GRP PIPES GRP

Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Pipes

E
ce Group has 25 years of proven quality
and success in the production of concrete and
reinforced concrete pipes. Its two established
factories are located in Manisa and Adapazarı, Turkey.
The company has expanded over the years to produce
a variety of Polyethylene Pipes (PE63, PE100, PE80,
PE80 Gas, Steel Wire Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipes,
Corrugated HDPE Pipes, Metal Reinforced Corrugated
HDPE Pipes) and GRP (Glassfiber Reinforced Plastic Pipes)
and Pipe Fittings with the EBS (Ece Boru Sistemleri-Ece Pipe
Systems) brand name. All of its products are up-to-date and
comply with the needs of infrastructure projects according
to the latest technological developments.

EBS is located in Manisa, Turkey with a large and modern

plant based on high technology. It has a closed area of
7.500 sqm and an open area of 50.000 sqm. In addition
to this, there are plans to expand on this and to build
new facilities. The company is continually expanding its
production capacity and broadening its range of products.

EBS (Ece Boru Sistemleri-Ece Pipe Systems), which is a

subsidiary of Ece Group, is the first and only in Turkey
with such a wide diversity within its production range.
All of EBS products are produced within the scope of
TSE (Certificate of Turkish Standards Institude), ISO
(International Organization for Standardization) and other
related international standards.

EBS (Ece Boru Sistemleri- Ece Pipe Systems) which follows

and applies all the new technologies, included and started
production of Metal Reinforced Corrugated HDPE
100 Pipes and Steel Wire Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipes
to keep up to date in pipe industry.
GRP PIPES
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Pipes
INDEX

Product Description 4

Production Process 4

Superiorities and Advantages 5

Engineering Formulas 7

Handling, Storage and Transport 13

Pipe Trench 14

Trench Sections 15

Thrust Blocks 17

Field Hydro-Testing 18

Dimensions 19

Chemical Resistance 20

INDEX 3
GRP PIPES GRP
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Pipes

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
PRODUCTION PROCESS and are mixed with it in the day tanks. The addivitives are
Continuous Filament Winding Process available in different concentration and may be diluted
by the producers in mineral spirit to reach the required
NOMINAL DIAMETERS
concentration needed for the production of the pipes.
DN 300 mm - DN2800 mm

PIPE LENGTHS QUALITY STANDARDS

GRP pipes are manufactured in accordance with all the
GRP pipes are manufactured between 6m-12m , may also be
national and international standards like TSE, ISO, BS, DIN,
manufactured between 0,5m-16m length depending on the
ASTM ve AWWA. Other local approvals are also available,
desired length according to the project needs.
dependent on country specific requirements.
PRESSURE CATEGORIES
PN 1 bar to PN 40 bar

STIFFNESS CATEGORIES
PRODUCTION PROCESS
GRP pipes are manufactured in SN 2500 N/m2, SN 5000 EBS (ECE BORU S‹STEMLER‹ - ECE PIPE SYSTEMS),
N/m2, SN 10.000 N/m2, may also be manufactured in the GRP pipes are produced by continuous filament winding
desired values of stiffness according to the project needs. process. Major raw materials are ishoptalic, orthoptalic
resin, E glass, ECR glass, quartz sand, etc. Production
AREAS OF USE
process is fully operated with computer controlled machines
• Drinking water networks and water distribution pipelines
which provides standard and repeatable quality in GRP pipes
• Irrigation networks and drainage applications
and fittings.
• Sewerage projects network,collector lines
• Sewerage projects force mains
TURKEY TS4355
• Pressure Pipelines for hydroelectric power stations
USA AWWA M45
• Storm water drainage
ASTM D 3517
• Cooling water supply and discharge in power stations
ASTM D 3754
• Pipelines to carry the chemical wastes ASTM D 3262
• Relining Applications
GERMANY DIN 16 869 (1+2)
• Pipelines to remove the industrial wastes
DIN 16 565 (1)
• Pipelines to carry the geothermal water
ENGLAND BS 5480 (1+2)
• Reservoir for chemical plants and drinking water
• Discharge lines of the sea ITALY UNI 9032
UNI 9033
RAW MATERIALS JAPAN JIS A 5350
Isophtalic, orthophtalic polyester resin, E/ECR fiberglass,
SWEDEN SS 3622
quartz sand, catalyst and additives. SS 3623
Resin: Only qualified resin for the winding process. Usually BELGIUM NBN T 41-101
it is delivered in drums or bulk. The resin is prepared in day NBN T 41-102
tanks at the winder. Normal application temperature is 25oC. AUSTRIA ÖNORM B 5184
ÖNORM B 5182
Glass: Glass is specified by tex which is the weight in
grams/1000 meters length.

Quartz sand: Sand is added to the core of the pipe and the
inner layer of couplings. High silica sand must be within the
specifications for approved raw material.

Catalyst: The right amount of catalyst is added to the

resin for curing the mix right before application on the
mandrel. Only approved catalysts are used in the
manufacturing process of the pipes.

Additives: Additives are used as accelerator for the resin Manufacturing is in accordance with the national,
international standards like TSE, ISO, BS, ASTM, DIN,
AWWA etc.
4 GRP PIPES
GRP PIPES GRP
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Pipes

SUPERIORITIES and ADVANTAGES

PRODUCTION and METHODS COUPLING
The production process is fully operated based on computer Sleeve couplings combined with gaskets provides 100%
controlled system to ensure the continuous and repeat- tightness . (Mechanic Couplings , Flanged couplings, couplings
able quality. The standards used for the GRP Pipes are, TS with other type of pipes, couplings with parts like valves
4355 GRP pipes and fittings, AWWA C950 pressure drink- and etc.)
ing water pipes, ASTM 3517 pressure drinking water pipes,
ASTM 3262 gravity sewer pipes, ASTM 3754 pressure sewer
pipes, BS 5480 GRP pipes and fittings, DIN16869 GRP pipes
and fittings, ISO/DIS 10467.3 waste water pipes, ISO/DIS
10639.3 drinking water pipes, ISO/TR 10465-3 fitting rules.

FAST MOUNTING
Mounting is fast and reliable with EPDM gaskets. EBS,
GRP pipes make handling and mounting easier than any
other types.
APPLICATION AREAS
Underground applications, upperground applications, subwa-
ter applications, relining

HANDLING and STORAGE

The ability of telescobic loading provides savings in handling
and storage.

CUTTING and FINISHING

Adjustments of pipes on site with easy cutting and finishing
according to the desired lengths.

LIGHTNESS DESIGN
GRP pipes are in the 1/4 weight of ductile iron, steel pipes and Design alternatives on the basis of chemical materials to
1/10 weight of concrete pipes. EBS, GRP pipes eliminates need be carried, stiffness values, temperature of fluids and fitting
for expensive pipe handling equipment. types.

PIPE LENGTHS EXTREME PRESSURES

GRP pipes are manufactured between 6m-12m, may be Elastic pipe walls substantially absorb the peak pressures
manufactured between 0,5m -16m according to the project which is known as water hammer.
needs.

GRP PIPES 5
GRP PIPES GRP
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Pipes

SUPERIORITIES and ADVANTAGES

CORROSION RESISTANT ELASTICITY
EBS, GRP pipes do not require for linings, coatings, cathodic The elastic characteristic of GRP pipes enables the
protection, wraps or other forms of corrosion protection. accomodation to earth movements. For this reason GRP
Maintenance cost is low. Hydraulic characteristics essentially pipes are preferred in seismic zones. Elasticity also reduces
constant over time. the quantities of bends used in the project.

HYDRAULIC CONDUCTION
Smooth inside walls of GRP pipes provides savings from
pipe diameters and from electrical energy consumptions in
pumping lines.(Colebrook White k=0,001 Hazen Williams
c=155 Manning n=0,008)

DEVIATION IN FITTINGS
The tolerance of deviation in the fittings decrease the bends
required in the projects. The tolerable degrees are; 3o for
DN300-500 mm, 2o for DN600-900 mm, 1o for DN1000-
1800 mm and 0,5o for DN>1800 mm
QUALITY of FITTINGS
Fittings have the same characteristics of GRP pipes as they
are produced from the same materials.

RESISTIVITY
GRP pipes do not conduct electricity and are not affected
from induction flows.

EXTREMELY SMOOTH BORE

Low friction loss means less pumping energy needed and
lower operating costs.

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GRP PIPES GRP
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Pipes

ENGINEERING FORMULAS
1. HEAD LOSS 1.3 Darcy-Weisbach equation;
The Hazen Williams, Manning and Darcy-;Weisbach methods The primary advantage of this equation is that it is valid for
are prevalently used to determine the local and continuous all fluids in both laminar and turbulent flow. “f” coefficient in
pressure loss. this equation is characterized with Reynolds number.
If Re≤2000 flow type is “Laminar”
1.1 Hazen-Williams equation; If 2000<Re<4000 flow type is “Transition flow zone”
Hazen Williams equation is applicable to water pipes under If Re≥4000 flow type is “Turbulent”
conditions of full turbulent flow. Although not as technically
correct as other methods for all velocities the Hazen hf = (f/D) (V2/2g) L
Williams equation has gained wide acceptance in the water f : Darcy-weisbach friction factor, (dimensionless)
and wastewater applications. D : Pipe inside diameter (m)
hf : Friction factor (m)
Many engineers prefer a simplified version of the Hazen g : Gravitational constant (9,81 m/s2)
Williams equation. L : Length of pipe section (m)
V : Fluid velocity (m/sec)
hf = [3,35x10 6 Q/(Cd2,63)]1,852
hf : Friction factor, m of water /100 m If Re≤2000; fl=64/Re
Q : Flow rate (L / sec) If Re≥4000; f coefficient is,
C : Hazen Williams roughness coefficient, (dimensionless) ft= [1,8xLog (Re/7)]-2 (%1 imperfection)
Typical value for fiberglass pipe= 150
d : Pipe inside diameter, mm 1.4 Local Head Loss in Fittings;
Head loss in fittings is expressed as the equivalent length
Head Loss converted to Pressure Loss; of pipe, that is added to the straight run of pipe. When
tabular data are not available or when additional accuracy is
p = [(hf /100) L (SG)] necessary, head loss in fittings can be determined using loss
p : Pressure loss, tone/m2 (1 tone/ m2= 9,81 kPA) coefficients “k” for each type of fitting.
L : Line length (m)
SG : Specific gravity, dimensionless, (1 for water) hff = K (V2/2g)
hff : head loss (m)
1.2 Manning equation;
The manning equation typically solves gravity flow problems “K” values for some fitting types;
where the pipe is only partially full and is under the influence Fitting Type K- Value
of an elevation head only.
11,25° bend-single miter 0.09
Q = (K/n) (S)0,5 (RH)2/3 A 15° bend-single miter 0.20
n : Roughness coeefficient 22,50° bend-single miter 0.12
(0,009 for typical fiberglass pipe) 30° bend-single miter 0.29
K : Coefficient (K=1,0m) 45° bend-single miter 0.50
S : Hydraulic slope, S=(H1-H2)/L 90° bend-single miter 1.40
H1 : Upstream elevation (m) 180° U part 1.30
H2 : Downstream elevation (m) Tee, flow from branch 1.70
L : Length of pipe section (m) Reducer, single size reduction 0.70
A : Cross sectional area (m2) Reducer, double size reduction 3.30
RH : hydraulic radius (m), (A/Wp)
Wp : wetted perimeter of pipe (m)

GRP PIPES 7
GRP PIPES GRP
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Pipes

ENGINEERING FORMULAS
MOODY DIAGRAM

2. PRESSURE SURGE
Pressure surge, also known commonly as water hammer, results The pressure class Pc must be greater than or equal to the
from an abrupt change of fluid velocity within the system. The sum of the working pressure Pw and surge pressure Ps
magnitude of pressue surge is a function of the fluid properties divided by 1,4.
and velocity, the modulus of elasticity and wall thickness of the
pipe material, the length of the line, and the speed at which the Pc ≥ (Pw+Ps)/1,4 (AWWA M45)
momentum of the fluid changes. The relatively high compliance Pw : Working pressure
of fiberglass pipe contributes to a self-damping effect as the Ps : Surge pressure
pressure wave travels through the piping system.
3. RING BENDING
Ps = a (SG) ∆V The maximum allowable long-term vertical pipe deflection
Ps : Pressure surge deviation from normal (kPa) should not result in a ring-bending strain or stress that
SG : Fluid specific gravity, (dimensionless), (1 for water) exceeds the long term,ring bending capability of the pipe
∆V : Change in flow velocity (m/sec) reduced by an appropriate design factor.
a : Wave velocity, (m/sec)
a = 1/[(ρ/g)(1/109 k +d/109 E(t)]0,5 For stress basis:
ρ : Fluid density (kg/m3) ∆y t SE
σb = 103 Df E ( a) ( t ) ≤ 103 b
g : Gravitational constant (9,81 m/sec2) D D FS

k : Bulk modulus of compressibility of liquid (Gpa)
d : Pipe inside diameter (mm) For strain basis:
E : Modulus of elasticity (GPa) ∆y t S
t : Pipe wall thickness (mm) εb = Df ( a) ( t ) ≤ b
D D FS

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GRP PIPES GRP
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Pipes

ENGINEERING FORMULAS
σb : maximum ring bending stress due to deflection 5. DEFLECTION
(MPa) Buried pipe should be installed in a manner that will ensure
Df : Shape factor (dimensionless) that external loads will not cause a long term decrease in
The shape factor relates pipe deflection to bending the vertical diameter of the pipe exceeding the maximum
stress od strain and is a function of pipe stiffness, allowable deflection.
pipe zone embedment material and compaction,
haunching, native soil conditions and level of ∆y/D ≤ δd/D ≤ ∆ya/D
deflections. Df has a table of values.
E : Modulus of elasticity (GPa) ∆y/D: Predicted vertical pipe deflection
∆ya : Maximum allowable long term vertical pipe deflection δd/D: Permitted vertical pipe deflection
(mm) ∆ya/D: Maximum allowable vertical pipe deflection
Sb : Long term, ring-bending strain for the pipe (mm/mm)
∆y (DL WC+WL)Kx
D : Mean pipe diameter (mm) =
D 149 PS +61000 Ms
FS : Design factor (1,5)
εb : maximum ring-bending strain due to deflection DL: Deflection lag factor to compensate for the
(mm/mm) time-consolidation rate of the soil (dimensionless)
tt : Total wall thickness (mm) DL>1,00 is appropriate for long term deflection
tt = t+tL approximation
Wc : vertical soil load on pipe (N/m2)
Wc = γs H
Shape factors table
γs : Unitweight of overburden, (N/m3)
Pipe-zone embedment material and compaction
H : Burial depth to top of pipe (m)
Gravel Sand
WL : Live load on pipe (N/m2)
Stiffness Dumbed Moderate Dumbed Moderate
to Slight to High to Slight to High
kPa Shape factor Df (dimensionless)
62 5,5 7,0 6,0 8,0 AASHTO HS-20 ve COOPER E-80
124 4,5 5,5 5,0 6,5 LIVE LOADS
248 3,8 4,5 4,0 5,5 HS-20 Cooper E-80
496 3,3 3,8 3,5 4,5 Depth (m) WL (kPa) Depth (m) WL (kPa)
0,6 92 0,9 110
0,8 67 1,2 97
0,9 51 1,5 84
4. WEARING RESISTANCE
1,2 32 1,8 72
The inside surface of GRP pipes are resistant to the
1,5 23 2,1 62
corrosive liquids inside which prevents the increase of
1,8 18 2,4 53
friction losses.
2,4 11 3,0 39
3,0 7,6 3,7 32
There is no increase of friction losses in GRP pipes,
3,7 5,5 4,6 23
depending on the ageing of materials along the 50 years
4,6 4,1 6,1 15
lifetime of design and 100 years lifetime of service.
6,1 2,8 7,6 10
8,5 1,4 9,1 7,6
EBS/GRP pipes provides energy conservation due to
12,2 0,7 12,2 4,1
sensitivity of 1/100 slickness of pipe walls.

GRP PIPES 9
GRP PIPES GRP
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Pipes

ENGINEERING FORMULAS
Mp P If
WL = PS: Pipe stiffness (kPa)
(L1)(L2)
The pipe stiffness can be determined by conducting
Mp : Multiple presence factor(1,2)
parallel-plate loading tests in accordance with ASTM
P : wheel load magnitude (71300 N for HS-20, 89000
D2412. During the parallel-plate loading test, deflection
N for HS-25)
due to loads on the top and bottom of the pipe is measured.If
If : impact factor
DN < 1600 mm, L=300 mm If DN ≥ 1600 mm, L= 1,20 X DN.
If = 1 + 0,33 [(2,44-h)/2,44] ≥ 1,0
h : Depth of cover (m) PS = 1000F / ∆yt
L1 : Load width parallel to direction of travel (m) F : Load per unit length (N/mm)
L1 = tl + LLDF(h) ∆yt : Vertical pipe deflection, mm, when tested by ASTM
tl : Length of tire footprint (0,25 m) D2412 with a vertical diameter reduction of 5%
LLDF : factor to account for live load distribution with
Pipe stiffness may also be determined by the pipe dimensions
depth of fill, (1.15 for backfills SC1 and SC2, 1.0 for
and material properties.
all other backfills)
L2 : Load width perpendicular to direction of travel (m) EΙx106
PS =
h ≤ hint 0,149 (r + ∆yt /2)3

L2 = tw + LLDF(h)
E : Ring flexural modulus (GPa)
tw : Width of tire footprint (0,5 m)
Ι : Moment of inertia of unit length (mm4/mm)
hint : Depth at which load from wheels interacts
(Ι = tt3/12)
hint = (1,83m – tw) / LLDF
tt: Total wall thickness
h > hint
r : Mean pipe radius (mm)
L2 = [tw + 1,83m + LLDF(h)]/2

Kx : bedding coefficient, dimensionless,0,1 for
nonuniform pipe beddings 0,083 for uniform pipe
GRP PIPE STIFFNESS CATEGORIES
beddings
ASTM ISO
9psi-62kPa 1250 Pa
18psi-124kPa 2500 Pa
36psi-248kPa 5000 Pa
72psi-496 kPa 10000 Pa

Ms : Composite constrained soil modulus (MPa)

Ms = Sc Msb
Sc : Soil support combining factor (dimensionless)
Msb : Constrained soil modulus of the pipe zone
0,25 m
embedment (MPa)
0,25 m To use the Sc table, the following values are
Direction of travel required;
0,50 m
h Msn : Constrained soil modulus of the native soil at pipe
0,50 m
elevation (MPa)
Bd : Trench width at pipe springline (mm)

L1=t1+LLDF (h) L2=tw+LLDF (h)

10 GRP PIPES
GRP PIPES GRP
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Pipes

ENGINEERING FORMULAS
VALUES FOR THE SOIL SUPPORT COMBINING VALUES FOR THE CONSTRAINED MODULUS OF
FACTOR THE NATIVE SOIL AT PIPE ZONE ELEVATION
Msn/Msb Bd/D Bd/D Bd/D Bd/D Bd/D Bd/D Bd/D Bd/D Native In Situ Soils
1,25 1,5 1,75 2 2,5 3 4 5 Granular Cohesive
0,005 0,02 0,05 0,08 0,12 0,23 0,43 0,72 1,00 Blows Description qu(kPa) Description Msn(MPa)
0,01 0,03 0,07 0,11 0,15 0,27 0,47 0,74 1,00 (0,3m)
0,02 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,32 0,52 0,77 1,00 >0-1 very, very loose 0-13 very, very soft 0,34
0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,27 0,38 0,58 0,80 1,00 1-2 very loose 13-25 very soft 1,4
0,1 0,15 0,20 0,27 0,35 0,46 0,65 0,84 1,00 2-4 25-50 soft 4,8
0,2 0,25 0,30 0,38 0,47 0,58 0,75 0,88 1,00 4-8 loose 50-100 medium 10,3
0,4 0,45 0,50 0,56 0,64 0,75 0,85 0,93 1,00 8-15 slightly compact 100-200 stiff 20,7
0,6 0,65 0,70 0,75 0,81 0,87 0,94 0,98 1,00 15-30 compact 200-400 very stiff 34,5
0,8 0,84 0,87 0,90 0,93 0,96 0,98 1,00 1,00 30-50 dense 400-600 hard 69,0
1 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 >50 very dense >600 very hard 138,0
1,5 1,40 1,30 1,20 1,12 1,06 1,03 1,00 1,00
2 1,70 1,50 1,40 1,30 1,20 1,10 1,05 1,00
3 2,20 1,80 1,65 1,50 1,35 1,20 1,10 1,00 SOIL STIFFNESS CATEGORIES
≥5 3,00 2,20 1,90 1,70 1,50 1,30 1,15 1,00
Soil Stiffness Unified Soil Classification System Soil Groups
Category
Msb BASED ON SOIL TYPE AND COMPACTION

CONDITION
Depth for SC1 Crushed rock:
≤15% sand, maximum 25% passing the 3/8-in.
Vertical soil density Stiffness Categories 1 and 2 (SC1, SC2)

sieve and maximum 5% passing No. 200 sieve
Stress 18,8 kN/m3 SPD100 SPD95 SPD90 SPD85
Level kPa (m) MPa MPa MPa MPa
6,9 0,4 16,2 13,8 8,8 3,2
34,5 1,8 23,8 17,9 10,3 3,6 SC2 Clean, coarse-grained soils:
SW, SP, GW, GP or any soil beginning with one
69 3,7 29 20,7 11,2 3,9
of these symbols with 12% or less passing
138 7,3 37,9 23,8 12,4 4,5
No. 200 sieve
276 14,6 51,7 29,3 14,5 5,7
414 22 64,1 34,5 17,2 6,9
SC3 Coarse-grained soils with fines:
Stiffness Categories 3 (SC3) GM, GC, SM, SC or any soil beginning with one
of these symbols with more than 12% fines
6,9 0,4 9,8 4,6 2,5

34,5 1,8 11,5 5,1 2,7 Sandy or gravelly fine-grained soils:
69 3,7 12,2 5,2 2,8 CL, ML (or CL-ML, CL/ML, ML/CL) with more
138 7,3 13 5,4 3 than 30% retained on a No. 200 sieve
276 14,6 14,4 6,2 3,5
414 22 15,9 7,1 4,1
SC4 Fine-grained soils:
CL, ML (or CL-ML, CL/ML, ML/CL) with 30%
Stiffness Categories 4 (SC4) or less retained on a No. 200 sieve
6,9 0,4 3,7 1,8 0,9
34,5 1,8 4,3 2,2 1,2
69 3,7 4,8 2,5 1,4 SC5 Highly plastic and organic soils:
MH, CH, OL, OH, PT
138 7,3 5,1 2,7 1,6
276 14,6 5,6 3,2 2
414 22 6,2 3,6 2,4

SPD: Standard proctor density (%)

GRP PIPES 11
GRP PIPES GRP
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Pipes

ENGINEERING FORMULAS
6. COMBINED LOADING 7. BUCKLING
The maximum stress or strain resulting from the combined The summation of appropriate external loads should be
effects of the internal pressure and deflection should meet equal to or less than the allowable buckling pressure.
the equations as follows:
(1,2C ) (EΙ)0,33 (ϕ 106 M k )0,67 R
For stress basis; qa= n s s υ h
(FS)r
σbrc
σpr
1-
SbE x 103( ) qa : Allowable buckling pressure (kPa)
≤ FS : Design factor (2,5)
HDB FSpr
Cn : Scalar calibration factor to account for some
σpr nonlinear effects (0,55)
σbrc
1-
≤
( HDB ) ϕs : Factor to account for variability in stiffness of
compacted soil; suggested value is 0,9
SbE x 103 FSb
kυ : Modulus correction factor for Poisson’s ratio, v, of
For strain basis; the soil
kυ = (1+v) (1-2v)/ (1-v); in the absence of specific
εbrc
εpr
1-

( Sb ) information. (it is common to assume v=0,3 giving
kυ=0,74)
≤
HDB FSpr Rh : Correction factor for depth of fill
11,4 / (11 + D /1000h)
h : Height of ground surface above top of pipe (m)
εbrc
1-
≤
( HDB
ε
)pr

Sb FSb An alternate form of buckling;

1
FSpr : Pressure design factor (1,8)
qa =
( )
FS
[1,2 Cn (0,149 PS)0,33] (ϕs106 Mskυ)0,67 Rh

FSb : Bending design factor (1,5)

σpr : Working stress due to internal pressure (MPa) Satisfaction of the buckling requirement is assured for typical
pipe installations by using the following equation:
σpr = PwD / 2t
[γw hw + Rw (Wc)] x 10-3 + Pv ≤ qa
Pw : Working pressure (kPa)
D : Diameter (mm)
t : Thickness (mm) γw : Specific weight of water (9800N/m3)
Pv : Internal vacuum pressure, (kPa)
σb : Bending stress due to the maximum permitted
Rw : Water buoyancy factor
deflection (MPa)
Rw = 1-0,33(hw/h)[0 ≤ hw ≤ h]
σb = Df E (δd/D) (tt/D)
rc : Rerounding coefficient, (dimensionless) If live loads are considered, satisfaction of the buckling
Pw≤3000kPa⇒rc=1-Pw/3000 requirement is ensured by;
εpr : Working strain due to internal pressure (mm/mm)
εpr = PwD/2 tEH (γw hw + Rw (Wc)+WL) x 10-3 ≤ qa

εb : Bending strain due to maximum permitted

deflection (mm/mm)
εb = Df (δd/D) (tt/D)
δd : maximum permitted long-term installed deflection
(mm)

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Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Pipes

HANDLING, STORAGE and TRANSPORT

• GRP pipes are suitable for the telescobic handling. • All pipes should be supported on flat timbers, spaced at
maximum 4 meters (3 meters for diameter ≤DN250), with
• Pipes are transported with the fittings attached on them a maximum overhang of 2 meters and chocked to maintain
which avoids extra cost of transport and also fastens the stability and separation. Abrasion should be avoided.
mounting process.

Transporting pipe

• If the pipes will be handled by double sling handling • Maximum stack height is approximately 2.5 meters.
method, the distance between the rope and the pipe end The pipes should be strapped to the vehicle over the
should not exceed L’ < L/4 ratio. support points using pliable straps or rope. Steel cables
or chains without adequate padding should never be used
to protect the pipe from abrasion. Bulges, flat areas or
other abrupt changes of curvature are not permitted.
Transport of pipes outside of these limitations may result
in damage to the pipes.
1/4xL 1/2xL 1/4xL

L’
Control
Rope

Single sling method Double sling method

• If the pipes will be handled by single sling method, none of

the pipe ends should be dragged on, to ensure the safety.
De-nesting with padded boom on forklift truck
• In horizontal and vertical handling, if the pipe falls down
on a sharp material, the pipe must be controlled against
damages.

• If there is an obligation for nesting the pipes, the distance

between the planks should not exceed 6 meters.

Maximum Storage Deflection:

%2,5 in SN2500 pipes
%2,0 in SN5000 pipes
%1,5 in SN10000 pipes

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GRP PIPES GRP
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Pipes

PIPE TRENCH
Standard type of trench prepared for mounting the
GRP pipes is illustrated shematically below. GRP pipes
are manufactured in SN2500, 5000 and 10000 N/m2
stiffness categories and offer alternative types for
mounting depending on the loads. (live loads, backfill
loads, etc) In general the bedding material is preferred to be
the same material being used for the initial backfill.
Standard Trench

h1
L
Granular

DN
Material

h1= D/2 (max.300 mm), b= D/4 (min. 150 mm)

PARTICLE SIZE CUSHION LAYER

DN (mm) a (mm) DN b (mm)
<300 10 300 75
300-600 15 350-500 100
700-1000 20 600-2500 150
>1000 30

WORK AREA If the soil removed from

DN (mm) L (mm) the trench will be used
200-350 150 as backfill material in
400-500 200 pipezone, the particle
600-900 300 size allowed should not
1000-1600 450 exceed two times the
1800-2600 600 standard values

The initial deflection limit of GRP pipes installed

PIPE ZONE BACKFILL underground is, %3 for pressure pipes DN≥300 mm
MATERIAL (ASTM D2487) and %6 for gravity pipes DN≥300 mm
GRAVEL GW, GP, GW-GC
GW, GM, GP-GC
GP-GM
Proper Bedding Support Improper Bedding Support
FINE SAND SW, SP, SW-SC
SW-SM, SP-SC
SP-SM
SAND SW, SP, SW-SC
SW-SM, SP-SC
Bell Hole
SP-SM, SM*, SC* (fill after completing pipe joint)
GM*, GC*

14 GRP PIPES
GRP PIPES GRP
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Pipes

Water Control:
It is always good practice to remove water from a trench before The buoyancy must be checked in cases of low coverage and
laying and backfilling pipe. Well points, deep wells, geotextiles, high groundwater levels or in flood plains.
perforated underdrains or stone blankets of sufficient thickness
should be used to remove and control water in trench. DN MAXIMUM DN h MIN (m) for
Groundwater should be below the bottom of the cut at all SPACING (m) SECURITY S=1.1
<200 1.5 100 0.07
times to prevent the washout from behind sheeting or sloughing
200-400 2.5 300 0.20
of exposed trench walls. To preclude loss of soil support,
500-600 4.0 600 0.37
dewatering methods should be employed for minimizing the
700-900 5.0 1000 0.62
removal of fines and the creation of voids within in situ materials. ≥1000 6.0 2000 1.25
Suitable graded materials should be used for foundation layers to 2400 1.5
transport running water to sump pits or other drains.

Concrete encasement and Floatation

The concrete must be poured in stages allowing sufficient
time between layers for the cement to set and no longer
TRENCH SECTIONS
exert buoyant forces. The maximum lift heights are shown in
SN 2500 N/m2; H ≤3 m. ISO/TR 10465-1:1993 (E)
the table below. Compacted or
H Uncompacted native soil
Selected native
SN MAXIMUM LIFT soil 80% SPD
2500 Larger of 0.3 m or DN/4 ID Sand 90% SPD
5000 Larger of 0.45 m or DN/3 0.70xOD or Gravel 60% RD
10000 Larger of 0.6 m or DN/2 b Bedding layer

During pouring the concrete, or in order to prevent SPD: Standard Proctor Density
floatation, the pipe must be restrained against movement. This RD: Relative Density
is usually done by strapping over the pipe to a base slab or Granular Materials are filled to the 70% of pipe outside diameter.
other anchors. The straps are flat with a minimum of 25 mm
width and strong enough to withstand the floatation forces. SN 2500 N/m2; H > 3 m. ISO/TR 10465-1:1993 (E)
Compacted or
max spacing min. 25 mm H Uncompacted native soil
h
Gravel 60% RD

ID
b Bedding layer

Granular materials are filled from the crown upto the h

clearance
distance. (h) is min. 100 mm, max.300 mm.

Limits of Deflection in Installed GRP Pipes

Deflection (%) Soil classification
1 2 3 4 5
DN≥300 mm (initial) 4 3,5 3 2,5 2
DN<300 mm (initial) 2,5 2,5 2 1,5 1,5
Long Term 6 6 6 6 6

Soil Groups 1 2 3 4 5
Fine-Grained Soils very hard hard medium soft very soft
Coarse-Grained Soils very dense dense medium loose very loose

GRP PIPES 15
GRP PIPES GRP
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Pipes

TRENCH SECTIONS

SN 5000 N/m2; H ≤ 3 m. ISO/TR 10465-1:1993 (E)

Selected, compacted
H
native soil (80% SPD)

0.70 x OD ID Sand 90% SPD or

Gravel 70% RD
b Bedding layer

Granular materials are filled upto the 70% of pipe outside diameter.

SN 5000 N/m2; H > 3 m. ISO/TR 10465-1:1993 (E)

Compacted or
Uncompacted native soil
H
h
Native soil 80% SPD

ID Sand 90% SPD or

0.70 x OD Gravel 70% RD
b Bedding layer

Granular materials are filled upto the 70% of pipe outside diameter then selected, native soil is compacted upto (h) distance.
(h) distance is min.100 mm max. 300 mm.

SN 10000 N/m2; H ≤3 m. ISO/TR 10465-1:1993 (E)

Selected native soil
H

Sand 90% SPD

0.70 x OD ID
Gravel 60% RD
b Bedding layer

Granular materials are filled to the 70% of pipe outside diameter.

SN 10000 N/m2; H >3 m ISO/TR 10465-1:1993 (E)

H Selected compacted
native soil

0.70 x OD
ID Sand 90% SPD or
Gravel 70% RD
b Bedding layer

Granular materials are filled to the 70% of pipe outside diameter.

16 GRP PIPES
GRP PIPES GRP
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Pipes

THRUST BLOCKS LB
A
T= 2PA sin D
2

D PA
2 PA sin D
D 2
h

HB
PA Bend
PA

A
Plan view Section A-A

PA T=PA
Reinforcing steel
Dead end

PA0
h
HB
Piles

Alternate Section A-A Alternate Section A-A

T=PA0

Tee Concrete thrust blocks increase the ability of fittings to resist

movement by increasing the bearing area and the dead weight
T=PA0
of the fitting. The block size can be calculated as follows:

D Lb x Hb= (TxFS)/1000 σ
T= 2000 P x A x Sin(∆/2)

D LbxHb = Area of bearing surface of thrust block (m2)

T=PA0 T = Thrust force (N)
Wye σ = Bearing strength of soil (kPa)
FS = Design factor (1,5)
PA2
P = Internal pressure (kPa)
A = Crosssectional area of pipe joint (m2)
D
2 A = (π/4) (Dj/1000)2
T PA1 Dj = Joint diameter (mm)
∆ = Bend angle, (degrees)
D
2 T= 2PA2 COS D -PA1
2

PA2 Bifurcation

PA2 T
PA1

T= P(A1 - A2)
Reducer

GRP PIPES 17
GRP PIPES GRP
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Pipes

FIELD HYDRO-TESTING
It is advised not to exceed pipe testing with installation by 3. The system should be pressurized to 0,24 bar and must
more than approximately 1000 meters be regulated to prevent over pressurisation. (maximum
0,35 bar)”
1. Prior to the test the following should be checked:
• Initial pipe deflection within the acceptable limit 4. The air temperature should be allowed to stabilize for
• Joints assembled correctly several minutes while maintaining the pressure at 0,24 bar.”
• System restrained in place
5. During this stabilization period, all plugged and capped
• Flange bolts are torqued per instructions
outlets should be checked with a soap solution to detect
• Backfilling completed
leakage. If leakage is found at any connection, system
• Valves and pumps anchored
pressure should be released, leaky caps or plugs should be
• Backfill and compaction near structures and at closure
sealed and the procedure at Step 3 should be repeated.”
pieces has been properly carried out.
6 .After the stabilization period, the air pressure should
2. The line should be filled with water- The valves and vents
be adjusted to 0,24 bar and the air supply should be
should be opened, so that all air is expelled from the line
disconnected or shut off.”
during filling and pressure surges should be avoided”
7 .The pipe system passes this test if the pressure drop is
3. The line should be pressurized slowly. Considerable
0,035 bar or less during the time periods mentioned in
energy is stored in a pipeline under pressure and this
the table below.”
power should be respected.

8. Should the section of line under test fail the air test
4. It should be ensured that the gauge location will read
acceptance requirements, the pneumatic plugs can be
the highest line pressure or adjust accordingly. Locations
coupled fairly close together and moved up or down the
lower in the line will have higher pressure due to
line, repeating the air test at each location, until the leak
additional head.
is found . This leak location method is very accurate,
5. It should be ensured that test pressure does not exceed pinpointing the location of the leak to within one or two
1,5 x PN. Normally the field test pressure is either a meters. Consequently, the area that must be excavated to
multiple of the operating pressure or the operating pres- make repairs is minimized, resulting in lower repair costs
sure plus a small incremental amount. However in no and considerable saved time.”

case should the maximum field test pressure exceed
Caution: Considerable energy is stored in a pipeline under
1,5xPN.”
pressure. This is particularly true when air (Even at low
6. If after a brief period for stabilization the line does not pressures) is the test medium. Should take great care to be
hold constant pressure it should be ensured that thermal sure that the pipeline is adequately restrained at changes in line
effect (a temperature change), system expansion or direction and should follow manufacturers safety precautions
entrapped air is not the cause. If the pipe is determined for devices such as pneumatic plugs.
to be leaking and the location is not readily apparent,
Note: This test will determine the rate at which air under
the following methods may aid discovery of the problem
pressure escapes from an isolated section of the pipeline.
source:”
It is suited to determining the presence or absence of pipe
• Checking flange and valve areas
damage and/or improperly assembled joints.
• Checking line tap locations

• Using sonic detection equipment. Diameter Time Diameter Time
• Testing the line in smaller segments to isolate the leak. (mm) (min.) (mm) (min.)
An alternate leak test for gravity pipe (PN 1 bar) systems 100 2.50 1000 25.00
may be conducted with air pressure instead of water. In 150 3.75 1100 27.50
addition to routine care, normal precautions and typical 200 5.00 1200 30.00
procedures used in this work, the following suggestions 250 6.25 1300 32.50
and criteria should be noted: 300 7.75 1400 35.00
350 8.75 1500 37.50
1. As with the hydrotest, the line should be tested in small 400 10.00 1600 40.00
segments, usually the pipe contained between adjacent 500 12.50 1800 45.00
manholes.” 600 15.00 2000 50.00
2. It should be ensured that the pipeline and all materials, 700 17.50 2200 55.00
stubs, accesses, drops, etc. are adequately capped or 800 20.00 2400 60.00
plugged and braced against the internal pressure.” 900 22.50
est time-field air test
T

18 GRP PIPES
GRP PIPES GRP
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Pipes

DIMENSIONS
Pipe

DN OD OD OD OD OD
Nominal PN6 Outside PN10 Outside PN16 Outside PN25 Outside PN32 Outside
Diameter (mm) Diameter (mm) Diameter (mm) Diameter (mm) Diameter (mm) Diameter (mm)
300 310 310 310 310 310
350 361 361 361 361 361
400 412 412 412 412 412
450 463 463 463 463 463
500 514 514 514 514 514
600 616 616 616 616 616
700 718 718 718 718 718
800 820 820 820 820 820
900 924 924 924 924 924
1000 1026 1026 1026 1026
1200 1229 1229 1229 1229
1400 1434 1434 1434
1600 1638 1638 1638
1800 1842 1842 1842
2000 2046 2046 2046
2200 2250 2250 2250
2400 2453 2453 2453
2600 2658 2658
2800 2861 2861

Coupling

Outside
Inside diameter (OD)
diameter (ID)

Wall thickness

GRP PIPES 19
GRP PIPES GRP
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Pipes

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
Chemicals Resistance Chemicals Chemicals
Ethyl alcohol x Magnesium chloride x
Isopropyl alcohol x Magnesium sulfate x
Alumina x Mercury x
Aluminium chloride x Mercuric chloride x
Aluminium fluoride x Ferro chloride x
Barium chloride x Ferro nitrate x
Calcium nitrate x Ferro sulfate x
Ammonium chloride x Flobonic acid x
Ammonium nitrate x Fluosilic acid x
Ammonium phosphate x Formic acid x
Ammonium sulfate x Stearic acid x
Acidferic chloride x Sodium bisulphate x
Acidferic nitrate x Sodium bromide x
Acidferic sulfate x Sodium chloride x
Barium sulfate x Sodium nitrate x
Sodium sulfate x Sodium nitrite x
Copper nitrate x Sulphuric acid x
Brine x Vinegar x
Glucose x Glycerin x
Aluminium nitrate x Potassium nitrate x
Potassium sulfate x Nickel chloride x
Carbon dioxide x Nickel nitrate x
Carbon monoxide x Nickel sulfate x
Copper chloride x Phosphoric acid x
Potassium bicarbonate x Malt x
Potassium chloride x Calcium chloride x
Calcium sulphate x Crude Oil x
Copper sulfate x Ethylene glycol x
Liquid hydrogen sulfide x
x: Resistant

20 GRP PIPES
Meşrutiyet Caddesi No: 28/11 06640
Bakanlıklar / ANKARA
Tel: +90 (312) 418 92 16 Fax: +90 (312) 425 24 07

36. Ada Ata 2/2 Blok D:89 Ataşehir

İSTANBUL, TÜRKİYE
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Gürle Yolu Üzeri 45020 MANİSA
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