Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life / U.S.

Religious Landscape Survey

Summary of Key Findings

A major survey by the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life finds that most Americans have a
non-dogmatic approach to faith. A strong majority of those who are affiliated with a religion,
including majorities of nearly every religious tradition, do not believe their religion is the only
way to salvation. And almost the same number believes that there is more than one true way to
interpret the teachings of their religion. This openness to a range of religious viewpoints is in line
with the great diversity of religious affiliation, belief and practice that exists in the United States,
as documented in a survey of more than 35,000 Americans that comprehensively examines the
country’s religious landscape.

This is not to suggest that Americans do not take religion seriously. The U.S. Religious Landscape
Survey also shows that more than half of Americans say religion is very important in their lives,
attend religious services regularly and pray daily. Furthermore, a plurality of adults who are affiliated
with a religion want their religion to preserve its traditional beliefs and practices rather than
either adjust to new circumstances or adopt modern beliefs and practices. Moreover, significant
minorities across nearly all religious traditions see a conflict between being a devout person and
living in a modern society.

The Landscape Survey confirms the close link between Americans’ religious affiliation, beliefs and
practices, on the one hand, and their social and political attitudes, on the other. Indeed, the survey
demonstrates that the social and political fault lines in American society run through, as well as
alongside, religious traditions. The relationship between religion and politics is particularly strong
with respect to political ideology and views on social issues such as abortion and homosexuality,
with the more religiously committed adherents across several religious traditions expressing
more conservative political views. On other issues included in the survey, such as environmental
protection, foreign affairs, and the proper size and role of government, differences based on
religion tend to be smaller.

Religion in America: Non-Dogmatic, Diverse and Politically Relevant

Most Americans agree with the statement that many religions – not just their own – can lead
to eternal life. Among those who are affiliated with a religious tradition, seven-in-ten say many
religions can lead to eternal life. This view is shared by a majority of adherents in nearly all religious
traditions, including more than half of members of evangelical Protestant churches (57%). Only
among members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and other Mormon groups
(57%) and Jehovah’s Witnesses (80%), which together comprise roughly 2.4% of the U.S. adult
population, do majorities say that their own religion is the one true faith leading to eternal life.

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Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life / U.S. Religious Landscape Survey

Most Americans also have a non-dogmatic approach when it comes to interpreting the tenets of
their own religion. For instance, more than two-thirds of adults affiliated with a religious tradition
agree that there is more than one true way to interpret the teachings of their faith, a pattern that
occurs in nearly all traditions. The exceptions are Mormons and Jehovah’s Witnesses, 54% and
77% of whom, respectively, say there is only one true way to interpret the teachings of their
religion.

Americans Are Not Dogmatic About Religion

% agreeing that…

Many religions can There is more than one true way to
lead to eternal life interpret the teachings of my religion
% %
Total affiliated 70 68

Protestant 66 64
Evangelical churches 57 3
5
Mainline churches 83 8 2
Historically black churches 59 57
Catholic 79 77
Mormon 39 43
Jehovah’s Witness 16 18
Orthodox 72 68

Jewish 82 89
Muslim 56 60*
Buddhist 86 90
Hindu 89 85
*From “Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream,” Pew Research Center, 2007.
Results based on those who are affiliated with a particular religion.

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Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life / U.S. Religious Landscape Survey

The lack of dogmatism in American religion may well reflect the great diversity of religious
affiliation, beliefs and practices in the U.S. For example, while more than nine-in-ten Americans
(92%) believe in the existence of God or a universal spirit, there is considerable variation in the
nature and certainty of this belief. Six-in-ten adults believe that God is a person with whom people
can have a relationship; but one-in-four – including about half of Jews and Hindus – see God as
an impersonal force. And while roughly seven-in-ten Americans say they are absolutely certain of
God’s existence, more than one-in-five (22%) are less certain in their belief.

Conception of God
NET believe in God Personal God Impersonal force Other/Don’t know

% % % %
Total population 92 60 25 7

Protestant 98 72 19 7
Evangelical churches 99 79 13 7
Mainline churches 97 62 26 8
Historically black churches 99 71 19 8
Catholic 97 60 29 8
Mormon 100 91 6 2
Jehovah’s Witness 98 82 11 5
Orthodox 95 49 34 12

Jewish 83 25 50 8
Muslim 92 41 42 10
Buddhist 75 20 45 10
Hindu 92 31 53 7

Unaffiliated 70 28 35 6
Atheist 21 6 12 3
Agnostic 55 14 36 5
Secular unaffiliated 66 20 40 7
Religious unaffiliated 94 49 35 9
Throughout the report, figures may not add to 100 and nested figures may not add to the subtotal indicated due to rounding.

A similar pattern is evident in views of the Bible. Nearly two-thirds of the public (63%) takes
the view that their faith’s sacred texts are the word of God. But those who believe Scripture
represents the word of God are roughly evenly divided between those who say it should be
interpreted literally, word for word (33%), and those who say it should not be taken literally (27%).
And more than a quarter of adults – including two-thirds of Buddhists (67%) and about half of
Jews (53%) – say their faith’s sacred texts are written by men and are not the word of God.

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Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life / U.S. Religious Landscape Survey

The diversity in religious beliefs and practices in the Religious Beliefs and Practices
U.S. in part reflects the great variety of religious groups Vary Across Groups
that populate the American religious landscape. The % believe in God - absolutely certain
survey finds, for example, that some religious groups –
including Mormons, Jehovah’s Witnesses and members Total 71

of historically black and evangelical Protestant churches Evangelical churches 90

– tend to be more likely to report high levels of religious Hist. black churches 90
Mormon 90
engagement on questions such as the importance Jehovah’s Witness 93
of religion in their lives, certainty of belief in God and
Mainline churches 73
frequency of attendance at religious services. Other Catholic 72
Christian groups – notably members of mainline Orthodox 71
Jewish 41
Protestant churches and Catholics – are less likely to Muslim 82
report such attitudes, beliefs and practices. And still other Buddhist 39
Hindu 57
faiths – including Jews, Buddhists, Hindus and Muslims Unaffiliated 36
– exhibit their own special mix of religious beliefs and
practices. % say religion is very important in
their lives

The Landscape Survey also reveals that people who are Total 56
not affiliated with a particular religious tradition do not Evangelical churches 79
necessarily lack religious beliefs or practices. In fact, a Hist. black churches 85
large portion (41%) of the unaffiliated population says Mormon 83
Jehovah’s Witness 86
religion is at least somewhat important in their lives,
seven-in-ten say they believe in God and more than a Mainline churches 52
Catholic 56
quarter (27%) say they attend religious services at least Orthodox 56
a few times a year. Jewish 31
Muslim* 72
Buddhist 35
The findings of the Landscape Survey underscore the Hindu 45
importance of affiliation with a particular tradition for Unaffiliated 16

understanding not only people’s religious beliefs and % attend religious services at least
practices but also their basic social and political views. once a week

For instance, Mormons and members of evangelical Total 39

churches tend to be more conservative in their political
Evangelical churches 58
ideology, while Jews, Buddhists, Hindus and atheists Hist. black churches 59
tend to be more politically liberal than the population Mormon 75
overall. But the survey shows that there are important Jehovah’s Witness 82

differences within religious traditions as well, based on Mainline churches 34

a number of factors, including the importance of religion Catholic 42
in people’s lives, the nature and certainty of their belief Orthodox 34
Jewish 16
in God, and their frequency of prayer and attendance at Muslim* 40
worship services. Buddhist 17
Hindu 24
Unaffiliated 5
One of the realities of politics in the U.S. today is that
people who regularly attend worship services and hold *From "Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly
traditional religious views are much more likely to hold Mainstream," Pew Research Center, 2007.

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Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life / U.S. Religious Landscape Survey

conservative political views while Religion and Ideology

those who are less connected to
religious institutions and more secular % Conservative % Moderate % Liberal
in their outlook are more likely to hold
liberal political views. Total 37 36 20

Attend religious services…

The connection between religious
intensity and political attitudes Weekly or more 50 31 12
appears to be especially strong when
it comes to issues such as abortion Monthly/Yearly 32 41 22
and homosexuality. About six-in-
ten Americans who attend religious Seldom/Never 24 37 30

services at least once a week say Importance of religion

abortion should be illegal in most
or all cases, while only about three- Very important 46 32 14
in-ten who attend less often share
Somewhat important 29 43 23
this view. This pattern holds across
a variety of religious traditions. For Not too/not at all important 19 38 36
instance, nearly three-in-four (73%)
members of evangelical churches who Pray...
attend church at least once a week say
Daily 44 33 15
abortion should be illegal in most or
all cases, compared with only 45% of Weekly/Monthly 31 41 22
members of evangelical churches who
attend church less frequently. Seldom/Never 22 38 32

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Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life / U.S. Religious Landscape Survey

These are among the key findings of a major survey on religion Major Religious Traditions
and American life conducted by the Pew Forum on Religion in the U.S.
& Public Life between May 8 and Aug. 13, 2007, among a
Among all adults
representative sample of more than 35,000 Americans. The %
first report based on the U.S. Religious Landscape Survey Christian 78.4
was issued in February 2008 and focused on the religious Protestant 51.3
affiliation of the American people, including the impact of Evangelical churches 26.3
immigration and changes in affiliation. This report provides Mainline churches 18.1
information on the core religious beliefs and practices as Hist. black churches 6.9
well as the basic social and political views of the various Catholic 23.9
religious traditions in the U.S. as well as people who are not Mormon 1.7
affiliated with a particular religion. Jehovah’s Witness 0.7
Orthodox 0.6
The report includes information on members of many Other Christian 0.3
religious groups – such as Mormons, Jehovah’s Witnesses,
Jews, Buddhists, Muslims, Hindus, atheists and agnostics Other religions 4.7
– that are too small to be analyzed in most public opinion Jewish 1.7
surveys. More detailed tables, provided in Appendix 2, Buddhist 0.7
also summarize the basic beliefs, practices, and social and Muslim* 0.6
political attitudes of a dozen Protestant denominational Hindu 0.4
families and 25 of the largest Protestant denominations Other world religions <0.3
in the U.S. These detailed tables also include information Other faiths 1.2
on what the survey classifies as “other Christians,” which
includes such smaller groups as Spiritualists and other Unaffiliated 16.1
Metaphysical Christians, as well as on members of a variety
of other faiths, including Unitarians and New Age groups. Don’t know/Refused 0.8
100

*From “Muslim Americans: Middle

Class and Mostly Mainstream,” Pew
Great Diversity in Core Religious Beliefs Research Center, 2007.

Due to rounding, figures may not add to

100 and nested figures may not add to
Americans display a high degree of similarity on some the subtotal indicated.
basic religious beliefs. For instance, Americans are nearly
unanimous in saying they believe in God (92%), and large
majorities believe in life after death (74%) and believe that
Scripture is the word of God (63%).

But a closer look reveals considerable diversity with respect to both the certainty and the nature
of these beliefs. Americans’ beliefs about God are a good example of this diversity. Nearly all
adults (92%) say they believe in God or a universal spirit, including seven-in-ten of the unaffiliated.
Indeed, one-in-five people who identify themselves as atheist (21%) and a majority of those who
identify themselves as agnostic (55%) express a belief in God or a universal spirit.

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Both the certainty and nature of belief in God, however, vary widely across religious groups.
Overwhelming majorities of some groups – including Jehovah’s Witnesses (93%), members of
evangelical (90%) and historically black (90%) Protestant churches, and Mormons (90%) – say they
are absolutely certain that God exists. Although a large percentage of members of other religious
groups also express absolute certainty about God’s existence, they exhibit comparatively less
unanimity; for instance, roughly seven-in-ten members of mainline Protestant churches (73%),
Catholics (72%) and Orthodox Christians (71%) are absolutely certain that God exists.

Like their Christian counterparts, majorities of Jews (83%), Buddhists (75%), Hindus (92%)
and the unaffiliated (70%) express a belief in God, but these groups tend to be less certain in
their belief; only 57% of Hindus, and fewer than half of Jews (41%), Buddhists (39%) and the
unaffiliated (36%) say they are absolutely certain of God’s existence.

Certainty of Belief in God or Universal Spirit

NET believe in God Absolutely certain Less certain

% % %
Total population 92 71 22

Protestant 98 84 13
Evangelical churches 99 90 9
Mainline churches 97 73 25
Historically black churches 99 90 8
Catholic 97 72 25
Mormon 100 90 9
Jehovah’s Witness 98 93 5
Orthodox 95 71 24

Jewish 83 41 42
Muslim 92 82 10
Buddhist 75 39 36
Hindu 92 57 35

Unaffiliated 70 36 34
Atheist 21 8 13
Agnostic 55 17 38
Secular unaffiliated 66 24 42
Religious unaffiliated 94 65 30

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Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life / U.S. Religious Landscape Survey

A similar diversity is apparent when it comes to the nature of the beliefs about God that members
of different religious groups hold. For instance, the vast majority of Mormons (91%), Jehovah’s
Witnesses (82%) and members of evangelical (79%) and historically black (71%) Protestant
churches say they view God as a person with whom they can have a relationship. Smaller
majorities of members of mainline Protestant churches (62%) and Catholics (60%) also hold this
view. By contrast, a majority of Hindus (53%), along with half of Jews (50%) and pluralities of
Buddhists (45%) and the unaffiliated (35%), say they view God not as a person but rather as an
impersonal force.

Authority of Scripture and Tradition. More than six-in-ten Americans (63%), including majorities of
many religious traditions, view their religion’s sacred texts as the word of God. This belief tends to
be most common among Christians. More than eight-in-ten Jehovah’s Witnesses (92%), Mormons
(91%) and members of evangelical (88%) and historically black (84%) Protestant churches view
the Bible as the word of God, as do majorities of Catholics (62%), mainline Protestants (61%)
and Orthodox Christians (59%). Muslims, too, hold a high view of Scripture, with 86% viewing
the Koran as the word of God. By contrast, Buddhists (67%), the unaffiliated (64%), Jews (53%)
and Hindus (47%) are more likely to view the Scripture as the work of men than as the word of
God.

While a large majority of Christians believe that the Bible is the word of God, the various Christian
traditions are divided over whether or not the Bible should be interpreted literally, word for word.
For example, a majority of members of historically black (62%) and evangelical (59%) Protestant
churches say the Bible should be interpreted literally. By comparison, mainline Protestants,
Catholics and Mormons are more likely to say the Bible, though the word of God, should not be
interpreted literally.

A plurality of adults (44%) who are affiliated with a particular faith say their religion should preserve
its traditional beliefs and practices. Roughly one-third (35%) say their religion should adjust to
new circumstances, and one-eighth (12%) say their religion should adopt modern beliefs and
practices. Majorities of Mormons, Jehovah’s Witnesses and members of evangelical churches,
along with nearly half of members of historically black churches, say their religion should preserve
its traditional beliefs and practices. By contrast, majorities of members of mainline churches and
Catholics, as well as Jews, Muslims, Buddhists and Hindus, favor adjusting to new circumstances
or adopting modern beliefs and practices.

Belief in an Afterlife. Most Americans (74%) believe in life after death, with an equal number
saying they believe in the existence of heaven as a place where people who have led good lives
are eternally rewarded. Belief in the afterlife tends to be particularly common among the Christian
traditions. But the survey also finds that roughly six-in-ten Buddhists (62%) believe in nirvana, the
ultimate state transcending pain and desire in which individual consciousness ends, and about
the same number of Hindus (61%) believe in reincarnation, that people will be reborn in this
world again and again. By contrast, fewer than half of the unaffiliated (48%) and only about four-
in-ten Jews (39%) say they believe in an afterlife.

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Belief in hell, where people who have led bad lives and die without repenting are eternally punished,
is less common than is belief in life after death or heaven, with about six-in-ten Americans (59%)
expressing belief in hell. In every religious tradition, including all the Christian traditions, belief in
hell is at least slightly less prevalent than belief in heaven. Belief in hell tends to be most common
among members of the various Christian traditions, with relatively few Hindus (35%), Buddhists
(26%), unaffiliated (30%) and Jews (22%) saying they believe in hell.

Belief in Heaven and Hell

Believe in…

Heaven Hell
% %
Total population 74 59

Protestant 84 73
Evangelical churches 86 82
Mainline churches 77 56
Historically black churches 91 82
Catholic 82 60
Mormon 95 59
Jehovah’s Witness 46 9
Orthodox 74 56

Jewish 38 22
Muslim 85 80
Buddhist 36 26
Hindu 51 35

Unaffiliated 41 30
Atheist 12 10
Agnostic 18 12
Secular unaffiliated 32 23
Religious unaffiliated 68 51

Belief in the Supernatural. As with belief in life after death, belief in the supernatural is also quite
common. Nearly eight-in-ten American adults (79%), for instance, agree that miracles still occur
today as in ancient times. But here again, the intensity with which people hold these beliefs varies
considerably across religious groups. For instance, eight-in-ten Mormons completely agree that
miracles still occur today, as do large majorities of members of evangelical (61%) and historically
black (58%) Protestant churches. Members of other religious groups, on the other hand, are less
certain, with fewer than half saying they completely agree that miracles still occur today.

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Similar patterns exist with respect to beliefs about the existence of angels and demons. Nearly
seven-in-ten Americans (68%) believe that angels and demons are active in the world. Majorities
of Jehovah’s Witnesses (78%), members of evangelical (61%) and historically black (59%)
Protestant churches, and Mormons (59%) are completely convinced of the existence of angels
and demons. In stark contrast, majorities of Jews (73%), Buddhists (56%), Hindus (55%) and the
unaffiliated (54%) do not believe that angels and demons are active in the world.

Great Diversity of Religious Practices As Well

The great diversity of religion in the U.S. is also reflected in religious practices. For instance, most
Americans (54%) say they attend religious services fairly regularly (at least once or twice per
month), with about four-in-ten (39%) saying they attend worship services every week. Frequent
church attendance is particularly common among Jehovah’s Witnesses (82% of whom attend
church at least once a week), Mormons (75%) and members of historically black (59%) and
evangelical (58%) Protestant churches. By comparison, attendance at religious services is a less
common practice among Catholics (42% of whom say they attend church at least once a week)
and members of mainline Protestant churches (34%). Even smaller numbers of Hindus (24%),
Buddhists (17%), Jews (16%) and the unaffiliated (5%) say they attend religious services at least
once a week.

The Landscape Survey reveals similar patterns in congregational involvement outside of worship
services. Majorities of Mormons (77%), Jehovah’s Witnesses (76%) and members of historically
black (60%) and evangelical (54%) Protestant churches, for example, participate at least once
or twice a month in congregational activities such as musical programs, volunteering, working
with children or social activities. Members of these religious traditions also tend to be most
likely to participate regularly in prayer groups, Scripture study groups or religious education
programs. Catholics and members of mainline Protestant churches, by comparison, tend to be
less connected to their congregations in these ways, as are Jews, Buddhists and Hindus.

Private Devotional Activities. Americans also engage in a wide variety of private devotional
activities. Nearly six-in-ten (58%), for instance, say they pray every day, with majorities of
most religious traditions saying they pray daily. Daily prayer is most common among Jehovah’s
Witnesses (89%), Mormons (82%) and members of historically black (80%) and evangelical
(78%) Protestant churches. A smaller number of Catholics and members of mainline Protestant
churches, though still a majority (58% and 53%, respectively), say they pray daily. By contrast,
only 45% of Buddhists, 26% of Jews and 22% of the unaffiliated say they pray daily. Roughly
six-in-ten Hindus (62%) say they pray at a shrine or other religious symbol in their home at least
once a week, as do one-third of Buddhists (33%).

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Meditation is a less common practice than is prayer, with four-in-ten adults (39%) saying they
meditate at least once a week, compared with three-quarters of Americans who say they pray at
least once a week. But meditation is a regular practice among most Buddhists (61% meditate at
least once a week) and is also practiced on a weekly basis by majorities of Jehovah’s Witnesses
(72%), Mormons (56%) and members of historically black churches (55%). Fewer members of
other religious traditions meditate on a weekly basis, including just 26% of the unaffiliated and
23% of Jews.

Prayer and Meditation

Pray at least weekly* Meditate at least weekly**

% %
Total population 75 39

Protestant 86 44
Evangelical churches 92 46
Mainline churches 76 35
Historically black churches 92 55
Catholic 79 36
Mormon 92 56
Jehovah’s Witness 95 72
Orthodox 77 32

Jewish 44 23
Muslim 82 46
Buddhist 58 61
Hindu 76 44

Unaffiliated 35 26
Atheist 10 18
Agnostic 18 25
Secular unaffiliated 19 22
Religious unaffiliated 65 34
*Question: People practice their religion in different ways. Outside of attending religious services, do you pray several times a day, once a day, a
few times a week, once a week, a few times a month, seldom, or never?
**Question: Please tell me how often you do each of the following. First, how often do you [INSERT] – would you say at least once a week,
once or twice a month, several times a year, seldom, or never? And how often do you [INSERT NEXT ITEM]?
(c) Meditate.

Receiving Answers to Prayers. A significant minority of Americans say their prayers result in
definite and specific answers from God at least once a month (31%), with nearly one-in-five
adults (19%) saying they receive direct answers to specific prayer requests at least once a week.
More than half of Mormons (54%) say they receive responses to prayer at least once or twice

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a month, as do half or nearly half of members of historically black churches (50%), Jehovah’s
Witnesses (49%) and members of evangelical Protestant churches (46%). These are largely the
same groups – Jehovah’s Witnesses are the exception – that also are most likely to say they
have experienced or witnessed a divine healing of an illness or injury. By contrast, members of
most other religious traditions tend to be less likely to report familiarity with this kind of direct
interaction with the divine.

Religious Practices with Children. Most parents in the U.S. report engaging in a variety of
religious activities with their children. More than six-in-ten parents (63%) with children at home,
for instance, say they pray or read Scripture with their children, while nearly as many (60%) send
their children to religious education programs. Mormons and members of historically black and
evangelical churches stand out as particularly likely to pursue these activities with their children,
though many parents in other religious groups also engage in these activities. Two-thirds of
Hindus, for instance, pray or read Scripture with their children, and roughly six-in-ten members
of mainline churches (62%), Jews (56%) and Orthodox Christians (58%) send their children to
religious education programs. Far fewer parents (15%) choose either to send their children to
religious schools instead of public schools or to home school them. Interestingly, though, this
practice is most common among Jews (27%) and Orthodox Christians (30%), two groups that do
not tend to stand out for high levels of religious involvement on many other measures.

Sharing Faith With Others. About one-in-three affiliated adults (36%) say they share their faith
with others at least once a month. Nearly half (47%) say they seldom or never share their faith
or views on God with people from other religious backgrounds, and an additional 14% say this is
something they do only once or twice a year. Here again, however, certain groups stand out for
the emphasis they place on sharing their faith. More than eight-in-ten Jehovah’s Witnesses (84%)
share their faith with others every month, as do 55% of members of historically black churches,
52% of members of evangelical churches and 47% of Mormons. This practice is less common
among most other religious traditions.

Religion, Moral Values and Modern Society

More than three-quarters of American adults (78%) believe there are absolute standards of right
and wrong, with a majority (52%) saying they rely primarily on practical experience and common
sense for guidance regarding right and wrong. Far fewer say they rely mainly on their religious
beliefs (29%), and fewer still say they rely on philosophy and reason (9%) or scientific information
(5%). Only among Jehovah’s Witnesses (73%), Mormons (58%) and members of evangelical
churches (52%) do majorities say they rely primarily on their religion for guidance about right and
wrong.

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Religion and Society. A solid majority of Americans (62%) reject the idea that religion causes
more problems in society than it solves. This figure includes majorities of most Christian traditions
and more than two-thirds of Muslims (68%). In contrast, nearly half of Jews (49%) and more
than half of Buddhists (56%), Hindus (57%) and the unaffiliated (59%) say religion causes more
problems than it solves. Indeed, more than three-quarters of atheists (77%) believe religion
causes more problems than it solves, with nearly half (49%) of atheists completely agreeing with
this statement.

Although a majority of Americans (54%) who have a particular religious affiliation say they do not
see a conflict between being a devout person and living in a modern society, a substantial minority
across nearly all religious traditions believe that such a tension exists. This view is particularly
prevalent among Jehovah’s Witnesses (59% say there is a conflict between being devout and
living in a modern society) as well as members of evangelical and historically black Protestant
churches, among whom 49% and 46%, respectively, share this view. Overall, those who attend
religious services at least once a week (44%) or who say religion is very important in their lives
(44%) are more likely to say there is a conflict than those who attend worship services less often
(35%) or who say religion is less important in their lives (31%).

Interestingly, a substantial number of adults who are not affiliated with a religion also sense that
there is a conflict between religion and modern society – except for them the conflict involves
being non-religious in a society where most people are religious. For instance, more than four-in-
ten atheists and agnostics (44% and 41%, respectively) believe that such a tension exists.

Religion and Popular Culture. Many Americans also see a conflict between their values and
popular culture, as is evident in people’s views of Hollywood and the entertainment industry.
Although a majority of adults (56%) reject the idea that Hollywood poses a threat to their values,
a significant minority (42%) perceives such a threat. Among adults who are affiliated with a
particular religious tradition, nearly half (45%) say Hollywood threatens their values. Concern with
the values of the entertainment industry is particularly high among Mormons (67%), Jehovah’s
Witnesses (54%) and members of evangelical Protestant churches (53%). The level of concern
tends to be strongest among the most religiously active adults, as measured by such factors as
frequency of prayer and attendance at worship services.

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Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life / U.S. Religious Landscape Survey

Tensions Between Religion and Modernity

% who…

See conflict between Say values are
religion and modern society threatened by Hollywood
% %
Total 40* 42

Protestant 43 46
Evangelical churches 49 53
Mainline churches 32 41
Historically black churches 46 35
Catholic 34 43
Mormon 36 67
Jehovah’s Witness 59 54
Orthodox 35 42

Jewish 29 25
Muslim 32** 41
Buddhist 30 31
Hindu 31 39

Unaffiliated 34*** 28
Atheist 44 19
Agnostic 41 21
Secular unaffiliated 28 27
Religious unaffiliated 34 35
*Based on those who are affiliated with a particular religion.
**From “Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream,” Pew Research Center, 2007.
***Those who are affiliated with a particular religion were asked whether there is a “conflict between being a devout religious person and
living in a modern society,” while the unaffiliated (including atheists, agnostics, the secular unaffiliated and the religious unaffiliated) were asked
whether there is a “conflict between being a non-religious person and living in a society where most people are religious.”

Personal Satisfaction. A majority of Americans (59%) are very satisfied with their personal lives.
Those who are affiliated with a religious tradition are somewhat more satisfied with their lives
than those who are not (60% to 54%). And people who attend worship services at least once
a week report higher levels of satisfaction with their personal lives (65%) compared with those
who attend religious services less often (55%).

Despite their overall feelings of satisfaction with their personal lives, and even higher levels of
satisfaction with their family lives, only about a quarter of U.S. adults (27%) say they are satisfied
with the way things are going in the country (as of the summer of 2007 when the survey was
conducted). Members of historically black churches (17%) and Jehovah’s Witnesses (10%) are
among the least satisfied with the overall direction of the country. The Landscape Survey also

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finds that about one-quarter of the public (27%) is satisfied with the way the political system
is working. No more than a third of any religious group expresses overall satisfaction with the
way the political system is working, with the exception of Mormons (36% of whom are very or
somewhat satisfied).

Religion Helps Shape Political Views

Relatively few adults (14%) cite their religious beliefs as the main influence on their political
thinking – about the same number as cite their education as being most important (13%). Far
more cite their personal experience (34%) as being most important in shaping their political
views. An additional 19% identify what they see or read in the media as the most important
influence in shaping their political views.

But despite Americans’ general reliance on practical experience in shaping their political thinking,
the Landscape Survey confirms that there are strong links between Americans’ views on political
issues and their religious affiliation, beliefs and practices. In fact, religion may be playing a more
powerful, albeit indirect, role in shaping people’s thinking than most Americans recognize.

Affiliation Helps Shape Views

When it comes to religious affiliation and basic political outlook, for instance, Mormons and
members of evangelical churches are much more likely than other religious groups to describe
their political ideology as conservative. Not surprisingly given these ideological leanings, Mormons
and members of evangelical churches are also by far the most Republican religious groups in the
population; roughly two-thirds of Mormons and half of members of evangelical churches describe
themselves as Republican or leaning toward the Republican Party.

At the other end of the political spectrum, Jews, Buddhists, Hindus and the unaffiliated are much
more likely than members of most other religious groups to describe their political beliefs as
liberal. When it comes to partisanship, more than three-quarters of members of historically black
churches favor the Democratic Party, as do two-thirds of Jews and Buddhists and majorities of
Muslims (63%), Hindus (63%) and the unaffiliated (55%).

The connection between religious affiliation and politics appears to be especially strong when it
comes to certain issues, particularly those that have been at the forefront of the “culture war”
controversies of recent years. Some religious traditions, for instance, are overwhelmingly opposed
to abortion; seven-in-ten Mormons and six-in-ten members of evangelical churches (61%) say
abortion should be illegal in most or all circumstances. On the other side of the issue, six-in-ten
members of mainline churches (62%) and seven-in-ten of the unaffiliated say abortion should be
legal in most or all instances. A similar divide exists on the question of whether homosexuality is
a way of life that should be discouraged or accepted by society.

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Religion and Views on Cultural Issues

% who say that...

Abortion should be Homosexuality is a way of life
illegal in all or most cases that should be discouraged by society
% %
Total population 43 40

Protestant 49 51
Evangelical churches 61 64
Mainline churches 32 34
Historically black churches 46 46
Catholic 45 30
Mormon 70 68
Orthodox 30 37
Jehovah’s Witness 77 76

Jewish 14 15
Muslim 48 61*
Buddhist 13 12
Hindu 24 37

Total affiliated with a religion 46 44

Total unaffiliated 24 20
Atheist 13 14
Agnostic 14 10
Secular unaffiliated 19 17
Religious unaffiliated 36 29
*From “Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream,” Pew Research Center, 2007.

But there are other political issues on which there is more agreement across religious traditions.
On the question of government’s role in providing aid to the needy, for instance, large majorities
of most religious traditions agree that the government should do more to help needy Americans,
even if it means going deeper into debt. A similar consensus exists across the board with respect
to basic views on the environment, with majorities of most religious groups saying that stricter
environmental laws and regulations are worth the cost. And majorities within most religious
traditions say that diplomacy rather than military strength is the best way to ensure peace.

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Religious Beliefs and Practices Also Help Shape Views

The survey also confirms the connection that exists between religious intensity and social and
political views. Across a variety of religious traditions, those who say that religion is very important
in their lives, express a more certain belief in God, or pray or attend worship services more
frequently tend to be much more conservative in their political outlook and more Republican in
their party affiliation.

As with affiliation, the connection between religious engagement and political attitudes appears
to be especially strong when it comes to social issues such as abortion and homosexuality. For
instance, nearly three-in-four (73%) members of evangelical churches who attend church at least
once a week say abortion should be illegal in most or all cases, compared with only 45% of
members of evangelical churches who attend church less frequently. The survey finds a similar
pattern among several religious traditions, including members of mainline and historically black
Protestant churches, Catholics, Mormons, Orthodox Christians and Jews; the more active members
of these traditions tend to be more likely to oppose legalized abortion compared with members of
the same traditions who attend worship services less frequently. Views of whether homosexuality
is a way of life that should be discouraged or accepted by society follow a similar pattern. But the
survey also finds that views on other political issues, such as environmental regulations and the
role of government, tend to vary less based on level of religious involvement.

U.S. Remains Highly Religious, Though Some Secularization

The U.S. has largely avoided the secularizing trends that have reshaped the religious scene in
recent decades in European and other economically developed nations – but not entirely. The
Landscape Survey documents, for example, that the number of Americans who are not affiliated
with a religion has grown significantly in recent decades, with the number of people who today
say they are unaffiliated with a religious tradition (16% of U.S. adults) more than double the
number who say they were not affiliated with a religion as children (7%).

It remains to be seen how this trend toward secularization will ultimately impact religion in the
U.S. But what is clear is that religion remains a powerful force in the private and public lives of
most Americans, a fact amply illustrated by the findings of the U.S. Religious Landscape Survey
discussed in this report.

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About the Report

The chapters that follow amount to a topic-by-topic reference source on Americans’ religious
beliefs and practices as well as the social and political views of the numerous religious traditions.
Interactive online tools available at www.pewforum.org allow users to delve deeper into many of
the survey findings, including religious affiliation and newly added data on religious beliefs and
practices as well as social and political views.

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