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    1-2 Prelim - Introduction To Parasitology

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    Nel Tindugani
    The document discusses parasitology and medical parasitology. It defines key terms like parasite, host, vector, incidence and more. It also describes parasite life cycles, transmission routes, types of parasites and infection prevention methods.

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    1-2 Prelim - Introduction To Parasitology

    Uploaded by

    Nel Tindugani
    15 views27 pages
    The document discusses parasitology and medical parasitology. It defines key terms like parasite, host, vector, incidence and more. It also describes parasite life cycles, transmission routes, types of parasites and infection prevention methods.

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    1-2 PRELIM--INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY

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    The document discusses parasitology and medical parasitology. It defines key terms like parasite, host, vector, incidence and more. It also describes parasite life cycles, transmission routes, types of parasites and infection prevention methods.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    15 views27 pages

    1-2 Prelim - Introduction To Parasitology

    Uploaded by

    Nel Tindugani
    The document discusses parasitology and medical parasitology. It defines key terms like parasite, host, vector, incidence and more. It also describes parasite life cycles, transmission routes, types of parasites and infection prevention methods.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 27

    Parasitology

    ➢ the area of biology concerned with the


    phenomenon of dependence of one living
    organism on another.
    Medical Parasitology
    ➢ is concerned primarily with the animal
    parasites of humans and their medical
    significance, as well as their importance in
    human communities.
    Parasite
    ➢ Organism depending on another living
    creatures for existence
    Host
    ➢ Organism that supports or harbors parasite
    Vector
    ➢ are responsible for transmitting the parasite
    from one host to another.
    Incidence
    ➢ number of new cases of infection in a
    population in a given period of time.
    Exposure
    ➢ the act or process of inoculation.
    Pathogen
    ➢ animal parasites which are harmful,
    frequently causing local and systemic
    damage of one type or another.
    Incubation period
    ➢ Period between infection and evidence
    of symptoms
    ➢ Pre-patent period
    ➢ Biologic incubation period
    Superinfection
    ➢ when an individual harboring a
    parasite is reinfected with the same
    specie of parasites.
    Autoinfection
    ➢ when the infected person is his own
    direct source of reexposure.
    1. Mechanical / Phoretic Vector
    ➢ the parasite is only seen on the surface
    of this organism and there will be no
    development on the parasite
    ➢ eg. Cockroaches, flies
    2. Biological Vector
    ➢ the parasite is seen inside the body of
    this organism and the parasite needs
    this organism for its development
    ➢ eg. Mosquitoes, tsetse flies
    1. Obligate parasite
    ➢ depend entirely upon their host for
    existence.
    2. Facultative parasite
    ➢ exist in a free-living state or may become
    parasitic when the need arises.
    3. Incidental / Accidental parasite
    ➢ attack an unusual host
    4. Spurious parasite
    ➢ free-living organisms in nature that are
    parasitic to others but not in human.
    1. Ectoparasite
    ➢ parasite living outside the body of the host
    ➢ will not penetrate into the tissues.
    ➢ living on the surface of the skin
    ➢ the caused of these are called as infestation

    2. Endoparasite

    ➢ parasite living inside the body of the host


    ➢ living within the body of the host (infection)
    ➢ usually these are responsible to cause human infections.

    3. Saprophytes
    ➢ that which lives in organic substances in state of
    decomposition.
    TYPES OF HOST
    DEFINITION/DESCRIPTION
    Accidental host host other than the normal one that is harboring a parasite
    Definitive host host in which the adult sexual phase of parasite
    development occurs
    Reservoir host host harboring parasites that are parasitic for humans and
    form which humans may become infected
    Intermediate host host in which the larval asexual phase of parasite
    development occurs
    Transport host host responsible for transferring a parasite from one location
    to another
    Carrier parasite harboring host that is not exhibiting any clinical
    symptoms but can infect others
    Parasite-host relationship
    DEFINITION/DESCRIPTION
    Symbiosis living together; the association of two living organisms,
    Commensalism association of two different species of organisms that is
    beneficial to one and neutral to other
    Mutualism association of two different species of organism that is
    beneficial to both
    Parasitism association of two different species of organisms that is
    beneficial to one at the other’s expense
    Commensalism relating to commensalism; the association between two
    different organisms in which one benefits and has a neutral
    effect on the other
    Pathogenic parasite that has demonstrated the ability to cause disease
    commensalism symbiosis

    parasitism
    1. Ingestion of contaminated food or drink (primarily
    water)
    EXAMPLE: CYST OF
    - E.histolytica
    - G.lamblia
    2. Hand-to-mouth transfer
    EXAMPLE: EGGS OF
    - A. lumbricoides
    - T. trichiura
    3. Insect bite
    EXAMPLE: - W. bancrofti
    - B. malayi
    4. Entry via drilling through the skin

    EXAMPLE: - Schistosoma sp.

    - Hookworm

    5. Unprotected sexual relations

    EXAMPLE: - T. vaginalis

    6. Mouth-to-mouth contact

    EXAMPLE: - T. tenax
    7. Eating raw or inadequately cooked foods
    - EXAMPLE: - E.ilocanum ( nails )
    - C.philippinensis ( fish )
    - D.latum ( fish )
    - T.saginata ( beef )
    - T.solium ( pork )
    8. Domestic animals
    - EXAMPLE: - D.caninum
    - H.diminuta
    1. Portal of entry
    ➢ particular site of the body where the
    parasite prefer to enter.
    2. Portal of exit
    ➢ site of the body where the parasite moves
    out
    I. MOUTH
    II. SKIN
    III. PERCUTANEOUS
    IV. INHALATION
    V. SECRETIONS
    VI. SEXUALLY
    TRANSMITTED
    I. Mouth - A.lumbricoides
    - T.trichuria
    - E.vermicularis
    - E.histolytica
    - G.lamblia
    - C.philippinensis
    II. SKIN - N.americanus
    - A.duodenale
    - S.stercolaris
    - S.japonicum

    III. PERCUTANEOUS
    - Malarial parasites
    - Filarial worms
    - Leishmania
    - Trypanosomes
    IV. INHALATION - E.vermicularis

    V. SECRETIONS - S.stercolaris
    - Ancylostoma spp.
    VII. SEXUALLY
    TRANSMITTED - T.vaginalis
    • Parasitic life cycle range from simple to
    complex, they all have three common
    components
    ❑ Mode of transmission
    ❑ morphologic form that invades humans
    ❑ forms that can be detected via laboratory retrieval
    methods
    • Some parasites require only 1 definitive host,
    whereas others also require 1 or more
    intermediate host
    • A parasite life cycle consist of two common
    phases
    • Individuals in underdeveloped areas and countries
    • Refugees
    • Immigrants
    • Visitors from foreign countries
    • Individuals who are immunocompromised
    • Individuals living in close quarters (e.g., prisons)
    • Children who attend day care centers
    • Chemotherapy
    • Surgical intervention – if chemotherapy is
    unavailable or has proved inadequate.
    • The following points must be considered:
    • Severity, duration and intensity of
    infection and the probability of reinfection.
    • Efficacy, availability, toxicity and
    acceptability of the treatment.
    • Development and implementation of parasite
    awareness
    • education programs
    • Use of insecticides and other chemicals
    • Use of protective clothing
    • Use of protective netting
    • Proper water treatment
    • Good personal hygiene
    • Proper sanitation practices
    • Proper handling, cooking, and protection of food
    • Avoidance of unprotected sexual relations
    Sub Phylum Sub-phylum Genus- Species-
    kingdom examples examples

    Protozoa Sarcomastig- Sarcodina-- - Entamoeba E. histolytica


    ophora move by
    pseudopodia
    further divided into

    Mastigophora Giardia G. lamblia


    move by flagella

    Apicomplexa Plasmodium P. falciparum,


    no organelle of P. vivax,
    locomotion
    P. malariae,
    P. ovale

    Ciliophora Balantidium B. coli


    move by cillia

    Microspora Enterocyto- E. bienusi


    Spore-forming zoa
    Sub Phylum Class Genus –
    kingdom examples
    Metazoa Nematodes Ascaris (roundworm)
    Round worms; appear round Trichuris (whipworm)
    in cross section, they have Ancylostoma (hookworm)
    body cavities, a straight Necator (hookworm)
    alimentary canal and an Enterobius (pinworm or
    anus threadworm)
    Strongyloides

    Platyhelminthes Cestodes Taenia (tapeworm)


    Flat worms; dorsoventrally Adult tapeworms are found in
    flattened, no body cavity the intestine of their host
    and, if present, the They have a head (scolex) with
    alimentary canal is blind sucking organs, a segmented
    ending body but no alimentary canal
    Each body segment is
    hermaphrodite

    Trematodes Fasciolopsis (liver fluke)


    Non-segmented, usually leaf- Schistosoma (not leaf
    shaped, with two suckers but shaped!)
    no distinct head
    They have an alimentary canal
    and are usually hermaphrodite
    and leaf shaped
    Schistosomes are the
    exception. They are thread-
    like, and have separate sexes

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