

B. It activates resources stored in memory
C. It increases vigilance for a longer period than stress itself, but may focus attention
inappropriately
D. It reduces vigilance and focusses attention
176. The level of automation helps to conserve resources. On the other hand, it may
result in:
A. mistakes
B. routine errors (slips)
C. decision-making errors
D. errors in selecting an appropriate plan of action
177. What is the main adverse effect of expectation with regards to perception?
A. Expectation is a tool that allows capture of all relevant information

B. The attention area is enlarged by expectation, however it will therefore lead to uncertainties
when a pilot is looking for a decision
C. Expectations always lead to routine errors
D. Expectation often guides the focus of attention towards a particular aspect, while possible
alternates are neglected
178. The acquisition of a motor programme (skill) will mean that:
A. the less behaviour is automated, the less it requires attention and the more it frees resources
B. the more behaviour is automated, the less it requires conscious attention and thus the more it
frees mental resources
C. the more behaviour is automated, the more it requires attention and the more it frees resources
D. the more behaviour is automated, the more it requires attention and the less it frees resources
179. What are the main characteristics of active errors ?; They:; 1. are detectable
only with difficulty by first-line operators; 2. have rapid and direct consequences on
the action in progress; 3. occur at the human/machine interface; 4. lie dormant and
are undetected at first
A. 1,4
B. 2,3
C. 3,4
D. 1,2
180. The maintenance of man's internal equilibrium is called:
A. Homeothermy
B. Heterostasis
C. Poikilothermy
D. Homeostasis
181. Thinking on human reliability is changing.
A. It is thought that it will be possible to eliminate errors in the near future

B. The individual view of safety has gradually replaced the systemic view of safety
C. Human errors are now considered as being inevitable
D. Human errors can be avoided. All it takes is to be vigilant and to extend one's knowledge
182. Which of the following statements concerning communication is valid?
A. Communication must take priority over any other flight activity under all circumstances
B. Professional communication means: using a restricted and specific language that is tailored to
minimise misunderstandings.
C. Word order is of little importance to its success. Only the words uttered are important.
D. Professional communication means to exchange information as little as possible.
183. Which of the following statements is true?
A. Stressors accumulate thus increasing the likelihood of exhaustion.

B. People are capable of living without stress.
C. Stress should always be avoided under any circumstances.
D. Stressors are independent from each other.
184. In case of in-flight stress, one should:
A. always carry out a breathing exercise

B. use all available resources of the crew
C. demonstrate aggressiveness to stimulate the crew
D. only trust in oneself; being sure to know the own limits
185. The behavioural effects of stress may include: -1: manifestation of

aggressiveness. -2: a willingness to improve communication. -3: a willingness for
group cohesion. -4: a tendency to withdrawal. The combination of correct
statements is:
A. 3 and 4 are correct

B. 1 and 4 are correct
C. 1,2 and 3 are correct
D. 2,3 and 4 are correct
186. The cognitive effects of stress may include:; -1: excessive haste.; -2: an
improvement in memory.; -3: a complete block: action is impossible.; -4: a risk of
focusing on a particular aspect.; -5: ease of decision-making.; -6: an increase in the
rate of mistakes
A. 1,2,5
B. 1,3,4,6
C. 2,3,5,6
D. 3,4,5
187. What is the effect of stress on performance ? -1: It always reduces

performance. -2: Optimum performance is obtained with optimum arousal. -3:
Excessive stress weakens performance. -4: Insufficient stress weakens performance.
The combination of correct statements is:
A. 1,2,4
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,3,4
D. 2,3,4
188. What are the characteristics of the alarm phase of the stress reactions?; -1:
increased arousal level as a result of adrenaline secretion.; -2: an increase in heart
rate, respiration and release of glucose.; -3: a decrease in stress resistance.; -4:
activation of the digestive system.; -5: secretion of cortisol to mobilize attention.;
The combination of correct statements is:
A. 1,3,5
B. 1,2,3
C. 2,4,5
D. 1,2
189. 'To avoid wrong decisions by the pilot, an aircraft system should at least be
able to
A. report the deviation

B. report its malfunction
C. tolerate the deviation
D. correct the deviation
190. When can a system be said to be tolerant to error? When:
A. the consequences of an error will not seriously jeopardise safety

B. its safety system is too permeable to error
C. latent errors do not entail serious consequences for safety
D. its safety system has taken account of all statistically probable errors
191. Why must flight safety considerations consider the human error mechanism? ;
-1: It is analysis of an incident or accident which will make it possible to identify
what error has been committed and by whom. It is the process whereby the
perpetrator is made responsible which may lead to elimination of the error.; -2: If
we have a better understanding of the cognitive error mechanism, it will be possible
to adapt procedures, aircraft interfaces, etc. ; -3: It is error management procedure
which enables us to continuously adjust our actions. The better we understand the
underlying mechanism of an error, the better will be our means for detecting and
reducing future errors.; -4: Since error is essentially human, once it has been
identified by the use of procedures, a person will be able to anticipate and deal with
it automatically in the future.; The correct statement(s) is (are):
A. 3 and 4
B. 1 and 4
C. 2 and 4
D. 2 and 3
192. The type of hypoxia, which occurs at altitude is a explained by:
A. Henry´s law
B. Dalton´s law
C. Boyle Mariotte´s law
D. Graham´s law
193. Carbon monoxide, a product of incomplete combustion, is toxic because
A. it prevents the absorption of food from the digestive tract

B. it disturbs gaseous diffusion at the alveoli capillary membrane
C. it prevents the excretion of catabolites in the kidneys
D. it competes with oxygen in its union with haemoglobin
194. Hyperventilation causes
A. an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood

B. hypochondria
C. a reduction of carbon dioxide in the blood
D. acidosis
195. Anxiety and fear can cause
A. hypoglycaemia
B. hypoxia
C. hyperventilation
D. spatial disorientation
196. One of the first effects to be noticed on gradual exposure to high positive radial
accelerations is
A. black-out
B. loss of consciousness
C. grey-out
D. red-vision
197. The first stage in the information process is
A. perception
B. selective attention
C. the recognition of information

D. sensory stimulation
198. Information stays in the short-term memory
A. from 5 to 10 minutes
B. less than 1 second
C. about 20 seconds
D. around 24 hours
199. To prevent vertigo in flight we should
A. look towards the sides when we make a turn

B. keep breathing normally
C. breath deeply but control the respiratory frequency
D. not move the head suddenly while we are turning
200. When flying at night the first sense to be affected by a slight degree of hypoxia
is the
A. sense of balance
B. vision
C. proprioceptive sensitivity
D. cochlea
201. The carcinogen (a substance with the ability to produce modifications in cells
which develop a cancer) in cigarettes is
A. tar
B. nicotine
C. carbon monoxide
D. lead
202. One of the substances present in the smoke of cigarettes can make it
significantly more difficult for the red blood cells to transport oxygen and as a
consequence contributes to hypoxia. Which substance are we referring to?
A. Carbonic anhydride
B. Carbon monoxide
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Tar
203. The group of tiny bones (the hammer, anvil and stirrup) are situated in
A. the inner ear

B. the maxillary sinus

C. the outer ear
D. the middle ear
204. The semicircular canals form part of the
A. external ear
B. ear drum
C. inner ear
D. middle ear
205. It is inadvisable to fly when suffering from a cold. The reason for this is:
A. pain and damage to the eardrum can result, particularly during fast descents
B. gentle descents at high altitude can result in damage to the ear drum
C. swollen tissue in the Eustachian tube will cause permanent hearing loss
D. swollen tissue in the inner ear will prevent the air from ventilating through the tympanic
membrane
206. The Coriolis effect in spatial disorientation occurs as a result of:
A. simultaneous stimulation of several semicircular canals

B. absence of semicircular canal stimulation
C. on stimulating the cochlea intensely
D. stimulation of the saccule and the utricle (otoliths) of the inner ear
207. The part(s) of the eye responsible for night vision
A. are the rods

B. are the cones
C. are rods and cones
D. is the cornea
208. The fovea
A. is sensitive to very low intensities of light

B. is the area responsible for night vision
C. is an area in which rods predominate
D. is an area in which cones predominate
209. When the optical image forms in front of the retina; this results in:
A. hypermetropia
B. myopia
C. presbyopia
D. astigmatism
210. Attitudes are defined as:
A. the conditions necessary for carrying out an activity

B. the genetic predispositions for thinking and acting
C. a synonym for behaviour
D. tendencies to respond to people, things or events in a particular manner
211. Within communication, what element suggests that a message has been
received and understood ?
A. Coding.
B. Encoding.
C. Feedback.
D. Synchronization.
212. The process of responding to a sender by confirming the reception of a message

is called
A. redundancy
B. transference
C. synchronization
D. feedback
213. The re-adjustment of the biological rhythms after a time shift is normally more
difficult
A. with flights towards the East

B. with flights towards the South
C. with flights towards the North
D. with flights towards the West
214. During paradoxical sleep
A. the rhythm of the heart is very regular

B. respiration is very regular
C. rapid eye movements can be observed
D. physical restoration and recuperation takes place
215. Motor programmes are:
A. rules that enable us to deal with novel situations

B. stored routines that enable patterns of behaviour to be executed without continuous conscious
control
C. stored routines that enable patterns of behaviour to be executed only under continuous
conscious control
D. rules that enable us to deal with preconceived situations
216. Working memory enables us, for example,
A. to ignore messages for other aircraft

B. to remember our own name
C. to remember a clearance long enough to write it down
D. to store a large amount of visual information for about 0.5 seconds
217. The relationship between arousal and flying performance is
A. approximately the form of an inverted U

B. approximately linear increasing
C. approximately exponential
D. approximately sinusoidal
218. In a complex task high levels of arousal
A. improve performance
B. narrow the span of attention
C. lead to better decision-making
D. reduce failures
219. In the short-term-memory, information is stored for approximately
A. 5 minutes
B. a couple of days
C. 1 hour
D. 20 seconds
220. The 'cocktail party effect' is
A. the ability to drink too much at social gathering

B. the tendency to believe information that reinforces our mental model of the world
C. the tendency not to perceive relevant information
D. the ability to pick up relevant information unintentionally
221. Once a pilot has constructed a mental model he/she tends to:
A. give undue weight to information that confirms the model

B. alter that model unnecessarily frequently
C. give undue weight to information that contradicts the model
D. give equal weight to contradicting and confirming information
222. Very high ambition and need for achievement
A. fulfil the requirements of stress resistance

B. disturb the climate of cooperation
C. always promote teamwork
D. improves the coping process with personal failures
223. Our mental model of the world is based
A. entirely on the sensory information we receive

B. on both our past experiences and our motor programmes
C. entirely on past experiences
D. on both our past experiences and the sensory information we receive
224. Which of the following tasks are possible to do simultaneously without mutual
interference?
A. Talk and rehearse a frequency in working memory.

B. Maintain manual straight and level flight and solve a problem.
C. Listen attentively and solve a problem.
D. Read and listen attentively.
225. A copilot has passed an upgrading course to become a captain. Which

psychological consequence is most likely?
A. His/her self -concept is going to be stabilized because of the higher status as a captain.
B. The increased command authority leads to a higher professionalism.
C. His/her self-concept is going to change because of new roles and tasks which have to be
incorporated.
D. An upgrading never has psychological consequences.
226. Cognitive and physical rehearsal of actions during training:
A. leads to an increased error rate

B. is more effective than practical training
C. It is most important for selfcontrol
D. It is most important for the acquisition of complex perceptual motor skills
227. What can a pilot do to avoid automation complacency?
A. Always fly the whole flight manually to remain in man-machine loop

B. Regard the automatic system as additional crew members that needs to be crosschecked as
well
C. Always try to enhance your aviation related knowledge during low workload periods
D. Nothing, because it is system-inherent
228. How can the process of learning be enhanced?
A. By increasing the psychological pressure on the student

B. By reinforcing errors
C. By reinforcing successful performance
D. By punishing the learner for unsuccessful trials
229. Mental rehearsal is helpful to improve flying skills
A. only for instructor pilots

B. only for student pilots
C. at all levels of flying proficiency
D. only at a certain level of flying experience
230. What is meant by the term 'complacency'?
A. Physiological effects on pilots because of fear of flying

B. An agreement between captain and co-pilot due to Crew Resources Management
C. To question possible solutions
D. Unjustified self-confidence
231. 'Environmental capture' is a term used to describe which of the following

statements?; 1.The tendency for a skill to be executed in an environment in which it
is frequently exercised, even if it is inappropriate to do so; 2.The tendency for a skill
acquired in one aircraft type to be executed in a new aircraft type, even if it is
inappropriate to do so; 3. The tendency for people bo behave in different ways in
different social situations; 4. The gaining of environmental skills
A. 4 is correct
C. 1, 2 and 3 are correct
D. 1 and 2 are correct
232. A high degree of cockpit automation may alter the traditional tasks of the pilots
in a way, that
A. the attention of the cockpit crew will become reduced with the consequence of 'being out of
the loop'
B. it is guaranteed that the crew always maintains situational awareness
C. the crew can pay more attention to solve the problem in an abnormal situation without
monitoring the automatic systems
D. Crew Coordination can be neglected on long haul flights without compromizing safety
233. It is desirable to standardize as many patterns of behaviour (operating

procedures) as possible in commercial aviation mainly because
A. this lowers the ability requirement in pilot selection

B. such behaviour reduces errors even under adverse circumstances
C. it makes the flight deck easier to design
D. this reduces the amount of training required
234. When a pilot is facing a problem during flight he should
A. take as much time as he needs and is available to make up his mind

B. always make up his mind quickly to give himself as much spare time as possible
C. avoid making up his mind until the very last minute
D. make up his mind before consulting other crew members
235. Decision making in emergency situations requires firstly:
A. delegation of tasks and crew coordination

B. the whole crew to focus on the problem
C. informing ATC thoroughly about the situation
D. speed of reaction
236. The assessment of risk in a particular situation will be based on
A. situational factors only

B. subjective perception and evaluation of situational factors
C. the emergency checklist only
D. external factors only
237. Once a pilot has developed a certain way of thinking about a problem he will
probably
A. find it difficult to get out of that way of thinking and difficult to try a different interpretation of
the data
B. find it easy to interpret the data in different ways
C. find it impossible to get out of that way of thinking, whatever happens
D. find it difficult to stick to his/her interpretation of the data
238. To maintain good situational awareness you should:; (1) believe only in your
own interpretation of the data; (2) gather as much data as possible from every
possible source before making inferences; (3) question whether your hypothesis still
fits the situation as events progress and try to make time to review the situation; (4)
consider ways of testing your situational hypothesis to see whether it is correct

D. all answers are correct
239. Doing a general briefing in the pre-flight phase the captain should emphasize
A. avoidance of inadequate handling of flight controls

B. departure on schedule
C. particular requirements in the field of crew coordination and co-operation
D. complete delegation of all duties
240. During the pre-flight phase in the cockpit the captain notices that his copilot on
the one hand is rather inexperienced and insecure but on the other hand highly
motivated. Which kind of leadership behaviouris is most appropriate?
A. The captain lets the copilot fly and observes his behaviour without any comments
B. The captain lets the copilot fly and gives him detailed instructions what to do
C. The captain lets the copilot fly and encourages him to ask for support
D. The captain flies the first leg by himself and explains each action to the copilot in order to
keep him informed about his decisions
241. Informal roles within a crew
A. are explicitly set out by the crew

B. will always impair the captain's influence
C. characterize inefficient crews
D. evolve as a result of the interactions that take place among crew members
242. Which behaviour is most likely to promote a constructive solution of

interpersonal conflicts?
A. Responding with counter-arguments.

B. Giving up the own point of view.
C. Active listening.
D. Staying to the own point of view.
243. The team spirit of a cockpit-crew depends most likely on both pilots:
A. wearing the same uniform

B. flying together very often for a long period
C. respecting each other and striving for the same goals
D. having the same political and ideological attitude
244. During the cruising phase of a short-haul flight the captain starts to smoke a
cigarette in the cockpit. The flying copilot asks him to stop smoking because he is a
non-smoker. The captain tells him: 'This is your problem', and continues smoking.
What should the co-pilot do?
A. He should not further discuss this issue but should come back to this conflict during the
debriefing
B. He should learn to accept the captain smoking cigarettes in the cockpit
C. He should repeat his worries about smoking in the cockpit and should argue with the captain
about this problem until the conflict is solved
D. He should bring a cabin crew member in to arbitrate
245. How would you describe the leadership style of a captain who primarily is
interested in a friendly atmosphere within his crew, who is always constructive and
encouraging, who usually compromises in interpersonal conflicts, who trusts in the
capabilities of his crew-members, and who leaves the crew freedom for own
decisions?
A. Low task-orientation and high relationship-orientation

B. High task-orientation and low relationship-orientation
C. High task-orientation and high relationship-orientation
D. Low task-orientation and low relationship-orientation
246. If the co-pilot continuously feels unfairly treated by the Captain, he/she should:
A. freeze the communication and thus avoid immediate confrontation

B. speak up and point out the possible consequences if the unfair behaviour pesists
C. point out the problem, concentrate on his/her duties and clarify the matter at a more
appropriate time
D. internally retire and think positive
247. Which statement is correct?
A. Personal conflict that takes place prior to take-off should wait to be addressed until the end of
the flight.
B. There is no relation between inadequate communication and incidents or accidents.
C. Inconsistent communication improves flight safety.
D. Problems in the personal relationships between crew members are likely to hamper the
communication process.
248. What is the sender's frequent reason to communicate implicitly ('between the
lines')?
A. There is no need to make up one's mind before starting to communicate.

B. The receiver grasps quickly what the sender means.
C. He/she has not to adjust to the communication style of the communication partner.
D. Afterwards he/she always can claim to have been misunderstood.
249. Metacommunication is defined as
A. balancing the own ideas and interests with those of the receiver
B. those tools, other than the actual words, which compliment those words in order to
communicate
C. active listening
D. having an assessment conversation
250. Mark the two most important attributes for a positive leadership style:; 1.
dominant behaviour; 2. excellent role-behaviour; 3. mastery of communication
skills; 4. "Laissez-faire" behaviour
A. 2 and 4
B. 1 and 4
C. 2 and 3
D. 1 and 3
251. Nonverbal communication
A. should be avoided by all means in the cockpit

B. is always used intentionally
C. is of no meaning in the cockpit
D. supports verbal communication
252. How do you understand the statement 'one cannot not communicate'?
A. No meaningful communication can occur unless it is by verbal means.

B. Communication is always possible.
C. Being silent as well as inactive are nonverbal behaviour patterns which express a meaning.
D. You cannot influence your own communication.
253. Discussing private matters in the cockpit
A. should be avoided by all means in the cockpit

B. can improve team spirit
C. is appropriate in any phase of flight
D. decreases the captains role of leadership
254. Noise induced hearing loss is influenced by
A. the duration of a noise but not its intensity

B. the duration and intensity of a noise
C. the suddenness of onset of a noise
D. the intensity of the noise but not its duration
255. In order to reduce the risk of coronary artery disease, exercise should:
A. triple the resting heart rate for 20 minutes, once a week

B. be avoided since raising the heart rate shortens the life of the heart
C. double the resting heart rate for at least an hour, five times a week
D. double the resting heart rate for at least 20 minutes, three times a week
256. Which of the following is most true?
A. Regular exercise is beneficial to general health, but the most efficient way to lose weight is by
reducing calorie consumption
B. Regular exercise is beneficial to general health, and is the only effective way to lose weight
C. Regular exercise and reduction in calorie consumption are both essential in order to lose
weight
D. Regular exercise is an impediment to losing weight since it increases the metabolic rate
257. The physiological rhythms of a pilot in a new time zone will resynchronise to
this new time zone at a rate of about
A. 1 - 1.5 hours a day

B. 2 - 2.5 hours a day
C. 4 - 4.5 hours a day
D. 3 - 3.5 hours a day
258. The duration of a period of sleep is governed primarily by
A. the number of points you have in your 'credit/deficit' system

B. the point within your circadian rhythm at which you try to sleep
C. the duration of your previous sleep
D. the amount of time you have been awake
259. A selective attentional mechanism is required
A. because the capacity of the long term memory is limited

B. because of the limited capacity of the central decision maker and working memory
C. because of the limitations of the sense organs
D. because of limitations in our store of motor programmes
260. Stress may be defined as:
A. a psychological phenomenon which only affects fragile personalities

B. a human reaction which one must manage to eliminate
C. a poorly controlled emotion which leads to a reduction in capabilities
D. a normal phenomenon which enables an individual to adapt to encountered situations
261. What is a stressor?
A. A psychological problem developed in a situation of danger

B. The adaptation response of the individual to his environment
C. An external or internal stimulus which is interpreted by an individual as being stressful
D. All external stimulation are stressors since they modify the internal equilibrium
262. What may trigger stress in humans?
A. Only objective stimulation from environmental factors

B. The subjective interpretation an individual gives to a situation experienced
C. Always the reaction to upsetting emotions caused either by physiological or psychological
conditions
D. Only strong stimulation of the sensory organs: a flash of light, noise and the smell of smoke
263. With regard to the average influence of age on pilot performance, it may be
said that age:
A. has a major impact owing to the impairment of memory

B. sharply reduces performance without, however, affecting cognitive capabilities
C. has little impact when the pilot is able to compensate for it by his/her flight experience
D. increases in impact as speed of thought and memory deteriorate
264. Of the following statements, which apply to coordinated cooperation?; -1: It

allows for synergy in the actions between the captain and the co-pilot.; -2: It
represents the simultaneous execution of a single action by the various members of
the crew.; -3: Communication here results in synchronised actions and the natural
and easy distribution of responsibilities.; -4: Communication is centred around the
outside world.; The correct statement(s) is (are):
A. 1 and 4
B. 2 and 3
C. 1 and 3
D. 1,2 and 4
265. Coaction is a mode of coordination which recommends:
A. the application of procedural knowledge in the conduct of specific actions

B. working parallel to achieve individual objectives
C. sustained cooperation on actions and the formulation of commitments concerning flight
situations
D. working in parallel to achieve one common objective
266. In order to make communication effective, it is necessary to: -1: avoid the
synchronization of verbal and non-verbal channels. -2: send information in line with
the receiver's decoding abilities. -3: always concentrate on the informational aspects
of the message only.-4 : avoid increasing the number of communication channels, in
order to simplify communication. The correct statement(s) is (are):

C. only 2 is correct
267. Which of the following statements regarding interpersonal interactions are

correct?; -1 If the sender perceives that the receiver is incompetent, he/she will
increase the length of the message; -2 If the receiver is of non-native tongue, the
sender will reinforce what he is saying by using more complicated words so as to
optimize understanding; -3 If the sender considers the receiver incompetent, he/she
tends to simplify the content of the sentences; -4 It is much safer to fly with a crew
who know each other well because communication will always be excellent.; The
correct statement(s) is (are):

C. 1 and 2 are correct
D. 3 only is correct
268. Professional languages have certain characteristics, for example: -1: They use a
limited vocabulary . -2: They are rich and adapted to the context, which sometimes
lead to ambiguities. -3: Their grammar is rather complicated and complex. -4:
Context provides meaning, therefore reduces the risk of ambiguities.

D. only 4 is correct
269. With regard to communication in a cockpit, we can say that:
A. communication uses up resources, thus limiting the resources allocated to work in progress
B. communication is only effective if messages are kept short and sufficiently precise to limit
their number
C. communication is always sufficiently automated to enable an activity with a high workload
element to be carried out at the same time
D. all the characteristics of communication, namely output, duration, precision, clarity, etc. are
stable and are not much affected by changes in workload
270. What are the communication qualities of a good briefing?; A good briefing
must:; -1 : contain as much information and be as comprehensive as possible.; -2 :
be of a standard type so that it can be reused for another flight of the same type.; -
3 : be short and precise.; -4 : be understandable to the other crew member(s).; The
correct statement(s) is (are):

271. Which of the following statements concerning check list is correct?
A. The most important items should be placed at the beginning of a check list since attention is
usually focused here

B. The most important items must be placed in the middle of check list so that they come to be
examined once attention is focused but before concentration starts to wane
C. All the items of a check list are equally important; their sequence is of no importance
D. The most important items must be placed at the end of check list, allowing them to be kept
near at hand so that they are quickly available for any supplementary check
272. Which of the following statements are correct with regard to the design of a
check list?; -1 : The longer a check list, the more it must be subdivided into logical
parts.; -2 : The trickiest points must be placed in the middle of the check list.; -3 :
Check lists must be designed in such a way that they can be lumped together with
other tasks.; -4 : Whenever possible, a panel scan sequence should be applied; -5 :
Critical points should have redundancies.; The combination of correct statements
is:

B. 1, 3 and 5 are correct
D. 1, 4 and 5 are correct
273. The use of check lists should be carried out in such a way that:
A. their execution may be done simultaneously with other actions

B. their execution should be combined with other important tasks
C. their execution should not be done simultaneously with other actions
D. they should only be carried out when time is available
274. According to Rasmussen's model, errors in rule-based control mode are of the
following type(s) :
A. handling errors
B. creative errors
C. errors of technical knowledge
D. routine errors
275. According to Rasmussen's model, errors are of the following type(s) in skill-
based behaviour:
A. handling errors
B. routine errors
C. creative errors
D. knowledge errors
276. In order to overcome an overload of work during the flight, it is necessary to:; -
1: know how to use one's own reserve of resources in order to ease the burden on
the crew.; -2: divide up tasks among the crew.; -3: ensure that the long-term
memory is used as much as possible as short term memory will add to the stress.; -4:
drop certain tasks and stick to high-level priorities.; The correct statement(s) is
(are):

277. The available cognitive resources of the human brain:
A. are limited but make it possible to easily perform several tasks at the same time
B. are limited and make it impossible to perform two attentional tasks at the same time
C. are virtually unlimited
D. allow for twin-tasks operation without any loss of effectiveness
278. The acquisition of a skill comprises three stages (Anderson model):
A. cognitive, associative and automatic

B. cognitive, associative and knowledge
C. associative, autonomous and expert
D. automatic, cognitive and knowledge
279. A pilot can be described as being proficient, when he/she:
A. is able to reduce his/her arousal to a low level during the entire flight
B. has automated a large part of the necessary flight deck routine operations in order to free
his/her cognitive resources
C. is capable of maintaining a high level of arousal during a great bulk of the flight
D. knows how to off-load all his/her resources to the automation of tasks
280. With regard to the practice of English, which of the following statements is
correct?
A. The composition of every crew should be geared to a command of the official aeronautical
language of the destination country.
B. Be familiar with normal procedures in English since only this allows for effective management
of any flight's communication.
C. It is necessary and sufficient to have a command of any of the official languages of the ICAO.
D. All pilots should master it because the aeronautical world needs one common language.
281. Which of the following statements best fits the definition of an active error?
Active error is:
A. produced either by a front-line operator or by a remote operator and results in a hidden or

latent consequence at a specific moment of the action
B. essentially results from the application of a bad rule or the poor application of a good rule by
aeroplane designers
C. rare in front-line actions and difficult to detect owing to the fact that it usually occurs in a
complex system of uncontrolled and involuntary deviations
D. produced by the operator and can be rapidly detected
282. What are the main consequences of latent errors? They:; -1: remain undetected
in the system for a certain length of time.; -2: may only manifest themselves under
certain conditions.; -3: are quickly detectable by the front-line operator whose
mental schemas on the instantaneous situation filter out formal errors.; -4: lull
pilots into a false sense of security; The correct statement(s) is (are):
A. 1 and 3
B. 1,2 and 4
C. 2, 3 and 4
D. 1 and 2
283. Which of the following statements fits best the concept of latent error?; Latent
errors:
A. are mainly associated with the behaviour of front-line operators and are only detected after
advanced problem-solving
B. have been present in the system for a certain length of time and are difficult to identify as a
result of the time lag between the generation and the occurrence of the error
C. are rarely made by front-line operators, and are consequently readily identified and detected by
the monitoring, detection and warning links
D. rapidly may be detected via their immediate consequences on the action in progress
284. Hyperventilation is due to an excessive rate of breathing and can produce the
following symptoms:
A. reduced heart rate and increase in visual acuity

B. a state of overconfidence and reduced heart rate
C. blue finger-nails and lips
D. dizziness, tingling sensation in the fingers and toes, nausea and blurred vision
285. In order to get rid of excess nitrogen following scuba diving, subsequent flights
should be delayed
A. 48 hours after a continuous ascent in the water has been made

B. 36 hours after any scuba diving
C. 3 hours after non decompression diving
D. 24 hours
286. During flight in IMC, the most reliable sense which should be used to overcome
illusions is the:
A. visual sense by looking outside

B. "Seat-of-the-pants-Sense"
C. vestibular sense
D. visual sense, interpreting the attitude indicator
287. Spatial disorientation will be most likely to occur during flight:
A. if the brain receives conflicting information and the pilot does not believe the instruments
B. when flying in bright sunlight above a cloud layer
C. when flying in and out of clouds and the pilot maintains good instrument cross check
D. when flying in light rain below the ceiling
288. The chemical substance responsible for addiction to tobacco is
A. nicotine
B. tar
C. carbon monoxide
D. the combination of nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide
289. It is inadvisable to fly when suffering from a cold. The reason for this is:
A. although the change in air pressure during a climb at lower altitudes is very small, it increases
rapidly at high altitudes. If the tissue in the Eustachian tube of the ear is swollen, gentle
descents at high altitude would result in damage to the ear drum
B. the tissue around the nasal end of the Eustachian tube is likely to be swollen thus causing
difficulty in equalising the pressure within the middle ear and the nasal/throat area. Pain and
damage to the eardrum can result, particularly during fast descents
C. swollen tissue in the inner ear will increase the rate of metabolic production resulting in
hyperventilation
D. because it will seriously affect peripheral vision
290. The trend in aeroplane hull-loss rate over the last three decades seems to be
related to:
A. the manufacturer
B. the year of manufacture
C. the number of engines
D. the crew
291. Pilot stress reactions:
A. seem to be the same for most pilots

B. are related to an internationally recognized list of stressors where the top-ten items should be
avoided by every means
C. differ from pilot to pilot, depending on how a person manages the particular stressors
D. do not change with the environment or different situations but mainly with the characters
themselves
292. What aircraft equipment marked a substantial decrease in hull loss rates in the
eighties?
A. SSR
B. TCAS
C. GPWS
D. DME
293. Incapacitation is most dangerous when it is :
A. insidious
B. sudden
C. obvious
D. intense
294. One negative aspect of the highly automated cockpit results in:
A. pilots disregarding the automatic equipment

B. less experienced crews because of more transparent system details
C. constantly high crew overload with regard to the monitoring tasks
D. complacency among the crewmembers
295. Between which components, with reference to the SHELL Concept, covers pilot
misinterpretation of the old three-point altimeter?
A. Liveware - Environment
B. Liveware - Liveware
C. Liveware - Hardware
D. Liveware - Software
296. The errors resulting from an illogical indexing system in an operations manual
are related to an interface mismatch between
A. Liveware - Software
B. Liveware - Environment
C. Liveware - Liveware
D. Liveware - Hardware
297. Which of the following provides the basis of all perceptions?
A. The aural or visual significance attributed in short term memory.

B. The separation of figure and background.
C. The aural or visual significance attributed in long term memory.
D. The intensity of the stimuli.
298. The effect of experience and repetition on performance:
A. is always negative
B. is always beneficial
C. is never negative
D. can both be beneficial and negative
299. Situations particularly vulnerable to "reversion to an earlier behaviour

pattern" are: 1. when concentration on a particular task is relaxed 2. when
situations are characterised by medium workload 3. when situations are
characterised by stress
A. 1. and 2.
B. 1. and 3.
C. 2. and 3.
D. 3 only.
300. The most dangerous characteristic of perception is, that it
A. will mainly occur under conditions of relaxation

B. is frequently extremely resistant to correction
C. will only occur under conditions of stress
D. can easily be changed
301. Fixation or tunnel vision is primarily to be expected when:
A. stress is medium
B. stress and motivation are low
C. stress and motivation are medium
D. stress is high
302. Concerning circadian rhythm disruption (jet lag), adjustment to destination

time:; 1. Takes longer when travelling west rather than travelling east; 2. Takes
longer when travelling east rather than travelling west; 3. Varies little between
individuals; 4. Varies substantially among individuals.; Which of the following lists
all the correct statements ?
A. 2,4
B. 1,4
C. 1,3
D. 2,3
303. What seems to be the main role of Orthodox sleep?
A. Its main role is associated with activities of memory activities and restoration of attention
capabilities
B. Via physical recovery, it is characterised by an alternation of dream phases and paradoxical
phases
C. It essentially allows for physical recovery
D. It includes physical and mental recuperation associate with fatigue
304. What are the main effects of a lack of sleep on performance?
A. It reduces concentration and fatigue only with sleep loss greater than 48 hours
B. It increases fatigue, reduces concentration and increases the risk of sensory illusions
C. It increases fatigue and concentration difficulties, but facilitates stress management by
muscular relaxation
D. It causes muscular spasms
305. What is the effect of tiredness on attention ?
A. It has no specific effects on attention

B. It increases the ability to manage multiple matters
C. It leads to one's attention being shared between different centres of interest
D. It reduces the ability to manage multiple matters
306. Which of the following statements concerning tiredness is correct ?
A. Tiredness is a subjective sensation which may result in hypovigilance

B. Tiredness is the consequence of poor performance
C. Tiredness is always the result of an intellectual overload
D. Tiredness always effect people of the same age in a similar way
307. Which of the following are strategies for resolving conflict? 1. Seeking
arbitration 2. Actively listening to other people 3. Abandoning facts so as to move
the conversation to a more emotional level 4. Becoming aware of cultural influences
A. 1,2,4
B. 2,3,4
C. 2,4
D. 1,2,3
308. What elements establish synergy within the crew ?
A. Synergy must be built up from the start of the mission (briefing) and be maintained until it
comes to an end (debriefing)
B. Synergy is independent of the natural individual characteristics of the group members
(communication, mutual confidence, sharing of tasks, etc.)
C. It is only the captain's status which allows the establishment of synergy within the crew
D. Synergy establishes itself automatically within the crew, right through from briefing to
debriefing
309. Which of the following statements best characterise a synergetic cockpit? 1.

Decisions are taken by the captain, but prepared by the crew 2. There is little
delegating of tasks 3. Communications are few in number but precise and geared
purely to the flight 4. Fluid, consensual boundaries exist in regard to leadership-
style, which fluctuate between authority and laissez-faire
A. 1,3,4
B. 2,3
C. 1,4
D. 2,4
310. Which of the following statements best characterise a self-centered cockpit ?
A. While decreasing communication, the independence of each member bolsters the crew's
synergy
B. The communication between crew members always increases when the captain takes charge of
a situation
C. Without taking note of what the other members are doing, each one does his own thing while
at the same time assuming that everyone is aware of what is being done or what is going on
D. The egoistic and self-centered personality of the captain often leads to a synergetic cockpit
311. What may become the main risk of a "laissez-faire" cockpit ?
A. Increased captain's authority

B. Disengagement of the co-pilot
C. Inversion of authority
D. Appearance of aggressiveness
312. What is characterized by a "laissez-faire" cockpit ?
A. Each member carries out actions and makes choices informing the other members about them
B. The high level of independence granted to each member by the captain quickly leads to tension
between the various crew members
C. The captain's authority rules all the actions or decisions associated with the situation
D. A passive approach by the captain allows decisions, choices and actions by other crew
members
313. What are the most frequent results of an self-centred captain on the flight
deck ?
A. In a two-pilot flight deck, the co-pilot is ignored and may react by disengaging, showing
delayed responses or aggression
B. Performance is very poor as self-centred behaviour leads to an increase of cooperation and
efficiency
C. High group performance despite the strained relations
D. A major risk of authority inversion if the co-pilot is unassertive
314. Which of the following statements are correct ?; -1: Modern aircraft allow for
50 - 60% relative humidity in the cabin air under any conditions of flight, which is
satisfactory for the body; -2: Thirst is a belated symptom of dehydration; -3:
Dehydration may lead to clinical manifestations such as dizziness and fatigue; -4:
Drinking excessive quantities of water must be avoided since resistance to periods of
low hydration will otherwise be lost
A. 2,3
B. 2,3,4
C. 1,2,4
D. 1,4
315. With regard to central vision, which of the following statements are correct ? -
1: It is due to the functioning of rods -2: It enables details, colours and movement to
be seen -3: Its very active both during the day and at night -4: It represents a zone
where about 150.000 cones per mm are located to give high resolution capacity
A. 1,2,4
B. 1,3
C. 2,4
D. 2,3,4
316. Which of the following statements concerning information is correct ?
A. 40% of information processed by man enters via the visual channel

B. The kinesthetic channel provides the most important information for flying
C. 70% of information processed by man enters via the visual channel
D. Hearing is the sense which collects most information in man
317. What is the procedure above 10.000 ft altitude when faced with explosive
decompression?
A. Descend to below 10,000 ft and signal an emergency

B. Check the cabin altitude, don an oxygen mask and maintain level flight
C. First inform ATC
D. Don an oxygen mask and descend to below 10,000 ft
318. What is the approximate Time of Useful Consciousness for a seated pilot
following a rapid decompression at 35,000 ft ?
A. 5 minutes
B. 12 seconds
C. 3 seconds
D. 45 seconds
319. What is the Time of Useful Consciousness ?

A. The pilot's reaction time when faced with hypoxia

B. The time taken to become aware of hypoxia due to gradual decompression
C. The length of time during which an individual can act with both mental and physical
efficiency, measured from the moment at which he/she loses his/her available oxygen supply
D. The period of time between the start of hypoxia and the moment that the pilot becomes aware
of it
320. Which is the procedure to be followed when symptoms of decompression

sickness occur?
A. Only medical treatment is of use

B. Descend to the lowest possible level and land as soon as possible
C. Only the prompt supply of oxygen is necessary
D. Descend to the lowest possible level and wait for the symptoms to disappear before climbing
again
321. What is decompression sickness?
A. A frequent disorder in commercial aviation due to the pressurisation curve of modern aircraft
B. The formation of air bubbles in bodily tissues, with no consequences for people's capabilities
C. A condition resulting from the formation of nitrogen bubbles in bodily tissues and fluids after
a cabin pressure loss at high altitude
D. A disorder which is solely encountered below 18,000 ft
322. Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) is caused by:
A. a blocked Eustachian tube

B. pressure differences on both sides of the eardrum
C. damage to the sensitive membrane in the cochlea due to overexposure to noise
D. reduced mobility of the ossicles
323. Excessive exposure to noise can damage:
A. the sensitive membrane in the cochlea

B. the eardrum
C. the ossicles
D. the semi circular canals
324. The inner ear is able to perceive: 1. angular acceleration 2. linear acceleration
3. noise
A. 1 and 2 are correct, 3 is false

B. 2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false
C. 2 is correct, 1 and 3 are both false
D. 1 and 2 and 3 are correct
325. Angular accelerations are perceived by:
A. the receptors in the skin and the joints

B. the semi circular canals
C. the otholiths
D. the cochlea
326. The otoliths in the inner ear are sensitive to:
A. angular acceleration
B. constant speed only
C. linear acceleration and gravity
D. angular speed
327. Visual disturbances can be caused by: 1. hyperventilation 2. hypoxia 3.

hypertension 4. fatigue

328. Disorientation is more likely to occur when the pilot is:; 1. flying in IMC; 2.
frequently changing between inside and outside references; 3. flying from IMC into
VMC; 4. approaching over still water at night

329. Positive linear acceleration when flying in IMC may cause a false sensation of:
A. apparent sideward movement of objects in the field of vision

B. pitching down
C. pitching up
D. vertigo
330. Linear acceleration when flying straight and level in IMC may give the illusion
of:
A. yawing
B. climbing
C. descending
D. spinning
331. Which of the following operations are performed more effectively by people
than by automatic systems ? 1. Qualitative decision-making 2. Waiting for an
infrequent phenomenon 3. Monitoring to ensure that certain values are not
exceeded 4. Detections of of unusual conditions (smell, noise, etc.)
A. 1,2
B. 3,4
C. 1,4
D. 2,3,4
332. Which of the following operations are performed more effectively by automatic
systems than by people ?; 1. Waiting for an infrequent phenomenon; 2. Long term
controlling of a set value (e.g holding of trajectory) ; 3. Monitoring to ensure that
certain values are not exceeded (e.g holding of flight path) ; 4. Qualitative decision-
making
A. 2,3,4
B. 2,4
C. 3,4
D. 1,2,3
333. As a result of automation in cockpits,
A. communication and coordination have clearly improved in man-man and man-machine

relations
B. it is easier for the captain to monitor the work of the first officer and vice versa
C. communication and coordination call for an even greater effort on the part of the crew
members
D. the need for communication between crew members has been decreased
334. Which of the following drawbacks are associated with automation ? 1. Reduced
competence in manually controlling the aircraft 2. Increased likelihood of slips
while programming automatic systems 3. Difficulties in adapting to the use of a
sidestick 4. General decrease in technical reliability
A. 2,3,4
B. 1,4
C. 1,3
D. 1,2
335. Which of the following are the most favourable solutions to manage phases of
reduced or low vigilance (hypovigilance)?; 1. Healthy living; 2. Use of
amphetamines; 3. Reducing the intensity of the light; 4. Organising periods of rest
during the flight
A. 3,4
B. 1,3
C. 1,2
D. 1,4
336. What are main signs indicating the loss of vigilance ?; 1. Decrease in sensory
perception; 2. Increase in selective attention; 3. Sensation of muscular heaviness; 4.
Decrease in complacency; Which of the following lists all the correct statements ?
A. 2 and 3
B. 1 and 4
C. 2 and 4
D. 1 and 3
337. What is "divided attention"?
A. The adverse effect of motivation which leads to one's attention being dispersed
B. Difficulty of concentrating on a particular objective
C. The management of several matters of interest dealt with individually one after the other
D. Ease of concentrating on a particular objective
338. Which of the following statements concerning hypovigilance is correct ?;

Hypovigilance :
A. tends to occur at the end of the mission as a result of a relaxation in the operators' attention
B. may occur at any moment of the flight
C. essentially occurs several minutes after the intense take-off phase
D. only affects certain personality types
339. What are the main factors which bring about reduced or low vigilance
(hypovigilance) ? 1. The monotony of the task 2. Tiredness and the need for sleep 3.
A lack of stimulation 4. Excessive stress
A. 1,2,3
B. 1,3
C. 3,4
D. 2,4
340. Which of the following statements in regard to motivation is correct?
A. Motivation will reduce the task automation process

B. Too much motivation may result in hypovigilance and thus in a decrease in attention
C. Low motivation will guarantee adequate attention management capabilities
D. Extremely high motivation in combination with excessive stress will limit attention
management capabilities
341. Which of the following describes an autocratic cockpit?

A. Despite the overly strong authority of the captain, everything functions correctly owing to his
natural leadership
B. The atmosphere is relaxed thanks to a captain who leaves complete freedom to the various
members of the crew
C. The captain's excessive authority considerably reduces communications and consequently the
synergy and cohesion of the crew
D. Each of the members chooses what job to do without telling the others and in the belief that
everyone is aware of what he is doing
342. What optimises crew co-operation ? 1. Sharing and common task 2. Confidence
in each others capability 3. Precise definition of functions associated with each crew
members role
A. 1, 2
B. 2, 3
C. 1 only
D. 1, 2, 3
343. What distinguishes status from role ?
A. While role defines the enjoyment of a hierarchical position and its recognition by the group,
status defines - via behaviour- the functions that must be performed by individuals
B. While role defines- via behaviour- the functions that must be performed by individuals, status
defines the hierarchical position and its recognition by the group
C. Unlike status, role is fixed and is modified either by the situation in flight or by the
interactions of a new crew
D. Unlike status, role is fixed and is not modified either by the situation in flight or by the
interactions of a new crew
344. Which of the following elements make up the personality of an individual ? 1.

Heredity 2. Childhood environment 3. Upbringing 4. Past experience
A. 2,3
B. 2,3,4
C. 1,2,3,4
D. 1,2,4
345. What is synergy in a crew ?
A. A behavioural expedient associated with the desynchronisation of the coordinated actions

B. The coordinated action of unrelated individual performances in achieving a non-standard task
C. The uncoordinated action of the crewmembers towards a common objective
D. The coordinated action of all members towards a common objective, in which collective
performance is proving to be more than the sum of the individual performances
346. Which of the following statements concerning conflicts is correct ?

A. Conflicts are negative in themselves and can only lead to a general detachment of involved
parties
B. Conflict management involves the participation of all involved parties in finding an acceptable
collective solution
C. Whatever the cause of the conflict, its resolution must necessarily involve an additional party
if it is to be effective
D. The emergence of a conflict always results from calling into question the general abilities of
one of the involved parties
347. In terms of decision-making, the intention to become integrated into the team,
to be recognised as the leader or to avoid conflicts may lead to:
A. the attempt to agree on decisions made by other crew members

B. an authoritarian approach thus demonstrating ones own ability to lead
C. the improvement of internal risk assessment capabilities
D. a fast and decisive option
348. What strategy should be put in place when faced with an anticipated period of
stress?
A. A non-sequenced strategy
B. A Laissez-faire strategy
C. A strategy of no commitment
D. A strategy of preparing decisions
349. Which biases relate to human decision making? 1. Personal experience tends to
alter the perception of the risk of an event occurring 2. There is a natural tendency
to want to confirm our decision even in the face of facts which contradict it 3. The
group to which an individual belongs tends to influence the particular decision 4.
There is natural tendancy to select only objective facts for decision-making
purposes
A. 1,2,3
B. 1,2,4
C. 1,2
D. 3,4
350. Decision-making can be influenced by the following factors:; 1. people tend to

conform to opinions expressed by a majority within the group they belong to; 2.
people always keep the future decisions in line with those their superiors have made
in the past; 3. people more easily tend to select data which meet their expectations;
4. people rarely base decisions on their personal preferences but rather on rational
information; Which of the following lists all the correct answers ?
A. 1,4
B. 2,3
C. 1,3
D. 2,4
351. Decision-making is a concept which represents:
A. an automatic process of selection from among the various solutions to a given problem
B. a voluntary and conscious process of selection, from among possible solutions, for a given
problem
C. a spontaneous act of seeking the most effective solution in a given situation when faced with a
defined problem
D. an automated or automation-like act of applying defined procedures
352. In decision-making, the selection of a solution depends on: 1. objective and

subjective criteria 2. the objective to be achieved 3. the risks associated with each
solution 4. the personality of the decision-maker
A. 1, 2, 3, 4
B. 4
C. 1, 2, 4
D. 1, 3
353. Decision-making results in:
A. a subjective choice between options to achieve a goal

B. a choice always based on the experience of the Pilot in Command
C. a choice between different options to achieve a goal
D. a totally objective choice between options to achieve a goal proposed by the Pilot in Command
354. In problem-solving, what determines the transition from rule-based activities

to a knowledge-based activity?
A. The unsuitability of the known rules for the problem posed

B. Knowledge of rules which apply to the problem posed
C. Attentional capture
D. The unsuitability of the automated actions
355. During gas exchange, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is:
A. lower than the pressure of carbon dioxide in the atmospheric air.

B. lower than in the blood
C. higher than the pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
D. the same as in the atmospheric air
356. The rate and depth of breathing is primarily regulated by the concentration of:
A. carbon dioxide in the blood

B. oxygen in the cells
C. water vapour in the alveoli
D. nitrogen in the air
357. A pressurized cabin helps to prevent: 1. decompression sickness 2 .the problem

of expansion of gases in the intestines 3. hypoxia 4. coronary desease
A. 2, 3 and 4 are correct.

B. 1, 2 and 3 are correct.
C. 1, 2 and 4 are correct.
D. 1, 3 and 4 are correct.
358. Healthy people are usually capable of compensating for a lack of oxygen up to:
A. 10,000 - 12.000feet
B. 20,000 feet
C. 25,000 feet
D. 15,000 feet
359. When flying above 10.000 feet hypoxia arises because:
A. the composition of the blood changes

B. the percentage of oxygen is lower than at sea level
C. the partial oxygen pressure is lower than at sea level.
D. the composition of the air is different from sea level
360. Saturation of oxygen in the blood at sea level is approximately 98%. This
saturation decreases with: 1. decreasing air pressure 2. carbon monoxide poisoning
3. increasing altitude 4. increasing air pressure

D. 1, 2 and 4 are correct, 3 is false
361. Hypoxia is a situation in which the cells
A. have a shortage of oxygen

B. have a shortage of carbon dioxide
C. are saturated with oxygen
D. are saturated with nitrogen
362. The severity of hypoxia depends on the: 1. rate of decompression 2. physical

fitness 3. flight level 4. individual tolerance
A. 2,3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false

B. 1,2,3 and 4 are correct

363. Which of the following statements concerning hypoxia is correct?
A. It is never a problem at altitudes below 25.000 ft.

B. It is a potential threat to safety.
C. It activates the senses and makes them function better.
D. It has little effect on the body, because the body can always compensate for it.
364. Early symptoms of hypoxia could be: 1. euphoria 2. decreased rate and depth
of breathing 3. lack of concentration 4. visual disturbances
A. 1,3 and 4 are correct

B. 1,2 and 4 are correct
D. 1,2,3 and 4 are correct
365. One of the most dangerous symptoms of hypoxia concerning flight safety is:
A. cyanosis, reducing then pilots ability to hear

B. reduced coordination of limb movements, causing the pilot to spin
C. hyperventilation, causing emotional stress
D. impaired judgement
366. Which of the following symptoms can indicate hypoxia? 1. Blue lips and finger
nails. 2. Euphoria. 3. Flatulence. 4 .Unconsciousness..
A. 2, 3 and 4 are correct.

B. 1, 3 and 4 are correct.
C. 1, 2 and 3 are correct.
D. 1, 2 and 4 are correct.
367. Among the functions below, which is the most sensitive to hypoxia?
A. Speech.
B. Motor coordination.
C. Night vision.
D. Hearing.
368. You are crossing the Alps in a non-pressurised aircraft at an altitude of 15.000
feet. You do not use the oxygen mask because you feel fine. This is unsafe, because:
A. the blood-pressure can get too high

B. you will get the bends
C. the blood-pressure can get too low

D. your judgement could be impaired
369. During a night flight at 10,000 feet you notice that your visual acuity has
decreased. In this case you can increase your acuity by:
A. closing one eye

B. scanning sectors of the field of vision
C. breathing extra oxygen through the oxygen mask.
D. dim the instrument lights
370. During flight all crewmembers have one or more of the following symptoms: 1.
blue lips 2. mental disturbances 3. tingling sensations in arms and/or legs 4.
reduction of peripheral vision Which is the possible cause?
A. Hypoglycaemia.
B. Hypothermia.
C. Glaucoma.
D. Hypoxia.
371. Which measure(s) will help to compensate for hypoxia? 1. Descend below 10
000 FT. 2. Breathe 100 % oxygen. 3. Climb to or above 10 000 FT. 4. Reduce
physical activities.

B. 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false
372. Oxygen, combined with haemoglobin in blood is transported by
A. platelets
B. blood plasma
C. red blood cells
D. white blood cells
373. Haemoglobin is:
A. in the platelets
B. dissolved in the plasma
C. in the red blood cells
D. in the white blood cells
374. The main limitation of the long-term memory is:

A. the data storage time

B. the quantity of data which may be stored
C. if enough information is entered at the same time, saturation may take place
D. unless information is accessed from time to time, retrieval of information can be difficult
375. What are the main limits of short-term memory ?; It is:; -1: very sensitive to
interruptions and interference; -2: difficult to access; -3: limited in size; -4:
information is lost within approximately 20 seconds unless it is actively or
deliberately placed into the long term memory.
A. 1,3 ,4
B. 1,2 ,3
C. 2 ,3
D. 2,4
376. Action plans (SOP's) in a cockpit must:
A. only follow the manufacturers proposals and not reflect individual operators cockpit
philosophies
B. only be tailored to the type of aircraft, regardless of current MCC procedures
C. be shared by the members of the crew and updated at each modification in order to maintain
maximum synergy
D. be tailored to the individual pilot's needs in order to facilitate the normal operation of the
aircraft
377. Workload essentially depends on:
A. the current situation, the pilot's expertise and the ergonomics of the system
B. the pilot's experience and the ergonomics of the system
C. the task and the day's parameters (weather report, aircraft load, type of flight, etc)
D. the pilot's knowledge
378. A pilot becomes skilled when he/she: -1: trains or practises regularly -2: knows
how to manage himself/herself -3: possesses all the knowledge associated with his
aircraft -4: knows how to keep resources in reserve for coping with the unexpected
A. 2, 3,4
B. 1,2
C. 1,2,4
D. 1,2,3,4
379. Man possesses a system for maintaining his internal equilibrium in the face of
variations brought about by external stimulations. This internal equilibrium is
called:
A. Homeostasis
B. Heterostasis
C. Isothermy
D. Metastasis
380. Stress is:
A. a psychosomatic disease that one can learn to control

B. a response by man to his problems, which automatically leads to a reduction in his
performance
C. a phenomenon which is specific to modern man
D. a mechanism by which an individual can respond to situations which he/she may have to face
381. The individual's perception of stress depends on:
A. the pilot's increasing level of arousal

B. the conditions of the current situation only
C. the objective evaluation of the situation and one's abilities to cope with it
D. the subjective evaluation of the situation and one's abilities to cope with it
382. General Adaptation Syndrome is characterised by the following phases: -1:

alarm -2: alert phase -3: resistance phase -4: exhaustion phase -5: vigilance phase
A. 1,2,4,5
B. 1,3,4
C. 2,3,4
D. 2,3,4,5
383. The following course of action should be taken if gastrointestinal complaints in

flight crew occur before to take-off:; -1: take the standard medicines and advise the
doctor on returning from the flight; -2: assess your own ability to fly, if necessary
with the help of a doctor; -3: if in doubt about fitness to fly - do not fly!; -4: reduce
the cabin temperature, and drink before you are thirsty so as to avoid dehydration
A. 1,4
B. 2,3
C. 1,2,4
D. 1,3
384. Which of the following systems are involved in motion sickness ? -1: Hearing -
2: The vestibular system -3: Vision -4 The proprioceptive senses "Seat-of-the-Pants-
Sense") -5: The gastrointestinal system
A. 2,3,4
B. 2,3,4,5
C. 1,2,3
D. 1,2,5
385. In the absence of external reference points, the sensation that the vehicle in
which you sitting is moving when it is in fact the vehicle directly alongside which is
moving is called:
A. somato-gravic illusion
B. illusion of relative movement
C. autokinetic illusion
D. cognitive illusion
386. Which of the following illusions are brought about by conflicts between the
visual system and the vestibular system ? -1: Illusions concerning the attitude of the
aircraft -2: Autokinetic illusion (fixed point viewed as moving) -3: Illusions when
estimating the size and distance of objects -4 : Illusions of rotation
A. 3,4
B. 2
C. 1,4
D. 2,3,4
387. The vestibular system is composed of -1: two ventricles -2: a saccule -3: a
utricle -4: three semicircular channels
A. 1,4
B. 2,3,4
C. 2,3
D. 1,3,4
388. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct ?; - 1: The retina has rods on
its peripheral zone and cones on its central zone; - 2: The retina has cones and the
crystalline lens has rods; - 3: The rods allow for night-vision; - 4: The cones are
located on the peripheral zone of the retina
A. 2,3
B. 1
C. 4
D. 1,3
389. In order to perceive colour vision, it is necessary: 1. for there to be a sufficient

amount of light (ambient luminosity) 2. at night to look at the point to be observed
at an angle of 15° 3. to allow the eye a period of time to get used to the light 4. to
avoid white light.
A. 3
B. 1
C. 2,4
D. 1, 2, 3
390. The retina allows for colour perception as a result of the:
A. crystalline lens
B. rods located in its central part
C. rods located in its peripheral zone
D. cones located in its central part
391. Accommodation, which enables a clear image to be obtained, is accomplished

by which of the following?
A. The rods
B. The cones
C. The retina
D. The crystalline lens
392. In civil air transport, linear accelerations (Gx): - 1: do not exist - 2: have slight
physiological consequences - 3: may, in the case of pull-out, lead to loss of
consciousness - 4: may cause sensory illusions on the pitch axis
A. 3
B. 1
C. 3,4
D. 2,4
393. Which of the following mechanisms regulate body temperature when exposed
to extreme high environmental temperatures? -1: Shivering -2: Vaso-constriction of
peripheral blood vessels -3: Sweating -4: Vaso-dilation of peripheral blood vessels
A. 3,4
B. 1,3,4
C. 1
D. 2,3
394. The following can be observed when the internal body temperature falls below
35°C:
A. profuse sweating
B. the appearance of intense shivering
C. mental disorders, and even coma
D. shivering, will tend to cease, and be followed by the onset of apathy
395. We can observe the following in relation to a state of hypothermia:
A. widespread pain in the joints

B. reasoning problems as soon as body temperature falls below 37°C
C. greater capacity for adaptation than in a hot atmosphere
D. a substantial increase in internal body temperature whereas peripheral temperature at the skin
is stable
396. With regard to decompression sickness associated with flight, we know that:
A. SCUBA diving does not pose any problem for a subsequent flight
B. age, obesity and scuba diving are risk factors
C. physical activity after decompression reduces the risks of decompression sickness symptoms
D. gender is the prime risk factor, with two out of every three women being sensitive to it
397. The procedure to be followed in the event of decompression when flying above
10,000 ft must:
A. make it possible to eliminate the risk of fogging due to the sudden pressure changes
B. allow for a rapid descent independent from sufficient supply of oxygen in order to prevent
disorders due to hypoxia
C. make it possible to prevent hyperventilation owing to the inhalation of 100 % oxygen
D. allow for the rapid supply of oxygen in order to prevent hypoxia
398. What is the "Time of Useful Consciousness" for a rapid decompression at

25,000 ft ?
A. Between 3 and 5 minutes depending on the physical activities of the subjected pilot
B. About 30 seconds
C. Between 25 seconds and 1 minute 30 seconds
D. About 18 seconds
399. The Time of Useful Consciousness may vary according to:; 1: physical activity
of the subjected crew; 2: the experience of the pilot on the type of aircraft in
question; 3: the strength and time of decompression; 4: the time of day
A. 1,3
B. 3,4
C. 1,2
D. 4
400. Safety is often improved by applying the principles of CRM, e.g.:
A. abstention from any suggestion which might be untimely

B. the avoidance of any conflict in order to preserve the crew's synergy
C. unquestioned obedience to all the Captain's decisions
D. expression of doubts or of a different opinion
401. An efficient flight deck (synergetic cockpit) will be observed when:
A. decisions do not need to be discussed because of a common synergy between the crew
members
B. decisions are taken by the Captain with the help and participation of the other crew members
C. the plan of action is defined by the Captain because of his experience level
D. the Captain delegates the decision making process to other crew members
402. A non synergistic cockpit:
A. is characterised by a highly efficient crew, communicating appropriately with the outside

B. is characterised by withdrawn crewmembers and unclear communication
C. is not very dangerous as each person checks everything personally
D. always results from an over-relaxed atmosphere
403. CRM (Crew Resource Management) training is:
A. not intended to change the individual's attitude at all

B. intended solely to alter an individual's personality;
C. is mainly of relevance to pilots with personality disorders or inappropriate attitudes
D. intended to develop effectiveness of crew performance by improving attitudes towards flight
safety and human relationship management
404. The confirmation bias of decision making is
A. a tendency to agree with the decision made by the group

B. a tendency not to look for information which would reassure oneself about a decision
C. a tendency not to seek for information which confirms a judgement
D. a tendency to ignore that information which indicates that a hypothesis or decision is poor;
405. What is the main problem caused by positive (+Gz) accelerations?
A. An improvement of peripheral vision

B. A pooling of blood in the lower portions of the body, and hence less blood available
C. Hyperoxygenation of the blood which may lead to sensory disorders
D. An increase in blood pressure in the upper part of the body (above heart-level)
406. Which of the following statements are correct ? 1 Hypothermia affects physical
and mental abilities. 2 Man has effective natural protection against intense cold. 3
Shivering makes it possible to combat the cold to a certain extent, but uses up a lot
of energy 4 Disorders associated with hypothermia appear at a body temperature of
less than 35°C.
A. 2,3,4
B. 1,3,4
C. 1,2,3
D. 2,4
407. Rods (scotopic visual cells) allow for:
A. good night-vision after adaptation to darkness (30 min)

B. good, virtually instantaneous night-vision (scotopic vision)
C. precise vision of contours and colours
D. red vision, both during the day and at night
408. Of the following alternatives, which effects are due to positive acceleration (+
Gz)?; - 1: Decrease in heart rate; - 2: Pooling of blood into lower parts of the body; -
3: Drop in blood pressure above heart-level; - 4: Downward displacement or
deformation of soft or mobile organs
A. 1
B. 2,3,4
C. 1,3,4
D. 1,2,3
409. What is hypoxia ?
A. The total absence of oxygen in the blood of the body

B. Any condition where the oxygen concentration of the body is below normal limits or where
the oxygen available to the body cannot be used due to some pathological condition
C. A state characterised by an excessive supply of oxygen which may be due to maladjustment of
the mask
D. The respiratory symptom associated with altitude decompression sickness
410. To optimise one's night-vision performance, it is necessary:; - 1: to spend some

time getting adapted to low levels of illumination; - 2: to increase the instrument
panel lighting by reducing the cockpit lighting; - 3: not to focus on the point to be
observed; - 4: to avoid blinding sources of light
A. 1,3,4
B. 1,2,4
C. 2,3,4
D. 2
411. Visual perception of depth at close to medium distance is primarily due to
A. peripheral vision
B. binocular vision
C. the high sensitivity of the retina
D. interactions between cones and rods
412. What could be symptoms of hypoxia (when flying without oxygen) above
12,000 ft?
A. Headache, thirst, somnolence, collapse

B. Trembling, increase in body temperature, convulsions, slowing of the rate of breathing

C. Headache, fatigue, dizziness, lack of coordination
D. Euphoria, headache, improvement in judgement, loss of consciousness
413. Which of the following characteristics apply to short-term memory ?; - 1 : It is

limited in time and size; - 2 : It is unlimited in time and limited in size; - 3 : It is
stable and insensitive to disturbances; - 4 : It is limited in time and unlimited in size
A. 1
B. 3,4
C. 2,3
D. 1,3
414. With regard to short-term memory, we can say that:
A. it is made up of everyday information for immediate use, and is limited in its capacity for
storing and retaining data
B. it is a stable form of working memory, and thus not very sensitive to any disturbance
C. it holds information for immediate use, and is limited in terms of the time for which it retains
data but not in its storage capacity
D. it stores mainly procedural knowledge (skills)
415. Autokinetic illusion is:
A. poor interpretation of the surrounding world

B. the sensation during a radial acceleration of seeing a fixed reference point moving into the
opposite direction of the acceleration
C. an illusion in which a stationary point of light, if stared at for several seconds in the dark, may
- without a frame of reference - appear to move
D. a conflict between the visual system and bodily sensations
416. Which of the following statements are correct:; -1: Scuba diving may be
practiced without restriction; -2: Many medicines have effects which are
incompatible with flight safety; -3: An adequate amount of fluid should be drunk
when flying; -4: Alcohol has no effect on the inner ear.

417. Which of the following statements about long-term memory are correct?; -1:
Information is stored in the Semantic, Episodic and Procedural memories.; -2: The
period of time for which information is retained is limited by the frequency with
which this same information is used.; -3: It processes information quickly and has
an effective mode of access in real time.; -4: Ease and speed of access is dependent
upon, to a large extent, the frequency with which the information is recalled.

418. The ability of the human eye to read alphanumeric information:
A. is almost equally shared by the entire retina

B. is limited to the foveal area of the retina
C. is limited to daytime using the rod cells
D. is governed by peripheral vision over an area of approximately 20 degrees of angle
419. Which of the following statements about hyperthermia is correct ?
A. Vasodilatation is the only mechanism which is capable of reducing body temperature.

B. Complete adaptation to the heat in a hot country takes about a fortnight.
C. Performance is not impaired by an increase in body temperature to 40°C or more.
D. Evaporation is more effective when ambient humidity is high.
420. The atmospheric pressure at 18,000 feet altitude is half the atmospheric
pressure at sea level. In accordance with this statement,
A. the oxygen saturation of the blood at that altitude will drop by 50 % too
B. the oxygen percentage of the air at that altitude will drop by one half also
C. the partial oxygen pressure at that altitude will also drop to 1/2 of the pressure of oxygen at sea
level
D. the partial oxygen pressure at that altitude will be doubled
421. You climb from 0 to 50.000 ft and measure the decrease of the pressure per
5.000 ft. The absolute difference in barometric pressure is greatest between:
A. 0 and 5.000 feet

B. 45.000 and 50.000 feet
C. 10.000 and 15.000 feet
D. 5.000 and 10.000 feet
422. The volume percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere at 30.000 feet remains at
21 %; but the partial pressure of oxygen:
A. increases by expansion
B. decreases with decreasing barometric pressure
C. remains constant, independent from altitude
D. decreases significantly with lower temperatures
423. Air at an altitude of 18.000 feet contains, approximately:
A. 15% oxygen
B. 5% oxygen
C. 21% oxygen
D. 10% oxygen
424. Dry air is a mixture of gases. Their volume percentage is about:
A. 25% oxygen, 74% nitrogen, 1% other gases

B. 19% oxygen, 80% nitrogen, 1% other gases
C. 21% oxygen,78% nitrogen, 1% other gases
D. 18% oxygen, 80% nitrogen, 2% other gases
425. Boyle's law is directly applicable in case of:
A. hyperventilation with increasing altitude

B. the occurrence of decompression sickness at high altitude
C. the occurrence of hypoxia with increasing altitude
D. the expansion of trapped gasses in the human body with increasing altitude
426. Dalton's law explains the occurrence of:
A. altitude hypoxia
B. bends
C. decompression sickness
D. creeps
427. Henry's Law explains the occurrence of:
A. diffusion
B. hypoxia
C. hyperventilation
D. decompression sickness
428. Our body takes its energy from: 1: minerals 2: protein 3: carbonhydrates 4:
vitamins
A. 1,3
B. 1,4
C. 1,2,3,4
D. 2,3
429. What is meant by metabolism?

A. Transfer of chemical messages

B. Exchange of substances between the lung and the blood
C. The generation and utilisation of energy by the body's cells and tissues
D. Information exchange
430. One of the waste products of the metabolic process in the cell is:
A. carbon dioxide
B. protein
C. fat
D. sugar
431. The body loses water via: 1. the skin and the lungs 2. the kidneys Which of the
following lists all the correct answers ?

B. 1 is not correct and 2 is correct
C. 1 is correct and 2 is not correct
D. both are false
432. Under normal circumstances, which gas will diffuse from the blood to the
alveoli:
A. carbon monoxide
B. oxygen
C. carbon dioxide
D. nitrogen
433. The thin walls of capillaries are permeable for:
A. platelets
B. protein
C. gases
D. red blood cells
434. The circulatory system, amongst other things, allows for: 1. transportation of
oxygen and carbon dioxide 2. transportation of information by chemical substances
Which of the following lists all the correct statements ?

B. 1 is false and 2 is correct
C. both are false
D. 1 is correct and 2 is false
435. Someone who has anaemia has:

A. not enough functional haemoglobin

B. not enough white blood cells
C. not enough platelets
D. not enough plasma
436. The average pulse of a healthy adult at rest is about:
A. 90 to 100 beats/min
B. 110 to 150 beats/min
C. 30 to 50 beats/min
D. 60 to 80 beats/min
437. With a heart rate of 72 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 ml the
cardiac output is about:
A. 6 litres/min
B. 5 litres/min
C. 8 litres/min
D. 7 litres/min
438. At rest the cardiac output (the quantity of blood the heart pumps in one
minute) of an adult is approximately:
A. 5 litres/min
B. 450 ml/min
C. 45 litres/min
D. 75 litres/min
439. The heart muscle is supplied with blood by:
A. the coronary arteries

B. the pulmonary veins
C. the auricles
D. ventricles
440. The normal arterial blood-pressure of a healthy adult at rest is

(systolic/diastolic):
A. 180/120 mm Hg
B. 220/180 mm Hg
C. 120/80 mm Hg
D. 80/20 mm Hg
441. Which of the following statements is correct?; The blood-pressure which is

measured during flight medical checks is the pressure
A. in the artery of the upper arm (representing the pressure at heart level);
B. in all the blood-vessels of the body (representing the pressure in the whole body);
C. in the veins of the upper arm;
D. in the muscles of the upper arm;
442. Blood-pressure depends on: 1. the cardiac output 2. the resistance of the
capillaries Which of the following lists all the correct answers ?
A. 1 is false 2 is correct
B. 1 and 2 are both false
C. 1 is correct 2 is false
443. The blood-pressure depends on: 1. the work of the heart 2. the peripheral
resistance 3. the elasticity of the arterial walls 4. the blood volume and viscosity

C. 1,2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false
444. Changes in blood-pressure are measured by:
A. pacemakers
B. pressoreceptors
C. arteriols
D. adrenal glands
445. The pressoreceptors are located in
A. the heart
B. the intestines
C. the lungs
D. the carotid and aortic arterial vessels
446. When the pressoreceptors signal a lowering of the blood-pressure there are
adaptation mechanisms which result in: 1. an increase of respiratory activity 2. the
arteriols to constrict 3. an increase of cardiac output 4. the heart rate to rise

447. The physiological effects of accelerations to the human body depend on: 1. the
duration of the G-forces 2. the onset rate of the G-forces 3. the magnitude of the G-
forces 4. the direction of the G-forces.
A. 1and 4 are correct, 3 is false

B. 1,2,3 are correct, 4 is false
448. Positive g will cause the blood flow to the brain to:
A. first increase, then decrease

B. remain constant
C. increase
D. decrease
449. During sustained positive G-forces the order of symptoms you can expect is:
A. grey-out, unconsciousness, black-out and tunnel vision

B. grey-out, tunnel vision, black-out and unconsciousness.
C. unconsciousness, black-out, tunnel vision and grey out.
D. black-out, grey-out, tunnel vision and unconsciousness.
450. The normal rate of breathing of an adult at rest is about:
A. 4 cycles per minute

B. 16 cycles per minute
C. 72 cycles per minute
D. 32 cycles per minute
451. The volume of air exchanged during a normal breathing cycle (tidal volume) is
about:
A. 75 ml of air
B. 150 ml of air
C. 500 ml of air
D. 350 ml of air
452. When exhaling, the expired air contains:
A. less water vapour than the inhaled air

B. more oxygen than the inhaled air
C. more carbon dioxide than the inspired air
D. more nitrogen than the inhaled air
453. The primary factor in controlling the rate and depth of breathing is the:
A. partial pressure of oxygen in the blood

B. pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
C. partial pressure of nitrogen
D. total air pressure in the blood
454. The transfer of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood can be described by:
A. the law of diffusion

B. Boyle's Law
C. Henry's Law
D. Dalton's Law
455. The transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood to the alveoli can be described
by:
A. Henry's Law
B. Boyles Law
C. the law of diffusion
D. Dalton's Law
456. Hyperventilation is:
A. a too high percentage of oxygen in the blood.

B. an increased lung ventilation
C. a decreased lung ventilation
D. a too high percentage of nitrogen in the blood
A. an increased lung ventilation

B. a too high percentage of oxygen in the blood.
C. a decreased lung ventilation
D. a too high percentage of nitrogen in the blood
458. If somebody starts breathing faster and deeper without physiological need
A. the blood turns more acid;

B. the acid-base balance of the blood will not change;
C. the blood pressure in the brain will rise significantly;
D. the blood turns more alkaline;
459. When hyperventilating you should:
A. descend
B. use the oxygen mask
C. apply the Valsalva method

D. control your rate and depth of breathing
460. A pilot can overcome hyperventilation by:
A. increasing the rate and depth of breathing to eliminate harmful carbon dioxide
B. depending on instruments
C. the use of drugs stabilizing blood pressure
D. controlling the rate and depth of breathing and/or breathing into a bag
461. You can overcome hyperventilation by breathing into a plastic or paper bag.
The intention is:
A. to increase the amount of nitrogen in the lungs

B. to raise the level of CO2 in the blood as fast as possible
C. to reduce blood pressure
D. to prevent you from exhaling too much oxygen
462. Raising the sensory threshold of a sensory organ means:
A. a greater sensitivity
B. a lesser selectivity
C. a lesser sensitivity
D. a greater selectivity
463. Subcutaneous pressure receptors are stimulated by:
A. environmental stressors
B. the condition of the body itself
C. the pressure created on the corresponding body parts when sitting, standing or lying down
D. a touch on the skin indicating the true vertical
464. The proprioceptors do not orient an individual to his/her surroundings, but

informs him/her of
A. the relative motion and relative position of his body parts

B. our surroundings
C. the condition in the body itself
D. a touch on the skin
465. A stereotype and involuntary reaction of the organism on stimulation of

receptors is called:
A. control system
B. data processing
C. change of stimulation level

D. reflex
466. The amount of light which strikes the retina is controlled by:
A. the pupil
B. the cornea
C. the ciliary body
D. the lens
467. When focussing on near objects:
A. the shape of lens gets more spherical

B. the shape of lens gets flatter
C. the cornea gets smaller
D. the pupil gets larger
468. The ability of the lens to change its shape is called:
A. depth perception
B. binocular vision
C. accommodation
D. adaptation
469. The mechanism of accommodation is controlled by:
A. the functioning of the muscles of the eye

B. the diameter of the pupil
C. the functioning of the ciliary muscle around the lens
D. the elasticity of the optic nerves
470. Presbyopia is:
A. long sightedness linked with age

B. high intraocular pressure
C. short sightedness
D. myopia
471. Visual acuity during flight at high altitudes can be affected by: 1. anaemia 2.
smoking in the cockpit 3. carbon monoxide poisoning 4. hypoxia

472. Glaucoma 1. can lead to total blindness 2. can lead to undetected reduction of
the visual field 3. reduces visual acuity in its final stage

B. 1 is correct, 2 and 3 are false
D. 2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false
473. Glaucoma is:
A. high intra-ocular pressure

B. disturbed colour vision
C. disturbed adaptation
D. disturbed night vision
474. The peripheral vision is important for:
A. colour vision
B. binocular vision
C. detecting moving objects
D. visual acuity
475. Although we have a field of vision of more than 180° it is important during
flight to use the scanning technique, because
A. it is tiring to look continually in the same direction

B. only in the peripheral area of the retina resolution is good enough to see an object clearly
C. the reduction in the field of vision with decreasing altitude is due to a lack of vitamin A
D. only in the foveal area resolution is good enough to see an object clearly
476. The time an eye needs to adapt fully to the dark is about:
A. 10 minutes
B. 5 minutes
C. 25 - 30 minutes
D. 10 seconds
477. The photosensitive cells being responsible for night vision are called:
A. the cones
B. the cones and the rods
C. the rods
D. the fovea
478. When flying through a thunderstorm with lightning you can protect yourself
from flashblindness by:; a) turning up the intensity of cockpit lights; b) looking
inside the cockpit; c) wearing sunglasses; d) using face blinds or face curtains when
installed
A. a), b) and c) are correct, d) is false

B. c) and d) are correct, a) and b) are false
C. a) and b) are correct, c) and d) are false
D. a), b), c) and d) are correct
479. Which scanning technique should be used when flying at night?
A. Blink your eyes.

B. Look to the side (10 - 15 deg) of the object.
C. Look directly at the object.
D. Look with one eye.
480. The Eustachian tube connects the:
A. middle ear and the throat

B. middle ear and the inner ear
C. semi circular canals
D. auditory duct and the inner ear
481. Coriolis illusion, causing spatial disorientation is the result of:
A. simultaneous head movements during aircraft manoeuvres

B. gazing in the direction of a flashing light
C. normal deterioration of the semicircular canals with age
D. undergoing positive G
482. When turning in IMC , head movements should be avoided as much as

possible. This is a prevention against:
A. autokinesis
B. pressure vertigo
C. coriolis illusion
D. oculogyral illusion
483. A pilot who is trying to pick up a fallen object from the cockpit floor during a
tight turn, may experience:
A. coriolis illusion
B. pressure vertigo
C. barotrauma
D. autokinetic illusion
484. Empty field myopia is caused by:
A. ozone at altitude
B. lack of distant focal points
C. atmospheric perspective
D. flying over mountainous terrain
485. When a pilot is starring at an isolated stationary light for several seconds in the
dark he might get the illusion that:
A. the intensity of the light is varying

B. the colour of the light is varying
C. the size of the light is varying
D. the light is moving
486. When you stare at a single light against the dark (i.e.. an isolated star) you will
find the light appears to move after some time. This phenomenon is called:
A. black hole illusion

B. leans
C. autokinetic phenomenon
D. coriolis illusion
487. How is haze effecting your perception?
A. Objects seem to be closer than in reality.

B. Objects seem to be further away than in reality.
C. Haze makes the eyes to focus at infinity
D. Objects will give better contrast.
488. The 'Black hole' phenomenon occurs during approaches at night and over
water, jungle or desert. When the pilot is lacking visual cues other than those of the
aerodrome there is an illusion of
A. being too close, landing long

B. being too low, flying a steeper approach than normal
C. climbing
D. being too high and too far away, dropping low and landing short
489. You fly VFR from your home base (runway width 27 m), to an international
airport (runway width 45 m). On reaching your destination there is a risk of
performing a:
A. low approach with undershoot

B. low approach with overshoot
C. high approach with undershoot

D. high approach with overshoot
490. You fly VFR from your home base (runway width 45 m) to a small airfield
(runway width 27 m). On reaching your destination there is a risk of performing a:
A. high approach with undershoot

B. low approach with overshoot
C. low approach with undershoot
D. high approach with overshoot
491. 1. In case of conflicting information you can always trust your Seat- of-the-
Pants-Sense.; 2. In case of conflicting information between the sensory organs and
the instruments you must believe the instruments.
A. 1 is false, 2 is correct
B. 1 and 2 are false
D. 1 is correct, 2 is false
492. Which procedure is recommended to prevent or overcome spatial

disorientation?
A. Rely on the Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense.

B. Tilt your head to the side to get better information from the semicircular canals.
C. Rely entirely on the indications of the flight instruments.
D. Get adapted to low levels of illumination before flying and use off-center vision all the time.
493. How can a pilot prevent spatial disorientation in flight?
A. Rely on good situational awareness believing your natural senses.

B. Always try to catch outside visual cues.
C. Rely on the "seat of the pants" sense.
D. Establish and maintain a good instrument cross check.
494. If you are subjected to an illusion during night flying you should:
A. dim the cockpit lighting

B. scan the surroundings
C. use your oxygen mask
D. continue on instruments
495. If you are disorientated during night flying you must:
A. descend
B. look outside
C. check your rate of breathing - do not breathe too fast
D. rely on your instruments
496. A passenger complains about a painful inflated belly at 8.000 feet. You advise
him to:; 1. unbuckle and massage the belly; 2. stand up and let go the gases out of
the intestines; 3. eat less gas forming food and avoid carbonhydrated beverages
before flight in the future; 4. drink a lot of water throughout the flight
A. 1 and 3 not advisable

497. On ascent the gases in the digestive tract will
A. shrink
B. stay the same
C. expand
D. be absorbed by tissues and blood
498. Having a serious cold it is better not to fly, due to the extra risk of: 1. flatulence
2. pain in the ear during descent 3. vertigo 4. pain in the nasal sinuses

499. Having a serious cold, you are going to fly. What can you expect?
A. hypoxia
B. pain in the sinuses
C. chokes
D. bends
500. Pain in the middle ear during descent may be eased by:
A. blocking the effected ear with the palm of your hand

B. increasing the rate of descent
C. using an oxygen mask
D. levelling off and possibly climbing
501. Which symptom does not belong to the following list: Bends, Chokes, Creeps,
Leans
A. leans;
B. bends;
C. chokes;
D. creeps;
502. The symptoms caused by gas bubbles under the skin following a decompression
are called:
A. leans
B. creeps
C. bends
D. chokes
503. Symptoms caused by gas bubbles in the lungs, following a decompression are
called:
A. chokes
B. leans
C. bends
D. creeps
504. Some hours after a rapid decompression at FL 300 you experience pain in the
joints. Which of following answers is correct?
A. You should ask for medical advice (flight surgeon) since this is a symptom of decompression
sickness.
B. This phenomenon is treated by physiotherapy.
C. This phenomenon is treated by breathing 100% nitrogen.
D. This symptom indicates decompression sickness and will disappear when you take some
exercise.
505. Tolerance to decompression sickness is decreased by: 1. SCUBA diving 2.

Obesity 3. Age 4. Body height

506. Decompression symptoms are caused by:
A. low carbon dioxide pressure of inhaled air

B. release of locked gases from joints
C. dissolved gases from tissues and fluids of the body
D. low oxygen pressure of inhaled air
507. In the event of rapid decompression the first action for the flight deck crew is:
A. descent to the higher of 10000 ft or MSA

B. carry out check for structural damage
C. don oxygen masks and ensure oxygen flow
D. transmit mayday call
508. The following actions are appropriate when faced with symptoms of
decompression sickness:; 1. climb to higher level; 2. descent to the higher of 10000 ft
or MSA and land as soon as possible; 3. breathe 100 % oxygen; 4. get medical
advice about recompression after landing

509. Decompression sickness can be prevented by:; 1. avoiding cabin altitudes above
18 000 FT; 2. maintaining cabin pressure below 8 000FT when flying at high
altitudes; 3. performing physical exercises before and during the flight; 4. breathing
100 % oxygen for 30 min prior and during the flight

510. Following a rapid decompression at 30.000 feet, the time of useful

consciousness would be about:
A. between 45 seconds and 1 minute 30 seconds

B. 3 to 5 minutes
C. 5 to 10 minutes
D. 10 to 12 minutes
511. After a rapid decompression at 35 000 feet, the time of useful consciousness is
about:
A. 5 minutes.
B. 10 minutes.
C. 15 seconds or less
D. 30 to 60 seconds
512. After SCUBA diving (more than 30 feet of depth) you have to wait a period of
time before flying again. This period is at least:
A. 48 hours
B. 24 hours
C. 12 hours
D. 6 hours
513. Flying immediately after SCUBA diving involves the risk of getting:
A. decompression sickness without having a decompression

B. hypoxia
C. hyperventilation
D. stress
514. Which statement is correct regarding alcohol in the human body?
A. A small amount of alcohol increases visual acuity.

B. Judgement and decision making can be affected even by a small amount of alcohol.
C. When drinking coffee, the human body metabolizes alcohol at a faster rate than normal.
D. An increase of altitude decreases the adverse effect of alcohol.
515. Which statement is correct? 1. Smokers have a greater chance of suffering

from coronary heart disease 2. Smoking tobacco will raise the individuals
physiological altitude during flight 3. Smokers have a greater chance of contracting
lung cancer
A. 2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false

D. 1 and 3 are correct, 2 is false
516. Smoking cigarettes reduces the capability of the blood to carry oxygen because:
A. carbon monoxide increases the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli

B. carbon monoxide in the smoke of cigarettes assists diffusion of oxygen in the alveoli
C. haemoglobin has a greater affinity for carbon monoxide than it has for oxygen
D. the smoke of one cigarette can cause an obstruction in the respiratory tract
517. CO (carbon monoxide) present in the smoke of cigarettes can lead to: 1.
reduction of time of useful consciousness 2. hypoxia at a lower altitude than normal
A. 1 and 2 are both correct

B. 1 is false, 2 is correct
C. 1 is correct, 2 is false
D. 1 and 2 are both false
518. Carbon monoxide in the human body can lead to: 1. loss of muscular power 2.
headache 3. impaired judgement 4. pain in the joints 5. loss of consciousness
A. 1, 2 , 3 and 5 are correct

B. 1, 2, 3, 4 are correct
519. Adverse effects of carbon monoxide increase as:
A. relative humidity decreases

B. altitude decreases
C. air pressure increases
D. altitude increases
520. The human circadian rhythm is based on a cycle of about:
A. 25 hours
B. 48 hours
C. 1.5 hours
D. 12 hours
521. Disturbance of the biological clock is most likely to appear after a: 1. bad
night's sleep 2. day flight Amsterdam - New York 3. day flight Amsterdam -
Johannesburg 4. night flight New York - Amsterdam

C. 1,2,3 and 4 are correct
522. The effects of sleep deprivation on performance: 1. increase with altitude 2.

decrease with altitude 3. increase with higher workload 4. decrease with higher
workload Which of the following lists all the correct statements ?

523. Sleeplessness or the disruption of sleeping patterns 1. can lead to symptoms of

drowsiness, irritability and lack of concentration 2. will make an individual more
prone to make errors
A. 1 is not correct, 2 is correct

B. 1 and 2 are both correct
C. 1 is correct, 2 is not correct
D. 1 and 2 are both not correct
524. Which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. A person experiencing

sleep loss is unlikely to be aware of personal performance degradation 2.
Performance loss may be present up to 20 minutes after awaking from a short sleep
(nap)
C. 1 is correct, 2 is false
525. The sleep cycles repeat during the course of a night's sleep. 1. Each succeeding
cycle contains a greater amount of REM-sleep. 2. Frequent interruption of the
REM-sleep may be harmful.
A. 1 isfalse, 2 is correct
B. 1 is correct, 2 is false
C. 1 and 2 are both false
D. 1 and 2 are both correct
526. A stress reaction is:
A. the specific stimuli causing a human body to respond

B. the non-specific response of the body to demands placed on a person
C. the non-specific stimuli causing a human body to respond
D. the specific response of the body to demands placed on a person
527. A person being exposed to extreme or prolonged stress factors can perceive:
A. distress
B. coping stress
C. eustress
D. stressors
528. Which of the following list may stress effect? 1. Attention 2. Concentration 3.
Memory 4. Judgment

C. 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
529. The biological reaction to stress is identical regardless of the cause of stress.
This mechanism occurs in three phases and is referred to, by Selye, as the "General
Adaptation Syndrome". The sequence is:
A. resistance phase - exhaustion phase - recovery phase

B. alarm phase - resistance phase - exhaustion phase
C. alarm phase - denial phase - exhaustion phase
D. exhaustion phase - resistance phase - adaptation phase
530. According to the different phases of the "General Adaptation Syndrome"

which of the following statement/s is/are correct?; 1. During the alarm phase stress
hormones (i.e. adrenalin) will cause a massive release of glucose into the blood, an
acceleration of pulse and blood pressure as well as an increase in the rate and depth
of breathing; 2. During the resistance phase the parasympathetic system uses a
different type of hormone (cortisol) assisting for the conversion of fat into sugar.; 3.
During the exhaustion phase the body has to be given time to eliminate the waste
products which have been generated excessively during the two preceding phases.
A. 1 and 2 are correct, 3 is false;

B. only 1 is correct;
C. 2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false;
D. 1, 2 and 3 are correct;
531. If coping with a stress situation is impossible, one will remain in the state of:
A. distress
B. hypoxia
C. adaptation
D. eustress
532. Which of the following statements concerning stress are true ?; 1. Adaptation is
a new state of equilibrium after having coped with a stressful situation. ; 2. An
individual's anticipation of the situation and his/her perceived abilities to cope with
it will determine the type and strength of stress.
A. 1 and 2 are both true

B. 1 is true, 2 is false
C. 1 is false, 2 is true
533. The level at which a pilot will experience a situation as stressful
A. does not depend on his capacity to absorb information

B. depends on the individual's perception of available abilities in comparison to the perceived
demands
C. depends on the level of demand but not on individual interpretation of the situational demands
D. depends on self-confidence alone
534. An identical situation can be experienced by one pilot as exciting in a positive

sense and by another pilot as threatening. In both cases:
A. the arousal level of both pilots will be raised

B. both pilots will experience the same amount of stress
C. the pilot feeling threatened, will be much more relaxed, than the pilot looking forward to what
may happen
D. both pilots will loose their motor-coordination
535. Which of the following statements is correct? 1. Psychosomatic means that

mental and/or emotional stressors can be manifested in physical reactions. 2.
Psychosomatic means that a physical problem is always followed by psychological
stress.

B. 1 is correct, 2 is false
C. 1 and 2 are both false
D. 1 is false, 2 is correct
536. Whilst flying a coordinated turn, most of your activity is
A. coping behaviour
B. rule based behaviour
C. skill based behaviour
D. knowledge based behaviour
537. The choice of the moment you select flaps depending on situation and
conditions of the landing is:
A. knowledge based behaviour

B. always automated behaviour
C. skill and/or rule based behaviour
D. pressure based behaviour
538. The ability to monitor information which could indicate the development of a
critical situation
A. is responsible for the development of inadequate mental models of the real world
B. is necessary to maintain good situational awareness
C. makes no sense because the human information processing system is limited anyway
D. is dangerous, because it distracts attention from flying the aircraft
539. Which of the following statements are correct?; 1. The first information
received determines how subsequent information will be evaluated.; 2. If one has
made up one's mind, contradictory information may not get the attention it really
needs.; 3. With increasing stress, attention is limited thereby reducing the flow of
information to the central decision maker.


C. 1and 3 are correct
540. In an abnormal situation the pilot has an apparently correct explanation for
the problem. The chance that he/she now ignores or devalues other relevant
information, not fitting into his/her mental picture is:
A. not usual
B. not possible since correct training should have eliminated this problem
C. not applicable with old and experienced pilots
D. very rare
541. Which of the following statements are correct?; 1. Interesting information is

easier to take into consideration for creating a mental picture than boring
information.; 2.The sequence in which information is presented is also important
for the use the pilot makes of it.

B. 1 is correct, 2 is not correct
C. 1 and 2 are both not correct
D. 1 is not correct, 2 is correct
542. If someone hyperventilates due to stress his/her blood will become:
A. less saturated with oxygen

B. more alkaline
C. more saturated with carbon dioxide
D. more acid
543. What can be said concerning the following two statements? 1. Euphoria can be
a symptom of hypoxia. 2. Someone in an euphoric condition is more prone to error.
A. 1 and 2 are both false

C. 1 is false, 2 is correct
544. During hyperventilation
A. oxygen concentration of the blood is below normal; ;

B. alkalinity level of the blood is reduced; ;
C. acidity level of the blood is reduced; ;
D. nitrogen concentration of the blood is above normal; ;
545. What is meant by presbycusis?
A. Total loss of hearing in one ear due to use of a headset in the cockpit.
B. Gradual loss of hearing with age.
C. Total loss of hearing in both ears due to disease.
D. Gradual onset of long-sightedness with age.
546. On experiencing a vestibular illusion in straight and level flight, it is

recommended that:
A. you avoid head movements and rely on your instruments

B. you close your eyes for a moment so that the oculo-vestibular conflict disappears
C. you tilt your head to the side opposite to the turn to nullify the stimulus causing the illusion
D. you rely on your sensations only, as humans are much more reliable than flight instruments
547. Among the symptoms of hypoglycaemia are:
A. Severe eye and head aches

B. Double vision and puffiness around the eyes
C. Headache and lack of concentration
D. Difficulty in focussing on near-by objects
548. To prevent gastro-intestinal problems in tropical climates you should: 1. not

eat salad or raw vegetables 2. always peel fruit 3. only eat food that has been
properly cooked 4. avoid ice-cream Which of the following lists all the correct
answers?
A. 2 and 4
B. 1, 2 and 3
C. 1 and 2
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
549. To resynchronize a circadian rhythm, it takes more time after:
A. south-north flights
B. eastbound flights
C. north-south flights
D. westbound flights
550. A pilot experiences difficulties in the control of his aircraft and consequently
omits to monitor the fuel level. This is caused by:
A. This pilot manages his/her attention well.

B. both a lack of attention and a lack of alertness
C. a lack of attention due to distraction
D. hypovigilance
551. Caffeine may cause an increase in cardiac rate, restlessness/nervousness,

insomnia, anxiety and intestinal irritability. Excessive consumption is considered to
be in excess of:
A. 250 mg/day
B. 40-65 mg/day
C. 150 mg/day
D. 3 mg/day
552. Carbon monoxide poisoning can be treated by:
A. breathing into a paper bag

B. decreasing the amount of oxygen being combined with the haemoglobin in the blood
C. increasing the amount of oxygen being physically dissolved in the blood
D. increasing the amount of nitrogen being physically dissolved in the blood
553. Decisions made by pilots in a cockpit:
A. are always irreversible

B. remain valid for a limited time only
C. should always be made as quickly as possible
D. are automatic when pilots are experts
554. Environmental sources of stress in the cockpit could be: 1. noise and vibration
2. acceleration 3. radiation 4. extreme temperatures Which of the following lists all
the correct answers?
A. 1, 2, 3 and 4
B. 2 and 3
C. 1, 2 and 3
D. 1 and 4
555. Hypoxic hypoxia may be caused by: 1. climbing to a high altitude without using
additional oxygen 2. malfunction in the oxygen supply system 3. loss of cabin
pressurization at high altitude Which of the following lists all the correct answers?
A. 1 and 2
B. 1, 2 and 3
C. 1 and 3
D. 2 and 3
556. In order to avoid hypoglycaemia:
A. peanuts are recommended because of their high energy value

B. a pilot should never eat sugar or sweets
C. a pilot should eat regularly and ensure he/she has a balanced diet
D. a pilot should not take snacks between meals
557. In the case of changes to circadian rhythms, the readjustment to a new time
zone:
A. is most rapid when flying eastbound

B. occurs immediately, as circadian rhythms do not change depending on direction of flying
C. is most rapid when flying westbound
D. is the same in both westbound and eastbound flights
558. In tropical zones, it is recommended that:
A. one eats raw vegetables

B. one eats fruit without peeling them, to ensure a supply of vitamins
C. cold drinks be taken from sealed containers
D. one uses ice cubes in cold drinks
559. Night vision:
A. requires 5 minutes to reach its best performance

B. is insensitive to lightning flashes in storms
C. is insensitive to short duration light sources
D. requires up to 30 minutes to reach its best performance
560. On approach, by day, in snowy conditions, without reference to glideslope

information:
A. judgement of height is extremely difficult

B. there is a risk of you entering a spin
C. estimation of height and distance is not a problem for a well-trained pilot
D. there is a risk of you underestimating your speed
561. Organisational factors which affect or may have some influence on human
error are: 1. malfunction of technical systems. 2. fuel-saving policies. 3. rostering. 4.
weather phenomena. Which of the following lists all the correct answers?
A. 3 and 4
B. 1 and 2
C. 2 and 3
D. 1 and 4
562. The autocratic leadership style is synonymous with:
A. a democratic style
B. a "laissez-faire" style
C. an anarchic style
D. an authoritarian style
563. The causes of human error can be abundant and complex. Which of the
following factors could contribute to human error? 1. Personality. 2. Motivation
and attitudes. 3. Emotional state. 4. External environmental factors. Which of the
following lists all of the correct factors ?
A. 1, 2 and 3
B. 1, 2, 3 and 4
C. 2, 3 and 4
D. 2 and 3
564. The circulation of blood: 1. transports oxygen to the body cells 2. withdraws
waste products from the cells 3. conveys nutrients to the cells Which of the following
lists all the correct answers?
A. 1 and 2
B. 2 and 3
C. 1 and 3
D. 1, 2 and 3
565. The distribution of primary causes of accidents in the worldwide jet aircraft
commercial fleet shows that human error is involved in:
A. all cases, one way or another

B. about 90% of cases
C. about 70% of cases
D. about 55% of cases
566. The dry atmosphere of the flight deck may cause dehydration, which may lead
to a reduction in the ability to pay attention. To prevent this, it is appropriate to:
A. drink plenty of coffee

B. drink cool cola drinks
C. drink sufficient non-carbonated liquids
D. drink tea
567. The exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood is due to:
A. changes in atmospheric pressure

B. diffusion
C. physical exercise
D. inspiration
568. The total gas volume of the lung is the sum of: 1. tidal volume 2. inspiratory
reserve volume 3. expiratory reserve volume 4. residual volume Which of the
following lists the correct combination?
A. 2 and 3
B. 1 and 2
C. 1, 2, 3 and 4
D. 1, 2 and 3
569. To avoid incapacity due to gastro-intestinal problems, it is recommended that a

simple, easily digested meal before boarding the aircraft should be accompanied by:
A. wine or beer
B. no drinks, as fluids are not important
C. non-carbonated water
D. carbonated water.
570. To prevent empty field myopia at higher altitudes:
A. one should concentrate only on instruments

B. one should book an appointment with an opthalmologist as soon as possible
C. it is recommended that a pilot focuses on an object known to be approximately one metre
away
D. it is recommended that a pilot uses short sharp scans, or periodically focuses on a distant
object such as a wingtip or cloud edge
571. Waiting for takeoff on the runway, a pilot is informed by the tower that the tail
wind component is 12 kt. According to the manual, the limitation is 10 kt max.; The
pilot makes a decision to take-off anyway, as the runway is long.
A. This is a violation.
B. This is an error of reasoning.
C. This is neither an error or a violation - the pilot is using his initiative.
D. This is a decision error.
572. What human function is most sensitive to lack of oxygen?
A. Night vision.
B. Motor co-ordination.
C. Touch.
D. Hearing.
573. What is the name of the functional connection between neurones?
A. Interconnnection.
B. Occlusion.
C. By-pass.
D. Synapse.
574. Which of the following gases is fundamentally responsible for decompression

sickness?
A. Carbon dioxide.
B. Sodium.
C. Oxygen.
D. Nitrogen.
575. You suffered a rapid decompression without the appearance of any

decompression sickness symptoms. What should you do before flying ?
A. nothing, you may fly immediately

B. seek aeromedical advice only if the symptoms become apparent
C. seek prompt aeromedical advice
D. delay your next flight for 6 hours
576. Personality is based on: 1. Heredity 2. Upbringing 3. Experience 4. Childhood
A. 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct

B. 1, 2 and 4 only are correct
C. 2, 3 and 4 only are correct
D. None of the listed answers is correct
577. Perceptional illusions are:
A. abnormal and indicate weakness in one or more of the senses.

B. normal and can be prevented by trusting instrument read-out.
C. usually not serious except in bad weather.
D. never caused by the brain's ability to distort normal sense inputs.
578. Ozone in the air of a pressurized cabin can be eliminated by:
A. ozone-converters
B. climbing to altitudes above 45,000 ft
C. spraying detergents
D. avoiding flights along the equator
579. One of the major protective measures against illusions is:
A. wearing of good quality sun glasses

B. regular eye tests
C. wearing of polaroid sun glasses
D. comprehensive briefing and de-briefing
580. One of the earliest and most significant features of Hypothermia (extreme cold)
is:
A. aggression
B. aggression and anxiety
C. apathy
D. anxiety
581. Of the following statements regarding stress, which is correct?
A. Stress always has a negative effect on performance.

B. Stress and fatigue are synonymous.
C. Stress and anxiety are the same in every sense.
D. Stress may be positive, fatigue is always negative.
582. Night vision is significantly reduced (i.e. a loss of more than 25%) at 15,000 FT
in which stage of hypoxia?
A. Compensatory
B. Anaemic phase
C. Indifferent
D. Clinical manifestation phase
583. Name the commonest problem of the Long Term Memory and how would you
counteract it?
A. Facts can be stored in the episodic memory instead of the semantic memory. Careful attention
in learning will counteract this error.
B. Unless an item is recalled regularly, it becomes more and more difficult to retrieve from the
LTM store.
C. Recent events can become muddled in the LTM. Careful attention to detail associated with
with "memory bench marking" will go a long way towards avoiding this tendency.
D. Any item can be recalled from the LTM with ease as long as it has been stored correctly.
584. One of the dangers of extreme cold is that:
A. sleepiness occurs associated with a feeling of contentment or apathy.

B. it degrades the fatty tissues of the body.
C. sleepiness occurs very slowly with a feeling of altertness.
D. sleepiness occurs very quickly with a feeling of agitation.
585. The cornea and the crystalline lens of the eye:
A. cause the convergence of light rays onto the retina

B. allow for the regulation of the amount of light admitted into the eye
C. keep the retina clean and healthy

D. permit the reception and conversion of visual stimuli to images interpreted by the brain
586. The following three conditions will decrease your G-tolerance:
A. loss of body fluids, full stomach, 20 degrees backward tilted sitting position.
B. cold, 30 degrees backward tilted sitting position, short body (short stature).
C. old age, short body (short stature), an empty stomach.
D. obesity, alcohol, sleep deprivation.
587. The first cockpit tool that tends to suffer as a result of stress:
A. Cockpit synergy
B. Cockpit cohesion
C. Cockpit communications
D. Cockpit entity
588. The eye can fully adjust to:
A. high levels of illumination in 10 seconds and darkness in 30 minutes.

B. high levels of illumination in 30 minutes and darkness in 10 minutes.
C. high levels of illumination in 30 minutes and darkness in 10 seconds.
D. high levels of illumination in 10 minutes and darkness in 30 minutes.
589. The expression "when perception matches reality" describes:
A. Situational Awareness
B. Alertness
C. Vigilance
D. Attention
590. The Eustachian tube is the passage way between the
A. sinuses and the throat

B. nose, throat and inner ear
C. throat and the middle ear
D. nose, throat and the external auditory canal
591. The Eustachian tube connects the:
A. middle ear and the inner ear

B. middle ear and the throat
C. auditory duct and the inner ear
D. semi circular canals
592. The errors of a motor programme are:
A. Confirmation error and Error of Commission

B. Habituation and Error of Commission
C. Action Slip and Environmental Capture (Habituation)
D. Action Slip and Confirmation Bias
593. Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning in flight:
A. is usually harmless because oxygen is more easily attached to haemoglobin than carbon
monoxide to a magnitude of 200 times.
B. is a complication when hyperventilating and requires its own special and individual treatment.
C. can be cured by breathing into a plastic bag to retain the carbon monoxide.
D. presents an extremely dangerous situation as the blood may not be able carry sufficient
amounts of oxygen to vital cells and tissues of the body.
594. The damaging effects of noise on the pilot depends on: 1. The intensity of the
noise 2. The frequency of the noise 3. The exposure time to noise 4. Proper use of the
headset in the cockpit Which of the following lists all the correct statements
A. 1, 2, 3 and 4
B. 3 only
C. 1 and 4
D. 2, 3 and 4
595. The human circadian rhythm is based on a cycle of about:
A. 1.5 hours
B. 25 hours
C. 12 hours
D. 48 hours
596. The confirmation bias of decision making is
A. a tendency not to seek for information which confirms a judgement

B. a tendency to ignore that information which indicates that a hypothesis or decision is poor;
C. a tendency to agree with the decision made by the group
D. a tendency not to look for information which would reassure oneself about a decision
597. The Cocktail Party Effect is associated with:
A. communications.
B. adaption.
C. cohesion.
D. attention mechanisms.
598. The cabin pressure in airline operation is
A. normally between 4 000 to 5 000 feet

B. always equivalent to sea level
C. normally between 6 000 to 8 000 feet
D. normally between 2 000 to 3 000 feet
599. With reference to the SHELL Model, S represents:
A. Self-awareness (which includes Safety)

B. Security (which includes Safety)
C. Software (which includes check lists)
D. Symbology (which includes safety)
600. With hyperventilation, caused by high levels of arousal or overstress:
A. an increased amount of carbon dioxide is exhaled causing muscular spasms and even
unconsciousness
B. peripheral and scotopic vision will be improved
C. finger nails and lips will turn blue ("cyanosis")
D. more oxygen will reach the brain
601. With a heart rate of 72 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 ml the
cardiac output is about:
A. 6 litres/min
B. 7 litres/min
C. 8 litres/min
D. 5 litres/min
602. Why is hypoxia especially dangerous for pilots flying solo?
A. In a multi-crew cockpit hypoxia will always be detectable.

B. Since the first signs of hypoxia are generally hard to detect.
C. Only a solo pilot is more prone to illusions.
D. Hypoxia improves night vision therefore the pilot will have no indication of danger.
603. The effects of Galactic radiation:
A. Is unaffected by altitude
B. Remains steady up to 49,000 ft and thereafter increases
C. Increases with altitude
D. Decreases with altitude
604. The low level of humidity found in a pressurised aircraft cabin:

A. should be compensated for by drinking water before one gets thirsty

B. should be compensated for by a regular supply of coffee or tea
C. should be compensated for by breathing in to a paper bag
D. requires a regular supply of water only for those who are in poor health. Healthy people
compensate for this naturally.
605. The percentage of oxygen in the troposphere in dry air:
A. is dependent of the partial pressure which is constant above sea level.

B. is independent of altitude.
C. is variable because oxygen replaces water vapour.
D. increases with longitude.
606. The ossicles (the malleus, incus and stapes) are:
A. located in the inner ear.

B. are not located in the ear.
C. located in the middle ear.
D. located in the outer ear.
607. The organ which metabolises alcohol from the body is the:
A. spleen.
B. pancreas.
C. kidneys.
D. liver.
608. The normal sleep cycle is approximately every ................minutes
A. 90
B. 120
C. 180
D. 60
609. The normal rate of breathing when at rest is
A. 12 to 20 cycles a minute
B. 32 to 40 cycles a minute
C. 60 to 100 cycles a minute
D. 25 to 30 cycles a minute
610. The most dangerous type of incapacitation in flight is one that:
A. occurs very quickly.

B. develops slowly and gradually (insidious).
C. is not severe in its effect.

D. is temporary.
611. The main reason why it is inadvisable to fly when suffering from a cold is that:
A. swollen tissue in the Eustachian tube will cause permanent hearing loss
B. gentle descents at high altitude can result in damage to the ear drum
C. pain and damage to the eardrum can result, particularly during fast descents
D. swollen tissue in the inner ear will prevent the air from ventilating through the tympanic
membrane
612. The function of the Eustachian tube is to equalise the pressure between the:
A. middle ear and the external atmosphere

B. sinuses of the nose and the external atmosphere
C. nose, throat and the external atmosphere
D. sinuses
613. The lowest level of Maslow's Model of the hierarchy of Human Needs is:
A. belonging and affection needs.

B. self-esteem needs.
C. safety and security needs.
D. physiological needs.
614. The General Adaption Syndrome is associated with the:
A. NIHL (Noise Induced Hearing Loss)

B. ANS (Autonomic Nervous System)
C. CNS (Central Nervous System)
D. PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)
615. The long term memory is influenced by:
A. short term memory and intelligence only.

B. short term memory only.
C. experience, repetition, suggestion, desires and expectations.
D. the time of the day, gender, intelligence and blood pressure.
616. The individual's perception of stress depends on:
A. the objective evaluation of the situation and one's abilities to cope with it
B. the subjective evaluation of the situation and one's abilities to cope with it
C. the pilot's increasing level of arousal
D. the conditions of the current situation only
617. The choice of words and their packaging become more important in the cockpit
of an aircraft because:
A. Loss of situational awareness

B. Loss of hypertext
C. Loss of perception
D. Loss of body language
618. The choice of the moment you select flaps depending on situation and
conditions of the landing is:
A. always automated behaviour

B. skill and/or rule based behaviour
C. knowledge based behaviour
D. pressure based behaviour
619. The changes in atmospheric gas pressure with altitude are:
A. decreases more slowly at lower altitudes compared with at higher levels

B. rises with altitude
C. decreases in a linear manner with altitude
D. non-linear, with a higher rate of change at lower levels
620. The human vestibular system performs spatial orientation by:
A. measuring linear and radial acceleration within the inner ear.

B. comparing linear and radial speeds of the body to the attitude of the aircraft.
C. comparing the body's position to gravity over the tympanic membrane.
D. measuring fluid movements in the tympanic membrane of the middle ear.
621. Which symptom of hypoxia is the most dangerous for conducting safe flight ?
A. Lack of adaptation.
B. Dizziness.
C. Lack of accommodation.
D. The degradation of reasoning and perceptive functions.
622. Contrary to a person's personality, attitudes:
A. are non-evolutive adaptation procedures regardless of the result of the actions associated with
them
B. form part of personality and, as a result, cannot be changed in an adult
C. Are the product of personal disposition and past experience with reference to an object or a
situation
D. are essentially driving forces behind changes in personality
623. Who in the Aviation Industry is responsible for flight safety ?
A. Aircrew and GroundCrew

B. Management, Aircrew, Groundcrew and ATC
C. Everyone involved
D. Aircrew
624. During the cruise, at night, when the workload is low, it is recommended that:
A. the lighting in the cockpit be increased in order to prevent low vigilance

B. the lighting in the cockpit be dimmed in order to reduce visual fatigue
C. the lighting in the cockpit be dimmed in order to prevent low vigilance
D. only those instruments that are vital to flying the aircraft be lit in order to avoid dividing one's
attention
625. Doing a general briefing in the pre-flight phase the captain should emphasize
A. particular requirements in the field of crew coordination and co-operation

B. departure on schedule
C. complete delegation of all duties
D. avoidance of inadequate handling of flight controls
626. Does noise (above 90 dbs) improve performance?
A. Sometimes.
B. Yes.
C. Never.
D. Depends upon the awareness of the individual.
627. Differences of opinion should be regarded as ....................…
A. Helpful
B. Having negative influence on the group and are not to be encouraged
C. Confrontational
D. Stressful
628. Define Hypoxia and explain why living tissues require oxygen.
A. Hypoxia is the lack of sufficient oxygen to meet the needs of the body tissues which require
carbon dioxide for metabolism.
B. Hypoxia is the lack of sufficient oxygen to meet the needs of the body tissues which require
oxygen for oxidation of carbohydrates from food to produce energy.
C. Hypoxia is the lack of sufficient oxygen to meet the needs of the body tissues which require
oxygen to fight infection or invading bacteria.
D. Hypoxia is the lack of sufficient oxygen to meet the needs of the body tissues which require
oxygen to coagulate the blood in case of infection.
629. Decompression sickness/illness is characterized by:
A. negligible symptoms that need no attention or therapy.

B. headache and dizziness caused by oxygen bubbles due to the low partial pressure of oxygen.
C. over-saturated nitrogen gas molecules in the body tissues.
D. muscle pains in small muscles such as the finger and toe muscles, which are also known as the
"chokes".
630. Ergonomics are associated with:
A. the human/workplace interface

B. cognition
C. communications
D. information processing
631. CRM and MCC training are designed to improve:
A. The quality of crew performance

B. The quality and a number of individuals' performance
C. Individual efficiency and contribution
D. Individual achievement
632. Even at normal cabin altitudes (i.e. around 8000 ft) you can get severe
abdominal pain and flatulence after eating gas forming foods or fizzy drinks. The
correct counter-measure is:
A. descend to a lower altitude

B. use supplemental oxygen
C. perform "valsalva manoeuvre"
D. climb to a higher altitude
633. With too much cohesion, Groupthink can be:
A. popular and positive

B. positive and far-reaching
C. negative
D. positive
634. Communication efficiency is most sensitive to:
A. Workload and interruptions

B. Packaging of words
C. Packaging of sentences
D. Packaging of phrases
635. Cognitive Coping is associated with:
A. eliminating the source of the stressor.

B. taking medicine to relieve the effects of stress.
C. a deliberate removal of the stressor.
D. ignoring or rationalising the stress factor.
636. Conductive hearing loss can be caused by: 1. damage to the ossicles in the
middle ear caused by infection or trauma 2. a damage of the auditory nerve 3. an
obstruction in the outer ear 4. a ruptured tympanic membrane

637. Carbon monoxide poisoning
A. is more likely to occur in aeroplanes where the cabin heating is supplied by passing cabin air
over the exhaust manifold(s)
B. is more likely to occur in aeroplanes with twin-engines because of high engine efficiency
C. occurs only above 15 degrees OAT
D. only occurs in jet-driven aeroplanes
638. Carbon Monoxide is particularly dangerous because: 1. Its initial symptoms

are not alarming 2. It is colourless 3. Its is odourless 4. It is highly toxic 5. Its effects
are cumulative
A. 2, 3, and 4 only
B. 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
C. all of the above
D. 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
639. Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning leads to hypoxia because:
A. CO in blood displaces oxygen from the blood corpuscles impairing oxygen transport.
B. the increasing amounts of CO in the lung alveoles gradually reverses oxygen diffusion.
C. CO is far less easily attached (200 times) to haemoglobin than oxygen.
D. accumulation of CO in blood leads to hyperventilation and thus to hypoxia.
640. Decision-making results in:
A. a choice between different options to achieve a goal

B. a subjective choice between options to achieve a goal
C. a choice always based on the experience of the Pilot in Command
D. a totally objective choice between options to achieve a goal proposed by the Pilot in Command
641. The behaviour of a leader depends on:
A. the authority gradient only.

B. his/her ability to prevent discussions among the crew members in order to avoid conflict.
C. only his/her ability to dominate and be assertive.
D. the situation, the goals and composition of the group.
642. The two types of fatigue are:
A. Heavy and light

B. Chronic short-term and acute
C. Short-term and oppressive
D. Oppressive and negative
643. Which statement is correct?
A. Personal conflict that takes place prior to take-off should wait to be addressed until the end of
the flight.
B. Inconsistent communication improves flight safety.
C. Problems in the personal relationships between crew members are likely to hamper the
communication process.
D. There is no relation between inadequate communication and incidents or accidents.
644. Which statement is correct ?
A. Oxygen diffusion from the lungs into the blood does not depend on partial oxygen pressure.
B. Oxygen diffusion from the blood into the cells depends on the partial oxygen pressure
gradient.
C. The gradient of diffusion is higher at altitude than it is at sea-level.
D. Oxygen is mainly transported in plasma.
645. Which statement about acute or chronic fatigue is INCORRECT?
A. Chronic fatigue may be caused by inadequate recuperation from periods of acute fatigue.
B. Chronic fatigue may lead to a person being totally apathetic and indifferent to what goes on
around them.
C. Acute fatigue is felt after a period of significant exertion or emotional excitement.
D. Acute fatigue generally has psychological roots.
646. The body obtains its energy from:
A. protein and vitamins.

B. minerals, carbohydrates and vitamins.
C. carbohydrates, protein and fats.

D. minerals and vitamins.
647. The blood in the pulmonary artery is:
A. lacking in oxygen and rich in carbon dioxide

B. lacking in both oxygen and carbon dioxide
C. rich in oxygen and lacking in carbon dioxide
D. rich in both oxygen and carbon dioxide
648. Equalization of air pressure between the outer and the middle ear is:
A. impossible during descent because the pressure within the middle ear is higher than in the
ambient air.
B. difficult to achieve when pressure changes are at a low rate.
C. important to prevent pain and loss of hearing during flight.
D. more important during climb because the lower pressure within the middle air can damage the
tympanic membrane.
649. While flying VFR "wings level" on top of clouds at 10000 feet, your artificial
horizon indicates a 20 degree bank.
A. You trust the instrument and level off according to the instrument read-out.
B. No attitude correction is needed since you know that your vision is more reliable than the
instrument with regards to spatial orientation.
C. You take the proper action by "leaning" toward the lower end of the artificial horizon, thus
compensating for the perceptional illusion.
D. You pull the circuit breaker to the artificial horizon knowing that perceptional illusions called
"leans" might severely impair your control of the aircraft.
650. The average pulse of a healthy adult at rest is about:
A. 30 to 50 beats/min
B. 90 to 100 beats/min
C. 110 to 150 beats/min
D. 60 to 80 beats/min
651. The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) regulates:
A. motor programmes and reflexes.

B. reflexes, body temperature and reasoning.
C. sweating, arterial pressure, body temperature and the General Adaption Syndrome.
D. reflexes only.
652. The atmosphere contains the following gases:

A. 78% helium, 21% oxygen, 1% carbon monoxide, rest: rare gases

B. 78% helium, 21% oxygen, 0,03% carbon dioxide, rest: rare gases
C. 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0,03% carbon dioxide, rest: rare gases
D. 78% oxygen, 21% nitrogen, 1% carbon monoxide, rest: rare gases
653. The ability to withstand g forces is reduced by a number of factors, among

these factors are:
A. Low blood sugar, obesity and hypoxia

B. Smoking, obesity and vibrations
C. Hypoxia, fatigue and vibrations
D. Physical fitness, heat and hypotension
654. The ability of the human eye to read alphanumeric information is:
A. limited to the foveal area of the retina

B. governed by peripheral vision over an area of approximately 20 degrees of angle
C. almost equally shared by the entire retina
D. limited to daytime using the rod cells
655. The 5 human senses tend to adapt.
A. This statement is untrue. Only sight adapts (ie night flying).

B. This statement is untrue. Touch is the exception.
C. This statement is true.
D. This statement is untrue. None adapt.
656. Expanded abdominal air following rapid decompression at 30 000 feet:
A. may be dangerous causing great pain.

B. can be reduced if you take drinks with high contents of carbondioxide before take-off.
C. is usually not dangerous because only the partial pressure of the oxygen affects the nervous
system.
D. will not cause pain if you evacuate the air via the mouth.
657. Excessive intake of aspirin can cause:
A. Gastric bleeding
B. Fits
C. Sensory loss
D. Memory impairment
658. The best method to avoid Confirmation Bias is to:
A. Search for information that will falsify the hypothesis

B. Deliberately confirm that the receiver has understood the information that has been passed to
him/her
C. Precise and careful pre-flight briefings
D. Double-check that you have not fitted the ground over which you are passing to your map
659. Which counter-measure can a pilot use against a barotrauma of the middle
ear?
A. Stop chewing and swallowing movements

B. Increase the rate of descent
C. Stop descending, climb again and then descend with reduced sink rate
D. Use drugs against a cold
660. When can the General Adaption Syndrome activate?
A. Responding to Hypovigilance.
B. Responding to Circadian Disrhythmia.
C. Responding to an imaginary threat.
D. Responding to boredom.
661. Which of the following human error rates can be described and pretty good
realistic and pretty good, after methodical training
A. 1 in 100 times
B. 1 in 10000 times
C. 1 in 1000 times
D. 1 in 100000 times
662. Which of the following concepts relating to human reliability is true ?
A. Expectation has no influence on perception.

B. If equipment is designed in such a way that it can be operated wrongly, then sooner or later, it
will be.
C. Performance is totally independent of motivation.
D. Response to a particular stressful influence does not vary from one person to another.
663. Which of the following are included in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs? 1.

Freedom from pain and danger 2. Expressions of capacities and talents 3. Self-
esteem needs 4. Self-fulfilment needs 5. Physiological needs
A. 3, 4 and 5 only
B. 1, 2 and 4 only
C. all except 2
D. all the above
664. Which of the following are either cumulative or tend to escalate? 1. Stress
Factors (stressors) 2. Errors 3. The effects of carbon monoxide poisoning 4. Human
conflict 5. Colour blindness
A. 2, 3 and 5 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 1, 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
665. Which of the following answers is correct?
A. Behaviour is the outward result of personality and attitude and is not adaptable.
B. Personality is the outward result of behaviour and attitude and is adaptable.
C. Behaviour is the outward result of personality and attitude and is adaptable.
D. Personality is the outward result of behaviour and attitude and is not adaptable.
666. Which is the most likely of the following scenarios which might lead to a
conflict between status and role?
A. Two Training Captains flying together.

B. A Manager interviewing an experienced Captain of an aircraft.
C. A trainee Air Traffic Officer working with a senior ATC Controller.
D. A security officer temporarily standing in for a member of the cabin crew.
667. Which of the following is most likely to be overlooked should a pilot make a
rushed decision?
A. analysis of the current actual situation and instead applying a decision prepared beforehand
B. the captain's superior knowledge, justified by his/her status
C. The skills of air traffic controllers.
D. the need to take account of every possible result or outcome
668. Which is correct? 1. Paradoxic (REM) sleep refreshes the brain, memory and
body. 2. Paradoxic (REM) sleep decreases during the night.
A. 2 only
B. 1 only
C. 1&2
D. Neither
669. Which of the following is most true?
A. Regular exercise is beneficial to general health, and is the only effective way to lose weight
B. Regular exercise is an impediment to losing weight since it increases the metabolic rate
C. Regular exercise and reduction in calorie consumption are both essential in order to lose
weight
D. Regular exercise is beneficial to general health, but the most efficient way to lose weight is by
reducing calorie consumption
670. Where on the arousal/performance graph is a pilot best placed to cope with a
difficult task without performance degrading?
A. at any point on the graph.

B. Below the "breakpoint".
C. Beyond the "breakpoint".
D. At the "breakpoint".
671. When the weather is foggy, on approach, a pilot may get a feeling of:
A. his/her eyes focusing on infinity

B. the airfield being further away than actually is
C. aircraft altitude being lower than it actually is
D. his/her visual field shrinking (i.e. tunnel vision)
672. When suffering from Hypoxia short-term memory impairment starts at

approximately at:
A. 12,000 ft
B. 10,000 ft
C. 25,000 ft
D. 18,000 ft
673. When scanning, how does the eye move and how is smooth vision achieved?
A. The eyes move in short jerky movements called saccades. Smooth vision is achieved in the
visual cortex.
B. The eyes move in short jerky movements called sarades. Smooth vision is created by the
cerebellum.
C. The eyes move in short jerky movements which last for approximately 1/3 of a second.
Smooth vision is achieved by the optic nerve centre.
D. The eyes move in short jerky movements which last for several seconds. Smooth vision is
achieved by the cerebellum.
674. When problem-solving, what determines the transition from rule-based

activities to knowledge-based activities?
A. Unsuitability of known rules for the problem posed.

B. Unsuitability of automated actions.
C. There is never a transition from Rule-based and Knowledge-based behaviour.
D. Knowledge of rules that apply for the problem.
675. When might a pilot have the sensation of a nose-low attitude?

A. When decelerating in straight, horizontal flight.

B. When turning (angular acceleration).
C. When climbing at greater than 2000 FT / min
D. During linear acceleration.
676. When faced with sustained cold temperature, how does the body resist this
physical stress?
A. By increasing cardiac frequency.

B. By speeding up the metabolic rate in the Autonomic Nervous System.
C. By intense vasoconstriction.
D. By vasodilatation which permits a greater flow of blood to the periphery.
677. The team spirit of a cockpit-crew depends most likely on both pilots:
A. respecting each other and striving for the same goals

B. wearing the same uniform
C. flying together very often for a long period
D. having the same political and ideological attitude
678. Which is the audible range to human hearing?
A. Between 20 MHz and 20 000MHz

B. Between 20 KHz and 20 KHz
C. Between 20 Hz and 20 KHz
D. Between 20 Hz and 20 MHz
679. With regard to short-term memory, we can say that:
A. it holds information for immediate use, and is limited in terms of the time for which it retains
data but not in its storage capacity
B. it stores mainly procedural knowledge (skills)
C. it holds information for immediate use, and is limited in its capacity for storing and retaining
data
D. it is a stable form of working memory, and thus not very sensitive to any disturbance
680. Which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. REM-sleep becomes

shorter with any repeated sleep cycle during the night. 2. REM-sleep is more
important for the regeneration of mental functions than all the other sleep stages
are.
C. 1 and 2 are false
681. Which of the following statements is false?
A. Behaviour is generally the outcome of personality and attitude.

B. Human conflict tends to escalate.
C. Stress has essentially negative effects and the human will operate efficiently with an absence
of stress.
D. The initial effects of carbon monoxide poisoning are not immediately alarming.
682. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Scotopic Vision is vision through the operation of the Cones.

B. Photopic Vision is the same as Peripheral Vision.
C. Scotopic Vision is the same as Photopic Vision.
D. Scotopic Vision is vision through the operation of the Rods.
683. Which of the following statements is correct concerning flight in an

environment of low contrast (fog, snow, darkness, haze)?
A. It is difficult to estimate the correct speed and size of approaching objects.

B. There is no problem to estimate the correct speed and size of approaching objects.
C. It is impossible to detect objects.
D. It is unlikely that visual illusions occur.
684. Which of the following is correct?
A. Hearing is the most important sense for man.

B. The Kinestatic channel is the most important channel in flying.
C. 70% - 80% of information processed by man enters the visual channel.
D. 40% of information processed by man enters the visual channel.
685. Which of the following statements concerning tiredness is correct ?
A. Tiredness always effect people of the same age in a similar way

B. Tiredness is a subjective sensation which may result in hypovigilance
C. Tiredness is the consequence of poor performance
D. Tiredness is always the result of an intellectual overload
686. When accelerating forward the otoliths in the utriculus/sacculus will
A. give the illusion of straight and level flight

B. give the illusion of banking
C. give the illusion of descending (body tilting downwards, or forwards, nose of the aircraft going
down)
D. give the illusion of climbing (body tilting backwards, nose of the a/c going up)
687. Which of the following statements concerning barotrauma are correct?
A. It is caused by an increase in the partial pressure of oxygen associated with a decrease in

altitude
B. It is mainly associated with a sink rate which exceeds the ability of the body to balance its
internal pressures
C. It is caused by pressure differentials between gases in hollow cavities of the body and the
ambient pressure
D. It is more likely to occur during ascent then during a rapid descent
688. Which of the following statements best fits the definition of an active error?
Active error is:
A. rare in front-line actions and difficult to detect owing to the fact that it usually occurs in a
complex system of uncontrolled and involuntary deviations
B. produced either by a front-line operator or by a remote operator and results in a hidden or
latent consequence at a specific moment of the action
C. produced by the operator and can be rapidly detected
D. essentially results from the application of a bad rule or the poor application of a good rule by
aeroplane designers
689. Which of the following statements about hyperthermia is correct ?
A. Complete adaptation to the heat in a hot country takes about a fortnight.

B. Vasodilatation is the only mechanism which is capable of reducing body temperature.
C. Evaporation is more effective when ambient humidity is high.
D. Performance is not impaired by an increase in body temperature to 40°C or more.
690. Which of the following occurs in man if the internal body temperature
increases to 39°C?
A. Considerable dehydration
B. Nothing significant happens at this temperature. The first clinical signs only start to appear at
39°C
C. Apathy
D. Impairment of physical and mental performance
691. Which of the following list are symptoms of fatigue? 1. Diminished

accommodation 2. Slowed reactions 3. Long-term memory access problems 4. Being
over-talkative 5. Diminished motor skills
A. 1, 2 & 4
B. All of the above
C. 2 & 5 only
D. 1, 2, 3 & 5
692. Which of the following statements fits best the concept of latent error?
A. Latent errors are mainly associated with the behaviour of front-line operators and are only
detected after advanced problem-solving
B. Latent errors may have been present in the system for a certain length of time and are difficult
to identify as a result of the time lag between the generation and the occurrence of the error
C. Latent errors are detected rapidly
D. Latent errors are rarely made by front-line operators, and are consequently readily identified
and detected by the monitoring, detection and warning links
693. TUC (Time of Useful Consciousness) is:
A. the length of time during which an individual can act with both mental and physical efficiency;
measured from the moment at which he/she is exposed to hypoxia
B. the time after pressure loss until decompression sickness sets in
C. the time between the start of hypoxia and death
D. the time before becoming unconscious at a sudden pressure loss
694. When considering the eating-habits of pilots:
A. a heavy supper is best

B. breakfast should bring about 25% of the daily calorie intake
C. high intake of chocolate is recommended before flight to prevent reactional hypoglycemia
D. low fibre and low protein/carbohydratediet is ideal
695. What are the main sources of radiation at height?
A. Galactic (Cosmic) and Nuclear radiation which are both caused by the earth's natural radiation.
B. Ionisation of the layers in the atmosphere due to the bombardment of Galactic (Cosmic)
radiation.
C. Solar radiation caused by solar flares and Nuclear radiation caused by the earth's natural
radiation.
D. Galactic (Cosmic) caused by galactic particles and Solar radiation caused by solar flares.
696. What are the main parts of the Central Nervous System and where is vision
processed?
A. The brain and spinal chord are the main parts of the CNS and vision is processed at the retina.
B. The brain and spinal chord are the main parts of the CNS and vision is processed at the cortex.
C. The brain and the brain stem are the main parts of the CNS and vision is processed at the optic
nerve centre.
D. The brain and the brain stem are the main parts of the CNS and vision is processed at the
cerebellum.
697. What are the main advantages that the human possesses over those of a
machine in the decision making process?
A. The ability to analyse and compare.

B. Creativity, innovation and adaptability.
C. The ability to analyse and memorise.

D. The ability to reach the most advantageous option from a number of choices.
698. We generate Mental Models on:
A. 3-D vision
B. Past experience and learning
C. Imagination
D. Stereopsis
699. What are two types of attention ?
A. Selective and divided

B. Intuitive and behavioural
C. Divided and behavioural
D. Cognitive and intuitive
700. Up to what altitude is blood oxygen saturation reduction unlikely to affect a

pilot's judgement?
A. 30,000 FT
B. 10,000 FT
C. 25,000 FT
D. 20,000 FT
701. What can cause spatial disorientation?
A. False perception of orientation of the aircraft with respect to spatial references.

B. Damage to the receptor cells in the eyes.
C. Flying in clear daylight conditions.
D. Reference to well-defined external visual references, such as the horizon.
702. Trace elements should be obtained through:
A. Eating plenty of meat and vegetables

B. Vitamin pills
C. Dairy products and vegetables
D. A balanced diet
703. The Vestibular Apparatus consists of the:
A. Cochlea and the auditory nerve

B. Semi-circular canals and the otoliths
C. Eustachian tube and the pinna
D. Eustachian tube and the semi-circular canals
704. The use of professional languages offers:
A. more precise grammar

B. longer attention span
C. better communication even if professionals are not from the same field
D. quick comprehension and simplified grammar
705. The use of check lists should be carried out in such a way that:
A. their execution should be combined with other important tasks

B. their execution may be done simultaneously with other actions
C. they should only be carried out when time is available
D. their execution should not be done simultaneously with other actions
706. The unique organisation of characteristics which determine the typical or

standard behaviour of an individual is known as:
A. heredity
B. personality
C. development
D. learning
707. Cataract is caused by:
A. A lack of accommodation at the cornea

B. Lack of mobility of the cornea
C. A clouding of the lens
D. A mis-shapened cornea
708. Vision of terrain relief (e.g. hills, valleys, etc.):
A. is impossible if a pilot wears sunglasses

B. is possible at only at distances over 200 m due to binocular vision
C. is impossible with only one eye
D. is based on binocular vision at short distances and the rules of proportion and perspective for
objects that are further away
709. What is the correct action to counteract vertigo?
A. Concentrate on the vertical speed indicator

B. Believe the instruments
C. Rely on the information from the semicircular canals, since these will be transmitting correct
information
D. Reduce rate of breathing until all symptoms disappear, then breathe again normally
710. When a pilot suffers from hypothermia (e.g. after loss of cabin heating) his/her
demand for oxygen will be:
A. raised leading to an increased tolerance to hypoxia

B. initially increased
C. reduced giving a better tolerance to hypoxia at higher altitudes
D. unaffected
711. What would be the effect if, in a tight turn, one bends down to pick up a pencil?
A. Coriolis effect.
B. Inversion Illusion.
C. Barotrauma.
D. Vertigo.
712. What optimises crew co-operation ? 1. Sharing and common task 2. Confidence
in each others capability 3. Precise definition of functions associated with each crew
members role
A. 1 only
B. 2, 3
C. 1, 2
D. 1, 2, 3
713. What law(s) governs the oxygen transfer at the alveoli?
A. Henry's
B. Charles's
C. Boyle's
D. Gas Diffusion Laws
714. What is the main adverse effect of expectation with regards to perception?
A. Expectation is a tool that allows capture of all relevant information

B. The attention area is enlarged by expectation, however it will therefore lead to uncertainties
when a pilot is looking for a decision
C. Expectation often guides the focus of attention towards a particular aspect, while possible
alternates are neglected
D. Expectations always lead to routine errors
715. What are the most frequent results of an self-centred captain on the flight
deck ?
A. A major risk of authority inversion if the co-pilot is unassertive

B. High group performance despite the strained relations
C. Performance is very poor as self-centred behaviour leads to an increase of cooperation and

efficiency
D. In a two-pilot flight deck, the co-pilot is ignored and may react by disengaging, showing
delayed responses or aggression
716. What is the current approach to human error?
A. Realisation that humans are infallible and that systems and procedures should be brought into
line to prevent system/procedural errors.
B. Realisation that humans are fallible and that systems and procedures should be brought into
line to prevent system, latent and procedural errors.
C. Realisation that humans are fallible and that systems and procedures should be designed to
minimise human error.
D. Realisation that humans are infallible and that systems/procedures should be designed to
minimise human error.
717. The three types of Authority Gradient Cockpits are:
A. Authoritative, Laisser-Faire and Synergistic

B. Autocratic, Followership and Synergistic
C. Authoritative, Followership and Synergistic
D. Autocratic, Laisser-Faire and Synergistic
718. What is the approximate Time of Useful Consciousness for a seated pilot
following a rapid decompression at 35,000 ft ?
A. 3 seconds
B. 5 minutes
C. 12 seconds
D. 45 seconds
719. What is self-concept?
A. How you would like to be seen by other people.

B. How you see yourself.
C. How other people see you.
D. How you would like to see yourself.
720. What is meant by the term 'complacency'?
A. To question possible solutions

B. An agreement between captain and co-pilot due to Crew Resources Management
C. Physiological effects on pilots because of fear of flying
D. Unjustified self-confidence
721. What is meant by presbycusis?
A. Gradual loss of hearing with age.

B. Total loss of hearing in both ears due to disease.
C. Gradual onset of long-sightedness with age.
D. Total loss of hearing in one ear due to use of a headset in the cockpit.
722. What is hypoxia ?
A. Any condition where the oxygen concentration of the body is below the limits to meet the
needs of the body tissues
B. The respiratory symptom associated with altitude decompression sickness
C. A state characterised by an excessive supply of oxygen which may be due to maladjustment of
the mask
D. The total absence of oxygen in the blood of the body
723. What is "divided attention"?
A. The management of several matters of interest dealt with individually one after the other
B. Difficulty of concentrating on a particular objective
C. The adverse effect of motivation which leads to one's attention being dispersed
D. Ease of concentrating on a particular objective
724. What factors can lead to a deterioration in vision? 1. Hypoxia 2. Smoking 3.

Poor diet, lacking Vitamin A 4. Exposure to bright lights. Which of the following
lists all the correct statements?
A. 2 and 4
B. 1 and 3
C. 1, 3 and 4
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
725. What diseases can be associated with contaminated water?
A. Tetanus, Typhoid, Cholera.

B. Tetanus, Typhoid, Cholera, Dysentery.
C. Typhoid, Cholera, Dysentery.
D. Hydrophobia, Cholera, Dysentery.
726. What is the effect of increasing altitude on the total pressure and partial
pressure of the main gases in the atmosphere?
A. The total pressure remains constant and the partial pressures will decrease.
B. The total pressure will decrease and the partial pressures will decrease.
C. The total pressure will decrease and the partial pressures will remain constant.
D. The total pressure will decrease and the partial pressures will increase.
727. Internal conflict within oneself is termed as:
A. Intermediate-personal conflict
B. Intro-personal conflict
C. Intra-personal conflict
D. Inter-personal conflict
728. In his/her behaviour, the "ideal professional pilot" is:
A. neither "person" nor "goal" oriented

B. "person" rather than "goal" oriented
C. "goal" rather than "person" oriented
D. both "person" and "goal" oriented
729. Mode Error is associated with:
A. Vertigo
B. Hardware
C. Check lists
D. Automation
730. Medical conditions such as high blood pressure, coronary problems and
diabetes are associated with:
A. hypoxia
B. anorexia nervosa
C. obesity
D. cholera
731. Loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens due to ageing occurs in:
A. hypermetropia
B. presbyopia
C. myopia
D. astigmatism
732. List the constituent parts of the blood and state their function.
A. Red cells carry oxygen, white cells are involved in immunity and platelets coagulate blood.
B. Red cells carry oxygen, white cells coagulate blood and platelets are involved in immunity.
C. Red cells are involved in immunity, white cells carry oxygen and platelets coagulate blood.
D. Red cells coagulate blood, white cells are involved in immunity, and platelets carry oxygen.
733. Phobic states or obsessional disorders will:
A. may require successful treatment before flying may be permitted

B. result in the loss of a Class I medical classification after successful treatment
C. require immediate termination of all flying duties
D. always result in permanent loss of a flying licence
734. Is it possible to survive depressurized flight at 40 000 feet for more than 10
minutes?
A. No - because the brain can never receive sufficient oxygen at 40000 feet even with an oxygen
mask.
B. Yes - because the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is independent of that in the lungs.
C. No - because the partial pressure of oxygen in the lung alveoles at 40000 feet is lower than in
the blood, causing oxygen to flow backwards from blood to lungs depleting the brain of its
oxygen.
D. Yes -provided 100% oxygen is immediately available from masks.
735. Physical exercise in high temperatures (tropical climates) may:
A. cause dysentery
B. increase a pilot's resistance to decompression sickness
C. cause the pilot to collapse, due to an excess of fluid in the body
D. cause painful muscle and abdominal cramps
736. Inhaling carbon monoxide can be extremely dangerous during flying. Which of
the following statements is correct?
A. Carbon monoxide is odourless and colourless.

B. Carbon monoxide has no affinity to haemoglobin.
C. With increasing altitude the negative effects of carbon monoxide poisoning can be
compensated for.
D. Carbon monoxide increases the oxygen saturation in the blood.
737. Information received from the senses is lost:
A. within 10 - 20 seconds unless it is rehearsed and deliberately placed in the Long Term
Memory.
B. if you choose to store the information in one of the sensory memories (e.g. Iconic or Echoic
memories).
C. if an additional action takes place (e.g.: pulling a circuit breaker or extinguishing a warning
light).
D. only if you suffer from brain damage or disease.
738. In-flight incapacitation of a pilot is most frequently caused by:
A. behavioural disorders
B. acute gastrointestinal disorders

C. cardio-vascular disorders
D. chronic pulmonary disorders
739. In the decision-making process, confirmation bias results in:
A. a tendency to look for approval by other crew-members, or by the ATC

B. a tendency to look for information which confirms the validity of the decision
C. overestimating the frequency of some events
D. choosing familiar solutions, even if they are not the best ones
740. In order to make sound decisions it is important to:
A. keep a low level of stress by excluding non-verbal communication.

B. accept that the Captain, because of his/her authority, tends to be correct.
C. avoid situational awareness.
D. understand why and how we make decisions.
741. Stress may cause Regression which can lead to:
A. a more efficient use of mental capacity.

B. an improvement in performance.
C. correct actions being forgotten and substituted for procedures learnt in the past.
D. experimentation and trying out of new ideas.
742. It is generally considered that the most serious non-professional stressor is:
A. loss of a job.
B. personal injury or illness.
C. marital separation.
D. death of a spouse or partner.
743. Preventing hypoxia at altitude is achieved by:
A. reducing the contents of carbon dioxide by filtering the cabin air.

B. pressurizing the air inside the aircraft to maintain oxygen saturation in blood of 30%.
C. hyperventilating to increase the intake of oxygen, trading oxygen for carbondioxide.
D. pressurizing the air inside the aircraft to achieve oxygen saturation in blood of more than 90%.
744. Stimuli must be of a certain strength for the receptors to pick them up. This is
called:
A. Sensory threshold
B. Sensory volume
C. Sensory filter
D. Sensory strength
745. By what action could the pressure gradient between the middle and the outer
ear be balanced?
A. By breathing out.
B. By coughing.
C. By breathing in.
D. By swallowing.
746. Spatial disorientation will be most likely to occur during flight:
A. when flying in and out of clouds and the pilot maintains good instrument cross check
B. when flying in light rain below the ceiling
C. when flying in bright sunlight above a cloud layer
D. if the brain receives conflicting information and the pilot does not believe the instruments
747. Cohesion is a major advantage in times of:
A. Difficulty
B. Achievement
C. Personal advancement
D. Success
748. Smoking 3 cigarettes in 1 hour at sea level will:
A. increase your G-tolerance considerably by increasing blood pressure.

B. not affect night vision when flying at sea level.
C. cause a lower degree of hypoxic tolerance.
D. prevent serious hyperventilation due to sedation effect of nicotine.
749. Select from the following list the advantages of teamwork. 1. Workload is
lessened 2. Conformity to group norm 3. Flight safety enhanced 4. Risky Shift 5.
Work stress is reduced 6. Improved decision-making
A. 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6
B. 1, 3, 5 & 6
C. 1, 3, 4 & 5
D. 2, 3, 5 & 6
750. Select from the following list environmental stressors: 1. Heat 2. Humidity 3.
Divorce 4. Lack of rest 5. Loss of job 6. Noise
A. 1, 2 & 6
B. 1, 2, 3 & 6
C. 1, 2, 4 & 6
D. 1, 2, 3, 5 & 6
751. Motivation is an important attribute which contributes to flight safety. Which

of the following statements is correct with regards to motivation?
A. Motivation reduces the intensity of sensory illusions

B. A high degree of motivation lowers the level of vigilance
C. A high degree of motivation makes it possible to make up for insufficient knowledge in
complete safety
D. Excessive motivation leads to stress which adversely affects performance
752. Records of radiation are normally kept for flights above:
A. 55,000 ft
B. 45,000 ft
C. 40,000 ft
D. 49,000 ft
753. In decision-making, the selection of a solution depends on: 1. objective and

subjective criteria 2. the objective to be achieved 3. the risks associated with each
solution 4. the personality of the decision-maker
A. 1, 2, 4
B. 1, 3
C. 1, 2, 3, 4
D. 4
754. Presbyopia causes a:
A. mis-shapened cornea
B. lack of vitamin A
C. lack of empty field
D. decrease of accommodation
755. Presbycusis results in:
A. reduction in the perception of low tones first

B. will not affect a pilot's hearing if he/she is wearing ear-plugs all the time
C. reduction in the perception of all tones equally
D. reduction in the perception of high tones first
756. Presbycusis causes initial loss of:
A. low tones.
B. low and high tones equally.

C. conductive hearing.
D. high tones.
757. Planning:
A. is dangerous in the cockpit, as it interrupts flight crew creativity

B. allows crew members to anticipate potential risky situations and decide on possible responses
C. in the cockpit typically results in plans that are always easy to modify when things are not as
anticipated
D. is unnecessary in the cockpit, as crew members are so highly trained, they will always know
what to do in unusual situations
758. Pilots should not take antihistamines because they may cause: 1. Drowsiness
and dizziness 2. Hypoglycaemia 3. Hyperventilation 4. Flatulence Which of the
following lists all the correct answers?
A. 1 and 3
B. 3 and 4
C. 2, 3 and 4
D. only 1
759. Physiological stressors include:
A. Noise, hunger, conflicts, a death

B. Noise, temperature (low or high), humidity, sleep deprivation
C. Temperature, hunger, thirst, divorce
D. Heat, humidity, fatigue, administrative problems
760. Physiological problems due to increasing altitude are caused by:
A. accelerations
B. increased atmospheric pressure
C. disorientation
D. decreased atmospheric pressure
761. Physical Stress takes place when:
A. outside conditions put a strain upon the homeostatic mechanisms of the body.
B. the brain can no longer cope due to either quantitative or qualitative overload.
C. the perceived demand is greater than the perceived ability.
D. overload of the neurones in the nervous system.
762. Resonance of the body parts can result from:

A. acceleration along the longitudinal body axis

B. vibrations from 16 Hz to 18 kHz
C. vibrations from 1 to 100 Hz
D. angular velocity
763. In order to limit stress when flying, a pilot should:
A. avoid anticipating events during a flight to manage his workload

B. forget about bad past experiences
C. maintain his competence by practicing his professional skills and learning from past
experiences
D. drop activities outside work so as to focus on his work better
764. Expressed as a simple mathematical statement when considering a crew of two,

good synergy is:
A. 1 +/- 1 = < 2
B. 1+1=<2
C. 1-1=>2
D. 1+1=>2
765. Flights immediately after SCUBA-diving, using compressed gas, to depths

greater than 10 metres:
A. are allowed if you fly no higher than 38000 FT

B. can be performed without any danger
C. are to be avoided because of the possibility of decompression sickness
D. should be avoided because hypoxia may develop
766. Flying a non-pressurized light aircraft at 9 000 feet your passenger develops
blue lips:
A. you will attempt to calm him/her and occupying the passenger with suitable tasks.
B. assuming he is hyperventilating you order him to stop breathing while you supply additional
oxygen.
C. you supply him with extra oxygen, but do not reduce altitude as the partial pressure of oxygen
never results in symptoms below 10 000 feet.
D. assuming he is suffering from hypoxia you reduce altitude and supply him/her with oxygen.
767. Having interrupted the Captain for a sound reason, the co-pilot should:
A. Remind him/her of his/her last action before the interruption

B. Ensure there is no ATC traffic on the radio that may be causing a possible distraction before
continuing
C. Never interrupt his/her Captain at a critical stage of flight
D. Repeat the interruption twice so that the Captain's attention is focussed on the new information
A. an increased heart rate caused by an increasing blood pressure

B. a normal compensatory physiological reaction to a drop in partial oxygen pressure (i.e. when
climbing a high mountain)
C. an increased heart rate caused by a decreasing blood-pressure
D. a reduction of partial oxygen pressure in the brain
769. Human error rates during the performance of a simple and repetitive task can
normally be expected to be approximately:
A. 1 in 100
B. 1 in 500
C. 1 in 2000
D. 1 in 200
770. How will hyperventilation cause the acid-base balance of the blood to be
affected?
A. Hyperventilation causes too much CO2 to be removed from the blood causing the level of
carbonic acid to fall.
B. Hyperventilation causes too much oxygen to be removed from the blood causing the level of
carbonic acid to rise.
C. Hyperventilation causes too much CO2 to be removed from the blood causing the level of
carbonic acid to rise.
D. Hyperventilation causes too much oxygen to be removed from the blood causing the level of
carbonic acid to fall.
771. How does an increase in altitude affect the haemoglobin oxygen saturation?
A. As altitude increases, the haemoglobin oxygen saturation decreases.

B. As altitude increases, the haemoglobin oxygen saturation will remain constant at 57% from
24000 ft.
C. As altitude increases, the haemoglobin oxygen saturation increases.
D. As altitude increases, the haemoglobin oxygen saturation with remain constant at 97.5% from
10000 ft.
772. How do you understand the statement 'one cannot not communicate'?
A. Being silent as well as inactive are nonverbal behaviour patterns which express a meaning.
B. You cannot influence your own communication.
C. No meaningful communication can occur unless it is by verbal means.
D. Communication is always possible.
773. How can vertigo be prevented in conditions of good visibility?

A. By looking at the horizon

B. By avoiding blinking
C. By closing the eyes momentarily
D. By looking approximately 5° to one side of an object
774. How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported throughout the body?
A. Circulation
B. Metabolism
C. Oxidisation
D. Diffusion
775. Having made an important decision, a Commander of an aircraft should:
A. As the leader of the crew, never need explain the reasons behind the decision
B. Always try to make time to explain the reasons for the decision even if it is after landing
C. Explain the reasons for the decision only if asked
D. Explain the reasons for the decision only if time permits in the air
776. State the conditions which cause the "black hole effect" and the danger to
flight safety.
A. The "black hole effect" can be caused by flying under instruments with poor cockpit lighting
and can lead to disorientation.
B. The "black hole effect" can be caused by flying over featureless terrain on the approach to an
airfield which can create the illusion that the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it is, leading to
a high approach being flown.
C. The "black hole effect" can be caused by flying over water at night on the approach to an
a high approach being flown.
D. The "black hole effect" can be caused by flying over water at night on the approach to an
a low approach being flown.
777. Having a cold or an infection of the upper respiratory tract you:
A. may accept to fly an ambulance flight because "Sinus squeeze" is rare and represents a minor
danger to aviation.
B. should not fly because the infection may cause hypoxia due to congestion in the nose.
C. should not fly because the congestion of the frontal sinuses may cause great pain which can
seriously affect your ability to control yourself and the aircraft.
D. must be careful when flying because the infection may cause hyperglycemia.
778. Haemoglobin has an affinity for carbon monoxide of ...............times over

oxygen
A. 50 - 75
B. 5 - 10
C. 500 - 1,000
D. 210 - 250
779. Habits and routine can influence decision-making in a way that:
A. shows a tendency to select the most familiar solution first and foremost, sometimes to the
detriment of achieving the best possible result
B. professional pilots will never question established procedures
C. one always selects a choice in accordance with the company's usual practices
D. habit is the product of experience and should be used as a primary consideration in all
decisions
780. Glaucoma is due to:
A. Damage to the eyeball due to high altitude

B. Excess light on the eyeball
C. Increase in pressure of the liquid within the eye
D. Drop in pressure of the liquid around the eye
781. Galactic Radiation is:
A. Unsteady and reasonably predictable

B. Unsteady and unpredictable
C. Steady but unpredictable
D. Steady and reasonably predictable
782. Free running circadian rhythms normally have a cycle of approximately:
A. 25 hours
B. 36 hours
C. 6 hours
D. 8 hours
783. For a normal and healthy person, personality traits are:
A. easy changeable.
B. easy changed by an outside influence.
C. unstable.
D. stable.
784. Flying immediately following a dive with SCUBA diving equipment to a depth
greater than 10 metres is not advisable because:
A. will always lead to hypoxia

B. prevents any dangers caused by DCS (decompression sickness) when climbing to altitudes not
exceeding 30 000 FT
C. can cause decompression sickness even when flying at pressure altitudes below 18 000 FT
D. has no influence on altitude flights
785. Hepatitis 'A' is transmitted through:
A. insect bites.
B. food or water which has been contaminated.
C. bacteria in the form of spores via a puncture in the skin.
D. droplets in the air cause by the breath of an infected person.
786. Alcohol degrades:
A. Paradoxical sleep
B. Stage 3 and 4 sleep
C. Slow wave sleep
D. Stage 2 sleep
787. An authoritative leader of a group will:
A. always be a good listener.

B. be adaptable to different types of groups in any situation.
C. tend never to interfere with the workings of the group and finds delegation easy.
D. tend to become over-loaded in times of high stress or in an emergency.
788. Among the physiological responses to stress are:
A. anxiety, fatigue and fear.

B. sweating, dry mouth and breathing difficulties.
C. increased heart rate, apprehension and sweating.
D. dry mouth, anxiety and sweating.
789. Among the measures that a pilot should take when in an area where gastro-
intestinal upsets are endemic is:
A. avoidance of ice in cold drinks.

B. avoidance of cooked meats.
C. avoidance of cooked fruits.
D. avoidance of curries or gassy foods.
790. Among the factors which can cause illusions while taxiing are:
A. distance from the edge of the taxiway and taxi lighting.

B. visibility and distance.
C. relative movement and cockpit height above the ground.

D. distance from the edge of the taxiway and cockpit lighting.
791. Among the factors which affect visual acuity are:
A. Colour blindness, visibility and angular distance from the fovea

B. Colour blindness, alcohol and amount of light available
C. Hypoxia, age and angular distance from the fovea
D. Smoking, colour blindness and angular distance from the fovea
792. Among the factors which affect night vision are:
A. age, cabin altitudes above 5 000 ft, smoking and lack of vitamin C.
B. age, cabin altitudes above 5 000 ft, smoking and alcohol.
C. age, cabin altitudes above 5 000 ft, smoking and lack of vitamin B.
D. age, cabin altitudes above 5 000 ft, smoking and lack of vitamin E.
793. A pilot should not fly immediately after donating blood because:
A. the chance you get the bends is higher after blood-donation

B. your heart rate is too low after blood-donation
C. your blood-pressure is too low after blood-donation
D. you have an increased susceptibility to fainting
794. Among the external factors that may contribute to an error, cockpit noise and
the restriction of the field of view due to windscreen design correspond to:
A. ergonomic factors.
B. psychobiological factors.
C. social factors.
D. organisational factors.
795. An illusion of obtaining greater height above ground can occur when:
A. accelerating at low altitude.

B. suddenly flying over small trees after prolonged flying over tall trees.
C. decelerating at low altitude.
D. flying over high terrain in low visibility.
796. After a cabin pressure loss at approximately 35 000 FT the TUC (Time of
Useful Consciousness) will be approximately:
A. 30 -40 seconds
B. 3-4 minutes
C. 10-15 seconds
D. 5 minutes or more
797. Active errors/failures are committed at:
A. the human/system interface and have an immediate effect

B. the system/system interface and have a delayed effect
C. the human/system interface and have a delayed effect
D. the system/system interface and have an immediate effect
798. Smoking cigarettes reduces the capability of the blood to carry oxygen because:
A. carbon monoxide in the smoke of cigarettes assists diffusion of oxygen in the alveoli
B. the smoke of one cigarette can cause an obstruction in the respiratory tract
C. haemoglobin has a greater affinity for carbon monoxide than it has for oxygen
D. carbon monoxide increases the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli
799. A pilot, climbing in a non-pressurised aircraft and without using supplemental

oxygen will pass the "critical threshold" at approximately:
A. 12 000 ft
B. 16 000 ft
C. 20 000 ft
D. 38 000 ft
800. Tetanus is transmitted through:
A. Food or water which has been contaminated

B. Bacteria in the form of spores via a puncture in the skin
C. Insect bites
D. Droplets in the air cause by the breath of an infected person
801. A pilot using a checklist is an example of the interaction within the SHELL
Concept of:
A. L and H
B. L and S
C. L and L
D. L and E
802. A pilot successfully completes a difficult and stressful landing at an aerodrome.

The next time a landing is attempted under the same conditions and at the same
aerodrome, is the pilot likely to experience:
A. the pilot should only attempt a landing at the same aerodrome if the conditions are improved
B. a lower level of stress
C. the same stress level as the first landing

D. a higher level of stress
803. Among the factors that increase tolerance to long-duration g forces are:
A. Tensing the leg muscles and correct use of pilot's harness

B. Anti-g suits and correct use of pilot's harness
C. Bending forward or supine body position and tensing of the abdominal muscles
D. Correct use of pilot's harness and tensing of the abdominal muscles
804. Astigmatism is caused by:
A. A mis-shapened cornea
B. A lack of empty field
C. A lack of vitamin A
D. A lack of accommodation
805. By 'long duration acceleration', we mean that it lasts more than:
A. 1 minute
B. 5 minutes
C. 1 second
D. 20 seconds
806. Below 70,000 ft., what gas makes up the major part of the atmosphere ?
A. Ozone
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Nitrogen
D. Oxygen
807. Before takeoff, a briefing:
A. is not necessary if the crew members know each other

B. is not necessary when departing from home base because this is routine
C. is not required unless both crew members agree it is essential
D. must be done systematically in order to refresh the memory of the crew members and to co-
ordinate actions
808. Barotrauma of the sinuses of the nose
A. is caused by differences in pressure between the sinus cavities and the outside air pressure
B. is an irritation of the sinuses caused by the over-use of nasal sprays
C. only arises in flying and not in diving
D. is only caused by colds and their effects
809. Barotrauma is caused by an increase or decrease in the volume of the gases

contained in the body's cavities. Which, in practice, are the most frequent locations
of such problems?
A. Facial sinuses, outer ear and stomach

B. Inner ear, facial sinuses and stomach
C. Facial sinuses, middle ear and dental cavities
D. Dental cavities, outer ear and eyes
810. Autokinesis can give the pilot the impression that:
A. a star is another aircraft

B. lights from ships are stars
C. the aircraft is climbing
D. lights are further away than in fact they are.
811. At which altitude is it necessary to breathe 100% oxygen under pressure after a
rapid decompression ?
A. Approximately 50 000 ft.

B. Approximately 20 000 ft.
C. Approximately 14 000 ft.
812. An example of conflict between status and role is:
A. a senior Captain acting as co-pilot to a junior Captain of an aircraft.

B. a Manager interviewing an experienced Captain of an aircraft.
C. an ATC Controller interviewing an inexperienced Captain.
D. a security officer temporarily standing in for a member of the cabin crew.
813. At rest the cardiac output (the quantity of blood the heart pumps in one
minute) of an adult is approximately:
A. 45 litres/min
B. 5 litres/min
C. 450 ml/min
D. 75 litres/min
814. An experienced pilot:
A. seeks complex solutions to problems, thus using his capacities up to 100%

B. avoids using automated systems as his experience allows him to perform all tasks manually
C. functions exclusively in a reactive manner, as it is not resource-consuming
D. prepares thoroughly for a flight and is able to anticipate the majority of possible problems
815. Approximately how long will a blood/alcohol level of 60 mgm/100ml take to

return to normal ?
A. 4 hours
B. 20 hours
C. 1 hour
D. 12 hours
816. Approximately ................... of all communication is achieved by factors other

than words (metacommunications)
A. 50%
B. 10%
C. 80%
D. 30%
817. Any prolonged exposure to noise in excess of 90 db can result in:
A. presbycusis (effects of aging)

B. a ruptured ear drum
C. noise induced hearing loss
D. conductive hearing loss
818. Anxiety can affect: 1. Judgement 2. Attention 3. Memory 4. Concentration
A. 1 only is correct
B. 1, 2 and 4 only are correct
C. All are correct
D. 1 and 2 only are correct
819. An unnoticed way-point error entered in an aircraft data base is an example of:
A. Latent failure/error
B. Pro-active failure/error
C. Active failure/error
D. Re-active failure/error
820. An under-confident and self-effacing co-pilot is promoted to Captain. It is not

uncommon for such a person have a behavioural pattern which is:
A. confident and self-assuring because of his/her higher status.

B. aggressive if challenged by another member of the crew.
C. easy to adapt to the role of Captain.
D. easy-going but having a reliance on others.
821. An important aspect of Situational Awareness is:
A. When a pilot's perception equals reality

B. When the pilot perceives the situation both inside and outside the aircraft
C. When the pilot perceives the instant and immediate situation both inside and outside the
cockpit
D. When a pilot is sure that the situation both inside and outside the aircraft is correct
822. At which altitude (within the "indifferent zone") may a degradation of night
vision occur?
A. From approximately 1 600m

B. 5 000m - 7 000m
C. 3 000m - 5 000m
D. up to 5 000m
823. If a stop-over is more than 24 hours, the correct action is to:
A. Stay on home time and, on arrival, move to the new time

B. Stay on home time
C. Move to the new time as soon as possible
D. No adjustment is necessary
824. Cholera can be transmitted through:
A. Insect bites
B. Droplets in the air cause by the breath of an infected person
C. Food or water which has been contaminated
D. Bacteria in the form of spores via a puncture in the skin
825. Hypoxia is:
A. a physical condition caused by a lack of oxygen saturation in the blood while hyperventilating.
B. a physical condition caused by a lack of oxygen to meet the needs of the body tissues, leading
to mental and muscular disturbances, causing impaired thinking, poor judgement and slow
reactions
C. often produced during steep turns when pilots turn their heads in a direction opposite to the
direction in which the aircraft is turning
D. a condition of lacking oxygen in the brain causing the circulatory system to compensate by
decreasing the heart rate.
826. A pilot may suffer from hypoxia
A. if his rate of climb exceeds 5 000 ft/min

B. after decompression to 30 000 feet and using 100 % oxygen via an oxygen mask
C. if he/she is flying an unpressurised airplane at an altitude of 15 000 feet and breathing 100 %
oxygen
D. after decompression at high altitude and not using additional oxygen in time
827. The system which controls breathing, digestion, heart rate, etc., over which
there is no voluntary control, is:
A. the critical nervous system

B. non-existent, as all these functions are under conscious control
C. the local nervous system
D. the autonomic nervous system
828. The sleep pattern is closely associated with:
A. Blood pressure
B. Heart rate
C. Glucose level
D. Body temperature
829. If one error is allowed to effect a whole system, the system is described as:
A. Corrupted
B. Error tolerant
C. Vulnerable
D. Error-prone
830. The risk of spatial disorientation increases when:
A. information from the vestibular organ in the inner ear are ignored
B. the pilot is performing an effective instrument cross-check and is ignoring illusions
C. the pilot is buckled tightly to his/her seat and cannot sense the attitude changes of the aircraft
by the Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense
D. there is contradictory information between the instruments and the vestibular organs
831. Hypoxia can affect night vision
A. at approximately 5 000 ft
B. and causes the autokinetic phenomena
C. and causes the Coriolis Effect
D. less than day vision
832. The procedure to be followed in the event of decompression when flying above
10,000 ft must:
A. make it possible to prevent hyperventilation owing to the inhalation of 100 % oxygen

B. make it possible to eliminate the risk of fogging due to the sudden pressure changes
C. allow for a rapid descent independent from sufficient supply of oxygen in order to prevent
disorders due to hypoxia
D. allow for the rapid supply of oxygen in order to prevent hypoxia
833. The primary symptom of Decompression sickness/illness is:
A. the Bends
B. red coloured cheeks and lips
C. the Chokes
D. neurological damages to the CNS
834. The phases of learning a Motor Programme are:
A. 1st, 2nd and 3rd phases

B. Initial, Interim and Final phases
C. Induction, Simulation and Practice phases
D. Cognitive, Associative and Automatic phases
835. The phases of General Adaption Syndrome are:
A. Alarm, Resistance and Exhaustion.

B. Emergency, Medial and Recovery.
C. Emergency, Resistance and Exhaustion.
D. Alarm, Resistance and Recovery.
836. The Peripheral Nervous System passes information from the:
A. brain to all parts of the body through sensory nerves

B. sensory inputs to the CNS through sensory and motor nerves
C. brain to all parts of the body through sensory and autonomic nerves
D. brain to the sensory stores through sensory nerves
837. The "Leans" or Somatogyral illusion can be caused by:
A. Going into a turn too quickly

B. Bunting the aircraft
C. A carrier take-off
D. Reducing bank following a prolonged turn
838. The "ideal" cockpit can be termed as:
A. Cohesive
B. Communicative
C. Co-operative
D. Synergistic
839. The "Break Point" is that point after which, if stress continues to rise,
A. performance peaks and remains at this level.

B. performance is degraded.
C. performance is initially degraded and is then enhanced.
D. performance is enhanced.
840. The Skill-based, Rule-based, Knowledge-based Model (Jens Rasmussen) is

associated with:
A. behaviour.
B. motor programmes.
C. risk.
D. personality.
841. A Captain running an Autocratic cockpit is normally:
A. Under-worked
B. Over-loaded
C. A good leader
D. Efficient
842. A pilot may get the illusion of low altitude on approach although the aircraft is
on the correct glidepath:
A. on night approaches only

B. depending on the approach speed of the aircraft
C. when the runway is wider than he is used to
D. when the runway is unusually narrow
843. A pilot can prevent hypoxia by:
A. relying on the body's built in warning system recognizing any stage of hypoxia
B. not exceeding a cabin pressure altitude of 20000 ft
C. using additional oxygen when flying above 10000 ft
D. swallowing, yawing and applying the Valsalva method
844. A person's attitudes define a set of learned dispositions (likes and dislikes)
which:
A. is exactly the same as a person's personality

B. cannot be modified through training
C. do not depend on a person's past experiences
D. influence a person's reaction and response to people, situations, etc.
845. A leader who demonstrates a democratic and co-operative style will deal with
conflict by:
A. trying to reconcile all persons involved in the conflict and tries to re-establish a pleasant and
friendly atmosphere within the team
B. keeping a neutral position and does not participate in arguing
C. deciding what to do and pushes his own opinion through
D. trying to clarify the reasons and causes of the conflict with all persons involved
846. The Somatogravic illusion gives the pilot a false impression of:
A. climbing or descending.
B. climbing and turning to the right.
C. descending and turning to the left.
D. descending and turning to the right.
847. A Captain running a" Laisser-faire" cockpit will:
A. will encourage a 'sterile' cockpit.

B. fill a vacuum.
C. be an efficient crew member.
D. make few suggestions or decisions.
848. A "Graveyard-Spin" is:
A. a spin maneuver that should only be performed by well trained pilots.

B. a spin in which the pilot, on recovery, tends to re-enter the spin due to the somatogyral illusion
where the vestibular system no longer senses radial acceleration.
C. a fatal accident caused by a state of spinning the fluid in the brain.
D. an illusion caused by misperception of being higher than you really are when performing a
spin. Thus the recovery tends to be dangerously low.
849. Illusions that pilots experience in conditions of fog or mist are that:
A. Objects appear further away than they really are and can lead to steep approaches.
B. Objects appear closer than they really are and lead to shallow approaches.
C. Objects appear further away than they really are and lead to shallow approaches.
D. Objects appear closer than they really are and lead to steep approaches.
850. A human breathing 100% oxygen at 33 700 ft is the equivalent of breathing air
at:
A. 8 000 ft
B. sea level
C. 21 300 ft
D. 10 000 ft
851. "Stereotypes" are preconceptions or prejudices which can lead us to:
A. develop better teamwork by standardizing procedures.

B. act in the same manner in all situations and thus assuring stability.
C. communicate non-verbally with a stranger.
D. mis-judge individuals even if we have contact with them.
852. If warned of an imminent thunderstorm:
A. cockpit lights should be turned off.

B. cockpit lights should be turned up.
C. no specific action is advised with regards to the adjustment of the brightness of cockpit lights.
D. cockpit lights should be dimmed.
853. In 1972, a psychologist named Edwards presented a concept of the interface

between flight crew and other parts of the airspace environment. What is this
concept called and the names of those elements involved ?
A. The SHELL Concept. Software, hardware, economy and liveware

B. The SHELL Concept. Software, harmony, environment, and location
C. The SHELL Concept. Software, hardware, environment and location
D. The SHELL Concept. Software, hardware, environment, and liveware
854. "Feedback" in communication implies that:
A. readback of a message is rarely necessary except in the case of specific ATC procedures.
B. the flight crew do not need to talk all the time because the feedback is automatic.
C. a message is measured and corrected against the original meaning.
D. storing of messages in short time memory is available for later release.
855. "Greyout" occurs in case of:
A. + gZ
B. + gY
C. - gZ
D. + gX
856. "Non-verbal communication":
A. is unimportant, inherited and cannot be taught.

B. means "a sterile cockpit" below 10 000 feet.
C. constitutes approximately 70% of human communication.

D. rarely causes accidents.
857. During a steady climb above Flight Level 100 if cabin pressurization fails:
A. The effects of hypoxia may be gradual and difficult to recognise.

B. The onset of anaemia causes hyperventilation.;
C. The cabin altitude will descend.
D. The cabin will cool rapidly.;
858. Heart attack (myocardial infarction) :
A. Is not treatable
B. Is always preceded by chest pains;
C. Is the commonest cause of death in men over the age of 40
D. Is becoming less common because fewer people smoke; ;
859. Which of the following statements is true concerning the pulse rate:
A. It is not affected by emotion

B. When multiplied by the blood pressure gives the cardiac output;
C. It is the only indicator of hypoxia
D. It has a normal range of 60-100 beats per minute
860. Carbon dioxide:
A. Is approximately 13% of ambient air at Flight Level 180.

B. Is a normal product of internal respiration.;
C. May reach toxic levels in the flight deck due to incomplete fuel combustion.
D. Is increased in the blood and the brain during hyperventilation
861. Can you suffer from aerodontalgia in the descent?
A. No
B. Only in pressurised aircraft
C. Only above 10.000 ft;
D. Yes
862. A pilot, height 1.7m and weighing 57kg. She is:
A. underweight
B. overweight
C. normal
D. obese
863. When using the Body Mass Index (BMI) formula - when is a pilot considered as
obese ?;
A. Over 26 for males; 25 for females;

B. Over 20 for males; 19 for females;
C. Over 30 for males; 29 for females;
D. Over 10 for males; 9 for females;
864. Glaucoma:
A. is a condition detected by pressure testing the eye ball.;

B. low pressure in the eye ball leads to decreased blood flow to the retina which can cause visual
loss.;
C. visual field loss due to glaucoma can be significantly improved by giving oxygen.;
D. glaucoma causes red / green colour blindness.;
865. The partial pressure of oxygen in inspired air:
A. can not be varied when using an oxygen mask.;

B. is independent of the proportion of oxygen in the ambient air.;
C. is a highly significant factor in ensuring that oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood.;
D. remains constant at all altitudes.;
866. Oxygen transport to the tissues:
A. is not affected by carbon monoxide.;

B. depends on haemoglobin level and blood flow.;
C. will be maintained even during severe hypoxia.;
D. does not depend on haemoglobin levels as oxygen is mainly dissolved in the plasma.;
867. The noise induced damage to a pilot depends on:; 1. The intensity of the noise.;
2. The frequency of the noise.; 3. The duration of the noise; 4. Proper usage of the
headset.;
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 2,3,4
C. 1,4
D. 3
868. How many stages of sleep are there including REM sleep?
A. 5 stages
B. 3 stages
C. 2 stages
D. 4 stages
869. A pilot meets the ground engineer in charge on the apron. Although the pilot
has not been through flight preparation yet, he nevertheless instructs the engineer
as to the amount of fuel to be loaded, since he is used to flying this route. This
behaviour results from:
A. a decision bias due to habits (frequency bias)

B. a decision bias due to group (social) pressure
C. a bias in selecting data
D. a confirmation bias
870. The main purpose of lumbar support is to:
A. allow the most comfortable position for the upper spine

B. allow the most comfortable position for the spine and higher neck bones
C. allow the most comfortable position for the spine and shoulder bones
D. produce an even pressure of the discs by allowing the lower spine to curve naturally.
871. How is yellow fever contracted?
A. By contact with the saliva of infected animals.;

B. Contaminated food or water.;
C. A virus transmitted by an infected mosquito.
D. Excessive use of alcohol.;
872. Otic Barotrauma is worse during the descent than climb because:
A. the air pressure in the inner ear increases more slowly than the cabin.
B. the air in the middle ear is at a lower pressure than the cabin, this closes the eustation tube so
that the pressure cannot be equalised.
C. during the descent the cabin altitude increases faster than the eustation can open.
D. during the climb the humidity in the middle ear is greater than the cabin.
873. Flying with a "common cold":
A. is permitted as long as you are on treatment with antibiotics.

B. will cause infection in other crew members if you are flying in a pressurised aircraft.
C. may lead to incapacitation due to severe sinus or ear pain.
D. increases the risk of hypertension.
874. Sound is measured in:
A. mmHg
B. milliamps
C. milliceverts
D. dB
875. Hearing Tests are carried out during pilot medicals to:
A. detect early signs of deafness.

B. detect reversible NIHL.
C. detect early presbyopia.
D. detect vestibular dysfunction.
876. Noise Induced Hearing Loss:
A. causes Eustationary Tube dysfunction.

B. is not a permanent hearing loss, the nerve cells frequently recover.
C. is a condition resulting in permanent hearing loss of selected frequencies.
D. is also known as presbyacusis and is associated with pressure damage to the middle ear.
877. Presbyopia:
A. is caused by long-termed exposure to stimuli over 90dB.

B. is common over the age of 50.
C. is partial visual loss due to pressure changes in the eye.
D. surgical replacement of the lens the usual treatment and is compatible with flying.
878. Colour Blindness:
A. affects acuity.
B. may be treated by laser surgery.
C. may be subtle and only detected using specialised tests.
D. is more common in first born males.
879. Concerning the light sensitive cells of the eye:
A. cones are centrally located in the lens.

B. the cones detect colour vision and are highly sensitive to hypoxia.
C. blood flow to the rods and cones is maintained even during high g forces.
D. rods are centrally located and increase visual acuity.
880. Pilots should not fly immediately following giving a donation of blood:
A. pilots should not give blood because of the risk of infection.

B. the haemoglobin level is too low.
C. there is a risk of bleeding from the needle site during flight.
D. because there is a small increased risk of low blood pressure due to loss of blood volume.
881. Which of the following statements is true concerning regular physical exercise:;
1. it Increases pulse rate and stroke volume in the short term; 2. it reduces blood
pressure and heart rate in the long term; 3. it reduces the human tolerance to
hypoxia.;
A. 1, 2, 3.
B. 1, 3
C. 1
D. 1, 2
882. Heart Attack (myocardial infarction):
A. is a total blockage of a coronary artery leading to the death of a piece of heart muscle.
B. an individual''s risk of this can not be significantly influenced.
C. is not treatable once symptoms develop.
D. is a partial blockage of a coronary artery leading to chest pain on exercise or stress.
883. Hypertension:
A. is otherwise known as "white coat syndrome".

B. is only treated when symptoms develop.
C. increases the risk of a heart attack and stroke.
D. usually leads to loss of licence.
884. Blood pressure is normally measured in:
A. Hectopascals
B. mmHg
C. inHg
D. Millibars
885. Internal respiration:
A. is the process of inflating the lungs during mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

B. is the term for respiration inside the pressure cabin.
C. is a metabolic process that takes place inside the cells during which oxygen is used and carbon
dioxide produced.
D. is the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lung.
886. During a rapid decompression in a 2 crew aircraft, the other pilot becomes
incapacitated, your first action is to:
A. don your own oxygen mask.

B. administer oxygen to the other pilot.
C. commence an emergency descent.
D. call for immediate assistance from cabin crew.
887. The percentage of oxygen in cabin air:

A. will reduce during a rapid decompression.

B. is proportional to the cabin pressure.
C. varies with cabin altitude.
D. is the same as at sea level.
888. Which counter-measure can a pilot can use against a barotrauma of the middle
ear?
A. Stop chewing and swallowing movements

B. Use drugs against a cold
C. Stop descending, climb again and then descend with reduced sink rate
D. Increase the rate of descent
889. The approximate time required for complete adaptation of the eye when
moving from darkness to light is:
A. 10 minutes
B. 10 seconds
C. 7 minutes
D. 30 minutes
890. Which of the following is the best definition of episodic memory?
A. It is the memory of events which are held in the short-term memory and can be influenced by
the meaning of words and language.
B. It is the memory of events which are held in the long-term memory and can be influenced by
the meaning of words and language.
C. It is the memory of events which are held in the short-term memory and can be influenced by
suggestion.
D. It is the memory of events which are held in the long-term memory and can be influenced by
suggestion.
891. Which of the following is true with reference to semantic memory?
A. It is the memory of events; it lasts for a shorter period of time than episodic memory and tends
to be less accurate.
B. It is the memory of events; it lasts for a longer period of time than episodic memory and tends
to be more accurate.
C. It is the meaning of words and general knowledge of the world; it lasts for a longer period of
time and tends to be more accurate than episodic memory.
D. It is the meaning of words and general knowledge of the world; it lasts for a shorter period of
time than episodic memory and tends to be less accurate.
892. How will the successful completion of a stressful task affect a pilot's
performance when a similar situation is experienced in the future?
A. The stress level experienced will be increased.

B. Given a similar situation the amount of stress will be the same.

C. Any stress will cause a reduction in performance.
D. The amount of stress experienced will be less.
893. What are the two inputs to a simple model of stress?
A. The value of the task overall and its usefulness in the scheme of things.
B. The perceived demand of the task to the pilot and the pilot's perceived ability to complete the
task.
C. The value of the task to the pilot and what the pilot can get out of it.
D. The ease of achieving the task and its usefulness in the scheme of things.
894. Is it possible to suffer from Aerodontalgia in the descent?
A. Only in pressurized aircraft.

B. Yes.
C. No.
D. Only above 10 000 ft AMSL.
895. During the conflict resolution process it is important to : 1. realise and to

accept the conflict. 2. verbalise mutual expectations. 3. search for common
agreements. 4. express one's own viewpoint
A. 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.

B. 1, 2 and 3 only are correct.
C. to express its own emotions.
D. 1 and 4 only are correct.
896. Which of the following is true with regards to sleep? 1 - metabolic rate falls 2 -
arterial blood pressure falls 3 - the pulse rate decreases 4 - the sensitivity level of the
senses is increased
A. 1 and 4 only are correct

B. 1, 2, 3 and 4 are all correct
C. 1, 2 and 3 only are correct
D. 1, 3 and 4 only are correct
897. From the list below which answers are correct ? Feedback gives information
about : 1. the sender 2. the sender's intentions 3. the situation
A. 2 and 3 only.
B. 1, 2 and 3.
C. 3 only.
D. 1 and 2 only.
898. Which of the following list of statements concerning stress are correct?; 1 -
Stress is an inevitable part of human life and in small amounts is necessary to
achieve optimum performance.; 2 - Each individual has a stress limit which, if
exceded, could result in inability to handle even; a moderate workload.; 3 - Anxiety
creates worry which may lead to stress.; 4 - Stress is often perceived by the brain as
some form of threat which may cause adrenaline to; be released into the blood
stream.
A. 1, 3 & 4 only.
B. 1, 2, 3 & 4.
C. 2, 3 & 4 only.
D. 1,2 & 3 only.
899. Which of the following list can cause fatigue? 1 - Sleep loss 2 - Jet lag 3 -
Boredom 4 - Low levels of external stimulation
A. 1, 2, 3 and 4.
B. 1, 2, and 4 only.
C. 1, 3, and 4 only.
D. 1 and 3 only.
900. Which of the following list are symptoms of fatigue? 1 - Tiredness 2 - Faster
reactions 3 - Diminished motor skills 4 - Tunneled concentration 5 - Increased long
term memory capacity
A. 3, 4, and 5 only.
B. 1, 3, and 4 only.
C. 1, and 3 only.
D. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
901. What is the maximum JAA blood/alcohol limit for flight and cabin crew?
A. 40 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood.

B. 10 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood.
C. 20 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood.
D. 80 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood.
902. Which of the following answers are correct concerning the Long Term
Memory ?; 1. Long Term memory can be affected by expectation and suggestion; 2.
Long Term Memory is also known as the Working Memory; 3. Long Term Memory
is limited to plus or minus 7 pieces of disassociated pieces of information; 4. Long
Term Memory is where Motor Programmes (skills) are kept
A. 1, 2, 3 and 4 are all correct

B. 1 only is correct
C. 1 and 4 only are correct.
D. 2 and 3 only are correct.
903. On average most human adults require approximately how many hours sleep
per night?
A. 4 hrs
B. 10 hrs
C. 8 hrs
D. 6 hrs
904. Stress can be defined as:
A. a feeling of well-being enabling difficult tasks to be completed more easily.

B. the unresolved pressure, strain or force acting upon an individual's physical or mental systems
and the human response.
C. a physical limit acting upon the individual's physical systems inhibiting completion of any
task.
D. a low level of pressure acting on the individual's mental system which inhibits completion of
even the simplest tasks.
905. What is meant by "passive monitoring" in terms of automation complacency?
A. A pilot watching what is going on rather than analyzing and constantly checking.
B. A pilot knowing where the aircraft has been, where it is now, and where it is going to.
C. A pilot's concentration on one particular area of the system instead of monitoring the whole
system.
D. A plilot's belief in the fallibility of systems and constantly checking and analyzing the
situation.
906. Which of the following is an example of human underload?
A. An unexpectedly good landing at an airfield with which the pilot is unfamiliar in perfect
weather conditions.
B. A good landing at an airfield with which the pilot is familiar in poor weather conditions.
C. An unexpectedly poor landing at an airfield with which the pilot is familiar in perfect weather
conditions.
D. A poor landing at an airfield with which the pilot is unfamiliar, in marginal weather
conditions.
907. What physical symptoms can be attributed to stress?
A. A sense of well-being and a loss of reality.

B. A false sense of achievement and a severe thirst.
C. A sense of inadequacy and irritability.
D. Insomnia, loss of appetite and a dry mouth.
908. What are the main advantages of the human over the machine?
A. Logic and the use of human senses.

B. Creativity, innovation, and aptitude to deal with novel situations.
C. Ability to recognize system failures and rectify them quicker than a machine.
D. Ability to recognize limits on systems being exceeded quicker than a machine and resolve the
situation.
909. What is a physiological Stressor?
A. The body's non-specific response to demands put upon it.

B. An unresolved force acting upon the individual's mental or physical systems.
C. A stimulous that produces a change in any of the homeostatic mechanisms of the body.
D. A means of coping with a stressful situation.
910. Group norms:
A. regulate the interaction and the behaviour between the members of a group.
B. are always fixed in a written way and can be looked up.
C. diminish the morale of the group.
D. have no influence on the working behaviour of the group.
911. Motivation, crew-climate and "Confirmation Bias" are factors that:
A. depend only on personality and are unchangeable.

B. have no influence on teamwork.
C. are easy to control.
D. can influence the situational awareness.
912. In the Alarm stage of response to stress what does the body do?
A. Attempts to repair any damage caused by the stress.

B. Recognises the stressor and prepares the body for action.
C. Recognises danger and slows the body down via the autonomic system.
D. Attempts to maintain the body's arousal state to the continuing stress.
913. What is "automation complacency"?
A. No over-ride facility is available on auto-flight selection as there are enough levels of

redundancy to cope with any system failure.
B. The circumstance where monitoring and cross-checking is reduced because of the belief in the
infallibility of the automatic systems.
C. The circumstance where the pilot flies the aircraft manually because he is unable to rely on the
automatic systems flying the aircraft safely.
D. Automation is now so reliable that the human input is no longer necessary
914. What role should automation play with respect to flight safety?
A. Automation should be used as much as possible to replace the pilot who will inevitably make
mistakes.
B. Automation should be used where pilots have to make decisions and manual flying should be
compulsory in good weather conditions.
C. Automation should only be used on flights when weather conditions are poor to enhance flight
safety.
D. Automation should be used as an aid to the pilot and not as an end in itself.
915. Why are Mnemonics are used in aviation?
A. Because they increase response time.

B. Because they are a tool to avoid illusions.
C. Because they increase motivation.
D. Because they help to increase retention of information.
916. In the case of fire in flight most fatalities are caused by:
A. Burns.
B. Cardiac arrest caused by stress and fear.
C. Inhalation of hydrogen fumes.
D. Suffocation from fumes caused by aircraft furnishing and wiring.
917. Incorrect perception:
A. will only affect one member of the crew at a time.

B. will only affect flight deck crew.
C. can be highly persuasive.
D. can be easily recognized.
918. If a crew is having a stop-over for less than 24hrs before returning to their
homebase, what coping strategy should be used for jet lag?
A. Change eating and sleeping cycle to stop-over (destination) time.

B. Eat light meals only and have regular naps instead of proper sleep.
C. Only have meals when it is daylight and sleep when it is dark, to ensure sufficient sleep credit.
D. Maintain eating and sleeping cycle based on home time.
919. Tattooing and immunization with the use of improperly sterilized needles or
syringes may expose the receiver to which of the following?
A. Hepatitis B or C
B. Osteoarthritis
C. Hypertension
D. Diabetes
920. The most significant item of technical equipment introduced in the 1980s &
1990s which has contributed to a reduction in accidents is:
A. ATIS
B. AFDS
C. EFIS
D. GPWS
921. Hypoglycaemia can be caused by:
A. not eating regularly or fasting.

B. excessive sugar in the blood.
C. excessive g forces.
D. otic barotraumas.
922. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Short-term memory is affected by interruptions.

B. All motivators (both physcial and mental) are subjective.
C. Extreme "achievement" motivation in a Captain is an ideal attribute for a Captain of an
aircraft.
D. Motivation does not affect performance.
923. Perception is based upon:
A. information received only.

B. information received as well as past experience and knowledge.
C. past experience and knowledge only.
D. solely upon technical ability.
924. In the event of fuel spillage onto the body it is advisable that the affected area
is:
A. bandaged and medication is applied to avoid blistering.

B. immediately exposed to air to allow the fuel to evaporate as quickly as possible.
C. initially washed with copious water and without the use of soap.
D. initially washed with soap and water.
925. Non-verbal communication:
A. is used only if verbal clarity is not possible.

B. is always clearly interpretable.
C. can serve as a substitute for oral speech.
D. is cross-culturally understood.
926. The individual's personality:
A. refers to unique psychological characteristics.

B. changes with a different emotional mood.
C. is variable and easily changeable.
D. is the tendency to evaluate things in a positive or negative way.
927. Which of the following statements are correct with regard to alcohol?
A. The maximum JAA limit for Flight and Cabin Crew is 40 milligrammes per 100 milliliters of
blood.
B. It affects Orthodox sleep more than it affects REM sleep.
C. Eating while drinking alcohol reduces the amount of alcohol absorbed into the body.
D. It is absorbed directly from the stomach and intestines into the bloodstream.
928. With reference to the relationship between arousal and performance, the
highest level of performance is achieved when the arousal level is:
A. half way down the arousal curve.

B. lowest.
C. half way up the arousal curve.
D. optimum.
929. What are the two main categories of fatigue?
A. Normal and Chronic.

B. Acute and Sympathetic.
C. Acute and Chronic.
D. Normal and Severe.
930. Using the Body Mass Index (BMI) formula, when will a pilot be classed as
obese?
A. Over 10 for males and 9 for females

B. Over 20 for males and 19 for females
C. Over 26 for males and 25 for females
D. Over 30 for males and 29 for females
931. What is the relationship between the perceived level of arousal and the
difficulty of a task to be completed?
A. All tasks should be completed at the highest arousal regardless of difficulty.

B. The arousal level should co-incide with the individual's "Break Point" where the task is
particularly difficult.
C. At the outset, the level of arousal should be within the optimum range and therefore at a level
where performance does not suffer.
D. Over-arousal is required to complete difficult tasks.
932. A pilot is 1.7 metres tall and weighs 57 kgs. She is:
A. Obese.
B. Normal.
C. Underweight.
D. Overweight.
933. Flying while suffering from a cold may expose a pilot to:
A. Autokinesis.
B. Gastro-intestinal barotrauma.
C. sinus barotrauma only.
D. otic and sinus barotrauma.
934. High arousal leads to:
A. faster and more accurate responses.

B. faster but less accurate responses.
C. slower but more accurate responses.
D. slower and less accurate responses.
935. During the decision making process in the cockpit:
A. habits and routines play no role.

B. the amount of time available has a large influence on the analysis of the situation.
C. the crew should always decide on more than one alternative.
D. a detailed analysis can only be made once, at the moment the problem occurs.
Human Performance & Limitations - Exam

Key
1 B 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 A 6 D 7 A 8 B 9 C 10 B
11 D 12 D 13 D 14 A 15 D 16 B 17 A 18 A 19 A 20 A
21 C 22 B 23 B 24 D 25 C 26 D 27 A 28 A 29 B 30 A
31 B 32 B 33 A 34 C 35 C 36 C 37 A 38 B 39 A 40 A
41 B 42 B 43 B 44 C 45 B 46 C 47 B 48 A 49 A 50 D
51 C 52 B 53 B 54 A 55 D 56 C 57 D 58 D 59 D 60 B
61 C 62 D 63 D 64 B 65 C 66 A 67 B 68 D 69 D 70 C
71 B 72 A 73 C 74 B 75 A 76 A 77 A 78 D 79 C 80 D
81 B 82 C 83 C 84 A 85 B 86 B 87 B 88 B 89 C 90 A
91 B 92 B 93 B 94 B 95 C 96 D 97 D 98 B 99 C 100 A
101 D 102 B 103 B 104 A 105 D 106 C 107 D 108 A 109 A 110 A
111 C 112 D 113 C 114 C 115 D 116 D 117 C 118 A 119 D 120 B
121 C 122 A 123 A 124 C 125 D 126 A 127 A 128 B 129 A 130 D
131 A 132 D 133 B 134 B 135 B 136 D 137 B 138 C 139 C 140 D
141 B 142 D 143 C 144 B 145 D 146 C 147 C 148 C 149 A 150 B
151 B 152 D 153 D 154 A 155 A 156 A 157 B 158 B 159 C 160 C
161 B 162 B 163 C 164 D 165 B 166 C 167 A 168 C 169 A 170 B
171 C 172 A 173 A 174 A 175 C 176 B 177 D 178 B 179 B 180 D
181 C 182 B 183 A 184 B 185 B 186 B 187 D 188 B 189 B 190 A
191 D 192 B 193 D 194 C 195 C 196 C 197 D 198 C 199 D 200 B
201 A 202 B 203 D 204 C 205 A 206 A 207 A 208 D 209 B 210 D
211 C 212 D 213 A 214 C 215 B 216 C 217 A 218 B 219 D 220 D
221 A 222 B 223 D 224 B 225 C 226 D 227 B 228 C 229 C 230 D
231 D 232 A 233 B 234 A 235 A 236 B 237 A 238 C 239 C 240 A
241 D 242 C 243 C 244 A 245 A 246 C 247 D 248 D 249 B 250 C
251 D 252 C 253 B 254 B 255 D 256 A 257 A 258 B 259 B 260 D
261 C 262 B 263 C 264 C 265 D 266 C 267 D 268 A 269 A 270 D
271 A 272 D 273 C 274 C 275 B 276 A 277 B 278 A 279 B 280 D
281 D 282 B 283 B 284 D 285 D 286 D 287 A 288 A 289 B 290 D
291 C 292 C 293 A 294 D 295 C 296 A 297 D 298 D 299 B 300 B
301 D 302 A 303 C 304 B 305 D 306 A 307 A 308 A 309 C 310 C
311 C 312 D 313 A 314 A 315 C 316 C 317 D 318 D 319 C 320 B
321 C 322 C 323 A 324 D 325 B 326 C 327 D 328 D 329 C 330 B
331 C 332 D 333 C 334 D 335 D 336 D 337 C 338 B 339 A 340 D
341 C 342 D 343 B 344 C 345 D 346 B 347 A 348 D 349 A 350 C
351 B 352 A 353 C 354 A 355 B 356 A 357 B 358 A 359 C 360 B
361 A 362 B 363 B 364 A 365 D 366 D 367 C 368 D 369 C 370 D
371 A 372 C 373 C 374 D 375 A 376 C 377 A 378 C 379 A 380 D
381 D 382 B 383 B 384 B 385 B 386 C 387 B 388 D 389 B 390 D
391 D 392 D 393 A 394 D 395 B 396 B 397 D 398 A 399 A 400 D
401 B 402 B 403 D 404 D 405 B 406 B 407 A 408 B 409 B 410 A
411 B 412 C 413 A 414 A 415 C 416 C 417 C 418 B 419 B 420 C
421 A 422 B 423 C 424 C 425 D 426 A 427 D 428 D 429 C 430 A
431 A 432 C 433 C 434 A 435 A 436 D 437 B 438 A 439 A 440 C
441 A 442 D 443 D 444 B 445 D 446 C 447 D 448 D 449 B 450 B
451 C 452 C 453 B 454 A 455 C 456 B 457 A 458 D 459 D 460 D
461 B 462 C 463 C 464 A 465 D 466 A 467 A 468 C 469 C 470 A
471 B 472 A 473 A 474 C 475 D 476 C 477 C 478 D 479 B 480 A
481 A 482 C 483 A 484 B 485 D 486 C 487 B 488 D 489 D 490 C
491 A 492 C 493 D 494 D 495 D 496 C 497 C 498 D 499 B 500 D
501 A 502 B 503 A 504 A 505 B 506 C 507 C 508 C 509 B 510 A
511 D 512 B 513 A 514 B 515 B 516 C 517 A 518 A 519 D 520 A
521 B 522 C 523 B 524 B 525 D 526 B 527 A 528 C 529 B 530 D
531 A 532 A 533 B 534 A 535 B 536 C 537 C 538 B 539 D 540 A
541 A 542 B 543 B 544 C 545 B 546 A 547 C 548 D 549 B 550 C
551 A 552 C 553 B 554 A 555 B 556 C 557 C 558 C 559 D 560 A
561 C 562 D 563 B 564 D 565 C 566 C 567 B 568 C 569 C 570 D
571 A 572 A 573 D 574 D 575 C 576 A 577 B 578 A 579 D 580 C
581 D 582 A 583 B 584 A 585 A 586 D 587 C 588 A 589 A 590 C
591 B 592 C 593 D 594 A 595 B 596 B 597 D 598 C 599 C 600 A
601 D 602 B 603 C 604 A 605 B 606 C 607 D 608 A 609 A 610 B
611 C 612 A 613 D 614 B 615 C 616 B 617 D 618 B 619 D 620 A
621 D 622 C 623 C 624 A 625 A 626 C 627 A 628 B 629 C 630 A
631 A 632 A 633 C 634 A 635 D 636 C 637 A 638 C 639 A 640 A
641 D 642 B 643 C 644 B 645 D 646 C 647 A 648 C 649 A 650 D
651 C 652 C 653 A 654 A 655 C 656 A 657 A 658 A 659 C 660 C
661 C 662 B 663 D 664 D 665 C 666 A 667 A 668 D 669 D 670 B
671 B 672 A 673 A 674 A 675 A 676 C 677 A 678 C 679 C 680 A
681 C 682 D 683 A 684 C 685 B 686 D 687 C 688 C 689 A 690 D
691 D 692 B 693 A 694 B 695 D 696 B 697 B 698 B 699 A 700 B
701 A 702 D 703 B 704 D 705 D 706 B 707 C 708 D 709 B 710 B
711 A 712 D 713 D 714 C 715 D 716 C 717 D 718 D 719 B 720 D
721 A 722 A 723 A 724 D 725 C 726 B 727 C 728 D 729 D 730 C
731 B 732 A 733 A 734 D 735 D 736 A 737 A 738 B 739 B 740 D
741 C 742 D 743 D 744 A 745 D 746 D 747 A 748 C 749 B 750 A
751 D 752 D 753 C 754 D 755 D 756 D 757 B 758 D 759 B 760 D
761 A 762 C 763 C 764 D 765 C 766 D 767 A 768 B 769 A 770 A
771 A 772 A 773 A 774 A 775 B 776 D 777 C 778 D 779 A 780 C
781 D 782 A 783 D 784 C 785 B 786 A 787 D 788 B 789 A 790 C
791 C 792 B 793 D 794 A 795 B 796 A 797 A 798 C 799 C 800 B
801 B 802 B 803 C 804 A 805 C 806 C 807 D 808 A 809 C 810 A
811 D 812 A 813 B 814 D 815 A 816 C 817 C 818 C 819 A 820 B
821 A 822 A 823 C 824 C 825 B 826 D 827 D 828 D 829 C 830 D
831 A 832 D 833 A 834 D 835 A 836 B 837 D 838 D 839 B 840 A
841 B 842 C 843 C 844 D 845 D 846 A 847 D 848 B 849 A 850 B
851 D 852 B 853 D 854 C 855 A 856 C 857 A 858 C 859 D 860 B
861 A 862 C 863 C 864 A 865 C 866 B 867 A 868 A 869 A 870 D
871 C 872 B 873 C 874 D 875 A 876 C 877 B 878 C 879 B 880 D
881 A 882 A 883 C 884 B 885 C 886 A 887 D 888 C 889 B 890 D
891 C 892 D 893 B 894 C 895 A 896 C 897 B 898 B 899 A 900 B
901 C 902 B 903 C 904 B 905 A 906 C 907 D 908 B 909 C 910 A
911 D 912 B 913 B 914 D 915 D 916 D 917 C 918 D 919 A 920 D
921 A 922 A 923 B 924 C 925 C 926 A 927 D 928 D 929 C 930 D
931 C 932 B 933 D 934 B 935 B

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ATP Online - Human Performance & Limitations Page 1 of 166

Human Performance & Limitations

A. straight and level flight

2. When accelerating forward the otoliths in the utriculus/sacculus will

3. A pilot, accelerating or decelerating in level flight may get:

A. the illusion of climbing or descending;

4. In his/her behaviour, the "ideal professional pilot" is:

A. both "person" and "goal" oriented

5. Which of the following symptoms may a pilot experience when subjected to

A. 1, 2 and 3 are correct

6. The consumption of medicines or other substances may have consequences on

the treatment is stopped.

A. 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false

A. 1 and 3 are correct, 2 and 4 are false

8. Breathing 100% oxygen at 40000 ft is equivalent to breathing ambient air at:

9. At what altitude (breathing 100% oxygen without pressure) could symptoms of

10. You can survive at any altitude, provided that

A. 21% oxygen is available in the air you breath in

A. Approximately 14 000 ft.

D. Approximately 40 000 ft.

12. Fatigue and stress

A. do not affect hypoxia at all

13. The atmosphere contains the following gases:

14. The volume percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere is 21% which

A. is constant at all altitudes for conventional aircraft

16. The respiratory process consists mainly of

A. the transportation of oxygen to the cells and the elimination of nitrogen

A. Carbon monoxide is odourless and colourless.

18. Carbon monoxide poisoning

19. Which of the following applies to carbon monoxide poisoning?

A. Several days are needed to recuperate from a carbon monoxide poisoning.

20. How is oxygen mainly transported in the blood?

A. Haemoglobin in the red blood cells.

21. Which gas most readily combines with haemoglobin?

22. Which of the following is true concerning carbon monoxide?

A. It has no physiological effect when mixed with oxygen.

A. a reduction of red blood cells

24. The rate and depth of breathing is primarily controlled by:

A. the total atmospheric pressure

26. Which statement is correct ?

A. Oxygen is mainly transported in plasma.

27. How can a pilot increase his tolerance to +Gz ?

A. Tightening of the stomach muscles.

28. Hypoxia is caused by

A. reduced partial oxygen pressure in the lung

A. 1, 2, 3 are correct, 4 is false

30. Why is hypoxia especially dangerous for pilots flying solo?

A. Since the first signs of hypoxia are generally hard to detect.

31. The symptoms of hypoxia include:

A. Nausea and barotitis.

32. Which of the following is/are the symptom(s) of hypoxia ?

A. Pain in the joints

33. Which statement applies to hypoxia?

A. sensitivity and reaction to hypoxia varies from person to person

34. Hypoxia can be caused by

A. too much carbon dioxide in the blood

37. The most dangerous symptoms of hypoxia at altitude are

A. euphoria and impairment of judgement

38. With hyperventilation, caused by high levels of arousal or overstress: