Cowso Report

COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY DIVISION (CWSD)
MINISTRY OF WATER AND IRRIGATION (MoWI)
THE RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND

SANITATION CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
PROJECT
IN
THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
FINAL REPORT
AUGUST 2010
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE CO., LTD.
GED
JR
10-112
COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY DIVISION (CWSD)
MINISTRY OF WATER AND IRRIGATION (MoWI)
THE RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND

SANITATION CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
PROJECT
IN
THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
FINAL REPORT
AUGUST 2010
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE CO., LTD.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ANNEXES
SEPARATE VOLUMES
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
ABBREVIATIONS
Page:
CHAPTER 1 Introduction............................................................... 1-1

1.1 Background of the Project .......................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Purpose of the Project................................................................................. 1-1
1.3 Project Area ................................................................................................ 1-2
1.4 Persons Concerned by the Project .............................................................. 1-3
1.4.1 Project Director and Manager......................................................... 1-3
1.4.2 Tanzanian Side................................................................................ 1-3
1.4.3 Japanese Experts ............................................................................. 1-3
1.5 Project Design Matrix (PDM) .................................................................... 1-4
1.5.1 Provision of PDM0 and PDM1 ........................................................ 1-4
1.5.2 Review of PDM1 and Preparation of PDM2 ................................... 1-4
CHAPTER 2 Project Contents and Methodology .......................... 2-1

2.1 Work Flow of the Project ........................................................................... 2-1
2.2 Contents and Methodology of the Works................................................... 2-1
2.2.1 Preparatory Phase (September 2007 – February 2008) .................. 2-1
2.2.2 Training and Monitoring Phase I (December 2007 – Mar 2008) ... 2-3
2.2.3 Training and Monitoring Phase II (May 2008 – Mar 2009) ........... 2-3
2.2.4 Training and Monitoring Phase III (May 2009 – Mar 2010).......... 2-3
2.2.5 Monitoring and Evaluation Phase................................................... 2-4
2.3 Project Activities ........................................................................................ 2-4
2.3.1 Activities for Output 1: ................................................................... 2-4
2.4 Project Inputs.............................................................................................. 2-7
2.4.1 Inputs From Japanese Side ............................................................. 2-7
2.4.2 Japanese Expert............................................................................... 2-7
2.4.3 Procurement of Equipment ............................................................. 2-7
i
2.4.4 Counterpart Training in Japan ........................................................ 2-7
2.4.5 Presentation of RUWASA-CAD Activities on 2nd AWW.............. 2-9
2.4.6 Local Project Cost........................................................................... 2-9
2.4.7 Participation of Counterpart Personnel......................................... 2-12
2.4.8 Seminars and JCC Meetings ......................................................... 2-12
CHAPTER 3 Output 1: Enhancement of CWSD’s Capacity .......... 3-1

3.1 Activities Carried Out for Output 1......................................................... 3-1
3.1.1 Work in Tanzania I (September 2007 to March 2008)................... 3-1
3.1.2 Work in Tanzania II (May 2008 to March 2009) ........................... 3-1
3.1.3 Work in Tanzania III (May 2009 to March 2010) .......................... 3-2
3.1.4 Work in Tanzania IV (May 2010 to July 2010).............................. 3-3
3.2 Enhancement of Capacity of CWSD / MoWI ............................................ 3-3
3.2.1 Required Capacity of the CWSD for Managing Capacity
Development Programme on RWSSP ............................................ 3-3
3.2.2 Implementation of the Capacity Development to the
CBT / CWSD .................................................................................. 3-4
3.3 Baseline Survey .......................................................................................... 3-6
3.3.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 3-6
3.3.2 Survey Methodology....................................................................... 3-7
3.3.3 Selection of the Pilot Districts for Monitoring ............................... 3-8
3.3.4 Results of the Survey ...................................................................... 3-8
3.3.5 Capacity Gaps and Training Needs Identified.............................. 3-11
3.4 Inventory of Training Resources .............................................................. 3-12
3.5 Formulation of Training Plan ................................................................... 3-13
3.5.1 Introduction................................................................................... 3-13
3.5.2 Capacity Development Strategy ................................................... 3-15
3.5.3 Capacity Development Programme .............................................. 3-15
3.5.4 Training Plan................................................................................. 3-18
3.6 End Line Survey ....................................................................................... 3-28
3.6.1 Purpose of Survey......................................................................... 3-28
3.6.2 Survey Methodology..................................................................... 3-28
3.7 Proposals for Revision of Existing Manuals ............................................ 3-30
3.7.1 Introduction................................................................................... 3-30
3.7.2 Matrix of RWSSP Project Cycle and Task Allocation ................. 3-31
3.7.3 Training Modular Guide and Module Coverage........................... 3-31
3.8 Annual Work Plan .................................................................................... 3-32
3.8.1 Formulation of Annual Work Plan ............................................... 3-32
3.8.2 Action Plan of the Counterpart Personnel .................................... 3-32
3.8.3 Evaluation of Performance of the Action Plan By Counterparts.. 3-33
CHAPTER 4 Output 2: Establishment of Training System Model for

DWST.............................................................................. 4-1
4.1 Activities Carried Out for Output 2............................................................ 4-1
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4.2 Perspective of DWST Training .................................................................. 4-2
4.3 Training Module and Materials .................................................................. 4-3
4.3.1 Existing training modules and materials......................................... 4-3
4.3.2 Revision of existing modules.......................................................... 4-4
4.3.3 Selection of appropriate modules on RUWASA-CAD training
plan.................................................................................................. 4-6
4.3.4 RUWASA-CAD Training Curriculum for DWST ......................... 4-8
4.3.5 Provision of Training Guides and Materials................................... 4-9
4.4 Implementation of DWST Training ......................................................... 4-10
4.4.1 1st Training Phase.......................................................................... 4-10
4.4.2 2nd Training Phase......................................................................... 4-12
4.4.3 3rd Training Phase ......................................................................... 4-18
4.4.4 4th Training Phase ......................................................................... 4-22
4.5 Monitoring and Evaluation ....................................................................... 4-27
4.5.1 Introduction................................................................................... 4-27
4.5.2 Methodology of the Evaluation & Monitoring Survey................. 4-27
4.5.3 Delivery of the Training ............................................................... 4-31
4.5.4 Learning of the Training ............................................................... 4-36
4.5.5 Overview of the 1st Cycle of RWSSP in the Target LGAs........... 4-39
4.5.6 Behavior Change at the Individual Level ..................................... 4-40
4.5.7 Behavior Change at the Organizational Level.............................. 4-42
4.5.8 Knowledge Sharing on the Training............................................. 4-47
4.5.9 Capacity Development Plan of LGAs .......................................... 4-48
4.5.10 Comparison between the Target LGAs and Others ...................... 4-48
4.5.11 Conclusion .................................................................................... 4-49
CHAPTER 5 Output 3: Enhancement of Capacities of BWO ........ 5-1

5.2 Perspective of BWO Training .................................................................... 5-2
5.3 Preliminary Hydrogeological Maps............................................................ 5-3
5.3.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 5-3
5.3.2 Existing Well Survey ...................................................................... 5-4
5.3.3 Construction of Database................................................................ 5-5
5.3.4 Preparation of Preliminary Hydrogeological Maps ........................ 5-6
5.3.5 Distribution of Hydrogeological Maps ........................................... 5-9
5.3.6 Update of Database and Preliminary Hydrogeological Maps ........ 5-9
5.4 Training Module and Materials ................................................................ 5-10
5.5 RUWASA-CAD Training Curriculum for BWO ..................................... 5-12
5.6 Implementation of BWO Training ........................................................... 5-12
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5.6.1 Preparatory and 1st Training Phases.............................................. 5-13
5.6.2 2nd Training Phase......................................................................... 5-14
5.6.3 3rd Training Phase ......................................................................... 5-15
5.7.2 Learning of the Trainees ............................................................... 5-20
5.7.3 Behavior Change at the Individual Level ..................................... 5-21
5.7.4 Behavior Change at the Organizational Level.............................. 5-23
5.7.5 Comparison between Target and Non-Target BWOs................... 5-26
5.7.6 Conclusion .................................................................................... 5-27
CHAPTER 6 Output 4: Enhancement of Capacities of RWST ...... 6-1

6.1.4 Work in Tanzania IV(May 2010 to July 2010)............................... 6-2
6.2 Perspective of RWST Training................................................................... 6-2
6.3 Training Module and Materials .................................................................. 6-3
6.4 RUWASA-CAD Training Curriculum for RWST ..................................... 6-5
6.5 Implementation of RWST Training............................................................ 6-6
6.5.1 2nd Training Phase: Component 1................................................... 6-6
6.5.2 4th Training Phase ........................................................................... 6-9
6.6.2 Learning of the Training ............................................................... 6-14
6.6.3 1st and 2nd Monitoring Visits......................................................... 6-15
6.6.4 3rd Monitoring Visit ...................................................................... 6-16
6.6.5 Comparison between the Target RSs and Others ......................... 6-19
6.6.6 Conclusion .................................................................................... 6-20
CHAPTER 7 Output 5: Adaptation of Revised Project Cycle and

Procedures of RWSSP.................................................... 7-1
7.2 Participation of Sector Dialogue................................................................. 7-2
7.2.1 Coordination with WSDP Sector Dialogue and RUWASA-CAD
Project ............................................................................................. 7-2
7.2.2 Activities Taken by the Participation of Sector Dialogue .............. 7-3
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7.2.3 Guidelines to Facilitate Implementation of the Capacity
Development Framework ............................................................ 7-7
7.3 Provision of Proposal of PWSS Project Cycle and Procedure ................... 7-7
7.3.1 Examination of Project Cycle and the Actors Responsibilities ...... 7-7
7.3.2 Discussions on the RWSSP Project Cycle in WSDP ..................... 7-9
7.3.3 Proposal for Matrix of RWSS Project Cycle and Task Allocation
...................................................................................................... 7-10
CHAPTER 8 Status of Achievement.............................................. 8-1

8.1 Achievement of Output .............................................................................. 8-1
8.1.1 For the Output 1: Enhancement of CWSD’s Capacity ................... 8-1
8.1.2 For the Output 2: Establishment of Training System Model for
DWST ............................................................................................. 8-2
8.1.3 For the Output 3: Enhancement of Capacity of BWO.................... 8-4
8.1.4 For the Output 4: Enhancement of Capacity of RWST .................. 8-5
8.1.5 For the Output 5: Adaptation of Revised Project Cycle and
Procedure of RWSS ........................................................................ 8-5
8.2 Project Purpose ........................................................................................... 8-8
8.2.1 Status and Perspective of Achievement of Indicators .................... 8-8
8.2.2 Status of Achievement of Project Purpose ..................................... 8-9
CHAPTER 9 Result and Recommendation ................................... 9-1

9.1 Result of the Project ................................................................................... 9-1
9.2 Measures Taken Based on Recommendation from Terminal Evaluation .. 9-1
9.2.1 Measures to be implemented before the termination...................... 9-1
9.2.2 Measures to be taken for the post project ....................................... 9-2
9.3 Recommendation ........................................................................................ 9-3
9.4 Lessons Learned ......................................................................................... 9-4
ANNEXES
Annex 1
PDM0/PO0 and PDM1/PO1 ......................................................................................... A1-1
Annex 2
List of Equipment Procured........................................................................................ A2-1
Annex 3
Minutes of the Meetings of JCC Meetings and Agenda and List of Participants of
Seminar ................................................................................................................. A3-1
Annex 4
Inventory of the Target Districts ................................................................................ A4-1
Annex 5
Training Resources Inventory .................................................................................... A5-1
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Annex 6
Proposal on RWSS Project Cycle and Task Allocation ............................................. A6-1
Annex 7
Training Modular Guides ........................................................................................... A7-1
Annex 8
Annual Work Plan ...................................................................................................... A8-1
Annex 9
Training Curricula ...................................................................................................... A9-1
SEPARATE VOLUMES
Separate Voluime 1
Training Modular Guide for DWST, RWST and BWO
Separate Volume 2
DWST I: Identification of Present Status. For DWST and RWST
Separate Volume 3
DWST II: Project Planning. For DWST, Demand Responsive Approach in RWSSP
Project
Separate Volume 4
DWST III: Project Planning. For DWST and RWST, Water Supply Planning
Separate Volume 5
DWST IV: Project Management. For DWST and RWST, Project Management
Separate Volume 6
DWST V: Project Management. For DWST and RWST, Sanitation and Hygiene
Promotion
Separate Volume 7
DWST VI: Strengthening of Support Services. For DWST, Support Services for the
Community Based O&M and Hygiene Promotion
Separate Volume 8
DWST VII: Strengthening of Support Serivces. For DWST, Supervision of Service
Providers
Separate Volume 9
DWST VIII: O&M and Follow-up. For DWST
Separate Volume 10
BWO I: Identification of Present Status. For BWO
Separate Volume 11
BWO II: Project Planning. For BWO, Roles and Responsibilities of BWO in RWSS
Project and Assessment of Water Resource Potential for RWSS
Separate Volume 12
vi
BWO III: Project Management. For BWO, Optimization of Utilization of Water
Resources for Rural Water Supply and Assessment of Design of Water Supply System
Separate Volume 13
BWO VI: Strengthening of Support Services. For BWO
Separate Volume 14
BWO V: O&M and Follow-up. For BWO
Separate Volume 15
RWST I: Project Planning. For RWST, Formulation of RWSP
Separate Volume 16
RWST II: Strengthening of Support Services. For RWST
Separate Volume 17
RWST III: O&M and Follow-up. For RWST
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Page:
Table 1.1 Project Design Matrix (PDM2) ................................................................. 1-5
Table 1.2 Plan of Operation (PO2) ………………………………………………….1-7
Table 2.1 Actual Performance Taken by the JICA Expert ......................................... 2-8
Table 2.2 Local Project Cost Born by Japanese Side ............................................... 2-10
Table 2.3 Local Project Cost Born by Tanzanian Side............................................. 2-11
Table 2.4 Transition of Counterpart Personnel of the Project.................................. 2-12
Table 3.1 Training Schedule of the Counterpart Training in Japan ........................... 3-6
Table 3.2 Outline of the Baseline Survey................................................................... 3-7
Table 3.3 Major Capacity Gaps at the District Level ............................................... 3-11
Table 3.4 Training Needs Identified at the District Level........................................ 3-12
Table 3.5 List of Training Resources ....................................................................... 3-13
Table 3.6 Training Plan for DWST .......................................................................... 3-19
Table 3.7 Training Plan for RWST .......................................................................... 3-23
Table 3.8 Training Plan for BWO ............................................................................ 3-25
Table 3.9 List of the Target Organizations for the End Line Survey ....................... 3-28
Table 3.10 List of the Target Organizations for the End Line Survey ..................... 3-29
Table 3.11 Action Plan of Counterpart Personnel.................................................... 3-32
Table 3.12 Common Limitation and Obstacles for Counterparts............................. 3-33
Table 4.1 Training Perspective for DWST................................................................. 4-3
Table 4.2 Titles and Categories of Training Modules................................................ 4-4
Table 4.3 Composition of the Revised Training Modules for DWST (1st revision in
Mar. 2008) ................................................................................................. 4-4
Table 4.4 Composition of the Revised Training Modules for DWST (2nd revision in
Oct. 2009) .................................................................................................. 4-5
Table 4.5 Training Plan and Modules ........................................................................ 4-7
Table 4.6 Summary of the Training Curriculum for DWST ...................................... 4-8
Table 4.7 Outline of 1st Training Phase.................................................................... 4-10
Table 4.8 Outline of Component 1 of the 2nd Training Phase .................................. 4-12
Table 4.9 Categorized Cases of Community Appraisal ........................................... 4-15
Table 4.10 Outline of Component 2 of the 2nd Training Phase ................................ 4-15
Table 4.11 Outline of Component 1 of the 3rd Training Phase................................. 4-18
Table 4.12 Outline of component 2 of 3rd training phase......................................... 4-20
Table 4.13 Outline of Component 1 of 4th Training Phase....................................... 4-22
Table 4.14 Outline of Component 2 of the 4th Training Phase................................. 4-24
Table 4.15 Outline of the 5th Training Phase............................................................ 4-26
Table 4.16 Monitoring & Evaluation Plan of the Training Effectiveness................ 4-29
Table 4.17 Factors of Self-Evaluation on Training Effectiveness............................ 4-36
Table 4.18 Result of Self-Evaluation on Training Effectiveness ............................. 4-37
Table 4.19 Individual Behavior Changes ................................................................. 4-40
Table 4.20 Organizational Behavior Changes.......................................................... 4-42
Table 5.1 Training Perspective for Basin Water Office ............................................. 5-3
Table 5.2 Contents of Existing Well Survey .............................................................. 5-4
Table 5.3 Breakdown of Investigated Wells .............................................................. 5-5
Table 5.4 Contents of Training Module for BWO ................................................... 5-10
Table 5.5 Training Plan and Modules for BWO ...................................................... 5-11
Table 5.6 Summary of the Training Curriculum for BWO ...................................... 5-12
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Table 5.7 Outline of Component 1, 2 and 3 of the Preparatory and 1st Training Phases
for BWO .................................................................................................. 5-13
Table 5.8 Outline of Component 1 and 2 of the 2nd Training Phase for BWO ...... 5-14
Table 5.9 Outline of Component 1 and 2 of the 3rd Training Phase for BWO....... 5-15
Table 5.10 Outline of Component 1 and 2 of the 4th Training Phase for BWO....... 5-16
Table 5.11 Outline of the 5th Training Phase for BWO............................................ 5-18
Table 5.12 Contents and Status of the Assignment in 2nd Training Phase ............... 5-21
Table 5.13 Contents of Assignment in 3rd Training Phase ....................................... 5-22
Table 5.14 Status of the Assignment in 3rd Training Phase...................................... 5-22
Table 5.15 Observed Significant Behavior Change at the Organizational Level in the
2nd Training Phase ................................................................................... 5-24
3rd Training Phase.................................................................................... 5-24
4th Training Phase .................................................................................... 5-25
Table 5.18 Observed Behavior Change at the Organizational Level in 2009/10 ..... 5-25
Table 6.1 Training Perspective for RWST ................................................................. 6-3
Table 6.2 Composition of Training Modules for RWST ........................................... 6-4
Table 6.3 Summary of the Training Curriculum for RWST ...................................... 6-5
Table 6.4 Outline of Component 1 of the 2nd Training Phase for RWST .................. 6-6
Table 6.5 Outline of 4th Training Phase for RWST.................................................... 6-9
Table 6.6 Revised Training Objectives .................................................................... 6-10
Table 6.7 Outline of 4th Training Phase for RWST.................................................. 6-11
Table 6.8 Individual Behavior Changes ................................................................... 6-15
Table 6.9 Organizational Behavior Changes............................................................ 6-16
Table 6.10 Status of the 1st Cycle of RWSSP/WSDP in the Target Regions........... 6-17
Table 6.11 Individual Behavior Change of RWST Members .................................. 6-17
Table 6.12 Organizational Behavior Change of RWST ........................................... 6-18
Table 6.13 Comparison of Roles and Responsibilities with Training Topics .......... 6-21
Table 7.1 Participated Meeting on ID&CB TWG.................................................... 7-4
Table 7.2 Participated Meeting on WSWG ................................................................ 7-6
Table 7.3 Participated Meeting on JWSR .................................................................. 7-6
Table 7.4 Required Capacities of Each Actor ............................................................ 7-9
Table 8.1 Achievement of Output (from September 2007 to July 2010) ................... 8-7
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page:
Figure 1.1 Project Area............................................................................................... 1-2
Figure 2.1 Project Phases and Steps ........................................................................... 2-1
Figure 2.2 Work Flow Chart ...................................................................................... 2-2
Figure 3.1 Activities Carried Out for Output 1 during the Work in Tanzania I......... 3-1
Figure 3.2 Activities Carried Out for Output 1 during the Work in Tanzania II........ 3-2
Figure 3.3 Activities Carried Out for Output 1 during Work in Tanzania III ............ 3-3
Figure 3.4 Activities Carried Out for Output 1 during Work in Tanzania IV............ 3-3
Figure 3.5 Flow of Formulation of Training Plan .................................................... 3-14
Figure 3.6 Concept of Capacity Development Strategy ........................................... 3-15
Figure 3.7 Capacity Development Programme ........................................................ 3-17
Figure 4.1 Activities Carried Out for Output 2 during the Work in Tanzania I......... 4-1
Figure 4.2 Activities Carried Out for Output 2 During the Work in Tanzania II....... 4-1
Figure 4.3 Activities Carried Out for Output 2 During the Work in Tanzania III ..... 4-2
Figure 4.4 Activities Carried Out for Output 2 During the Work in Tanzania IV ..... 4-2
Figure 4.5 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework of the Training ......................... 4-28
Figure 4.6 Process Involved by DWST to Select RWSSP Candidate Communities
based on DRA.......................................................................................... 4-44
Figure 4.7 Distribution of LGAs by Number of DRA Processes Involved in Selection
of RWSSP Candidate Communities ........................................................ 4-44
Figure 4.8 Distribution of LGAs by Participation of DWST Members in Examination
of Outputs from Consultants/ Contractors............................................... 4-45
Figure 4.9 Distribution of LGAs by Monitoring Items Periodically Updated ......... 4-46
Figure 5.1 Activities Carried Out for Output 3 During the Work in Tanzania I ........ 5-1
Figure 5.5 Flow of Supporting Activities for Preparation of Preliminary
Hydrogeological Maps .............................................................................. 5-4
Figure 5.6 Preliminary Hydrogeological Map in Lindi and Mtwara Regions............ 5-7
Figure 5.7 Preliminary Hydrogeological Map in Dar es Salaam and Coast Regions 5-8
Figure 6.1 Activities Carried Out for Output 4 During the Work in Tanzania I ........ 6-1
Figure 7.1 Activities Carried Out for Output 5 During Work in Tanzania ................ 7-1
Figure 7.2 Activities Carried Out for Output 5 During Work in Tanzania II............. 7-1
Figure 7.3 Activities Carried Out for Output 5 During Work in Tanzania III ........... 7-2
Figure 7.4 Activities Carried Out for Output 5 During Work in Tanzania IV ........... 7-2
Figure 7.5 Sector Dialogue and Coordination Mechanism in WSDP ........................ 7-3
Figure 7.6 Comparison of Project Cycle .................................................................. 7-10
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ABBREVIATIONS
AFDB African Development Bank

AMCOW African Ministers’ Council on Water
AWW African Water Week
BWO Basin Water Office
CATA Contractors Association of Tax Administrators
CBO Community Based Organization
CBT Capacity Building & Training Sub-section
CCI Centre for Community Initiatives
CD Capacity Development
COTC Clinical Officer’s Training Center
COM Communication Ownership and Management
CORPS Community Resources Personnel
COWSO Community Owned Water Supply Organization
CS Coast Region
CTLS Community Total Led Sanitation
CWSD Community Water Supply Division
DAHR Division Administration Human Resources
DC District Commissioner
DCDO District Community Development Officers
DDCA Drilling and Dam Construction Agency
DDP District Development Plans
DED District Executive Director
DEO District Education Officers
DFT District Facilitation Team
DHO District Health Officers
DIP District Investment Plans
DOM District Operation Manual
DP Development Partner
DPG-W Development Partner Group – Water
DPLO District Planning Officers
DRA Demand Responsive Approach
DRW Division of Water Resource
DSM Dar es Salaam
DT District Treasure
DWE District Water Engineers
DWEO District Water Engineer’s Offices
DWRS Division of Rural Water Supply
DWSF District Water and Sanitation Fund
DWSP District Water and Sanitation Plan
DWST District Water and Sanitation Team
EEPCO Environmental Engineering and Pollution Control Organization
EPWSS Extensive Piped Water Supply System
ERB Engineers Registration Board
FMP Facility and Management Plan
FSP Facilitation Service Provider
GIS Geographical Information
GPS Global Positioning System
GTZ Gesellschaft fur technische zusannenarbeit.Muzukashii desu ne
HG Hydrogeologist
HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
HRD Human Resources Development
ID&CB Institutional Development & Capacity Buildings
IET Institution of Engineers Tanzania
JCC Joint Coordination Committee
xi
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
JICE Japan International Cooperation Centre
JOCV Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteer
JSM Joint Supervision Mission
JWSR Joint Water Sector Review
JWWA Japan Water Works Association
LFA Logical Framework Analysis
LGA Local Government Agency
LGCDG Local Government Capital Development Grant
LGRP Local Government Reform Policy
LLGA Lower Local Government Authority
M&E Monitoring & Evaluation
MIS Management Information System
MoEVT Ministry of Education and Vocational Training
MoHSW Ministry of Health and Social Welfare
MOU Memorandum of Understand
MTEF Medium Team Expenditure Framework
MoWI Ministry of Water and Irrigation
NAWAPO National Water Policy
NETWAS Network for Water and Sanitation
NGO Non Government Organization
NRWSSP National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme
NSGRP National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty
NWSDS National Water Sector Development Strategy
O&M Operation and Maintenance
O&OD Opportunity and Obstacle for Development
OJT On the Job Training
PCT Programme Coordination Team
PCM Project Cycle Management
PDM Project Design Matrix
PEVODE People Voice for Development
PHAST Participatory Health and Sanitation Transformation
PIM Programme Implementation Manual
PMO-RALG Prime Minister's Office - Regional Administration and Local Government
PO Plan of Operation
POM Project Operation Manual
RAS Regional Administrative Secretary
RBM Result Based Management
RCDO Regional Community Development Officer
REO Regional Education Officer
RHO Regional Health Officer
RMO Regional Medical Officer
PRA Participatory Rapid Appraisal
RPO Regional Planning Officer
RPL Regional Planning Officer
RS Regional Secretariat
RUWASA-CAD Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Capacity Development
RWA Regional Water Advisor
RWE Regional Water Engineer
RWEO Regional Water Engineer’s Office
RWSP Regional Water Supply Plan
RWST Regional Water Sanitation Team
RWSS Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
RWSSP Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme
SH Sanitation and Hygiene
SIWSS Small-scale Independent Water Supply System
SSHE School Sanitation and Hygiene Education
xii
ST Senior Technician
SWOT Strength Weakness Opportunity and Threat
SWAp Sector Wide Approach to Planning
TANGO Tanzania Association of NGO
TASAF Tanzania Social Action Fund
TAWASANET Tanzania Water and Sanitation Network
TCBS Training and Capacity Building Section
TOR Terms of Reference
TSSM Total Sanitation and Social Market
TSP Technician Service Providers
TWG Thematic Working Group
UCLAS University Collage of Lands and Architectural Studies
VEO Village Executive Officer
VWC Village Water Committee
W&S Water and Sanitation
WATSAN Water and Sanitation Committee
WATSANET Water and Sanitation in Tanzania
WEDECO Water and Environmental Development Company
WEO Ward Executive Officer
WEPMO Water and Environmental Sanitation Projects Maintenance Organization
WR Wami/Ruvu
WRI Water Resources Institute
WRD Water Resources Division
WRMP Water Resources Management Plan
WRM Water Resources Management
WSDP Water Sector Development Programme
WSWG Water Sector Working Group
WSS Water Supply and Sanitation
WT Water Technician
WUEs Water Users Entities
In this report, project costs are estimated based on the price as of April 2010
with an exchange rate of US$ 1.00 = Tanzanian Shilling (Tsh) 1,343 =
Japanese Yen (¥) 92.7.
xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania (hereinafter referred to as “the Government of
Tanzania”), sets the development of rural water supply as direct strategy for the poverty reduction, and
makes a political target by revised National Water Policy (2002), and National Strategy for Growth
and Reduction of Poverty (2005 - 2010).
According to the Policy, the government target is for “every person should get water within 400 meters
distance by 2025”. Furthermore, as a reform of the operation system of the water supply projects, the
measures consisting 1) community-owned management of the scheme, 2) participation of private
sector organizations for the operation and maintenance of the scheme, 3) integrate water supply into
the strategy for national hygiene promotion, 4) strengthening decentralized planning, project
implementation and management through local government are promoting. Under the policy, the
Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MoWI) has been trying the strengthening of the implementing
system of water supply services.
Based on the Policy, the MoWI has finalized preparation of the National Water Sector Development
Strategy (NWSDS), for implementing National Water Policy and National Strategy for Growth and
Reduction of Poverty (2003). Following preparation of the Strategy, the Ministry has launched a
Water Sector Development Programme (WSDP) in February 2007, in order to realize these policy and
strategy. The Programme is designed under Sector Wide Approach to Planning (SWAp) to address
shortfalls in urban and rural water supply infrastructure, to improve water resource management
primarily through upgrading the country’s nine Basin Water Offices (BWOs), and to strengthen the
sector institutions and their capacities.
Under the WSDP, the government has started devolving their rights of administrative services for
water supply to the district level. The capacity building and training, therefore, is an important
component of this new approach. Under such circumstance, the Government of Tanzania requested
the Government of Japan to implement the technical cooperation project, in order to strengthen the
capacities and system for implementation, operation and maintenance of the rural water supply in the
target districts.
In response to the request of the Government of Tanzania for the technical cooperation of the Rural
Water Supply and Sanitation Capacity Development (RUWASA-CAD) Project, the Government of
Japan decided to conduct the Project in accordance with the Minutes of Meeting and the Record of
Discussion agreed upon between MoWI and Ministry of Finance, and Japan International Cooperation
Agency (JICA), the official agency responsible for the implementation of the technical cooperation
programs of the Government of Japan.
The project commenced in September 2007, and scheduled to complete on July 2010. This is the Final
Report which discusses all the activities and results of the five (5) project steps of Work in Japan,
Work in Tanzania I, II, III and IV.
1.2 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The purpose of the Project is to enhance the capacities of the target Districts providing RWSS (Rural
Water Supply and Sanitation) services for rural community. In addition, the following goals and
outputs are expected by the implementation of the Project.
<Super Goal>
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) services are improved under the Water Sector
Development Programme (WSDP) by developing nationwide the training system to be established in
the Technical Cooperation.
1-1
<Overall Goal>
Rural water supply and sanitation (RWSS) services in the target districts are improved.
<Outputs>
1. Capacity of CWSD (Community Water Supply Division) / MoWI for managing capacity
development programme on RWSS is enhanced.
2. A training system model for District Water and Sanitation Teams (DWST) in managing RWSS
projects is established.
3. Capacities of the target Basin Water Offices (BWOs) for supporting Districts in managing RWSS
projects are enhanced.
4. Capacities of Regional Water and Sanitation Teams (RWSTs) in the target Regions for supporting
Districts in managing RWSS projects are enhanced.
5. The project cycle and procedures of the RWSS reviewed through the Project are applied to
implementation of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme (RWSSP) in the target districts.
1.3 PROJECT AREA

The project includes formulation of
the capacity development plan and
implementation of training activities
for rural water supply and sanitation
sector in all Local Government
Authorities (LGAs) of Dar es Salaam,
Coast, Lindi and Mtwara Regions
(See, Figure 1.1).
These are 5 districts (Mtwara, Masasi,
Newala, Tandahimba and Mtwara)
and 1 Town (Mtwara) in Mtwara
Region, 5 district (Liwale, Kilwa,
Nachingwea, Ruangwa and Lindi)
and 1 township (Lindi) in Lindi
Region, 6 districts (Bagamoyo,
Kisarawe, Mkuranga, Rufiji, Mafia
and Kibaha) and 1 township (Kibaha)
in Coast Region, and 3 municipalities
(Kinondoni, Ilala and Temeke) in Dar
es Salaam Region.
Figure 1.1 Project Area
1-2
1.4 PERSONS CONCERNED BY THE PROJECT
1.4.1 PROJECT DIRECTOR AND MANAGER

• Project Director: The Permanent Secretary of Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MoWI)
• Project Manager: Director of the Community Water Supply Division (DCWS), MoWI
1.4.2 TANZANIAN SIDE
(1) Community Water Supply Division (CWSD) of MoWI

• Assistant Director of Community Management Support Section
• Staff of Community Management Support Section (Capacity Building and Training
Sub-section)
• Assistant Director of Operational Planning Section
• Assistant Director of Technical Support Services
(2) Water Resources Division (WRD) of MoWI
• Director of WRD
• Assistant Director of WRD
(3) Basin Water Offices (BWO)
• Basin Water Officer of Wami Ruvu Basin Water Office
• Basin Water Officer of Ruvuma Southern Coast Basin Water Office
(4) Regions
• Regional Water Advisor (RWA) of Dar es Salaam Region
• Regional Water Advisor (RWA) of Coast Region
• Regional Water Advisor (RWA) of Lindi Region
• Regional Water Advisor (RWA) of Mtwara Region
1.4.3 JAPANESE EXPERTS

The JICA Expert Team in composed of the following four (5) members.
Yuichi HATA Chief Advisor / Community Water Supply Project Management
Hiroyoshi YAMADA Deputy Chief Advisor / Water Resources management / Water Supply
Planning
Mikiko AZUMA Community Water Supply Facility Planning / Operation & Maintenance
Tomohiro KATO Community Facilitation / Sanitary Promotion
Jun ONODERA Training Equipment Planning / Project Coordinator
1-3
1.5 PROJECT DESIGN MATRIX (PDM)
1.5.1 PROVISION OF PDM0 AND PDM1

The first version of PDM, namely PDM0 was provided, and agreed by Minute of Meeting between
Japanese Preparatory Study Team and MoW on 6th December 2006. Both side agreed to use the
PDM as a tools for monitoring, evaluation and management of the activities of the Project. At the
end of Preparatory Phase, PDM0 and PO0 (Plan of Operation) were review and discussed based on
the results of the baseline survey, and also findings and observation from the 1st training phase.
The PDM1 and PO1 were provided and agreed upon the meeting of JICA’s Consultation Mission,
MoW and Project Team on 22nd February 2008.
PDM0/PO0/PDM1/PO1 are shown in Annex 1.
1.5.2 REVIEW OF PDM1 AND PREPARATION OF PDM2

At the end of Work in Tanzania II, review of PDM1 was carried out. The review of PDM1 was
discussed based on the sector performance report 2008, and also findings and observation from the
previous activities. The PDM2 and PO2 indicate the direction of the further stage of the project,
were provided and agreed upon the meeting of JICA’s Mid-Term Evaluation Mission, MoWI and
Project Team on 5th March 2009. The PDM2 and PO2 are shown in Table 1.1 and Table 1.2,
respectively. Both planned schedule and actual performance are shown in Table 1.2 of PO2 .
1-4
Table 1.1 Project Design Matrix (PDM2) (1/2)
Project Title : Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Capacity Development Project (RUWASA-CAD)
Duration of the Project : September 2007 to July 2010
Project Area: 22 districts in the Regions of Dar es Salaam, Coast, Lindi and Mtwara
Implementing Agency: Ministry of Water and Irrigation
Target Group: Staff of Ministry of Water and Irrigation; Division of Community Water Supply, Division of Water Resources, Basin Water Offices of Wami Ruvu and Ruvuma &
Southern Coast, Regional Secretariat (RS) in four regions and Local Government Authorities in 22 districts
Version: PDM 2 Prepared on: 2nd March 2009
Narrative Summary Indicators Means of Verification Important Assumption
1. Sector performance report to be
【Super Goal】 By the year of 2025, submitted to Joint Water Sector
1. Coverage rate of improved water supply increases in the rural part of the mainland from 53% (2003) Review
1. RWSS services in the mainland are improved to 90%. 2. Sector Performance Report
under the WSDP by developing nationwide 2. Percentage of water supply points working for more than 6 months a year increases from 82% (Dec.
the training system to be established in the 3. Sector Performance Report
07) to 100% in the rural part of the mainland.
Technical Cooperation.
3. People who have access to improved sanitation in the rural area of the mainland increases from 55%
(Dec.07) to Y%.
1. Sector Performance Report
【Overall Goal】 By the year of 2015, 2. Sector Performance Report The system practiced in the
1. Coverage rate of improved water supply increases in the rural part of the target districts from 3. Monitoring records of the Project is institutionalized
1. RWSS services in the target districts are 57.8 % (Dec. 07) to 75.6%. in the WSDP framework.
districts
improved. 2. Percentage of water supply points working for more than 6 months a year increases from 73.5% 4. Sector Performance Report
(Dec. 07) to 100% in the target districts.
3. Number of legally registered Water User Entities (WUEs) increases compared to the present value
in each target district.
1-5
4. People who have access to improved sanitation in the target districts increases from X% to Y%.
1. Records of the districts on
【Project Purpose】 DWSTs which practices the following actions in implementation of RWSSP reaches to 80% (18 appraisal of the community RWSSP is implemented on
1. Capacities of the target Districts providing districts) by July 2010. applications schedule.
RWSS services for rural communities are 1. To adopt selection procedures of candidate communities for the scoping survey based on the 2. Records of the districts on
enhanced. demand-responsive approach in the promotion phase. comments made to the reports
2. To examine and make comments to progress reports and other output reports to be submitted by the submitted by the service
Technical and Facilitation Service Providers within the period agreed. providers
3. To update information on water supply and sanitation conditions as well as operation and 3. Monitoring records of the
maintenance of existing water supply facilities in the district every year. districts
4. To integrate the strategies and activity plans on water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion for 4. DWSPs and annual investment
households and schools into DWSP and annual plan. plans
1-1. Capacity development strategy for district, region and basin levels in implementation of RWSS • Trained staff remains
【Outputs】 projects is formulated within 6 months from the commencement of the Project in coordination 1-1 Project Progress Report in the originally
1. Capacity of CWSD/ MoWI for managing with PMO-RALG and other actors. assigned office.
capacity development programme on RWSS 1-2 Project Progress Report
1-2. Annual work plans of TCB Unit are formulated every year. • RWSSP is
is enhanced. implemented on
1-3. Activities are conducted by the counterpart personnel in accordance with the action plans attached 1-3 Outputs of the activities
indicated in the action plans, schedule.
to the annual work plan. Project Progress Report
2. A training system model for District Water 2-1. Training plan is formulated within 9 months from the commencement of the project. 2-1. Project Progress Report
and Sanitation Teams (DWST) in managing 2-2. Monitoring plan is formulated within 9 months from the commencement of the project to record 2-2. Project Progress Report
RWSS projects is established. and analyse satisfaction, attainment of skills and knowledge, and behaviour change of trainees as 2-3. Training modular guides and
well as impact of the training plan. course materials finalized
2-3. Revision of training modular guides and development of course materials associated with training
modular guides are finalized as the training package by July 2010.
3. Capacities of the target Basin Water Offices
(BWOs) for supporting Districts in managing 3-1 The preliminary hydrogeological maps are distributed to all the target districts by BWO by the 3-1 Project Progress Report
RWSS projects are enhanced. second training phase.
3-2 Project Progress Report
3-2 The updated hydrogeological data is distributed to all the target districts by BWO annually.
Table 1.1 Project Design Matrix (PDM2) (2/2)
4．Capacities of Regional Water and Sanitation Teams 4-1. RWSPs are formulated in all the target regions by July 2010. 4-1. RWSPs formulated
4-2. Records of RWST on
(RWSTs) in the target Regions for supporting Districts 4-2. Quarterly monitoring reports submitted by the districts are reviewed and responded to comments made to the
in managing RWSS projects are enhanced. the districts by RWSTs in all the target regions within one month from receipt of the monitoring reports
submitted by the districts
reports.
5. The project cycle and procedures of the RWSS reviewed 5-1. Community subprojects are formulated and designed in all the target districts based on 5-1. Records of the districts on
through the Project are applied to implementation of advice and approval by RWST and BWO. assessment of preliminary
RWSSP in the target districts. 5-2. Proposals on the necessary revision for the existing RWSS project cycle and procedure and detail designs of the
requested subprojects
are provided
5-2. Proposals submitted from the
Project Team to MoWI
【Activities】【Input 】
1-1 Assess capacities and training needs of regional and district personnel in the target areas.
1-2 Examine current practices in capacity building of regional and district personnel. 1. The Japanese Side Budget for the Project are
secured (MoWI, the target
1-3 Collect information on training resources. 1) Experts regions and districts).
1-4 Draft a capacity development programme for the target areas in line with the institutional framework of the RWSS sub-programme of the WSDP. - Chief Advisor / Community
1-5 Based on the capacity development programme of 1-4 above, draft an annual work plan for the programme. Water Supply Project
1-6 Compile and improve the existing manuals and guidelines on RWSS services for Regional and District personnel. Management
1-7 Manage the implementation of the trainings courses including supervision of the training consultants. - Deputy Chief Advisor / Water
1-8 Monitor progress of RWSS projects implemented by the target Districts. Resources Management/
Water Supply Planning
1-9 Review the annual work plan based on the results of 1-6, 1-7 and 1-8 above.
1-10 Disseminate the training modules and materials revised through the Project to other stakeholders through the Thematic Working Group for Institutional - Community Water Supply
Facility Planning/ Operation
Development and Capacity Building and other channels. & Maintenance
1-11 Make contribution on revision and improvement of the Programme Implementation Manual (PIM) and related guides in RWSS projects based on - Community Facilitation /
findings from monitoring and evaluation of application of these documents in the project activities. Sanitary Promotion
2-1 Improve existing training plans for DWSTs in the target districts in managing RWSS projects and supporting communities in O&M and sanitation -----------------------------
promotion. 【Pre-condition】
2-2 Develop training curriculum and materials for DWSTs based on 2-1 above. 2) Equipments
1-6
2-3 Provide training for DWSTs in the target Districts based on 2-1 and 2-2 above. - Equipment required for • Training and Capacity
2-4 Provide mentoring for DWSTs for improvement of their performance in management of RWSS projects through field visit to the districts for monitoring. activities Building Unit in
Division of Rural
2-5 Monitor and evaluate attainment of skills and knowledge, and behaviour change of trainees as well as impact of the training plan for improvement of the - Office equipment Water Supply, MoWI
training plan. is established.
3) Training in Japan
3-1 Review and compile existing water resource data to be used effectively by the target BWOs.
3-2 Guide the target BWOs on analyzing and processing the water resources data. • WSDP launches in
March 2007 on
3-3 Develop training plans for BWOs of the target Basin for improvement of support services for the local authorities in RWSS projects. 2. The Tanzania Side schedule.
3-4 Provide training for BWOs based on the training plans of 3-3 above. 1) Counterparts
3-5 Monitor the implementation of support services by BWOs to the target districts. • Decentralization
4-1 Examine practices of the RWSTs of the target Regions pertaining to supporting and monitoring water supply services in the target Districts. - MoWI policies on rural water
supply sector are
4-2 Examine the intercommunication mechanism between Regions, MOWI, PMO-RALG, BWO and Districts. - BWO progressed.
4-3 Develop training plans for RWSTs of the target Regions based on the examinations of 4-1 and 4-2 above. - RAS
4-4 Provide training for RWSTs of the target Regions based on the training plans of 4-3 above.
4-5 Monitor the implementation of support services by RWSTs to the target districts. 2) Offices Spaces
5-1 Review the existing RWSS project cycle and procedures and prepare proposal on the necessary revision. - Office space(MoWI)
5-2 Facilitate consensus building among Community Water Supply Division, regional secretariats, BWOs, and local government authorities on application of - Spaces for training
the revised project cycle and procedures in implementation of RWSSP in the target districts.
3) Budget for operation
5-3 Report the progress of the project periodically to the meetings of Thematic Working Group of Institutional Development and Capacity Building.
[Abbreviations]
RWSS: Rural Water Supply and Sanitation, WSDP: Water Sector Development Programme, CWSD: Community Water Supply Division, MoWI: Ministry of Water and Irrigation, DWST: District Water
and Sanitation Team, BWO: Basin Water Office, RWST: Regional Water and Sanitation Team, WUE: Water User Entity, DWSP: District Water and Sanitation Plan, PMO-RALG: Prime Minister’s
Office – Regional Administration and Local Government, TCB Unit: Training and Capacity Building Unit, RWSP: Regional Water and Sanitation Plan
Table 1.2 Plan of Operation 2 (PO2) (1/3)
2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010
Activities of PDM Component of Activity 1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar May Jun Jul Aug
Joint Coordinate Committee (JCC) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
Report PR1 ITR PR2 PR3 FR
Joint Water Sector Review (JWSR), Annually
Water Sectro Working Group (WSWG), Quarterly
Thematic Working Group (TWG), Bi-monthly
JICA Mission
Seminar on Capacity Development Plan
Planned
1-1-1 Conduct baseline survey
Actual
Planned
1-1-2 Assess the capacity of the officials and training
1-1 es and training needs of regional and district personnel in
needs of districts and regions
Actual
Planned
1-1-3 Conduct endline survey for the evaluation
Actual
Planned
Examine current practices in capacity building of
1-2
regional and district personnel
Actual
Planned
1-3-1 Collect information on existing training resources
Actual
1-3 Collect information on training resources
Planned
1-3-2 Prepare inventory of training resources
Actual
Planned
1-4-1 Formulate training concept
Draft a capacity development programme for the target Actual
1-4 areas in line w ith the institutional framew ork of the
RWSS sub-programme of the WSDP Planned
1-4-2 Formulate the framew ork of training plan in line
1-7
w ith training concept formulated in 1-4-1 above
Actual
Planned
Based on the capacity development programme of 1-4
1-5 1-5-1 Prepare an annual w ork plan
above, draft an annual w ork plan for the programme
Actual
Planned
1-6-1 Collect and analyze the existing manuals and
guidelines (Programme implementation manual)
Actual
Complile and improve the existing manuals and Planned

1-6-2 Revise manuals and guidelines based on the
1-6 guidelines on RWSS services for Regional and District
result of analysis of 1-6-1 above
personnel Actual
Planned
1-6-3 Update revised manuals and guidelines through
implementation of the Project
Actual
Planned
Manage the implementation of the training courses
1-7
including supervision of the training consultants
Actual
Planned
Monitor progress of RWSS projects implemented by the
1-8
target District
Actual
Planned
Review the annual w ork plan based on the results of 1-
1-9
6, 1-7 and 1-8 above
Actual
Planned
1-10-1 Disseminate the training modules and materials
Disseminate the training modules and materials revised revised through the sector dialogue
Actual
through the Project to other stakeholders through the
1-10
Thematic Working Group for Institutional Development
Planned
and Capacity Building and other channels 1-10-2 Publicise activities of the Project through
Website of MoW Actual
Make contribution on revision and improvement of the

Planned
Project Implementation Manual (PIM) and related guides
1-11 in RWSS projects based on findings from monitoring and

evaluation of application of these documents in the
Actual
project activities
2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010
2-1-1 Improve existing training programme for DWSTs in Planned
managing RWSS projects and supporting cmmunities in
O&M and sanitation promotion Actual
Improve exisitng training plan for DWSTs in the target
2-1 districts in managing RWSS projects and supporting
Planned
communities in O&M and sanitation promotion
2-1-2 Update improved training plan
Actual
Planned
2-2-1 Revision of existing Training Module
Actual
Planned
Develop training curriculum and materials for DWSTs 2-2-2 Provide the Training Materials for the each
2-2
based on 2-1 above Training Phase Actual
Planned
2-2-3 Update the PIM (Project Implementation Manual)
package as necessary Actual
Planned
2-3-1 Provide training for DWEs, DPLOs, DHOs and
DCDOs of the target Districts in w ater supply planning Actual
Planned
DEOs of the target Districts in project management Actual
Provide training for DWSTs in target Districts based on

2-3 2-3-3 Provide training for DWEs, DHOs, DCDOs, DEOs Planned
2-1 and 2-2 above
and Technicians in the target Districts in construction
supervision of facilities Avtual
Planned
DCDOs in the target Districts in O&M of facilities
Actual
Provide mentoring for DWSTs for improvement of their Planned

2-4 performance in managing of RWSS projects through
field visit to the districts for monitoring Actual
1-8
Planned
2-5-1 Prepare contents to be monitored
Monitor and evaluate attainment of skills and know ledge, Actual
and behaviour change of trainees as w ell as impact of
2-5
the training programme for improvement of the training 2-5-2 Monitor and evaluate attainment of skills and Planned
plan know ledge, and behaviour change of trainees as w ell
as impact of the training programme Actual
Planned
3-1-1 Review and compile existing w ater resources
information Actual
Review and compile existing w ater resource data to be
3-1
used effectively by the target BWOs Planned
3-1-2 Conduct inventory survey on existing w ells
Actual
Planned
3-2-1 Training for basic skills of database and GIS
Actual
Guide the target BWOs on analyzing and processing the
3-2
w ater resources data Planned
3-2-2 Training for preparation of preliminary
hydrogeological map
Actual
Develop training plan for BWOs of the target Basin for Planned
3-3 improvement of support services for the local
authorities in RWSS projects Actual
Planned
3-4-1Guide the target BWOs on updating the w ater
resources data regularly Actual
Planned
Provide training for BWOs based on the training plan of 3-4-2 Guide the target BWOs on disseminating w ater
3-4
3-3 above resources data to relevant organizations Actual
3-4-3 Guide the target BWOs on supporting the District Planned

personnel to utilize the w ater resources data for
planning RWSS projects Actual
Planned
Monitor the implementation of support services by
3-5
BWOs to the target districts
Actual
2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010

Examine practices of the RWSTs of the targed Regions Planned
4-1 pertaining to supporting and monitoring w ater supply
services in the target Districts Actual
Planned
Examine the intercommunication mechanism betw een
4-2
Regions, MoW, PMO-RALG, BWO and Districts Actual
Planned
Develop training plan for RWSTs of the target Regions
4-3
based on the examinations of 4-1 and 4-2 above Actual
Planned
Provide training for RWSTs of the target Regions based 4-4-1 Provide training for RWST in target Regions in
4-4
on the training plan of 4-3 above accorndace w ith training programes Actual
Planned
Monitor the implementation of support services by
4-5
RWSTs to the target districts
Actual
Planned
5-1-1 Examine the existing RWSS project cycle and
Review the existing RWSS project cycle and procedures Actual
5-1 procedures and prepare proposal on the necessary
revision. Planned
5-1-2 Practice and measure the effectiveness of
proposed cycle and procedures Actual
Facilitate consensus building among Community Water Planned

Supply Division, regional secretariats, BWOs, and local
5-2 government authorities on application of the revised
project cycle and procedures in implementation of
Actual
RWSSP in the target districts.
Report the progress of the project periodicaly to the Planned
1-9
5-3 meetings of Tematic Working Group of Institutional
Development and Capacity Building. Actual
Note) : Activity to be taken in the particular period

: Activity to be taken entire project period
: Activity to be taken timely depending on occasion
: Actual period of activity taken
Chapter 2 Project Contents and Methodology
CHAPTER 2 PROJECT CONTENTS AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 WORK FLOW OF THE PROJECT
The Project consists of three phases of Preparatory and Training & Monitoring, and Monitoring &
Evaluation. It starts in September 2007 and lasts for 35 months. The outline of the Project phases
and steps are shown in Figure 2.1, and the entire work items and steps of the Project are shown in
Figure 2.2 (Work Flow Chart).
Phase Step Activities Period Reports

Work in Japan Preparatory Work in Japan September 2007
Preparatory
Baseline Survey to Inception Report
Work in Tanzania I
Training Phase I March 2008 Progress Report (1)
Training Phase II May 2008 to
Training & Work in Tanzania II
Training Phase III February 2009 Interim Report
Monitoring
Training Phase IV May 2009 to Progress Report (2)
Work in Tanzania III
Training Phase V February 2010 Progress Report (3)
Monitoring & End Line Survey May 2010 to
Work in Tanzania IV
Evaluation Seminar July 2010 Final Report
Figure 2.1 Project Phases and Steps
2.2 CONTENTS AND METHODOLOGY OF THE WORKS
2.2.1 PREPARATORY PHASE (SEPTEMBER 2007 – FEBRUARY 2008)

The preparatory phase was planned to formulate the capacity development plan and work plans of
the project. At beginning of the phase, the baseline survey and the assessment of capacity and
training needs were carried out. Based on the results of baseline survey, the capacity assessed and
the training needs analyzed, the capacity development plan was formulated. The preliminary
hydrogeological maps were prepared as the part of training for Basin Water Office (BWO).
The works in Tanzania started upon completion of discussion of the Inception Report on 1st JCC
(Joint Coordinating Committee) held on 25 September 2007. Minutes of Meeting of 1st JCC
Meeting is attached as Appendix-1 of this report. The work items carried out as the Preparatory
Phase are as follows;
< Work in Japan >
Item [1] Collection and review of existing data
Item [2] Examination of basic policy, contents and methodology of project
Item [3] Presentation of Inception Report
< Work in Tanzania I >
Item [4] Discussion about Inception Report
Item [5] Arrangement of Training Facilities
Item [6] Assessment of the capacity and training needs of the officials of districts and
regions
Item [7] Selection of the pilot districts for the monitoring purpose
Item [8] Existing training resources in Tanzania
2-1
Year/Mo Report and
nth
Step Phase Acitivity Workshop
Output 1(for MoWI) Output 5

Output 2 (for DWST) Output 3 (for BWO) Output 4 (for RWST) (for Application to DWSP)
Work in
August
Examination of basic policy, contents and
Japan
【1】 Collection and review of existing data 【2】【3】 Preparation of Inception Report
2007
methodology of project
Inception Report
【4】 Discussion about Inception Report 【5】 Arrangement of Training Facilities
Assessment of the
capacity and training
【6】
needs of the officials
of districts and regions
Selection of the pilot

【7】 districts for the
monitoring purpose
Preparatory Phase
Examination of
【8】 existing training Examination of
resources in Tanzania supporting
【11】
September 2007 ～ March 2008
mechanism of the
Examination of BWO to the districts
Work in Tanzania I
training system of the

【9】
training programme of
the Project
Preparation of the
preliminary
Formulation of 【12】
Capacity hydrogeological
【10】 Development Plan maps
and Annual Work
Plans
Review of PDM0
【13】 and preparation of
PDM1 and PO1
Training phase I
1. Distribution of training information and invitation
【14】
2. Improvement of training materials
3. Implementation of training
1st Training for DWST Training for BWO 1st Training for RWST
Preparation of preliminary
Identification of present status Identification of present status
hydrogeological maps
Progress Report I
【15】 Preparation, submission and discussion on the Progress Report 1
Training phase II Participation in the

1. Review of capacity development plan and formulation of annual work plan 【16】 sector dialogue of
【18】 2. Distribution of training information WSDP
3. Selection and improvement of training material
Coordination for
2nd Training for DWST 2
nd
Training for BWO 2
nd
Training for RWST apprication of the project
cycle and procedures of
-Demand Responsive Approach -Roles and responsibility of BWOs -Formulation of RWSP 【17】
-Strategic planning of RWSS with in RWSS projects -Strategic planning of RWSS with the RWSS to
considering sustainability of water -Assessment of water resources considering sustainability of water implementation of DWSP
May 2008 ～ March 2009
and snitation potential for rural water supply and snitation in the target districts
Work in Tanzania II
First monitoring of
【19】
pilot districts
Training phase III
1. Review of capacity development plan and formulation of annual work plan
【20】 2. Distribution of trraining information
Training and Monitoring Phase
3rd Training for DWST 3rd Training for BWO 3rd Training for RWST
-Coordination with RWA for
-Project Management -Project Management
water supply planning
-Strengthen capacity in -Strengthen capacity in
-Optimization of water resources
formulation of the integrated for rural water supply formulation of the integrated
approach and activities of -Assessment of design of water approach and activities of
water and sanitation supply system water and sanitation Seminar on
Second monitoring
【19】 of pilot districts capacity
Preparation, submission and discussion on the developmet
and regions 【21】 Seminar on capacity development plan 【22】
Interim Report
Interim Report
Training phase IV
Participation in the sector
1. Review of capacity development plan and formulation of annual work plan 【23】
【25】 2. Distribution of training information and invitation dialogue of WSDP
th Coordination for
4th Training for DWST 4 Training for BWO 4th Training for RWST apprication of the project
-Support services for community- -Support of supervision in cycle and procedures of
-Monitoring in accordance with
based O&M and hygiene promotio 【24】
construcion phase RESPs theRWSS to
-Technical supervision of service
May 2009 ～ February 2010
-Update of hydrogeological maps -Evaluation of quarterly and implementation of DWSP

providers, contractors and
-Water resources management annual report in the target districts
Work inTanzania III
suppliers
Monitoring of pilot
【26】【27】 Review of capacity development plan 【28】
Preparation, submission and
districts discussion on the Progress Report 2
Progress Report II
Training phase V
1. Distribution of training information
【29】
2. Selection and improvement of training material
th th th
5 Training for DWST 5 Training for BWO 4 Training for RWST
-Planning for the O&M and -Planning of supporting system -Planning of supporting system
follow-up for O&M for O&M
-Final evaluation of the -Final evaluation of the -Final evaluation of the
achievement of each district achievement of each BWO achievement of each region
Progress Report
【30】 Preparation, submission and discussion on the Progress Report 3
Work in Tanzania IV
Seminar on
【31】 Participation in the sector
May 2010 ～ August
Evaluation Phase
Monitoring of the dialogue of WSDP Capacity

【34】 Seminar on capacity development plan
Monitoring &
organizations related Development

to rural water supply Coordination for
2010
【33】 apprication of the project

project and O&M of
rural water supply 【35】 Preparation of Final Report 【32】 cycle and procedures of Final Report
theRWSS to
facilities (End Line) implementation of DWSP
in the target districts
Figure 2.2 Work Flow Chart
2-2
Item [9] Examination of training system of the Project

Item [10] Formulation of Capacity Development Plan and Annual Work Plans
Item [11] Examination of supporting mechanism of the BWO to the districts
Item [12] Preparation of the Preliminary Hydrogeological Maps
Item [13] Review of PDM0 and preparation of PDM1 and PO1
2.2.2 TRAINING AND MONITORING PHASE I (DECEMBER 2007 – MAR 2008)

The work items carried out as the training and monitoring phase I (December 2007 to March 2008)
are as follows;
< Work in Tanzania I >
Item [14] Training Phase I
Item [15] Preparation, submission and discussion on the Progress Report 1
2.2.3 TRAINING AND MONITORING PHASE II (MAY 2008 – MAR 2009)

The work items carried out as the Training and Monitoring Phase II (May 2008 to March 2009) are
as follows;
< Work in Tanzania II >
Item [16] Participation in the Sector Dialogue of WSDP
Item [17] Coordination for application of the Project Cycle and Procedure on RWSS to
implementation of DWSP in the Target Districts
Item [18] Training phase II
Item [19] First monitoring of pilot districts
Item [20] Training phase III
Item [21] Seminar on capacity development plan
Item [22] Preparation, submission and discussion on the Interim Report
2.2.4 TRAINING AND MONITORING PHASE III (MAY 2009 – MAR 2010)
The work items carried out as the Training and Monitoring Phase II (May 2009 to March 2010) are as
follows;
< Work in Tanzania III>
Item [23] Participation in the sector dialogue of WSDP
Item [24] Coordination for application of the project cycle and procedures of the RWSS to
implementation of DWSP in the target districts
Item [25] Training phase IV
Item [26] 3rd Monitoring of pilot districts
Item [27] Review of Capacity Development Plan
Item [29] Training phase
<Collaboration with Terminal Review Mission>
2-3
2.2.5 MONITORING AND EVALUATION PHASE
The work items carried out as the Training and Monitoring Phase II (May 2010 to July 2010) are as
follows;
Item [31] Participation in the sector dialogue of WSDP
Item [32] Coordination for application of the project cycle and procedures of the RWSS to
implementation of DWSP in the target districts
Item [33] Monitoring of the organizations related to rural water supply project and O&M of
rural water supply facilities (End line survey)
Item [34] Seminar on capacity development plan
Item [35] Preparation, submission and discussion on the Final Report
2.3 PROJECT ACTIVITIES

The activities to be taken in order to achieve the each output are summarized in PDM. In addition to
the activities described in PDM, the project provided the component of activities in Plan of Operation
(PO). The activities and component of activities are shown below and PO2 is shown in Table 2.1.
2.3.1 ACTIVITIES FOR OUTPUT 1:

The expected output of the Output 1 is the “Capacity of CWSD (Community Water Supply
Division) / MoWI for managing capacity development programme on RWSS is enhanced”. In
order to achieve the expected output, following activities are taken in entire Project term.
1-1 Assess capacities and training needs of regional and district personnel in the target areas.
1-1-1 Conduct baseline survey
1-1-2 Assess the capacity of the officials and training needs of districts and regions
1-1-3 Conduct baseline survey for the evaluation
1-2 Examine current practices in capacity building of regional and district personnel.
1-3 Collect information on training resources.
1-3-1 Collect information on existing training resources
1-3-2 Prepare inventory of training resources
1-4 Draft a capacity development programme for the target areas in line with the institutional
framework of the RWSS sub-programme of the WSDP.
1-4-1 Formulate training concept
1-4-2 Formulate the framework of training plan in line with training concept formulated in 1-4-1
above
1-5 Based on the capacity development programme of 1-4 above, draft an annual work plan for the
programme.
1-5-1 Prepare the Plan of Operation (PO) as an annual work plan
1-6 Compile and improve the existing manuals and guidelines on RWSS services for Regional and
District personnel.
1-6-1 Collect and analyze the existing manuals and guidelines (Programme implementation manual)
1-6-2 Revise manuals and guidelines based on the result of analysis of 1-6-1 above
1-6-3 Update revised manuals and guidelines through implementation of the Project
2-4
1-7 Manage the implementation of the trainings courses including supervision of the training
consultants.
1-8 Monitor progress of RWSS projects implemented by the target Districts.
1-9 Review the annual work plan based on the results of 1-6, 1-7 and 1-8 above.
1-10 Disseminate the training modules and materials revised through the Project to other stakeholders
through the Thematic Working Group for Institutional Development and Capacity Building and
other channels.
1-10-1 Disseminate the training modules and materials revised through the sector dialogue
1-10-2 Publicise activities of the Project through Website of MoW
1-11 Make contribution on revision and improvement of the Project Implementation Manual (PIM)
and related guides in RWSS projects based on findings from monitoring and evaluation of
application of these documents in the project activities
The expected output of the Output 2 is the “A training system model for District Water and
Sanitation Teams (DWST) in managing RWSS projects is established”. In order to achieve the
expected output, following activities are taken in entire Project term.
2-1 Improve existing training programmes for DWSTs in the target districts in managing RWSS
projects and supporting communities in O&M and sanitation promotion.
2-1-1 Improve existing training programme for DWSTs in managing RWSS projects and supporting
communities in O&M and sanitation promotion
2-1-2 Update improved training programme
2-2 Develop training curriculum and materials for DWSTs based on 2-1 above.
2-2-1 Revision of existing Training Module
2-2-2 Provide the Training Materials for the each Training Phase
2-2-3 Update the PIM (Project Implementation Manual) package as necessary
2-3 Provide training for DWSTs in the target Districts based on 2-1 and 2-2 above.
2-3-1 Provide training for DWEs, DPLOs, DHOs and DCDOs of the target Districts in water supply
planning
2-3-2 Provide training for DWEs, DPLOs, DHOs and DEOs of the target Districts in project
management
2-3-3 Provide training for DWEs, DHOs, DCDOs, DEOs and Technicians in the target Districts in
construction supervision of facilities
2-3-4 Provide training for DWEs, DPLOs, DHOs and DCDOs in the target Districts in O&M of
facilities
2-4 Provide mentoring for DWSTs for improvement of their performance in management of RWSS
projects through field visit to the districts for monitoring.
2-5 Monitor and evaluate attainment of skills and knowledge, and behaviour change of trainees as
well as impact of the training programme for improvement of the training programme.
2-5-1 Prepare contents to be monitored
2-5-2 Monitor and evaluate attainment of skills and knowledge, and behavior change of trainees as
well as impact of the training programme
2-5
The expected output of the Output 3 is the “Capacities of the target Basin Water Offices (BWOs) for
supporting Districts in managing RWSS projects are enhanced”. In order to achieve the expected
output, following activities are taken in entire Project term.
3-1 Review and compile existing water resource data to be used effectively by the target BWOs.
3-1-1 Review and compile existing water resources information
3-1-2 Conduct inventory survey on existing wells
3-2 Guide the target BWOs on analyzing and processing the water resources data.
3-2-1 Training for basic skills of database and GIS
3-2-2 Training for preparation of preliminary hydrogeological map
3-3 Develop training programmes for BWOs of the target Basin for improvement of support services
for the local authorities in RWSS projects.
3-4 Provide training for BWOs based on the training programmes of 3-3 above.
3-4-1 Guide the target BWOs on updating the water resources data regularly
3-4-2 Guide the target BWOs on disseminating water resources data to relevant organizations
3-4-3 Guide the target BWOs on supporting the District personnel to utilize the water resources data
for planning RWSS projects
3-5 Monitor the implementation of support services by BWOs to the target districts.
The expected output of the Output 4 is the “Capacities of Regional Water and Sanitation Teams
(RWSTs) in the target Regions for supporting Districts in managing RWSS projects are enhanced”.
In order to achieve the expected output, following activities are taken in entire Project term.
4-1 Examine practices of the RWSTs of the target Regions pertaining to supporting and monitoring
water supply services in the target Districts.
4-2 Examine the intercommunication mechanism between Regions, MOWI, PMO-RALG, BWO and
Districts.
4-3 Develop training programmes for RWSTs of the target Regions based on the examinations of 4-1
and 4-2 above.
4-4 Provide training for RWSTs of the target Regions based on the training programmes of 4-3 above.
4-4-1 Procure the trainer for training for RWST
4-4-2 Provide training for RWST in target Regions in accordance with training programmes
4-5 Monitor the implementation of support services by RWSTs to the target districts.
The expected output of the Output 5 is the “The project cycle and procedures of the RWSS
reviewed through the Project are applied to implementation of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
Programme (RWSSP) in the target districts”. In order to achieve the expected output, following
activities are taken in entire Project term.
5-1 Review the existing RWSS project cycle and procedures and prepare proposal on the necessary
revision.
5-1-1 Examine the existing RWSS project cycle and procedures
2-6
5-1-2 Practice and measure the effectiveness of proposed cycle and procedures
5-2 Facilitate consensus building among Community Water Supply Division, regional secretariats,
BWOs, and local government authorities on application of the revised project cycle and
procedures in implementation of RWSSP in the target districts.
5-3 Report the progress of the project periodically to the meetings of Thematic Working Group of
Institutional Development and Capacity Building.
2.4 PROJECT INPUTS
2.4.1 INPUTS FROM JAPANESE SIDE
The necessary project inputs from Japanese side planned by the PDM were executed by the Project.
These are consisting from dispatch of Japanese Expert and procurement of equipment and training
in Japan.
Dispatched Japanese Expert includes 1) Chief Advisor, 2) Deputy Chief Advisor / Water Resources,
3) Water Supply Facilities Planning / Operation and Maintenance, 4) Community Facilitation /
Sanitary Promotion and 5) Training Equipment Planning / Project Coordinator. The equipment
procured by the Project is consisting office building, office equipment, vehicles and the laptop
computers for the counterpart personnel. The counterpart personnel training course in Japan was
held during the period from 7th to 25th November 2009.
Moreover, apart from the project inputs planned by PDM, the chief advisor made a presentation of
the activities taken by the RUWASA-CAD project on 2nd AWW (African Water Week) conference
held at Pretoria, RSA, on November 2009.
2.4.2 JAPANESE EXPERT
The JICA Experts dispatched for the Project consists following four (5) members. The actual
work performance taken by the JICA Experts are shown in Table 2.1.
Yuichi HATA Chief Advisor / Community Water Supply Project Management
Hiroyoshi YAMADA Deputy Chief Advisor / Water Resources management / Water Supply
Planning
Mikiko AZUMA Community Water Supply Facility Planning / Operation & Maintenance
Tomohiro KATO Community Facilitation / Sanitary Promotion
Jun ONODERA Training Equipment Planning / Project Coordinator
2.4.3 PROCUREMENT OF EQUIPMENT
The equipment procured by the Project is consisting office building, office equipment, vehicles and
the laptop computers for the counterpart personnel. The List of Equipment procured by the Project
is shown in Annex 2 of this report.
2.4.4 COUNTERPART TRAINING IN JAPAN
As one of the results of the joint evaluation on RUWASA-CAD project by MoWI and JICA’s
Mid-Term Review Mission, it is pointed out that the improvement of the counterparts in the Project
had not been satisfactory to build their capacity sufficiently. In this project step, as an input from
Japanese side, 5 computers were procured in order to accelerate counterpart participation in the
Project. Additionally, in this project step, 5 counterpart members were invited training course in
Japan, in order to understand the capacity development system for rural water supply sector in Japan.
Outline of the training is shown in below.
2-7
Table 2.1 Actual Performance Taken by the JICA Expert
MM of the 1st Year

MM of the 2nd Year MM of the 3rd Year MM of the 4th Year
Name Function Period （September 2007 - March
May 2008 - March 2009) (May 2009 - March 2010) (May 2010 - July 2010)
2008）
9/9/2007 - 6/12/2007
4.50
26/1/2008 - 15/3/2008
4/5/2008 - 17/6/2008
1/9/2008 - 14/11/2008 6.33
Chief Advisor/Community
5/1/2009 - 15/3/2009
Yuichi HATA Water Supply Project
Management 9/5/2009 - 21/7/2009
21/8/2009 - 3/11/2009
7.50
8/11/2009 - 12/11/2009
5/1/2010 - 15/3/2010
3/5/2010 - 31/7/2010 3.00
18/10/2007 - 15/3/2008 5.00
24/5/2008 - 7/7/2008
Deputy Chief Advisor/Water 20/9/2008 - 3/12/2008 6.00

Hiroyoshi YAMADA Resources Management/Water 15/1/2009 - 15/3/2009
Supply Planning
2-8
20/9/2009 - 12/12/2009
5.00
1/9/2010 - 15/3/2010
12/6/2010 - 31/7/2010 1.67
17/11/2007 - 14/2/1008 3.00
1/7/2008 - 8/8/2008
10/9/2008 - 14/12/2008 6.50
Community Water Supply
15/1/2009 - 15/3/2009
Mikiko AZUMA Facility Planning/Operation
and Maintenaice 16/5/2009 - 29/6/2009
26/8/2009 - 28/11/2009 7.00
5/1/2010 - 15/3/2010
14/6/2010 - 28/7/2010 1.50
9/9/2007 - 21/12/2007
5.00
26/1/2008 - 15/3/2008
Community 4/5/2008 - 17/7/2008
7.50
Tomohiro KATO Facikitation/Sanitary 17/10/2008 - 15/3/2009
Promotion 3/6/2009 - 3/9/2009
7.50
4/11/2008 - 15/3/2010
3/5/2010 - 31/7/2010 3.00
Training Equipment Planning /
Jun ONODERA 8/9/2007 - 17/11/2007 2.36
Project Coordinator
Total of Each Project Year 19.86 26.33 27.00 9.17
Total of Entire Project Term 82.36
(1) Outline of the Training
Course Title：Training on the Capacity Development System for Rural Water Supply Sector in Japan
Course Organizer：Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
Course Provider: Japan International Cooperation Center (JICE)
Training Coordinator：Earth System Science (ESS)
Period (Tentative)：7th to 25th November 2009
Participants: Mr. Goyagoya J Mbenna (CWSD), Ms. Neema Siarra (CWSD), Ms. Kirenga D.A.T
(CWSD), Ms. Dianna Kimbute (WRD), Mr. John Daniel (DHRA)
(2) Contents of the Training
The purpose the training is to enhance the capacities of the counterpart personnel of the Ministry
of Water and Irrigation providing the capacity development intervention for the LGAs, Regions
and Basin Water Offices by learning capacity development system for the rural water supply
sector in Japan. The contents was planned in order to understand the capacity development
system for rural water supply sector in Japan. The details of the training is described Section
3.2 of Chapter3..
2.4.5 PRESENTATION OF RUWASA-CAD ACTIVITIES ON 2ND AWW
The 2nd AWW (African Water Week) conference was held under the auspices of AMCOW (African
Ministerial Conference on Water) on a period from from 9th to 13th November 2009, at Pretoria,
Republic of South Africa. Dr. Hata, Chief Advisor of the Project, participated to the meeting, and
made presentation of the activities taken and outcome by the Project.
The contents of the presentation are summarized as follow.
1. Background on WSDP (Water Sector Development Programme) in Tanzania
2. Implementation Structure of RWSS (Rural Water Supply and Sanitation) Sub-Component of
WSDP
3. Outline of RUWASA-CAD Project
4. Participation and contribution on WSDP sector dialogue by the Project
5. Major activities of RUWASA-CAD Project
6. Supporting structure of WSDP in Tanzania
7. Expected output of the RUWASA-CAD Project
2.4.6 LOCAL PROJECT COST
Regarding local project cost disburse during entire project period, the cost born by Japanese side is
shown in Table 2.2, while the cost born by Tanzania side is shown in Table 2.3. As shown in the
tables, the total expenditure of Japan is 135,400,295 Yen（approx. 1,991,180,809 Tsh）, and the total
expenditure of Tanzania is 80,693,100 Tsh（approx. 5,567,800 Yen）
2-9
Table 2.2 Local Project Cost Born by Japanese Side
1st Year (Japanese 2nd Year (Japanese 3rd Year (Japanese 4th Year (Japanese
Item Fiscal Year) Fiscal Year) Fiscal Year) Fiscal Year) Total (JPY) Total (TZS)
(achieved:JPY) (achieved:JPY) (achieved:JPY) (Planned:JPY)
1 General expenses 9,029,025 22,504,317 19,498,892 6,584,707 57,616,941 847,307,956
1.1 Labor cost 2,513,852 4,434,022 4,144,366 1,247,043 12,339,283 181,460,044
1.2 Equipment maintenance cost 68,802 169,504 378,682 29,478 646,466 9,506,853
1.3 Consumable cost 884,142 628,496 631,566 322,733 2,466,937 36,278,485
1.4 Transportation & travel cost 2,062,033 9,048,817 3,948,684 4,240,145 19,299,679 283,818,809
1.5 Communications cost 0 102,932 0 278,100 381,032 5,603,412
1.6 Document preparation cost 89,481 178,922 173,243 0 441,646 6,494,794
1.7 Rental cost (office space and venue for seminar) 395,096 356,764 0 467,208 1,219,068 17,927,471
1.8 Local training cost 3,015,619 7,584,860 10,222,351 0 20,822,830 306,218,088
2 Procurement cost (Project equipment) 4,145,363 0 700,000 0 4,845,363 71,255,338
3 Procurement cost (Vehicles) 7,797,560 0 0 0 7,797,560 114,670,000

4 Report preparation cost (Printing&binding) 70,000 0 0 3,835,000 3,905,000 57,426,471
2-10
5 Report preparation cost (Other than printing&binding) 11,000 0 0 1,523,000 1,534,000 22,558,824
6 Contract with local consultants 12,686,000 16,092,004 19,350,000 7,729,000 55,857,004 821,426,529
7 Contract with local NGOs 0 0 0 0 0
8 Construction cost 3,844,427 0 0 3,844,427 56,535,691
Total （tax exclusive） 37,583,375 38,596,321 39,548,892 19,671,707 135,400,295 1,991,180,809
Table 2.3 Local Project Cost Born by Tanzanian Side
(Tsh)
1st Fiscal Year of 2nd Fiscal Year 3rd Fiscal Year
4th Fiscal Year
the Project of the Project of the Project
Cost Item of the Project Total Amount
(Sep 07 - Mar (May 08 - Mar. (May 09 - Mar
(May 10 - Jul 10)
08) 09) 10)
1 Cost for Training
1.1 1st Training Phase (Feb. 2008)
Allowance of the Counterpart 780,000 780,000
1.2 2nd Training Phase (Jun.-Jul. 2008)
Allowance of the Counterpart 1,170,000 1,170,000
1.3 3rd Training Phase (Nov. 2008)
1.4 4th Training Phase (Jul.-Sep. 2009)
1.5 5th Training Phase (Dec. 2009 - Jan. 2010)
Sut-Total 780,000 2,460,000 4,880,000 8,120,000
2 Cost for Monitoring Survey
2.1 1st Monitoring Visit (Sep.-Oct. 2008)
2.2 2nd Moitoring Visit (Jan. 2009)
2.3 3rd Monitoring Visit (Oct. 2009)
2.4 End Line Survey
Sut-Total 0 1,285,000 440,000 480,000 2,205,000
3 Cost to Organize JCC Meetings
3.1 1st JCC Meeting (Sep. 2007)
Allowance of the Counterpart (RWA, BWO 1,038,000 1,038,000
3.2 2nd JCC Meeting (Mar. 2008)
Allowance of the Counterpart (RWA, BWO 1,464,500 1,464,500
3.3 3rd JCC Meeting (Oct. 2008)
Allowance of the Counterpart (RWA, BWO) 661,000 661,000
3.4 4th JCC Meeting (Mar. 2009)
Allowance of the Counterpart (RWA, BWO) 1,050,000 1,050,000
3.5 5th JCC Meeting (Mar. 2010) *1
3.6 6th JCC Meeting (Mar. 2010) *1
Sut-Total 2,502,500 1,711,000 1,890,000 1,280,000 7,383,500
4 Costs to Organize RUWASA-CAD Seminar
4.1 1st Seminar: Allowance of the Counterpart 120,000 120,000
4.2 1st Seminar: Allowance of the participants 13,136,000 13,136,000
4.3 1st Seminar: Transport of the participants 17,006,000 17,006,000
4.4 2nd Seminar: Allowance of the Counterpart 600,000 600,000
4.5 2nd Seminar: Allowance of the participants 0
4.6 2nd Seminar: Transport of the participants 26,528,200 26,528,200
Sut-Total 0 30,262,000 0 27,128,200 57,390,200
5 Electricity, Telephone, Water for the Office
5.1 Electricity 1,499,400 2,142,000 938,000 235,000 4,814,400
5.2 Telephone 0 0 0 0 0
5.3 Water 210,000 300,000 216,000 54,000 780,000
Sub-Total 1,709,400 2,442,000 1,154,000 289,000 5,594,400
6 Others 0
Sub-Total 0 0 0 0 0
Total 4,991,900 38,160,000 8,364,000 29,177,200 80,693,100
2-11
2.4.7 PARTICIPATION OF COUNTERPART PERSONNEL
On September 2007, the Project was started by the Japanese Experts with two Tanzanian
counterpart personnel. The MoWI increased the number of counterpart personnel, responding to
the request from the Project. The increased counterpart personnel are including the stuff from
other division such as WRD (Water Resources Division) and DAHR (Division of Administration
and Human Resources). Consequently, since June 2008, although some of staffs are transferred,
constantly four or five counterpart personnel have been participating to the Project. As shown in
Table 2.4, at the termination phase of the project, four counterpart personnel of Ms. Kirenga D.A.T
and Ms. Neema Siarra from CWSD, Ms. Diana Kimbute from WRD, Ms. Flora W. Mlege from
DAHR are remained as the project counterpart personnel. Among those personnel, Ms. Kirenga
D.A.T has been participating to the Project through the entire project period.
Table 2.4 Transition of Counterpart Personnel of the Project
Division Name Accession Present Status

Ms. Kirenga D.A.T Sep. 2007 RUWASA-CAD Project Member
CWSD Mr. Goyagoya J. M. Sep. 2007 Technical Support Section (Sep. 2009)
Ms. Neema Siarra Jun. 2008 RUWASA-CAD Project Member
Mr. F. Masanja Nov. 2007 Demise (Dec. 2007)
WRD Mr. O. Rumambo Dec. 2007 Demise (Sep. 2008)
Mr. Diana Kimbute Mar. 2009 RUWASA-CAD Project Member
Mr. Jhon Danirl Jun. 2008 PCT (Jan. 2010)
DHAR
Ms. Flora W. Mlege Feb. 2010 RUWASA-CAD Project Member
2.4.8 SEMINARS AND JCC MEETINGS
Through entire project terms, six times JCC (Joint Coordination Committee) meetings and two
times seminar were held. The outline of these meetings and seminars are summarised as below.
The agreed Minutes of Meeting of JCC meetings and the Agendas and List of Participants of the
seminar are shown in Annex-3 of this report.
(1) 1st JCC Meeting
Date: 25th September 2007
Chairman: Mr. C. N. Sayi (Deputy Permanent Secretary of MoWI)
Participants: 【Tanzania Side】MoWI, Coast Region, Mtwara Region, Wami & Ruvu BWO,
Ruvuma & Southern Coast BWO; Total 14 participants
【Japanese Side】JICA Tanzania Office, Expert Team; Total 6 participants
Major Issue: Inception Report of RUWASA-CAD Project
Contents of • Presentation of Inception Report by Japanese expert team
Discussions:
• How the project would link with Thematic Working Group (TWG) of the
water sector dialogue and coordination mechanism
• Details of the contents and target group of the trainings planned by the
Project
• The function of PDM, and the necessity of PDM revision according to the
need
2-12
Agreed Matter: • The contents of Inception Report

• Importance of ths project ownership and responsibility of the Tanzanian side
(2) 2nd JCC Meeting

Date: 11th March 2008
Participants: 【Tanzania Side】MoWI, Coast Region, Mtwara Region, Lindi Region, Dar es
Salaam Region, PMO-RALG, Wami & Ruvu BWO, Ruvuma & Southern Coast
BWO; Total 16 participants
Major Issue: Progress Report (1) of RUWASA-CAD Project
Contents of • The definitions of the terminologies related to the capacity development
Discussions: planning utilizing by PDM
• The contents of the activities related to Output 1 for the capacity
development for CWSD of MoWI
• The details of training contents and trainee
• Regarding the way to monitor and maintain the project sustainability
Agreed Matter: The contents of Progress Report (1)
(3) 3rd JCC Meeting

Date: 27th October 2008
Chairman: Mr. F. Fimbo (MoWI, Director of Division of Human Resources and
Administration)
Participants: 【Tanzania Side】MoWI, Lindi Region, Dar es Salaam Region, PMO-RALG,
Wami & Ruvu BWO; Total 10 participants
Major Issue: Progress of the project activities of first half of project step of Work in Tanzania II
Contents of • Necessity of revision and update of PDM
Discussions:
• Issue about transfer of trained personnel
• The details of training contents and trainee.
• Regarding the method of project monitoring and evaluation
Agreed Matter: Progress of the project
(4) 4th JCC Meeting

Participants: 【Tanzania Side】MoWI, Coast Region, Lindi Region, Dar es Salaam Region,
PMO-RALG, Wami & Ruvu BWO; Total 11 participants
2-13
【Japanese Side】JICA Tanzania Office, Mid Term Evaluation Mission, Expert

Team; Total 8 participants
Major Issue: Progress of the project activities of first half of project step of Work in Tanzania II
Contents of • Presentation of Interim Report by project team
Discussions:
• Proposal of revision and update of PDM1 to PDM2
• Result of joint evaluation by Mid-Term Evaluation Team
Agreed Matter: • The contents of Interim Report
• Revision and update of PDM1 to PDM2
• The contents of mid-term evaluation
• Necessity of the improvement of counterpart participation to the Project
(5) 5th JCC Meeting

Chairman: Mr. J. Kakunda (MoWI Head of PCT)
Participants: 【Tanzania Side】MoWI, Mtwara Region, Lindi Region, Dar es Salaam Region,
PMO-RALG, Wami & Ruvu BWO; Total 13 participants
【Japanese Side】JICA Tanzania Office, Terminal Evaluation Team, Expert Team;
Total 10 participants
Major Issue: Progress of the 3rd Phase of the Project
Contents of • Presentation of the Progress Report (3) by project team.
Discussions:
• Result of joint evaluation by Terminal Evaluation Team
Agreed Matter: • The contents of Progress Report (3)
• The training modular guide provided by the Project would be utilized future
capacity development component of the Programme.
• The contents of terminal evaluation report
• MoWI to take initiative of full utilization of the outputs of the Project
(6) 6th JCC Meeting

Date: 22nd July 2010
Chairman: Mr. John Mukumwa (Director CWSD MoWI
Participants: 【Tanzania Side】MoWI, Mtwara Region, Lindi Region, Dar es Salaam Region,
Coast Region, PMO-RALG, Wami & Ruvu BWO Ruvuma & Southern Coast
BWO, DDCA; Total 14 participants
Major Issue: Contents of Final Report
Contents of Presentation of the contents of Final Report by project team.
Discussions:
2-14
Agreed Matter: • The contents of Final Report

• MoWI to take initiative of sustainability of the outputs of the Project
(7) 1st RUWASA-CAD Seminar

Date: 12th February 2009
Chairman: Mr. J. Mukumwa (MoWI, Director of CWSD
Ms. Kwiluhya (PMO-RALG, Director of Sector Coordination)
Participants: LGAs, RS, BWOs, PMO-RALG, MoEVT (Ministry of Education and Vocational
Training), MoHSW (Ministry of Health and Social Welfare) , MoWI, GTZ,
AfDB, JICA; Total 81 participants
Adgenda: 1. Welcome Note (Mr. J. Mukumwa, MoWI Director CWSD)
2. Statement from JICA (Mr. T. Yamamoto, JICA Tanzania Office)
3. Opening Address (Mr. W. Mkama, Permanent Secretary MoWI)
4. Introduction and Outline of RUWASA-CADproject (Dr. Y. Hata, Chief
Advisor of the Project)
Session 1: RUWASA-CAD Training Plan (Ms. N. Siarra, Project Team)
Session 2: Proposed RWSSP Project Cycle and Procedure (Mr. J. Goyagoya,
Project Team)
Session 3: Progress of RUWASA-CAD Training (Mr. J. Goyagoya, Project
Team)
5. Plan of Following Project Activities (Ms. J. Praxeda, Wami & Ruvu BWO)
6. Open Discussion (All)
7. 7. Closing Address (Ms. Kwiluhya, PMO-RALG, Director of Sector
Coordination)
Major Contents ・ Roles and responsibilities of each institutions which form the basis of the
of Discussions: training plan, base on the results actor analysis of the Project
・ Coordination between the institutions at the occasion of project
implementation
・ Expectation of the target trainee
・ Monitoring method of the Project output
Results of the Most of the participants are the target trainee that is member of DWST, RWST
Seminar and BWO. In this first seminar, the project team presented the background to
formulate the training plan. Therefore, the seminar contribute to create the
awareness of stakeholder regarding RUWASA-CAD training plan.
(8) 2nd RUWASA-CAD Seminar

Date: 15th July 2010
Chairman: Mr. A Mafuru (MoWI, Assistant Director of CWSD)
Ms. A. Mtani (PMO-RALG, Principal Officer, Local Government)
2-15
Participants: LGAs, RS, BWOs, PMO-RALG, MoEVT (Ministry of Education and Vocational
Training), MoHSW (Ministry of Health and Social Welfare) , MoWI, SNV,
UNICEF, TAMISEMI, JICA; Total 105 participants
Agenda: 1. Welcome Note (Mr. A Mafuru MoWI, Assistant Director of CWSD)
2. Statement from JICA (Mr. Y. Katsuta, Chief Representative JICA Tanzania
Office)
3. Opening Address (Mr. J. Mukumwa, MoWI, Director CWSD)
4. Introduction and Outline of RUWASA-CADproject (Dr. Y. Hata, Chief Advisor
of the Project)
Session 1: RUWASA-CAD Training System (Ms. N. Siarra, Project Team)
Session 2: Results of Pilot Trainings from 2008 to 2010 (Ms. D. Kimbute, Project
Team)
Session 3: Proposal on RUWASA-CAD Training Modular Guide (Ms. Kirenga
D.A.T, Project Team)
6. Open Discussion (All)
7. Closing Address (A. Mtani, PMO-RALG, Principal Officer, Local
Government)
Major Contents • Opinion and/or request on the contents of training and target trainee
of Discussions: • Interest on the achievement of the RUWASA-CAD activities
• Interest on Training Modular Guide
• Opinion, interest and request on expansion of RUWASA-CAD activities in
other area
Results of the The seminar have succeeded to create deep understand of the stakeholder
Seminar regarding project activities through 3 years project period. The participant
expressed their interest and request on expansion of RUWASA-CAD training to
the nationwide. The participants also expressed their interest o use of proposed
Training Modular Guide.
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Chapter 3 Output 1: Enhancement of CWSD’s Capacity
CHAPTER 3 OUTPUT 1: ENHANCEMENT OF CWSD’S CAPACITY

3.1 ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT FOR OUTPUT 1
The expected output of 【Output 1】is “Capacity of CWSD (Community Water Supply Division) /
MoWI for managing capacity development programme on RWSS is enhanced”.
3.1.1 WORK IN TANZANIA I (SEPTEMBER 2007 TO MARCH 2008)

The activities taken in this term are mainly the preparatory works in order to implement the training
phase. The capacities and training needs of the target regions and districts are assessed based on
the results of Baseline survey. The current capacity building practice and the existing training
resources were examined through the activities of the preparatory phase. Based on the assessment
and examination, capacity development plan and programme were formulated. Likewise, the
existing training materials and guidelines were compiled and improved. The activities taken by
this term for the Output 1 is summarized in Figure 3.1.
Activities Carried Out Year 2007 2008
Activities Month Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
1-1 Assess capacities and training needs of regional and district personnel in the
target areas
1-2 Examine current practices in capacity building of regional and district
personnel.
1-4 Draft a capacity development programme for the target areas in line with the
institutional framework of the RWSS sub-programme of the WSDP
1-5 Based on the capacity development programme of 1-4 above, draft an annual
work plan for the programme.
1-6 Compile and improve the existing manuals and guidelines on RWSS services
for Regional and District personnel.
1-7 Monitor progress of RWSS projects implemented by the target Districts. (to be carried out in Next Phase)
1-8 Review the annual work plan based on the results of 1-6 and 1-7 above. (to be carried out in Next Phase)
1-9 Disseminate the training modules and materials revised through the Project
to other stakeholders through the Thematic Working Group for Institutional
Development and Capacity Building and other channels.
1-10 Make contribution on revision and improvement of the PIM and related
guides in RWSS projects based on findings from monitoring and evaluation
of application of these documents in the project activities
Figure 3.1 Activities Carried Out for Output 1 during the Work in Tanzania I
3.1.2 WORK IN TANZANIA II (MAY 2008 TO MARCH 2009)

During the term of Work in Tanzania II, the training phases of II and III were carried out for the
DWSTs, RWSTs and BWOs. After each training phase, monitoring of pilot districts and regions
were carried out. Additionally, through the terms of project activity, report on project activities
carried out and the output achieved was made by participating the sector dialogue meetings of the
WSDP such as DPG-W (Development Partner Group, Water), TWG (Thematic Working Group)
WSWG (Water Sector Working Group) and JWSR (Joint Water Sector Review). For the TWG, the
RUWASA-CAD project member is acting as the member of Institutional Development and Capacity
Building (ID&CB) TWG. Through the activities of ID&CB TWG, the project has contributed
various task related to the activities of IS&CB under the WSDP.
The project cycle and procedures of the RWSS revised by the RUWASA-CAD project were
proposed to PCT (Project Coordination Team) and CWSD of the MoWI.
The activities taken by this term for the Output 1 is summarized in Figure 3.2.
As explained foregoing section, activities item from 1-1 to 1-4 were completed by the project step
of Work in Tanzania I. In this term, therefore, the activities of compilation and improvement of
existing manuals and guideline, monitoring of the progress of RWSS project, dissemination of
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training module and materials and revision and improvement of the PIM and related guides in
RWSS projects were carried out through the project term. The revision of the annual work plan
was made on February 2009.

Activities Month May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
1-1 Assess capacities and training needs of regional
(as the baseline survey, completed in last term)
and district personnel in the target areas
1-2 Examine current practices in capacity building of
regional and district personnel. (completed in project step 1)
1-3 Collect information on training resources (completed in project step 1)
1-4 Draft a capacity development programme for the
target areas in line with the institutional framework (completed in project step 1)
of the RWSS sub-programme of the WSDP
1-5 Based on the capacity development programme of
1-4 above, draft an annual work plan for the
programme.
1-6 Compile and improve the existing manuals and
guidelines on RWSS services for Regional and
District personnel.
1-7 Monitor progress of RWSS projects implemented
by the target Districts.
1-8 Review the annual work plan based on the results
of 1-6 and 1-7 above.
1-9 Disseminate the training modules and materials
revised through the Project to other stakeholders
through the Thematic Working Group for
Institutional Development and Capacity Building
and other channels.
1-10 Make contribution on revision and improvement
of the PIM and related guides in RWSS projects
based on findings from monitoring and evaluation
of application of these documents in the project
activities
Figure 3.2 Activities Carried Out for Output 1 during the Work in Tanzania II
3.1.3 WORK IN TANZANIA III (MAY 2009 TO MARCH 2010)

The main activities taken in the term of Work in Tanzania III are implementation of training phase-4
and 5, monitoring visit for pilot districts and review of capacity development plan. Through the
activities in this term, the project team member participated WSDP sector dialogue meetings of
DPG-W meeting, ID&CB TWG meeting, WSWG meeting and JWSR meeting. Through the
participation of the meetings, the project team member have reported the activities and outputs of
the Project, and playing a role of the each meeting. The activities carried out in this term for
output 1 is shown in Figure 3.3.

1-1 Assess capacities and training needs of regional and
district personnel in the target areas (as the baseline survey, completed in last term)
1-2 Examine current practices in capacity building of
regional and district personnel. (completed in project step 1)
(completed in project step 1)
1-4 Draft a capacity development programme for the
target areas in line with the institutional framework of (completed in project step 1)
the RWSS sub-programme of the WSDP
1-5 Based on the capacity development programme of 1-4
above, draft an annual work plan for the programme.
1-6 Compile and improve the existing manuals and
guidelines on RWSS services for Regional and
District personnel.
1-7 Manage the implementation of the training courses
including supervision of the training consultants.
1-8 Monitor progress of RWSS projects implemented by
the target Districts.
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1-9 Review the annual work plan based on the results of
1-6 and 1-7 above.
1-10 Disseminate the training modules and materials
revised through the Project to other stakeholders
through the Thematic Working Group for Institutional
Development and Capacity Building and other
channels.
1-11 Make contribution on revision and improvement of
the PIM and related guides in RWSS projects based
on findings from monitoring and evaluation of
Figure 3.3 Activities Carried Out for Output 1 during Work in Tanzania III
3.1.4 WORK IN TANZANIA IV (MAY 2010 TO JULY 2010)
The Work in Tanzania IV is the final step of the Project. Following the training phase, end line
survey and seminar was conducted during the term of May to July 2010. The activities carried out
in this term for output 1 is shown in Figure 3.4.
Activities Carried Out Year 2010

Activities Month May Jun Jul Aug
1-1 Assess capacities and training needs of regional and district personnel in the
target areas
1-2 Examine current practices in capacity building of regional and district
personnel. (completed in project step 1)
1-4 Draft a capacity development programme for the target areas in line with the
institutional framework of the RWSS sub-programme of the WSDP (completed in project step 1)
1-5 Based on the capacity development programme of 1-4 above, draft an annual
work plan for the programme.
1-6 Compile and improve the existing manuals and guidelines on RWSS services
for Regional and District personnel. (completed in project step 3)
1-7 Manage the implementation of the training courses including supervision of
the training consultants. (completed in project step 3)
1-8 Monitor progress of RWSS projects implemented by the target Districts.
1-9 Review the annual work plan based on the results of 1-6 and 1-7 above.
1-10 Disseminate the training modules and materials revised through the Project to
other stakeholders through the Thematic Working Group for Institutional
Development and Capacity Building and other channels.
1-11 Make contribution on revision and improvement of the PIM and related
guides in RWSS projects based on findings from monitoring and evaluation of
Figure 3.4 Activities Carried Out for Output 1 during Work in Tanzania IV
3.2 ENHANCEMENT OF CAPACITY OF CWSD / MOWI
3.2.1 REQUIRED CAPACITY OF THE CWSD FOR MANAGING CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

PROGRAMME ON RWSSP
Upon launching the WSDP, in 2007, the Training and Capacity Building Unit (TCB Unit) was
establish within the Community Water Supply Division (CWSD) of MoWI, in order to manage the
capacity development programme for the actors on implementation of Rural Water Supply and
Sanitation Programme (RWSSP). TCB Unit was started their activities by two officials. In
September 2009, under the organizational reform of CWSD of MoWI, the unit was changed as CBT
Sub section (CBT: Capacity Building & Training sub section) with four official.
The capacity to be enhanced for the CBT sub section of CWSD by the Project is the capacity of
managing capacity development programme for the DWST, RWST and BWO on implementation of
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RWSSP. In the preparatory phase of the Project, based on the analysis on roles and responsibilities
of the actors and the review of the existing training system and plan of CWSD, following required
capacities of the CBT sub section of the CWSD were identified.
(1) Planning Stage
• Setting clear goals of each training session by specifying behavioural objectives
• Making consensus with the training consultants on the facilitation process and methods
based on the training guide
(2) Implementation Stage
• Utilisation of resource persons from various organisations such as MoWI, PMO-RALG,
MoHSW, and private sector
• Supervision of the training consultants through checking training guide, timetable, staffing
plan, training materials
• Evaluating skills of the trainees/facilitators
• Reviewing the training reports submitted
• Modification and adjustment of the training guide based on the direct observation of the
implementation process of the trainings
(3) Monitoring & Evaluation Stage
• Integrating M&E plan in the training
• Utilisation of the training results and evaluation by trainees, training consultants and
organizer for verification of effectiveness of the proposed training model as well as for
improvement of the following training phase
3.2.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT TO THE CBT / CWSD
(1) On the Job Training Through Project Activities

The capacity development to the CBT sub section/CWSD was carried out as the on the job
training by formulating the training plan, managing implementation of the training and M&E of
the training for DWST, RWST and BWO.
In the preparatory phase of the Project, through following OJT activities to the CWSD,
RUWASA-CAD capacity development programme and training plan were formulated. The
following section describes the details of the OJT activities as the Planning Stage of the capacity
development programme on RWSSP.
1) Baseline Survey
2) Inventory of Training Resources
3) Formulation of Training Plan
4) Revision of Existing Manual
In the training and monitoring phase of the Project, through the following OJT activities to the
CWSD, a series of training for DWST, BWO and RWST.
5) Implementation of Training Phase 1
7) 1st Monitoring of Pilot Districts
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9) 2nd Monitoring of Pilot Districts

11) 3rd Monitoring of Pilot Districts
13) End line survey
The contents of the OJT activities of above item 5 to 13 are shown in Capter 4 for DWST,
Chapter 5 for BWO and Chapter 6 for RWST.
(2) Support on Formulation of CD Plan of the CWSD
As one of the agreed undertakings of JWSR for 2009/10, it is strongly required that all divisions
and agencies of MoWI should have their own CD plans. The Project has been supporting its
counterpart organization of CWSD to formulate their CD plan by providing comments and
suggestions, and even workshops for understanding of CD Framework and Guideline and
identification of problems and solutions.
The early December 2009, the Project received the final draft of CD plan for CWSD. Contents
and logical structure of this CD plan were thoroughly studied by the Project. Comments and
suggestions were finally presented to CWSD with focus on improving the practicability of CD
plan. Major comments and suggestions were summarized herewith.
1) It is suggested that the narrative summary of aspects of best practice in self assessment
format should be reflected more with a mission and objectives of CWSD and objectives of
WSDP.
2) Capacity areas 6 to 9 would be able to have more concrete narrative summaries which could
contain quantitative indicators because these areas show the level of outputs and/or
outcomes of services/interventions provided by CWSD.
3) Logical linkages between the result of self assessment and CD intervention plans are not
clear and/or missing.
4) Responsible person should be more specified for all CD interventions though currently
CWSD, DAHR and DPP are listed. At least section level is required.
5) CD interventions should be prioritized with a certain time frame based on the priority of
capacity areas obtained in self assessment.
6) Each CD intervention should have specific indicators in order to conduct systematic
monitoring and evaluation.
(3) Implementation of Counterpart Training in Japan
During the period of 7th to 24th November 2009, the counterpart training in Japan for five
counterpart member of Mr. Goyagoya J Mbenna (CWSD), Ms. Neema Siarra (CWSD), Ms.
Kirenga D.A.T (CWSD), Ms. Dianna Kimbute (WRD), Mr. John Daniel (DHRA) was carried out.
The purpose the training is to enhance the capacities of the counterpart personnel of the MoWI
providing the capacity development intervention for the LGAs, Regions and Basin Water Offices
by learning capacity development system for the rural water supply sector in Japan. The
contents of the training in Japan consisting following areas;
1) Outline of the water works in Japan
2) Role and responsibilities of JWWA(Japan Water Works Association)
3) Training projects of the JWWA
4) Qualification system for the water works in Japan
5) Inspection mechanism for the products in Japan
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6) Groundwater development and management system in Japan

7) Groundwater monitoring system in Japan
8) Outline of water supply projects in LGAs
9) Capacity development system in water works department in LGAs
10) Operation and maintenance of the community water supply system
The schedule of the training carried out is shown in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Training Schedule of the Counterpart Training in Japan
Receiving
Date Contents of the Training / Activities Stay
Institution
7-Nov sat Move： Dar es Salaam - Dubai on the plane
8-Nov sun Move： Dubai - Kansai （Osaka) - Haneda (Tokyo) Tokyo
Briefing and Programme Orientation /Courtesy Call to
9-Nov mon JICA Tokyo
JICA Headquarter
Water works operation in Japan, and role and
10-Nov tue JWWA Tokyo
responsibility of JWWA
11-Nov wed Training project and qualification system of JWWA JWWA Tokyo
12-Nov thu Inspection and verification system of JWWA JWWA Tokyo

Numata
Move：Tokyo - Numata City (Gunma Prefecture) Numata
13-Nov fri Municipal
Visit Rural Water Supply System in Numata City City
Government
14-Nov sat Move：Numata - Tokyo Tokyo
Kumamoto
15-Nov sun Move：Tokyo - Kumamoto City (Kumamoto Prefecture)
City
Kumamoto
Review the groundwater development and monitoring Kumamoto
16-Nov mon Municipal
system in the rural water supply system in Kumamoto City
Government
Kikuchi
Kumamoto
17-Nov tue Visit Rural Water Supply System in Kikuchi City Municipal
City
Government
Kumamoto
AM：Visit Kumamoto Water Science Museum
18-Nov wed Municipal Kokyo
PM：Move: Kumamoto - Tokyo
Government
Tokyo
Visit Training and Development Center of Tokyo
19-Nov thu Metropolitan Tokyo
Metropolitan Government, Bureau of Waterworks
Government
Review of human resources development project in Yokohama
20-Nov fri Yokohama Municipal Government, Bureau of Municipal Tokyo
Waterworks Government
21-Nov sat Compile the training results JICA Tokyo
22-Nov sun Holiday （Compile the training results） JICA Tokyo

23-Nov mon National Holiday （Compile the training results） JICA Tokyo
24-Nov tue Visit JICA for the Training Evaluation JICA Tokyo
25-Nov wed Move：Haneda (Tokyo) － Kansai (Osaka) －Dubai on the plane
Dar es
26-Nov thu Move：Dubai-Dar es Salaam
Salaam
JWWA: Japan Water Works Association
3.3 BASELINE SURVEY
3.3.1 INTRODUCTION
As a part of the works in the preparatory phase of the project, the baseline survey was conducted by
a local consultant from October to November 2007, in order to obtain baseline data on the present
conditions of provision of rural water supply and the capacity status of local authorities, especially
DWSTs, in terms of organisation, knowledge and skills, institutional linkages and working tools.
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The survey was also meant to collect data and information to be used for assessment of the capacity
gap and training needs of DWSTs which will form a basis for capacity building interventions.
3.3.2 SURVEY METHODOLOGY

The baseline survey was divided into two phases. Firstly, the district inventory survey was
conducted in 22 LGAs to collect the baseline data of the project and information required for the
selection of pilot districts for monitoring during implementation of the project and for assessment of
the capacity gap and training needs of the staff involved in the rural water supply at the district level.
Secondly, the detailed field survey was implemented in four pilot districts, namely Mkuranga,
Temeke, Masasi and Lindi Rural, selected from the target districts based on results of the district
inventory survey. The detailed field survey was aimed to comprehend attitude and practices of the
district authorities for facilitation of RWSS projects and conditions of operation and maintenance of
existing water supply facilities by respective communities. Table 3.2 shows outline of the scope of
the baseline survey.
Table 3.2 Outline of the Baseline Survey
District Inventory Survey Detailed Field Survey in 4 Pilot Districts for Monitoring
Survey 22 districts targeted by the project Mkuranga in Coast Region, Temeke in Dar es Salaam Region,
Area Masasi in Mtwara Region, and Lindi Rural in Lindi Region
• Literature review on the Semi-structured interview Structured interview with
district profiles including with DWST members in each the village head and
demography, water and district members of WATSAN
sanitation coverage, and committees at 4 villages
Survey
organizational set-up of the selected in each district
Method
district/ municipal councils
• Structured interview with
DWE and other members
of DWST
• Organizational structure, Planning and implementation • General information
staffing, budget and process of RWSS projects by of the village
expenditure of LGAs DWST including the aspects • Water and sanitation
• Equipment and vehicles of; conditions
available at LGAs • Formulation of • Operation and
• Formation and activities of DWSP maintenance of
DWST • Formulation, existing water
• Rural water supply and monitoring and supply facilities
sanitation coverage evaluation of annual • Sanitation and
• Process of planning, investment plan for hygiene promotion
implementation, and DWSP activities
operation and maintenance • District policy for • Support services by
Survey of RWSS projects community the district authority
Item • Activities related to contribution of RWSS and private sector
sanitation and hygiene projects
promotion • Adoption of MoWI’s
• Support service by the design criteria of
central government, water supply facilities
regional secretariat, and • Water quality
private sector inspection practices
• Experiences of attending
training programme and
further raining needs of
DWST members in terms
of facilitation of RWSS
projects
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3.3.3 SELECTION OF THE PILOT DISTRICTS FOR MONITORING

Due to vastness of the target area of the project which contains 22 LGAs in four regions, the pilot
districts for monitoring were selected in order to closely monitor the behavioral change of DWST at
the individual and organizational levels after their attending the trainings. Monitoring in the pilot
districts is regarded as a part of the entire framework of the monitoring and evaluation system of the
training plan which is aimed to verify if the training has resulted into improvement of organizational
capacity of DWST in implementation of WSDP.
The status of all the target districts identified in the district inventory survey was assessed in
accordance with the selection criteria mentioned below and four pilot districts were finally selected
by the project team.
【Criteria for Selection of the Pilot Districts for Monitoring】
1. The District Water and Sanitation Plan (DWSP) is formulated.
2. The annual implementation plan of DWSP is formulated
3. The district has experience in application of WSDP fund.
4. DWST holds meeting regularly.
5. There is no duplication of project interventions in the district for capacity
development of DWST.
6. The district has high potential of water resources.
7. Communication network and accessibility of the district are in good condition.
3.3.4 RESULTS OF THE SURVEY

Based on results of the baseline survey, an inventory was compiled as shown in Annex 4 which
shows basic information on the implementation set-up of the target districts for implementation of
RWSS projects and situation of on-going activities. This section summarizes salient points on the
current status of institutional set-up of and service delivery by DWST as the baseline.
(1) Formation and Activities of DWST
As of October 2007 when the baseline survey was conducted, 17 out of 22 districts had DWST.
Kinondoni, Temeke and Nanyumbu formed DWST in 2008. Apart from the one for Rufiji that
was formed in 2002, other DWSTs are relatively new and half of them were established in 2006
or after. The DWST is made up of department heads or senior officers in relevant Council
departments as listed below. With the exception of Kibaha and Rufiji Districts, no other district
had desk officers other than departmental heads who were representing their departments in the
DWST. In February 2008, just before the commencement of 1st Training Phase, DWST was
formed on all of 22 LGAs.
• District Executive Director (DED)
• District Planning Officer (DPLO)
• District Water Engineer (DWE)
• District Health Officer (DHO)
• District Comm. Development Officer (DCDO)
• District Education Officer (DEO)
• District Treasurer (DT)
In all studied districts/municipalities DWSTs saw themselves as having a key role to play in
WSDP implementation and coordination. However, they expressed a general lack of capacity in
terms of knowledge and skills to effectively perform their new roles and responsibilities as well
as lack of working tools. DWST members generally lack sufficient numbers of qualified staff,
and are too involved in their normal day-to-day activities to be able to devote sufficient time to
RWSS. Most of the members are heads of departments who are often involved in other routine
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activities thus, sparing insufficient time for water and sanitation activities. It was generally
observed that in most districts DWSTs meet seldom and on ad hoc basis.
Implementation of WSS responsibilities now tend to rest primarily with the DWE. More effort
is required to actively engage the other members of the DWST so that the sanitation, hygiene
promotion, and community development components of the project receive their due share of
attention.
The DWEs are often occupied with district related administrative issues to the point that it
becomes difficult for them to adequately supervise and coordinate project activities.
(2) Process of Planning and Implementation of RWSS Projects by DWST
In practice all districts in Tanzania are expected to prepare the DWSP according to the
RWSSP/WSDP. It appears that all districts have development plans, prepared in accordance
with criteria and guidelines that vary considerably. The District Development Plans (DDPs)
typically include RWSS plans, which tend to focus more on construction and installation of
facilities than on the “soft” side of RWSS, such as problem analysis and training. Moreover,
these plans do not consider at all O&M activities. Each year districts plans for new construction
without taking into account follow up support plans to communities.
Few of the districts in the surveyed area have not prepared their DWSPs mostly due to limited
capacity. Similarly most of the districts have not established District Water and Sanitation Fund
(DWSF). The absence of sufficiently comprehensive District Water and Sanitation Plans
(DWSPs) and associated financing plans complicate the approval and disbursement process.
This justifies the idea of strengthening the capacity of all districts to develop their district water
and sanitation plans and associated financing plans, in line with the steps of the community WSS
project cycle. The DWSPs should be incorporated into the overall district development plan.
The number of RWSS subprojects approved and implemented is not significant due to insufficient
funding over the last three years. The only funding which was made available to all districts at
the time of the baseline survey is for the quick-wins projects.
(3) Operation and Maintenance
1) Village Water and Sanitation Committees (WATSAN)
The common form of O&M management in nearly all schemes in the districts is a Village Water
Committee (VWC). This is the traditional O&M management structure which has no legal
recognition but operates under the social services sub-committee of the Village Council. There
are few schemes which had instituted a legal entity system to take up the O&M management
function. There are about 16 registered Water Users Entities (WUEs) in the target districts: Ilala
(1), Temeke (11), Kibaha (1), Kilwa (1) and Mtwara (2).
While water committees are normally trained during project implementation, no follow-up or
additional training are provided by the districts. When the community members who had been
trained have either left the village, been deceased or are no longer active in the committee, the
community selects new committee members by election.
2) Availability of Guidelines and Manuals
Several guidelines and manuals are available at DWE’s office but not all members of the DWST
have access to them, and as such it appears that they do not regularly make use of them as a
source of reference for their work. O&M issues are partially addressed during the subproject
implementation, but the survey teams were unable to trace any actual O&M guidelines or
manuals in villages where sub-projects have been completed. Moreover, O&M follow up
support activities are not included in the district plans.
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(4) Activities related to Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion

In the target districts, most of the existing sanitation facilities are unimproved pit latrines which
collapse during rainy season due to those temporary natures. In the field survey at the village
level, it was also found that some households did not have any toilet facility so they opt for open
defecation. This leads to further contamination of water sources. Latrines were found to be
unclean and had no hand washing facilities.
10 districts among 20 have programmes that support hygiene and sanitation promotion for
communities and 16 districts conduct schools health and sanitation programme. The
programmes focus on community training and creating awareness, construction of demonstration
latrines, and construction/improvement of school latrines. With the exception of areas where
there have been specific hygiene and sanitation projects in the past, hygiene practices to most
people was not encouraging. For example, the hand washing habits at critical times such as
before eating and after using the toilet differed from place to place but only an insignificant
number of people said they used soap.
(5) Support Services by Central Government and Region
MoWI has been providing technical and some financial support, training in procurement, and in
the use of computers. There is no support at all from BWOs.
Support provided to the districts by the region especially during monitoring visits is in most cases
irregular though appreciated by district personnel. Region Secretariat is a mandated institution
for supporting LGAs through district coordination, provision of technical support, information
collection and sharing, and capacity building. While Regional Secretariats are in place, they
lack sufficient resources to adequately carry out their responsibilities, which include providing
on-demand consultancy services to the districts in the area of training, hydrogeology, complex
piped system design, assistance to project supervision, and technical backup services for O&M.
However, it appears that districts do not regularly request for such support from RWAs.
Communication between MoWI, RWA, DWE, and BWO is not usually smooth due to the fact
that LGAs are directly answerable to PMO-RALG and not through MoWI, BWOs or RWAs.
(6) Technical and Facilitation Service Providers in the Private Sector
All districts except for Rufiji have no experience in the use of Technical Service Providers (TSP)
and Facilitation Service Providers (FSP). Experience from Rufiji indicates that there is a need
of collaboration between the service providers to avoid contradictory messages being
communicated to villagers, particularly as regards the role of villagers in sub-project
management.
Also, the availability of service providers at district level was almost nil. All districts do not
have database for service providers, contractors and spareparts dealers.
(7) Equipment and Means of Transport
Almost all districts surveyed complained of poor working environment, exacerbated by
inadequate tools and transport to support the water supply and sanitation development in the
districts. In some cases, the vehicles were available but there were inadequate funds to purchase
fuel.
In most cases LGA capacity to coordinate, follow up and sustain the projects is challenged by:
− Lack of vehicles and logistical support,
− Lack of coordinated use of the logistical resources that are available to the district as a
whole
− Reluctance of staff to go to field unless they are paid per diems or other financial support
available,
3-10
− Lack of access to computer resources,

− Inability to use computer resources that are available, and
− Ineffective and uncoordinated ways of working by different departments
As the means of communication, all the target districts can be covered by the mobile phone
network. However, facsimile and internet are not available in some districts, which may make it
difficult to communicate with them over the training in the Project.
3.3.5 CAPACITY GAPS AND TRAINING NEEDS IDENTIFIED

In the course of the survey, major capacity gaps common to all LGAs and training needs were
identified among DWST as individuals and as a team, which are shown in Table 3.3 and Table 3.4.
Table 3.3 Major Capacity Gaps at the District Level
Capacity to • Limited knowledge about the ongoing reforms in the water sector
interpret and including NAWAPO principles, and WSDP strategies and approaches.
implement the • Difficulties to most of the DWST members to have a critical analysis and
sector policy interpretation of these approaches in a practical way.
Capacity for • Most of the DWSTs with the exception of the DWEs had difficulties in
organizational identifying their new roles and responsibilities in WSDP and those of
management other key players.
• Nearly all sectors required to form DWSTs were working in isolation of
each other regardless of overlaps in related activities. Hence, teamwork
and coordination among sectors which form DWST was either minimal
or non-existence.
Capacity for • DWSTs were unfamiliar with the RWSS project cycle.
planning and • LGAs had not been adequately involved in the appraisal of community
management of applications for water and sanitation subprojects.
RWSS projects • DWSPs were not prepared in a coherent manner and in most cases the
DWE did much of the planning with little or no consultation with the
other related sectors.
• Most of DWSPs had not been oriented to the Programme Implementation
Manual (PIM) for WSDP.
• Skills in database management including collection and analysis were
limited and this was particularly observed in the way they were
struggling to retrieve the data on water and sanitation during the survey.
• Monitoring and evaluation to verify achievement of DWSP is not
systematically built in the activities of DWST.
• Knowledge and skills on the following are insufficient for formulation
and management of DWSPs.
- Consideration of water resources potential in water supply planning
- Integrated approach of water, sanitation and hygiene
- Methodologies of sanitation and hygiene promotion
- Approaches and methodologies to tackle cross-cutting issues such as
mainstreaming gender and HIV/AIDS in water and sanitation
projects.
Capacity for • Majority of the DWST members were unable to effectively facilitate
provision of prioritization, planning based on the informed choice and implementation
support to of subprojects by the communities and hygiene promotion.
communities in • Knowledge and skills on the project management based on the Demand
RWSS projects Responsive Approach (DRA) are insufficient.
• Skills in contract management including preparation of tender
documents, advertisement, evaluation of bids, and supervision of
TSP/FSP for most of the DWST members were insufficient.
Knowledge on the Public Procurement Act (2003) was limited.
• Follow-up activities after completion of the project are not included in
DWSP.
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Table 3.4 Training Needs Identified at the District Level

DWST • Orientation to NAWAPO principles and RWSSP/WSDP strategies and
approaches including DWST roles and responsibilities and relations with other
key players
• Facilitation of planning of community subprojects base on DRA
• Appraisal and vetting of community subproject proposals
• Preparation of DWSP and annual implementation plan
• Management of procurement and contract
• Team work building
• Report writing skills
• Familiarization with core RWSSP guidelines and manuals
DWE • Orientation to different water supply technologies options recommended
under WSDP including designs and costing
• Water resources management
• MIS application in RWSS projects
• Supervision of TSP
• Technical support for operation and maintenance follow-up
DHO • Orientation to different sanitation & hygiene promotion methods such as
PHAST and CTLS
• Orientation to basics on environmental impact assessment
• Water quality analysis
• Mainstreaming of HIV/AIDS in RWSS projects
• Different options on improved sanitation technologies
DCDO • Promotion techniques and methods of WSDP/RWSSP to communities
• Social and environmental impact assessment/ analysis
• Community O&M management model for RWSS projects, procedures for
formation and registration of COWSO, and knowledge and skills required for
COWSO members on management of the organization
• Supervision of FSP
• Gender mainstreaming in RWSS projects
DEO • Orientation to school sanitation and hygiene project as per RWSSP
• Sanitation and hygiene promotion approaches (PHAST, CLTS etc) effective at
the schools
DPLO • Planning guidelines of DWSP
• Result-Based Management
• Monitoring and evaluation
• MIS application in RWSS projects
3.4 INVENTORY OF TRAINING RESOURCES

The existing training resources were examined throughout the project period. Primarily five
organizations including academic institutions, NGOs and public agencies were identified as potential
training providers based on the report of JICA preparatory study.
In the preparatory phase of the project, other four organizations were introduced by MoWI as common
training providers in Tanzania.
RUWASA-CAD interviewed those identified organizations with an inventory format (Annex 5;
Training Resource Inventory). Collected information, data and documents are compiled as training
resources and kept properly in database in RUWAS-CAD.
Other listed organizations happened to be involved in the project through introduction from MoWI and
WSDP dialogues such as DPG-W, WSWG and ID&CB TWG. The list of identified training
resources is shown in the Table 3.5.
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Table 3.5 List of Training Resources

No. Name of Institutes Type
1 Water Aid Tanzania NGO
2 Drilling and Dam Construction Agency (DDCA) Public
3 RWEGARULILA Water Resource Institute Academic
4 ARDHI University (UCLAS) Academic
5 Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology Academic
6 WEDECO Ltd Private
7 NETWAS Private
8 ACHIRID Private
9 WATSANET NGO
10 Multi Water Private
11 TAWASANET NGO
12 TWESA NGO
13 PEVODE NGO
14 EEPCO NGO
15 WEPMO NGO
16 Partner for Water and Sanitation NGO
17 CCI NGO
3 or 4 listed organizations are selected, based on their expertise and speciality associated with specific
training objectives and the training programme, as nominees of competitive tender for a particular
training package.
The performance of an organization awarded with the contract for training implementation is totally
evaluated through the trainings and its results are incorporated into training resource database.
Eventually, the quality of database is improved as the components of the project are properly carried
out.
3.5 FORMULATION OF TRAINING PLAN
3.5.1 INTRODUCTION
In the preparatory phase, the training plan of was formulated. The training plan is the basis of the
training curriculum to be used by the each training courses of the project. Figure 3.5 shows the
orientation of the formulation of the training plan and curriculum, in the flow of RUWASA-CAD
project.
As the results of the Baseline Survey, 1) baseline data of rural water supply and sanitation
conditions, 2) capacities of the organizations such as DWST and District Water Engineer Office, and
3) training needs of the LGA officials are analysed. The matrix on task analysis was reviewed
through the study on the existing RWSSP cycle and activities. By integrating outputs from various
project activities, a Capacity Development Strategy of the RUWASA-CAD was formulated.
3-13
Analysis on Tasks and Review of the Assessment of the

Baseline Survey of the Capacities of DWST, Existing Training Available Training
Targeted LGAs RWST & BWO in RWSSP System and Plan of Resources
Collec tion of information on

Situation Analysis
Confirmation on Progress of WSDP/
Assess ment of the capacity and exis ting training resources related
RWSSP
training needs of DWSTs of 22 to RWSS sector in Tanzania
LGAs in the target regions
Review of the components of Confirmation of the existing work

Selection of 4 districts for
monitoring based on activities c onsisting of the RWSSP plan of MoW for capac ity building
criteri a process of DWST, RW ST and BWO
Detail Investigation Analysis on roled and responsibilities Literature review of the existing
of the actors in according with the training modules for DW ST in PIM-
reviewed RWSSP process Annex 9
1) Baseline Data of RWSS Matrix on Task Analysis Inventory of the Training

2) Capacity of the organization based on the Reviewed RWSS Resources
3) Training needs Project Cy cle and Activities
Analysis on type of competence

required to each actor for fulfilling
the assigned roles and
responsibilities in RWSSP
Formulation of the Capacity
Development Programme
Capacity Development Strategy

Implementation of RWSSP
WSDP
Water Sector
Capacity Development Programme
Working Group
RWST DWST BWO
in line with the RWSSP process and WSDP
Feed back
Reporting and
Recom endation T raining Plan Training Modules
BWO DWST RWS T
Thematic Working
RWST DWST BWO
Group
Institutional Development Objective, Main Topic, Target Trainee by the Course Modules Coverage on NRWSSP Cycle
& Capacity B uilding
Feed back
Selection of Training
Recomm endation
Implementation
Training Curriculum (Each Project Phase)

Reporting and
Consultants
of Training
RWST DWST BWO

Specific Objec tives, Contents by the Session
Training Materials
Implementation of the Training
RWST DWST BWO
Figure 3.5 Flow of Formulation of Training Plan

Accordingly, the capacity development programme was provided based on the strategy. Following
the programme, the training plan was prepared by integration of the training materials. The
training plan consists of the training courses for DWST, RWST and BWO independently. It,
however, includes not only the individuals training sessions but also the discussions for the
proposed institutional linkage and the responsibilities of the organizations. The training
curriculum was prepared on each time before starting of the training phase by integration of the
training modules and experiences of the previous training phase. The training curriculum is
consisting of specific objectives and contents of sessions by each course.
The results and experiences of the training shall always be reflected to improve the quality of the
following training plans and curriculum, and nourish the inventory of training resources database.
The lesson and the recommendation shall be reported to the Thematic Working Group (TWG) and
Water Sector Working Group (WSWG) in order to authorise the capacity development strategy and
programme formulated by the Project.
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3.5.2 CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

The Project regards the capacity as “the ability of the target LGAs to provide RWSS services for
rural communities”. The capacity development is thus “the process that such abilities are
enhanced at three different levels of individuals, organizations and institutions, in an integrated
way.” In the Project therefore, the
capacity development strategy sets the
strengthening of the ability of individuals
such as officials of LGAs, regions and
basin water office, as well as
organizational ability of the teams as
DWST and RWST, in order to accomplish
their required task in managing RWSS
services. For the institutional capacity
development, the strengthening of the
institutional linkage among LGAs, BWOs
and Regions is another important
challenge in the strategy. The capacity
development strategy was formulated, in
consideration of the results of above
situation analysis. Figure 3.6 shows the
conceptual flow of the capacity
development strategy.
After the project, when the capacities of
the target LGAs are enhanced, it is
expected to improve the RWSS services in
the target LGAs. This is the overall goal
of the project. Moreover, after achieving
the overall goal, the super goal of “RWSS
services in the mainland are improved
under the WSDP by deploying nationwide
the training system to be established in the
Technical Cooperation” is provided. In
order to achieve the super goal, it is
essential to authorize the training system
model established by the RUWASA-CAD
Project by the WSDP.
Figure 3.6 Concept of Capacity Development Strategy
3.5.3 CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

The basic concept of the RWSS project is to sustain the operation and maintenance of the water
supply schemes by means of emphasizing the ownership of facilities to the communities. For this
purpose, the Demand Responsive Approach (DRA) was adopted in order to make beneficiaries to
participate in the project planning and implementation processes. The District Water and
Sanitation Plan (DWSP), therefore, can be treated as referable to the aggregate of the Sub-Project
based on the demand of the villages. The DWSP will be formulated by the demand of each village
without extensive studies and/or considerations such as the Master Plan.
The RUWASA-CAD project, therefore, proposes to supplement following 4 items of basic concepts,
in order to sustain and upgrade the economic effect of the DWSP by maintaining the balance
between the demand and water resources potential.
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1. The project process shall focus on the adaptation of not only a demand responsive approach,
but also the assessment of the project planning from the standpoint of harmonization of the
demand and water resources potential.
2. In order to sustain and upgrade the economic effect of the project, it is necessary to develop
the function of RWST to make regional assessment of the DWSP.
3. The capacity of DWST in formulation of the integrated approaches and activities of water,
sanitation and hygiene with encouraging the community participation shall be strengthened.
4. The function of DWST to extend the support service to the communities shall be enhanced,
in order to sustain the RWSS project by appropriate O&M and Follow-up activities.
Based on the above mentioned basic concepts, following Capacity Development Programme are
formulated. The Figure 3.7 shows the Capacity Development Programme and the flow of the
training phases.
(1) 1st Training Phase: Identification of Present Status
• Situation analysis of RWSS sub-project in districts and regions
• Improvement of planning and management of RWSS projects
• Encouragement DWE to take initiative in the change process of management RWSS project
• Preparation of the preliminary hydrogeological maps to all target district
• Setting output of the training programme and performance indicator
(2) 2nd Training Phase: Project Planning
• Demand responsive approach in RWSS project
• Strategic planning of RWSS with considering sustainability of water resources
• Coordination with WRMP (Water Resources Management Plan)
• Preparation of RWSP (Regional Water Supply and Sanitation Plan)
(3) 3rd Training Phase: Project Management
• Project management witch requires consciousness to link the activities of DWST
• Strengthen the capacity of DWST for the integrated activities of water and sanitation
• Assessment of project design from standpoint of water resources management
(4) 4th Training Phase: Strengthening of Support Service
• Support services for the community-based O&M and hygiene promotion
• Technical supervision of service providers, contractors and suppliers
• Update of hydrogeological maps and assist the DWST for the water resources development
• Monitoring in accordance with RWSPs (Regional Water Supply Plans)
• Evaluation of quarterly and annual report
(5) 5th Training Phase: O&M and Follow-up
• Planning for the O&M and follow-up, and final evaluation of the achievement of each
districts
• Sustainability of water resources development and management
• Sustainability of rural water supply project
3-16
Schedule of 1st
Cycle of WSDP Training
NRWSSP Process Schedule Proposed Conceptual Framework of the Training Plan in RUWASA-
(Max. 3 years for 10
Villages/ District)
Identification of Basic
2007
2007
Sep
Status in Target Area
Output 2 Output 4 Output 3
Preparatory Phase
For Basin (BWO)
Jan
Promotion of NRWSSP For Districts (DWST) For Regions (RWST)
for Community
PROMOTION PHASE
Identificaiton of Present Status Identificaiton of
1st Training
Signing of contracts between LGAs
Self Mobulization in
Present Status
Community/ Formation of
WATSAN/ WUE RWA, RMO,
DWE HG
& Service Providers

RCDO
2008
Mar
Application of NRWSSP
Appraisal of Application,
Selection of Community
2008
Project Planning Project Planning Project Planning
May
Jun
Selection of FSP & TSP

Component 1: Component 1:
DRA in RWSS Projects Formulation of RWSP BWO, HG
Orientation of
Communities on Sub-
project Planning
2nd Training Phase

DWE, DPO, RWA, RPO,
DHO, DCDO RMO, RDCO
Scoping Study, Preparation/ Update of DWSP, Peparation
Scoping Study
of detailed design, cost estimates & tender documents
2008
Assessment of Component 2: Water Supply Planning

Preliminary Design
Decision Making on
Technology, Service DWE RWA
Level by Community
PLANNING PHASE
1st Monitoring
Planning Stage:
Detailed Design & Cost

Estimation of Selected
Community Subprojects Project Management Project Management
2008
Oct
Formulation of Facilities
Component 1: Project Management
3rd Training Phase
& Management Plan HG

DWE, DPLO RWA, RPO
Formulation of DWSP-
Annual Action Plan
Component 2: Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion
Appreaisal of Detailed
DHO, DEO RMO, REA
Design of Subprojects
Preparation of Tender 2nd Monitoring

Docments for Contractor
Seminar on Capacity Development
2009
Feb
Dec
Seleciton of Contractor
Jan
Signing of MOU
2009
May
Strengthening of Strengthening of Strengthening of

between LGA &
Support Services Support Services Support Services
Community
IMPLEMENTATION AND CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Component 1: Support
4th Training Phase
Construction of Facilities
Services for Community- RWA, RPO,
BWO, HG
Based O&M and Hygiene RMO, RCDO
Tendering of the Contractor,
Finalization of FMP
Construction of Facilities,
Implementation Stage:
Promotion
Sensitization of Technician, DHO,
Commissioning
Communities based on DCDO, DEO

FMP
2009
Component 2:
Training of WUEs, Supervision of Service
Caretakers, CORPS in Providers
O&M and Hygiene
DWE
Promotion
2009
3rd Monitoring
Oct
5th Training Phase
Establishment of Spare
Parts Supply Chain for
O&M and O&M and O&M and
Communities
Follow-up Follow-up Follow-up
communities where the construciton works have
Start of Post-Construction Follow-up in the
Commissioning of
Dec
Facilities DWE, DPLO, RWA, RPO,

BWO, HG
DHO, DCDO, RMO, RCDO
Jan
2010
Feb
Monitoring & Evaluation

O&M, FOLLOW-UP
been completed
Evaluation Phase
of WSDP
2010
May
PHASE
2010
4th Monitoring
Impact Evaluation Survey
Implementation of
Follow-up Plan Seminar on Capacity Development
2010
Jul
Trainees from
Trainees from Trainees from
Remarks: RWST
DWST BWO
[Abbreviations] NRWSSP: National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme

WSDP: Water Sector Development Programme
DWST: District Water and Sanitation Team, DEO: District Education Officer
Commencement of BWO: Basin Water Office, RWST: Regional Water and Sanitation Team
New Phase for Next
DWE: District Water Engineer, RWA: Regional Water Advisor, HG: Hydrogeologist
10 Villages
RMO: Regional Medical Officer, RCDO: Regional Community Development Officer
DPLO: District Planning Offier, DHO: District Health Officer
RPO Regional Planning Officer, REA Regional Education Officer
Figure 3.7 Capacity Development Programme
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3.5.4 TRAINING PLAN

Based on the capacity development strategy and the programme, the training plan was provided in
the preparatory phase of the Project. In accordance with the strategy, the training plan consists of
the courses targeting not only the training on individual participants but also the discussions for the
proposed institutional linkage and the responsibilities of the organizations. The training plan was
provided for every target group.
The basic approaches to be employed in the training plan are;
• To facilitate participants to align individual capacity building target with the vision and goals
of the organization and national development programme,
• To enhance capacities of DWST for applying the national RWSS–related policies and
strategies in the context of each Local Government Authority, managing the entire RWSS
project cycle in the defined WSDP institutional framework, and encouraging the change
processes with learning by doing.
• To provide opportunities to learn from experiences in other districts and regions and share
good practices in behavior change by organizing the joint workshops for the districts in the
same region.
The Training Plans for the DWST, RWST and BWO are shown in Table 3.6, 3.7 and 3.8
respectively.
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Table 3.6 Training Plan for DWST
Training Phase and

Course Objectives Main Topics Target Group Duration Venue
Course Title
• To focus on situation analysis of RWSS • Present water supply and sanitation conditions of the • DWE from each
1 Identification of 5 days x 2 DSM,
sub-sector in the target regions and districts. districts DWST
Present Situation times MT
• To set the desired goal for improvement of • Desired water supply and sanitation situation in the • 3 members (RWA,
RCDO, RMO) (Feb. 2008)
planning and management of RWSS projects context of the national, regional and district
from each RWST
by DWSTs in the context of the WSDP development goals
framework. • Review of processes of planning, implementation,
• To encourage DWE to take initiative in the monitoring and evaluation of DWSP and annual
change processes of management of RWSS action plans
projects in their respective DWSTs with active • Introduction to the strategic planning of water
linkage and coordination with regional and supply plan with utilizing the regional water supply
basin levels, i.e. RWST and BWO. master plans
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• Roles and responsibilities of DWST, RWST and
BWO in the RWSS project cycle and procedures
• Perceived capacity gaps as individual and
organization to manage RWSS projects
• Expected output of the training programme and
performance indicators for monitoring
2 Project Planning To enhance improvement of approaches for

promotion and planning of RWSS projects by
DWST from the viewpoints of Demand
Responsive Approach (DRA) and water supply
planning.
• National policies and strategies related to RWSS
Component 1: To improve application of DRA in the project 4 members (DWE, 5 days x 4 DSM,
sub-sector
planning and management by DWST with DPLO, DHO, times CS, LI,
Demand Responsive
• Roles and responsibilities of DWST and relations

considering institutional, organizational, and DCDO) from each MT
Training Phase and
Course Title
Approach in Rural socio-economic conditions of each district. with other key players DWST
(Jun.-Jul.
Water Supply and • Team work building
2008)
Sanitation Projects • Application of the DRA in RWSS projects
• Participatory planning and preparation of Facility
and Management Plan by communities (FMP)
• Appraisal of requested community subprojects
(FMP)
• Formulation of DWSP
• Integrated approach of water supply and sanitation
improvement and hygiene promotion
• Social and environmental impact assessment
• Assessment of water resource potential in target • DWE from each
Component 2: To equip knowledge and skills for the strategic 5 days x 2 DSM,
communities DWST
planning of rural water supply with considering times MT
Water Supply Planning • Assessment of current and future water demand • RWA from each
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sustainability of water resources in the area and
• Design criteria RWST (Jul. 2008)
management by the Community-Owned Water
• Technology options in rural water supply

Supply Organization (COWSO).
• Operation and maintenance plan
• Feasibility assessment of water supply plan
• Roles and responsibilities of BWO and RWA in
3. Project Management To improve capacities of DWST in the overall

project management and integrated approach for
water, sanitation and hygiene.
• To enhance knowledge and skills of DWST • Review of DWSP formulated or updated by DWSTs • 2 members (DWE
Component 1: st
5 days x 4 DSM,
members in the project management which under the 1 phase of WSDP & DPO) from
times CS, LI,
Project Management requires consciousness to link the activities of • Result-Based Management of programme/project each DWST
MT
DWST with the organizational goal and output. • Performance indicators and monitoring • 2 members (RWA (November
Training Phase and
Course Title
• To improve capacities of DWST for • Management of the change processes & RPO) from 2008)
management of the outsourcing process in • Procurement and contract management each RWST
RWSS projects for preparation of the detail
design of the community subprojects and
tendering procedures for selection of the
contractor under the 1st phase of WSDP.
• National strategies on sanitation and hygiene • 2 members (DHO
Component 2: To strengthen capacity of DWST in formulation of 5 days x 2 DSM,
promotion and DEO) from
the integrated approaches and activities of water, times MT
Sanitation and Hygiene • Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) each DWST
sanitation and hygiene with encouraging
Promotion • PHAST • 2 members (RMO (November
community participation.
• School sanitation and hygiene education and REO) from 2008)
• Technology options for improvement of sanitation each RWST
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• Social marketing for the improved sanitation
• Mainstreaming of HIV/AIDS in RWSSP
4. Strengthening of To enhance function of DWST to extend support

Support Services services to communities including utilization of
government extension staff and private sector.
• Roles & responsibilities of extension workers of the
Component 1: To strengthen the network of human resources and 4 members (Senior 5 days x 4 DSM,
district council in RWSSP
organizations in the districts to extend support water technician, times CS, LI,
Support Services for the • Facilitation skills
services for the community-based O&M and DHO, DCDCO, MT
Community-Based • Community management, Community O&M (July 2009)
hygiene promotion activities. It focuses on DEO) from each
O&M and Hygiene management models and registration procedures
measures for utilization of the extension workers DWST
Promotion • Gender mainstreaming
and CBOs/NGOs in the districts as the facilitators
• Participatory monitoring and evaluation of WSS
to support WATSAN/WUE in management of the
situation and O&M
community subprojects.
• Guidelines and manuals for the facilitators
• Technical supervision of the works by service
Component 2: To strengthen knowledge, skills and attitude of DWE from each 5 days x 2 DSM,
providers and contractors
DWEs in technical supervision of the service DWST times MT
Supervision of Service • Quality control of workmanship

Training Phase and
Course Title
Providers providers, contractors and suppliers to ensure • O&M follow-up technical support
(June 2009)
meeting the required standard of the water supply • Building cooperative relationship with private sector
and sanitation services. • Management of database on the available service
providers
• Monitoring and Evaluation

5. O&M and Follow-Up Coming to the final stage of the construction 5 members (DWE, 5 days x 4 DSM,
st • Management Information System
works under the 1 stage of WSDP, the course will DPO, DHO, DEO & times CS, LI,
• Roles and responsibilities of DWST in the O&M
provide an opportunity to DWSTs for planning for DCDO) from each MT
and follow-up stage (January
the O&M and follow-up stage. This course will DWST
• Promotion of participation of service providers in 2010)
also serve as the final evaluation of the
O&M
achievement of each district in their capacity
• Integration of the follow-up plan into the subsequent
development goals which was set in the 1st
DWSP
training course.
• Evaluation of change processes and achievement
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throughout the implementation period of
RUWASA-CAD
DWE: District Water Engineer, DPO: District Planning Officer, DCDO: District Community Development Officer, DHO: District Health Officer, DEO: District Education Officer
DSM: Dar es Salaam Region, CS: Coast Region, LI: Lindi Region, MT: Mtwara Region
Table 3.7 Training Plan for RWST
Training Phase Target

Course Objectives Main Topics Duration Venue
and Course Title Group
- Present water supply and sanitation conditions of the districts
1 Identification -Present situation of RWSS sub-sector RWA, 5 days DSM, MT
- Desired water supply and sanitation situation in the context of the
of Present in the target districts and regions CDO, RMO
national, regional and district development goals Feb 2008
Situation
-Setting output of the training - Review of process of planning, implementation, monitoring and
programme and performance indicators evaluation of DWSP and annual plans
for monitoring - Introduction to the strategic planning of water supply plan with
utilizing the regional master plans
- Roles and responsibilities of DWST, RWST and BWO in the RWSS
(Joint training with DWE in 1.
project cycle and procedures
Identification of Present Situation)
- Perceived capacity gaps as individual and organization of districts to
3-23
manage RWSS projects
- Expected out put of the training programme and performance
indicators for monitoring
- Clarification of tasks of RWST in NRWSSP
2 Project Skills for the preparation of Regional RWA, PO, 5 days DSM, MT
- Report to be submitted to PMO-RALG
Planning Water and Sanitation Programme CDO, RMO
- Review of RWSP formulated Jun 2008
(RWSP)
- Evaluation of DWSPs and DIPs
- Support to districts for preparation of DWSPs
- Water development projects in the region
- Assessment of water resources potential in target communities
Skills for the strategic planning of rural RWA, PO 5 days DSM, MT
- Assessment of current and future water demand
water supply with considering
- Design criteria Jul 2008
sustainability of water resources and
- Technology option in rural water supply
socioeconomic situation in the area
- Operation and maintenance plan
- Feasibility assessment of water supply plan
Training Phase Target
Course Objectives Main Topics Duration Venue
and Course Title Group
- Roles and responsibilities of BWO and RWA in water supply planning
(Joint training with DWE in Project
- Establishment of coordination system with BWO for water supply
Planning Phase, Component 2: Water
system that covers several communities or districts
Supply Planning)
- Review of DWSP formulated or updated by DWSTs under the 1st
3 Project Project Management RWA, PO 5 days DSM, CS,
phase of WSDP
Management LI, MT
- Result-Based Management of programme/project Nov 2008
(Joint training with DWE & DPO in 3. - Performance indicators and monitoring
Project Management Phase, Component - Management of the change process
1: Project Management) - Procurement and contract management
- National strategies on sanitation and hygiene promotion

Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion RMO, REA 5 days DSM, MT
- Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)
- PHAST Nov 2008
3-24
(Joint training with DHO & DEO in - School sanitation and hygiene education
Project Management Phase, Component - Technology options for improvement of sanitation

2: Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion) - Social marketing for the improved sanitation
- Mainstreaming of HIV/AIDS in RWSSP
- Evaluation of quarterly and annual report
4 Strengthening Monitoring in accordance with RWSPs RWA, PO, 5 days DSM, MT
- Support hygiene and sanitation activities carried out by DWSTs
of Support RMO, CDO
- Support and monitoring community participation in sub projects Jun 2009
System
- Roles and responsibilities of RWST in the O&M
5 O&M, Sustainability of rural water supply RWA, PO, 5 days DSM, MT
- Monitoring and Evaluation
Follow-up RMO, CDO
- Integration of follow-up plan into the subsequent RWSP Jan 2010
- Evaluation of change processes and achievement throughout the

implementation period of RUWASA-CAD
Note) Target Group - RWA: Regional Water Advisor, CDO: Community Development Officer, RMO: Regional Medical Officer, PO: Planning Officer
Venue – DSM: Dar es Salaam Region, CS: Coast Region, LI: Lindi Region, MT: Mtwara Region
Table 3.8 Training Plan for BWO
Training Phase and Course Target Duratio

Course Objectives Main Topics Venue
Title Group n
・ To master basic skills for database management
1 Identification of Present
and GIS operation
Situation
・ To prepare database management system for
hydrogeological information
・ To prepare preliminary hydrogeological maps in
order to support target districts in managing
RWSS projects
・ To master basic skills for database management in ・ Fundamentals of database management
Component 1 : 1 HG 5 days DSM
order to manage hydrogeological information ・ Designing of database
from each
Basic Skill of Database ・ Querying database Nov to
BWO
Management Dec 2007
・ To master basic skills for GIS operation in order ・ Fundamentals of GIS
to prepare preliminary hydrogeological maps.
3-25
・ GIS data preparation
from each
Basic Skill of Geographical ・ Linking data from the database system (MS-Access) Dec 2007
BWO
Information System (GIS) ・ Spatial data analysis
・ Layout preparation
・ To improve skills for database management of ・ Creation of database system by MS Access for the
hydrogeological information management of hydrogeological information
from each
Preparation of Preliminary ・ To improve skills for preparation of preliminary ・ Data processing for preliminary hydrogeological map Jan to Feb
BWO
Hydrogeological Map hydrogeological maps based on the existing ・ Topographic and geological maps 2008
information ・ Water quality and well yield distribution maps
・ To prepare preliminary hydrogeological maps to ・ Preliminary hydrogeological map with description about
be distributed to targeted districts hydrogeological characteristics
・ To improve intercommunication mechanism
2 Project Planning
between BWOs and DWSTs and RWSTs
・ To enhance capacity of BWOs in supporting
DWSTs for rural water supply planning
Title Group n
・ To clarify the roles and responsibilities of BWOs ・ Roles and responsibilities of BWOs in WRM sub
Component 1 Officer, 2 days DSM
in NRWSSP component
HG
Roles and responsibilities of ・ To improve intercommunication mechanism ・ NRWSSP project cycle Jun 2008
BWOs in RWSS projects between BWO and DWST and RWST ・ Clarification of roles of BWO in NRWSSP
・ Intercommunication mechanism between BWO and
DWST and RWST
・ To enhance knowledge about necessary ・ Rural water supply planning
Component 2 HG 3 days DSM
information for rural water supply planning ・ Required water resources information for rural water
Assessment of water resources ・ To improve capacities for providing DWSTs with supply (quality, future demand, etc) Jun 2008
potential for rural water supply water resources information ・ Assessment of water resources for RWSS projects in the
target area
・ To improve capacity of BWOs for supporting
3 Project Management
DWSTs in project management in terms of water
resources management
・ To improve capacity of BWOs for communication ・ DWSP and RWSP
Component 1 Officer, 1 day DSM
with RWAs and DWSTs for planning of water ・ Assessment of water resources potential
HG
3-26
Coordination with RWA for supply system covering several districts Oct 2008
・ To improve capacity of BWOs in optimizing ・ Water right, regulation

water resources for rural water supply ・ Allocation of water resources in accordance with water
Optimization of water ・ To strengthen issuance of water right to users demand and condition of communities (water quality and Oct 2008
resources for rural water supply quantity)
・ To improve capacity of BWOs for assessment of ・ Preliminary and detailed designs
preliminary and detailed designs from the ・ Water demand
Assessment of design of water hydrological point of view Oct 2008
supply system
・ To strengthen capacity of BWOs in supporting
4 Strengthening of Support
DWSTs for supervision of technical service
Services
providers and contractors
・ To enhance knowledge about borehole ・ Construction of water supply system (water source)
Component 1 HG 2 day DSM
construction for assuring the sustainability of ・ Registration of boreholes
Support of supervision in water source in terms of quantity and quality ・ Borehole drilling, sampling, geophysical logging, pumping Jun 2009
construction phase test, decision of pump installation depth and evaluation of
water quality
Title Group n
・ Borehole completion report
・ To improve capacity of BWOs for updating the ・ Update of database
Component 2 HG 1 day DSM
preliminary hydrogeological maps based on the ・ Update of preliminary hydrogeological maps by processing
Update of preliminary lessons learnt newly obtained water sources information from the Jun 2009
hydrogeological maps based on districts
the information submitted by ・ Dissemination of updated hydrogeological maps to
districts districts
・ To enhance capacity of BWOs in water resources ・ Improvement of borehole registration taking into
Component 3 Officer 2 days DSM
management taking into consideration rural water consideration lessons learnt
Water resources management supply ・ Improvement of issuance of water right Jun 2009
・ To formulate the plan of supporting system for ・ Roles and responsibilities of BWO in the O&M and
5 O&M, Follow-up Officer, 5 day DSM
O&M in order to keep sustainability of water follow-up stage
HG
source ・ Monitoring and Evaluation Jan 2010
・ To evaluate achievement of each BWO in ・ Support mechanism for maintenance of water source
capacity development of support for DWSTs in ・ Evaluation of change processes and achievement
3-27
NRWSSP throughout the implementation of period of
RUWASA-CAD project
Note : Target Group – Officer: Basin Water Officer, HG: Hydrogeologist
Venue – DSM: Dar es Salaam
3.6 END LINE SURVEY
3.6.1 PURPOSE OF SURVEY
The end line survey was conducted in the period between the end of May and middle of June 2010
in order to collect data and information necessary to verify achievement of the output and project
purpose at the completion of the Project. This survey is a part of the monitoring and evaluation
activities to check effectiveness of the training provided in the Project. The data collection was
conducted in the period between the end of May and the middle of June 2010 by a consultant based
in Tanzania under the supervision of the Project Team. Specific objectives of the survey were as
follows;
• to collect data and information on present conditions of rural water supply and sanitation in the
target districts.
• to collect data and information on behavior change of DWSTs, RWSTs and BWOs after
attending the RUWASA-CAD training.
• to collect data and information on conditions of rural water supply and sanitation in the area as
well as practices of DWSTs, RWSTs and BWOs in implementation of rural water supply and
sanitation projects under WSDP in non-target districts, regions and basins in order to verify
impact of the Project and its attributes.
3.6.2 SURVEY METHODOLOGY
(1) Survey Area

The survey was conducted at four BWOs, six Regional Secretariats (RSs) and 27 Local
Government Authorities (LGAs) as listed in Table 3.9 The non-target group was sampled from
the regions outside the project area with considering past experiences of the organizations to
receive the technical cooperation similar to this Project for the organizational capacity
development. Accessibility to the areas was also considered in sampling of the non-target group
in order to complete the field survey within short period.
Table 3.9 List of the Target Organizations for the End Line Survey
Category BWO RS LGA
Target Group of 1. Wami Ruvu 1. Coast 1. Bagamoyo
the Project (Morogoro) 2. Kibaha District
3. Kibaha Town
4. Kisarawe
5. Mkuranga
6. Rufiji
7. Mafia
2.Dar es Salaam 8. Kinondoni
9. Ilala
10. Temeke
2.Ruvuma & 3. Lindi 11. Kilwa
Southern Coast 12. Lindi District
(Mtwara) 13. Lindi Town
14. Liwale
15. Nachingwea
16. Ruangwa
4. Mtwara 17. Masasi
18. Mtwara Municipal
19. Mtwara District
3-28
Category BWO RS LGA

20. Nanyumbu
21. Newala
22. Tandahimba
Non-Target 3.Lake Tanganyika 5. Kigoma 23. Kigoma District
Group (Kigoma)
4. Pangani 6. Kilimanjaro 24. Moshi
(Moshi)
25. Kilolo (Iringa Region)
26. Mbozi (Mbeya Region)
27. Morogoro District
(Morogoro Region)
(2) Survey Method

The semi-structured interview was employed to gather information on practices of each
organization in implementation of RWSS projects. Interview sheets prepared by the Project
Team were utilized to guide the interviews. Interviewees at LGAs and RSs are members of
DWSTs and RWSTs while the interviews with DED and RAS were conducted separately from
other members in order to have their views as the top management of the respective organizations.
For BWOs, Basin Water Officers, hydrogeologists and CDOs were called for the interviews.
The survey teams also collected supplementary data and documents related to the monitoring
indicators from the organizations.
Table 3.10 shows the outline of the semi-structured interviews. Findings from the survey are
described in the respective sections on “Monitoring and Evaluation” in Chapter 4, 5, and 6 for
each category of LGA, RS and BWO. Chapter 8 summarizes the achievement of the output and
project purpose based on observations made in the preceding chapters.
Table 3.10 List of the Target Organizations for the End Line Survey
Survey Items through the Semi-Structured Interviews

Category
DWST RWST BWO
• Progress of the 1st cycle of • Progress of the 1st cycle • Status of water
RWSSP of RWSSP in the region resources management
• Outline of the community • Activities of RWST sub-component in the
subprojects formulated in with regard to the region
1. Status of the 1st cycle of RWSSP on-going RWSS • Activities of LGAs in
RWSS Projects in • Outline of other on-going projects water resources
the District RWSS projects in the development under the
district 1st cycle of RWSSP
• Activities of DWST in the
on-going RWSS projects
• Application of knowledge, • Application of • Application of
2. Behavior skills and attitude obtained knowledge, skills and knowledge, skills and
Change of the in the training to actual attitude obtained in the attitude obtained in the
Trainees of works training to actual works training to actual works
RUWASA-CAD* • Practicability of the • Practicability of the • Practicability of the
training contents training contents training contents
• Implementation process of • Implementation of • Implementation of
RWSS projects by DWST activities by RWST in activities by BWOs in
in terms of; terms of; terms of;
3. Practices of - Application of DRA in - Formulation of - Update of
Organization/ community selection RWSP hydrogeological data
Team - Examination of output - Examination of in the basin
submitted by progress reports from - Dissemination of
consultants/contractors LGAs hydrogeological
3-29
Survey Items through the Semi-Structured Interviews

Category
DWST RWST BWO
- Update of information - Provision of advice information and data
on water and sanitation to LGAs in to LGAs
conditions formulation and - Provision of advice
- Integrated approach of designing of to LGAs in
water, sanitation and community formulation an
hygiene promotion in subprojects designing of
DWSP - Provision of approval community
to LGAs on designs subprojects
• Linkage with RS and of subprojects
BWO
- Submission of quarterly • Team Management
reports to RS - Organizing periodical
- Utilization of technical meeting
support of RS and - Coordination in water
BWO in RWSS and sanitation related
projects activities at the
- Utilization of regional level
hydrogeological data
and information
provided by BWO
- Obtaining approval
from RS on designs of
subprojects
• Team Management
- Organizing periodical
meetings
- Coordination in water
and sanitation related
activities in the district
- Utilization of available
human resources for
facilitation of RWSS
projects
• Information sharing on • Information sharing on • Information sharing on
4. Contributing/ training training training
Preventing • Acceptance of change in • Acceptance of change • Acceptance of change
Factors for the office in the office in the office
Behavior • Implementation of capacity • Implementation of • Implementation of
Change* development plan capacity development capacity development
plan plan
* Categories No. 2 and 4 in the table above are not included in the interviews with the
organizations in the non-target group. Main items discussed with the non-target group are
status of the on-going RWSS projects, practices of the organization in the project implementation,
experiences of attending training related to RWSS, and their capacity development plan.
3.7 PROPOSALS FOR REVISION OF EXISTING MANUALS
3.7.1 INTRODUCTION
Examination of existing manuals is one of the key components for the preparation of training plan
as discussed in Section 3.5.3. During their examination, the Project team could observe the
following shortfall/ deficiency in existing manuals.
3-30
<RWSS Project Cycle>

• RWST and BWO are not involved in the existing RWSS project cycle although they are
recognized as a key stakeholder and their roles and responsibilities are clearly specified.
• Activities in the existing RWSS project cycle are not really consistent with roles and
responsibilities of stakeholders of RWSSP.
• The hierarchy of activities is not well examined according to their importance, necessity
interrelation, which causes considerable confusion and inconsistency of RWSS project cycle.
<Training Modular Guide>
• Training modular guide includes only a component for DWST, but not RWST and BWO.
• Comparing the capacity areas targeted in the existing training modular guide with activities
necessary for implementation of RWSS project, the coverage of the existing training modular
guide is not comprehensive.
• Some of reference materials indicated in modules are not available in general.
• It is difficult to establish the logical linkage between selection of appropriate modules and
target capacity areas identified in CD plans owned by each stakeholder.
Upon the results of examination on the existing manuals, and the RUWASA-CAD strategy and
basic polices, existing RWSS project cycle and training modular guide were totally reviewed and
the proposal on “Matrix of RWSS Project Cycle and Task Allocation” and “Training Modular Guide
for DWST, RWST and BWO” were prepared and presented respectively for TWG-ID&CB, PCT
(Programme Coordination Team) members and the management of CWSD. Both proposals are
shown in Annex 6 and Annex 7 of this report. In addition, formulated Training Modules and
Training Materials are compiled as the additional volume of this report. Outlines of each proposal
are explained in the following section.
3.7.2 MATRIX OF RWSSP PROJECT CYCLE AND TASK ALLOCATION

The results of critical point analysis, stakeholder analysis and identification of actors responsible for
critical points are summarized in a single matrix as Annex 6. The detailed task allocation that is
the procedure of RWSSP, for DWST members are illustrated for better understanding of each
responsibility among DWST. Besides, highlighted activities and components are those which have
been modified from or added to the original RWSSP cycle although cycle itself has been totally
re-organized.
The Project expects that this matrix would show the benchmarks for identified stakeholders as the
programmes of RWSS project take a step forward in their jurisdictions. It, however, is suggested
that this matrix should be utilized as a standard, which gives a space for stakeholders to determine
their tasks under their arrangement.
3.7.3 TRAINING MODULAR GUIDE AND MODULE COVERAGE

Training curricula prepared for 5 phases of RUWASA-CAD training are composed of the
combination of various modules. In each module, links to actual work, objectives and topics of a
particular training are clearly displayed. Therefore, it is quite easy for training organizers to tailor
training contents to their training demand based on capacity gaps identified. Furthermore, the
reference materials are confirmed available and refined with clear indication of suitable chapters
according to training objectives. Most significantly steps/ procedures shown in each module are
finally determined after they are tested and assessed their practicability carefully through the
implementation of 5 phases of RUWASA-CAD training. Training modular guide and module
coverage are attached in Annex 7.
3-31
Module coverage shows the clear interface between activities of RWSS project cycle and modules.
This indicates that training modules are strongly associated with actual activities necessary for
RWSSP and very useful tools for capacity development interventions in stakeholders of RWSSP.
The intensity of modules by categorizing “well covered”, “moderately covered” and “not covered”
is illustrated with different colours in the module coverage. It is obvious that most of components
identified in the new RWSS project cycle are covered by either single training module or plural
training modules, depending on the task allocation of stakeholders.
3.8 ANNUAL WORK PLAN
3.8.1 FORMULATION OF ANNUAL WORK PLAN

One of the indicators to evaluate the achievement of Output-1 is formulation of annual work plan
every year. Since the Tanzanian fiscal year starts from July and ends June, the annual work plan of
CBT sub section could not be formulated, during the project step of Work in Tanzania I (September
2007 to March 2008). Therefore it is agreed that the counterpart use the PO (Plan of Operation)
provided by the project as the annual work plan of 2007/2008.
During the following project steps of Work in Tanzania II, III and IV, after the MoWI’s budgetary
planning on every May, annual work plan of CBT sub section was prepared and agreed upon
counterpart meetings held generally in June.
Agreed annual work plans during the project period of CBT sub section are shown in Annex 8.
3.8.2 ACTION PLAN OF THE COUNTERPART PERSONNEL

The trainings carrying out by the project are classified by two different operation methods of
consignment contract and direct management.
Major roles of the project team member, in case of manage the training through the employed
consultants, are preparation of TOR and tender documents, implementation of tendering, evaluation
of tender proposal, supervision of the training implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the
training results. On the other hand, in case of the direct management by the project, all the
necessary works related to the preparation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the
training are directly taken by the project team member.
In RUWASA-CAD project, in order to promote responsible participation of the counterpart
personnel, the responsibilities and assigning tasks of the each counterpart personnel were defined as
shown in Table 3.11. The action plans of 2008/2009, 2009/10, and 2010/11 are provided for each
counterpart personnel, based on the defined responsibilities and assigning tasks.
Table 3.11 Action Plan of Counterpart Personnel
Name of Counterpart Responsibility Assigning Tasks
Mr. Goyagoya J. Mbenna Planning of the • Selection of training consultants
(decommissioned from Training • Preparation of training materials
September 2009)*1 • Update contents of RUWASA-CAD homepage
(CWSD) • Preparation of presentation for seminar
Ms. Neema Siarra Implementation of the • Management of training
(CWSD) Training • Update of training resources database
• Preparation of presentation for seminar
Ms. Kirenga D.A.T Monitoring and • Training evaluation
(CWSD) Evaluation of the • Monitoring in pilot LGAs
Mr. John Daniel Training Results • Preparation of presentation for seminar
(decommissioned from
January 2010)*1
Ms.Flora W. Mleje
(appointed from February
3-32
Name of Counterpart Responsibility Assigning Tasks

2010)
(DAHR)
Ms. Diana Kimbute Planning, • Preparation of Training for BWOs
(DWR) implementation and • Implementation of Training for BWOs
evaluation of training • Evaluation of Training
for BWOs • Monitoring of BWOs
• Preparation of presentation for seminar
*1: Due to the transfer to other division/section, they were decommissioned from the task of the project
counterpart.
3.8.3 EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE OF THE ACTION PLAN BY COUNTERPARTS

The action plan discussed in the previous section encompasses individual action plan for each
counterpart personnel, accordingly to their responsibilities and tasks.
It, however, is observed that the project counterparts could not follow much their action plans
because of various limitation and obstacles. These limitation and obstacles are summarized in the
Table 3.12.
Table 3.12 Common Limitation and Obstacles for Counterparts
Limitation and Obstacles
・ The commitment of counterparts was not full-time basis.
・ The schedules of their regular duties changed often and all of sudden.
・ Directions from their bosses overwrote the planned activities.
Under such limitation and obstacles they had, the project counterparts tried to participate in the
project activities and fulfil their tasks and responsibilities. In fact, they actively joined the
preparation and evaluation of tender documents, the implementation of training courses, and the
monitoring and evaluation of the project impact.
From this point of view, it could be concluded that the enable environment such as administrative
arrangement, understanding/awareness from management body, etc may contribute the level of
C/P’s participation rather than willingness, awareness, commitment at the individual level.
However, it is remarked that those limitation and obstacles could be mitigated and/or even solved if
each counterpart was to coordinate and share the information in a better manner. As the
conclusion, it is our belief that all counterparts will be able to do so after the termination of the
Project.
3-33
Chapter 4 Output 2: Establishment of Training System Model for DWST
CHAPTER 4 OUTPUT 2: ESTABLISHMENT OF TRAINING

SYSTEM MODEL FOR DWST
The expected output of 【Output 2】is “A training system model for District Water and Sanitation
Teams (DWST) in managing RWSS projects is established.”.

The activities for the Output-2 taken in this term are mainly formulation of the training plan and
execution of 1st Training for DWST.
The 1st training for DWST was held on 11th to 15th February 2007 at Dar es Salaam for Coast and
Dar es Salaam region, 25th to 29th February 2007 at Mtwara for Mtwara and Lindi regions. The
activities taken by this term for the Output 2 is summarized in Figure 4.1.
2-1 Improve existing training programmes for DWSTs in the target districts in
managing RWSS projects and supporting communities in O&M and
sanitation promotion.
2-3 Provide training for DWSTs in the target Districts based on 2-1 and 2-2
above.
2-4 Provide mentoring for DWSTs for improvement of their performance in
management of RWSS projects through field visit to the districts for (to be carried out in Next Phase)
monitoring.
2-5 Monitor and evaluate attainment of skills and knowledge, and behaviour
change of trainees as well as impact of the training programme for
improvement of the training programme.
Figure 4.1 Activities Carried Out for Output 2 during the Work in Tanzania I

During the term of project step 2, in order to execute of the training phases of II, improvement of
existing training programmes and development of training curriculum and materials were carried
out. Additionally, trough the monitoring survey (1) and (2) to the pilot districts, provision of
mentoring for DWSTs to improve their performance in management of RWSS projects and the
evaluation of the attainment of skills and knowledge, and behaviour change of trainees as well as
impact of the training programme were carried out. The activities taken by this term for the
Output 2 is summarized in Figure 4.2.

2-1 Improve existing training programmes for DWSTs in the
target districts in managing RWSS projects and
supporting communities in O&M and sanitation
promotion.
2-2 Develop training curriculum and materials for DWSTs
based on 2-1 above. ( : 2-2-3 Update the PIM)
2-3 Provide training for DWSTs in the target Districts based
on 2-1 and 2-2 above.
2-4 Provide mentoring for DWSTs for improvement of their
performance in management of RWSS projects through
field visit to the districts for monitoring.
2-5 Monitor and evaluate attainment of skills and knowledge,
and behaviour change of trainees as well as impact of the
training programme for improvement of the training
programme.
Figure 4.2 Activities Carried Out for Output 2 During the Work in Tanzania II
4-1

The major activities for the Output-2 taken in this project step 2 are training phases of III and IV,
improvement of existing training programmes and development of training curriculum and
materials. Additionally, through the monitoring survey (3) to the pilot districts, provision of
mentoring for DWSTs to improve their performance in management of RWSS projects and the
evaluation of the attainment of skills and knowledge, and behaviour change of trainees as well as
impact of the training programme were carried out. The activities taken by this term for the
Output 2 is summarized in Figure 4.3.

2-1 Improve existing training programmes for DWSTs in
the target districts in managing RWSS projects and
supporting communities in O&M and sanitation
promotion.
2-2 Develop training curriculum and materials for DWSTs
based on 2-1 above. ( : 2-2-3 Update the PIM)
2-3 Provide training for DWSTs in the target Districts

based on 2-1 and 2-2 above.
2-4 Provide mentoring for DWSTs for improvement of
their performance in management of RWSS projects
through field visit to the districts for monitoring.
2-5 Monitor and evaluate attainment of skills and
knowledge, and behaviour change of trainees as well as
impact of the training programme for improvement of
the training programme.
Figure 4.3 Activities Carried Out for Output 2 During the Work in Tanzania III

During the term of project step 4, compilation of training materials provided based on the completed
training curriculum was carried out. By the end line survey, provision of mentoring for DWSTs
and the evaluation of the attainment of skills and knowledge, and behaviour change of trainees as
well as impact of all the training programme were carried out. The activities taken by this term for
the Output 2 is summarized in Figure 4.4.

2-1 Improve existing training programmes for DWSTs in the target districts in
managing RWSS projects and supporting communities in O&M and sanitation
promotion.
( : 2-2-3 Update the PIM)
2-3 Provide training for DWSTs in the target Districts based on 2-1 and 2-2 above.
(completed by last term)
2-4 Provide mentoring for DWSTs for improvement of their performance in
management of RWSS projects through field visit to the districts for monitoring.
2-5 Monitor and evaluate attainment of skills and knowledge, and behaviour change
of trainees as well as impact of the training programme for improvement of the
training programme.
Figure 4.4 Activities Carried Out for Output 2 During the Work in Tanzania IV
4.2 PERSPECTIVE OF DWST TRAINING

The training perspective for DWST is shown in Table 4.1. The project emphasize not only the
capacity building of DWST but also the coordination between DWST and RWST, thus the joint
training with RWST was planned depending on the course objectives.
4-2
Five phases of the training courses were conducted in the period between February 2007 and January
2010 and all the programmes were completed as planned.
Table 4.1 Training Perspective for DWST
Training Perspective
Fiscal
Phase
Year
Target Trainee Venue

Contents Course Objective, Topics
Trainee Region
Identification of Present • To focuses situation analysis of DWE Coast, DSM DSM
Status RWSS sub-project (RWA) Lindi, MT MT
(association with RWST) • Improvement of planning and (RMO)
2007
1 management of RWSS projects (RCDO)

• To encourage DWE to take
initiative in the change process of
management RWSS project
Project Planning DWE Coast, DSM DSM
Component-1 • Demand responsive approach in DPLO Lindi, MT MT
RWSS project DHO
DCDO
2
Component-2
(association with RWST) • Strategic planning of RWSS with DWE Coast, DSM DSM
considering sustainability of water (RWA) Lindi, MT MT
resources
2008
Project Management DWE Coast, DSM DSM

Component-1 • Project management witch DPLO Lindi, MT MT
(association with RWST) requires consciousness to link the (RWA)
activities of DWST (RPO)
3 Component-2
(association with RWST) • Strengthen capacity of DWST in DHO Coast, DSM DSM
formulation of the integrated DEO Lindi, MT MT
approach and activities of water (RMO)
and sanitation (REA)
Strengthening DWE Coast, DSM DSM
of Support Service • Support services for the DHO Lindi, MT MT
Component-1 community-based O&M and DCDO
hygiene promotion DEO
4
• Technical supervision of service
Component-2 providers, contractors and DWE Coast, DSM DSM
2009
suppliers S.Tech Lindi, MT MT

DT
O&M and Follow-up • Planning for the O&M and DWE Coast DSM
follow-up, and final evaluation of DPLO DSM DSM
5 the achievement of each districts DHO Lindi MT
DCDO MT MT
DEO
[Abbreviation] DSM: Dar es Salaam, MT: Mtwara, DWST: District Water & Sanitation Team, RWST: Rigional Water &
Sanitation Team, DWE: District Water Engineer, DPLO: District Planning Officer, DHO: District Health Officer, DCDO:
District Community Development Officer, DEO: District Education Officer, S. Tech: Senior Technician, DT: District
Treasurer
4.3 TRAINING MODULE AND MATERIALS
4.3.1 EXISTING TRAINING MODULES AND MATERIALS

Annex 9 of the Programme Implementation Manual (PIM) designates the training modules for
DWST. It consists of 16 modules and 7 sub-modules under module 14. The titles of the modules
and categories based on contexts of RWSSP are briefly summarized in the Table 4.2.
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Table 4.2 Titles and Categories of Training Modules

Module Title Category
1 Opening activities for training events Introduction of RWSSP
2 New approach to NRWSSP development Policy and Strategy of
3 New players and new roles RWSSP
4 Kick start activities for DWST Setting Up for RWSSP
5 Building a strong DWST
6 Linking district and community project cycles
7 Promoting demand Promotion of RWSSP
8 Data collection and verification
9 Selecting communities for NRWSSP
10 Deciding scale of programme
11 Appraisal of community proposals Planning (DRA)
12 Promoting health through water supply Sanitation and Health in
13 HIV/AIDS mitigation RWSSP
14 Result-based management Monitoring and Evaluation
A Introduction to result-based management
B RBM application to planning and monitoring
C Managing assumption and risks
D Critical factors to success
E Monitoring and evaluation
F Supervision of service providers
G Developing report writing skills
15 Participatory facilitation skills Facilitation Skill
16 Preparation of a DWSP Planning (DRA)
4.3.2 REVISION OF EXISTING MODULES

Through the process, in which baseline survey, task and capacity analysis, review of existing
training system and plan and assessment of available training resources are carried out, of
formulation of training plan, the existing training modules were examined and reviewed in
comparison with revised RWSS project cycle and coverage of modules on activities necessary for
RWSS project. Accordingly the project made proposal as the “Proposed Matrix of RWSSP Project
Cycle and Task Allocation” shown in Annex 6. Revised training modules are also attached in
Separate Volume 1: Training Modular Guide for DWST, RWST and BWO of this report.
Composition of the existing training modules for DWST included in PIM were reviewed in twice in
the project implementation period Table 4.3 shows the first revision of composition of the training
modules or DWST done in the Work in Tanzania I. Revisions made in the first draft were mainly
to develop new modules or supplement the existing ones in order to cover topics related to water
supply planning, sanitation and hygiene promotion, procurement, contract management, project
supervision and cross-cutting issues which had not been addressed enough in the original modules.
Table 4.3 Composition of the Revised Training Modules for DWST
(1st revision in Mar. 2008)
Module Title Status Category
1 Opening activities for training events Not Introduction of RWSSP
2 New approach to RWSS development reviewed Policy and Strategy
3 New players and new roles
4 Kick start activities for DWST Setting Up for RWSSP
5 Building a strong DWST
6 Linking district and community project cycles
4-4
Module Title Status Category

7 Promoting demand Promotion of RWSSP
8 Data collection and verification
9 Selecting communities for NRWSSP
10 Deciding scale of programme
11 Appraisal of community proposals Planning (DRA)
12 A Strategies and approaches for sanitation and hygiene promotion Reviewed Sanitation and Health in
B PHAST RWSSP
C School sanitation and hygiene
13 HIV/AIDS mitigation Not
reviewed
14 A Introduction to result based management (RBM) Reviewed Monitoring and
B RBM framework: Part I Activity vs. Output and its indicators Evaluation
C RBM framework: Part II Managing assumption and risks
D RBM framework Part III Success factors on activities
E RBM framework Part IV Monitoring and evaluation plan
F RBM framework Part V Progress evaluation and follow-up plan Newly
developed
G RBM framework Part VI Report format and writing Reviewed
H Supervision of service providers: Part I Technical service
provider
I Supervision of service providers: Part II Facilitation service
provider
15 Participatory facilitation skills Not Facilitation Skill
16 Identification of basic status in target areas reviewed Planning (DRA)
17 A Procurement of goods, works and services Newly Procurement
B Contract management developed
18 Water supply planning Planning (WRM)
19 Provision of training for communities CD at Community Level
20 Consideration of gender issues in water supply and sanitation Gender Issue
projects
Further elaboration was done in the Work in Tanzania III based on the observations on application
of these modules in four training phases. Composition of the training modules were reorganized
by categorizing different modules according to the main themes which would help the users identify
structure and relation of these modules. New modules were also developed for some themes such
as operation and maintenance, sanitation and hygiene promotion and capacity development with
considering its necessity raised through four training phases. The Table 4.4 below shows the
structure of the second revised version of the training modules for DWST.
Table 4.4 Composition of the Revised Training Modules for DWST
(2nd revision in Oct. 2009)
Module Title Sub-Title

1 A Introduction to DWST Opening activities for training events
B New approach to RWSS development
C New players and new roles
D Kick start activities for DWST
E Building a strong DWST
2 Linking district and community
project cycles
3 A Project formulation based on the Promoting demand
B Demand Responsive Approach Selecting communities for RWSSP
C Deciding scale of programme
D Appraisal of community proposals
4 A Water supply planning Situation analysis on RWSS conditions of the district
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Module Title Sub-Title

B Assessment of water resources potential
C Water supply planning
D Data management and monitoring
5 A Operation & maintenance of rural O&M requirements for sustainability
B water supply Organizational and financial management in O&M
C Technical support for O&M
6 A Sanitation & Hygiene Promotion Basic policies and implementation strategies of sanitation
and hygiene promotion
B PHAST
C Social marketing
D CLTS
E Technology options for improvement of sanitation
F School sanitation and hygiene
7 A Project planning & management Result Based Management
B Project Cycle Management with using logical
framework
C Project monitoring
D Project evaluation & follow-up plan
E Managing success factors, assumptions and risks
F Report format and writing
8 A Procurement and contract Procurement of goods, works and services
B management Contract management
9 A Supervision of Service Providers Supervision of Technical Service Provider
B and Contractors/ Suppliers Supervision of Facilitation Service Provider
C Supervision of the Contractor/ Supplier
10 A Capacity development Capacity assessment
B Capacity development planning
C Monitoring and evaluation of capacity development
interventions
D Support for capacity development of communities
11 Participatory facilitation skills
12 Consideration of gender issues in
water supply and sanitation projects
13 HIV/AIDS mitigation
Titles in bold and Italic in above table shows modules newly developed.
4.3.3 SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE MODULES ON RUWASA-CAD TRAINING PLAN

An area of a particular capacity necessary for DWST is generally complex with different technical
and managerial competences. Likewise, each phase of the training plan requires multi-disciplinary
inputs for effective capacity development. Therefore, more than one training module is usually
incorporated in each phase of the training plan. The combination of the training plan and modules
is summarized in the Table 4.5.
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Table 4.5 Training Plan and Modules

Training Plan (excluding trainees)
Phase
Developed and/or Improved Materials

Course Title Course Objective, Topics
Module Training Materials
Identification of • Verification of present 1A, 1B, I: Identification of Present Status
Present Status situation of RWSS in the 1C, 4A, Situation analysis on RWSS conditions of the districts
district and region 4B, 4C, Review of processes of the project planning and
(association with • Establishment of common 10A, implementation in the district
RWST) pictures of existing 10B, Introduction to the strategic planning of water supply
organizational and 10C Regional water supply master plan
1
individual capacities of Water resources evaluation
DWST & RWST Capacity assessment
• Factors to be considered in Management of the capacity development process at the
planning of water supply district & regional level
porjects Setting goals and performance monitoring indicators for
the training programme
Project Planning • Improved application of 1, 2, 3 II: DRA in RWSS Projects
Component-1 DRA in the project National policies and strategies related to RWSS
planning and management sub-sector
• Maximization of synergy Framework for planning DWSP based on DRA
among DWST members Roles and responsibilities of DWST and relations with
for facilitation of RWSS other key players
projects Promotion of demand
Application for RWSSP by communities and verification of
demand by DWST
Deciding scale of the Programme
2 Appraisal of community proposals
Component-2 • Strategic planning of 1A, 3D, III: Water Supply Planning
RWSS with considering 4A, 4B, Flow of formulation of preliminary study and detailed
(association with sustainability of water 4C design of RWSS projects
RWST) resources Assessment of water resources potential
Consideration of socio-economic conditions
Water supply planning
Facility plan and design
Operation and maintenance plan
Impact assessment
Appraisal of the community subprojects
Project • Project management witch 1A, 7A, IV: Project Management
Management requires consciousness to 7B, 7C, Project Cycle Management based on the logical
Component-1 link the activities of DWST 7D, 7E, framework
8A RBM in the project cycle
(association with Communication in the project management
RWST) Contract management
Component-2 • Strengthened capacity of 1A, 6, V: Sanitation & Hygiene Promotion
3
DWST in formulation of the 13 National strategies on sanitation & hygiene promotion
(association with integrated approach and PHAST
RWST) activities of water and CLTS
sanitation School sanitation & hygiene education
Technology options for improvement of sanitation
Social marketing for the improved sanitation
Mainstreaming of HIV/AIDS in RWSSP
Strengthening of • Strengthened network of 1A, 1B, VI: Support Services for the Community-Based O&M and
Support Service human resources and 1C, 5A, Hygiene Promotion
Component-1 organizations in the 5B, Roles and responsibilities of extension workers and
districts for support 10D, CBOs/NGOs in RWSSP
services 11, 12 Facilitation skills on water supply and hygiene promotion
• Utilization of extension Community O&M models and registration procedures
workers and CBOs/NGOs Gender mainstreaming
4 to support Participatory M&E of WSS situation and O&M
WATSAN/COWSO Guidelines and manuals for the facilitators
Component-2 • Technical supervision of 1A, 5A, VII: Supervision of Service Providers
service providers, 5C, 8B, Technical supervision of works by service providers and
contractors and suppliers 9 contractors
to ensure meeting required Quality control of workmanship
standard of the water O&M follow-up technical support
supply services Contract management
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Training Plan (excluding trainees)

Phase
Developed and/or Improved Materials

Course Title Course Objective, Topics
Module Training Materials
Building cooperative relationship with private sector
Management of database of available service providers
O&M and • Planning for the O&M and 1A, 5 VIII: O&M and Follow-up
Follow-up follow-up • O&M requirements for sustainability
• Monitoring and evaluation • Post-construction follow-up support by DWST
at the O&M and follow-up • Monitoring of O&M conditions
5
stage • Evaluation of community subprojects and preparation of
• Final evaluation of the follow-up plan
achievement of each • Review of behavior change realized through the training
districts
4.3.4 RUWASA-CAD TRAINING CURRICULUM FOR DWST

Training curriculum for each phase were prepared by associating the training plan with training
sessions, specific objectives and contents of each session. Composition of sessions of each
training course is described in the Table 4.6. The training curricula prepared by the project are
attached in Annex 9.
Table 4.6 Summary of the Training Curriculum for DWST
Training Phase Session Composition of the Training Course

1. Situation analysis on RWSS conditions of the districts
2. Review of processes of the project planning and implementation in the districts
3. Review of the task allocation and coordination in the team
st
1 Phase: 4. Introduction to the strategic planning of water supply
Identification of 5. Regional water supply master plan
Present Situation 6. Water resources evaluation
7. Capacity assessment
8. Management of the capacity development process at the district & regional levels
9. Setting the goal and performance monitoring indicators for the training programme
Component 1: Demand Responsive Approach in RWSS Projects
1. National policies and strategies related to RWSS sub-sector
2. Framework for Planning DSWP based on DRA
3. Roles and responsibilities of DWST and relations with other key players
4. Promoting demand
5. Application for NRWSSP by communities and verification of demand DWST
6. Selecting Communities for NRWSSP
7. Deciding scale of Programme
nd
2 Phase: 8. Appraisal of community proposals
Project Planning Component 2: Water Supply Planning
1. Flow of formulation of preliminary study and detailed design of rural water supply projects
2. Assessment of water resources potential
3. Consideration of socio-economic conditions
4. Water supply planning
5. Facility plan and design
6. Operation and maintenance plan
7. Impact assessment
8. Appraisal of the community subprojects
rd
3 Phase: Component 1: Project Management
Project Management 1. Introduction to the project cycle management with
I. Project Cycle Management using the logical framework
based on the Logical 2. Stakeholders analysis
Framework 3. Problem analysis & objective analysis
4. Formulation of the logical framework
II. Result Based Management 5. Activities linked to the expected output
4-8
Training Phase Session Composition of the Training Course

(RBM) in the Project Cycle 6. Managing assumptions and risk and success
factors
7. Monitoring and evaluation
III. Communication in the Project 8. Information sharing for management of the

Management change processes
IV. Contract Management 9. Procurement and contract management

Component 2: Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion
1. National strategies on sanitation and hygiene promotion
1. Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation (PHAST)
2. Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)
3. School sanitation and hygiene education
4. Technology options for improvement of sanitation
5. Social marketing for the improved sanitation
6. Mainstreaming of HIV/AIDS in RWSSP
Component 1: Support Services for the Community-Based Operation and
Maintenance and Hygiene Promotion
1. Roles and responsibilities of extension workers of the district council and CBOs/NGOs in
RWSSP
2. Facilitation skills on water supply and hygiene and sanitation promotion
3. Community management Community O&M management models and registration
procedures
th
4 Phase: 4. Gender mainstreaming
Strengthening of 5. Participatory monitoring and evaluation of WSS situation and O&M
Support Services 6. Guidelines and manuals for the facilitators
Component 2: Supervision of Service Providers
1. Technical supervision of the works by the service providers and contractors
2. Quality control of workmanship
3. O&M follow-up technical support
4. Contract management
5. Building cooperative relationship with private sector
6. Management of database of the available service providers
1. Operation and maintenance requirements for sustainability
2. Post- construction follow-up support by DWST
th 3. Monitoring of O&M conditions
5 Phase:
3-1. Monitoring of RWSSP/WSDP
O&M and Follow-up
3-2. Indicators for monitoring at O&M stage
4. Evaluation of community sub-projects and preparation of follow-up plan
5. Review of behavior change realized through RUWASA-CAD training
Training sessions are basically derived from main topics of the training phases described in the
training plan while specific objectives are stipulated from training modules incorporated. These
processes are rather methodical. It, however, needs a sort of skills and experiences for training
planners to set up the contents of sessions which are relevant and logically feasible under the course
objectives.
4.3.5 PROVISION OF TRAINING GUIDES AND MATERIALS

Training guides and materials were prepared by trainers, who were selected through tenders for
provision of trainings, based on each training curriculum mentioned above. The project team
ensured the quality of training guides and materials by examining methods/approaches used in
sessions and contents of training materials.
4-9
4.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF DWST TRAINING

In RUWASA-CAD project, the training implementation, which includes preparation of training time
table and training guide, provision of facilitators and trainers, preparation of training materials and
arrangement of training venue, stationeries and equipments, is basically contracted to local consultants
in order to ensure the sustainable training implementation. The proceedings of each training phase
are explained in the following sections.
4.4.1 1ST TRAINING PHASE

The outline of 1st training phase is given in the Table 4.7.
Table 4.7 Outline of 1st Training Phase
No Outlines
1 Consultant RUWASA-CAD
2 Schedule (implemented) • 11/Feb – 15/Feb, 2008 (Dar es Salaam) for DSM and Coast regions
• 25/Feb – 29/Feb, 2008 (Mtwara) for Mtwara and Lindi regions
3 Training venue • Pearl Hall, Ubungo Plaza (Dar es Salaam)
• Vocational Education and Training Authority (Mtwara)
4 Facilitator Mr. Deo Binamungu (Achrid Ltd)
Mr. Modhakkiru Katakweba (Multiwater Ltd)
5 Trainers Mr. Goyagoya J.M. (MoWI) Session 1
(responsible session) Mr. Goyagoya J.M. (MoWI) Session 2
Mr. Goyagoya J.M. (MoWI) Session 3
Ms. Rita Kilua (MoWI) Session 4
Mr. Yusuke Ando (JICA Expert)
Mr. Omari Rumanbo (MoWI) Session 6
Mr. Kisaka G.J. (MoWI) Session 8
Mr. Goyagoya J.M. (MoWI)
6 No. of Trainees Dar es Salaam DWE: 10 participated / 10 invited
(RWST: 6 participated / 6 invited)
Mtwara DWE 12 participated / 12 invited
(RWST: 6 participated / 6 invited)
This training was organized directly by MoWI in collaboration with the RUWASA-CAD and was
facilitated jointly for DWST and RWST by Mr. Deo Binamungu (Achrid Ltd). This training had
the following major goals:
(i) To verify the baseline data on RWSS coverage in the target districts and regions as presented in the
Baseline Survey Report;
(ii) To establish a common picture of the existing organizational and human resources capacities of
District Water and Sanitation Teams (DWSTs) in RWSS planning and management;
(iii) To identify crucial factors for consideration in planning water supply projects; and
(iv) To define performance monitoring indicators for measuring improved management capacity of DWSTs
and RWSTs.
The training was conducted in two places at two separate centres. The training firstly held from
11-15 February 2008 at the Dar es Salaam centre brought together 16 trainees from seven districts
and three municipalities of Coast and Dar es Salaam regions respectively. The second training at
Mtwara centre was held from 25-29 February 2008 and attended by 18 trainees from Lindi and
Mtwara regions. The trainees included 22 district/municipal water engineers and 3 members
(RWA, RMO, and RCDO) each from the Regional Water and Sanitation Teams (RWST) of Dar es
Salaam, Coast, Lindi and Mtwara regions.
4-10
Both training events were carried out in a participatory manner through which trainees had an
opportunity to share experiences from different districts and regions. A mix of methods and
techniques were used to generate dialogue among trainees. These included presentations of papers
on power point system, handouts, small group discussions, focus group discussions, pair buzzing1,
and rotational brainstorming.
In order to optimize discussion and collaboration, discussion groups were kept small – not more
than six people. Groups were frequently assigned different but related tasks. Plenary sessions,
which were organized after group discussions helped the trainees to share common understand on
issues and acquire further learning of new things. Some energizers were sporadically injected into
the learning process to ensure that trainees were always active and refreshed.
The following part highlights the overall key results and ideas that emerged from the training. Paper
presentations and the subsequent group and plenary discussions generated lots of ideas from the
trainees and below are some of the major insights.
(1) WSS Coverage and DWST Management Capacity of RWSS Projects
• Trainees admitted that most of the data on water supply and sanitation available in the
districts were fragmented and at times unreliable or outdated e.g. on population, WSS
coverage etc. Hence, there was a need under this project to ensure that an efficient system
for collecting, analyzing and managing RWSS data is established.
• The data on organizational capacity at the district level as presented in the baseline survey
report showed a real picture as most of the DWSTs were not functioning as a team e.g.
meetings were hardly convened and DWSPs were often prepared by the DWEs with minimal
or no consultation with other relevant sectors.
(2) Strategic Planning of Water Supply
• Trainees underscored the need to give high profile matters concerning water resources
assessment as this would be a key determinant for demand for water in a community. Thus,
they concurred with the proposal in the revised RWSSP Cycle that identification of water
resource potential should precede promotion/sensitization of communities on RWSSP.
• Furthermore trainees recognized the fact that districts had no required skills to carry out
water resources identification/assessment and hence it was imperative to link up with BWOs
in undertaking this activity. They also recommended strongly that the BWOs should
examine detailed water resources assessment results carried out by the TSPs.
• RWSTs and particularly RWAs should certicy the detailed designs worked out by the TSPs.
(3) Strengthening Role of DWSTs
• Districts should produce their DWSPs as the guiding vision for the investment of their funds
and funds from WSDP. O&M issues should be part of the DWSPs to ensure that
communities continue to access technical support from the DWSTs even after the completion
of the WSS facilities.
• There is an urgent need to build up a strong teamwork among DWST members. Such
teamwork requires DWST members to meet regularly, share information so that even if some
of the officials are transferred elsewhere, there could be continuity in the management of
RWSS projects in the district.
• Trainees recognized that in their day to day operations they hardly link up their individual
skill and the organization capacity. They underscored the need for this project to
1
Pair buzzing: discussion between 2 trainees.
4-11
specifically focus on this aspect so that all district staff should share a common vision while
undertaking their responsibilities.
(4) Enhancing Strategic Linkages
• Linkages between DWSTs, RWSTs and BWOs should be strengthened through regular
communication. RWSTs should recognize that they have a mandate to provide technical
support to DWSTs e.g. in preparation of DWSPs, interpreting sector policies, monitoring
implementation of RWSS projects and capacity building.
• Roles and responsibilities should be adequately articulated both within the DWSTs and other
key players specifically RWSTs and BWOs. Such articulation should also imply areas of
relations among these players and mandates of each within the revised RWSSP Cycle. In
other words, trainees were calling upon an expanded sense of teamwork among all players in
RWSSP cycle.
4.4.2 2ND TRAINING PHASE
(1) Component 1
The outline of component 1 of the 2nd training phase is given in the Table 4.8.
Table 4.8 Outline of Component 1 of the 2nd Training Phase
No Outlines
1 Consultant WEDECO Ltd
2 Schedule (implemented) • 9/June – 13/June, 2008 (Dar es Salaam) for Coast region
• 16/June – 20/June, 2008 (Dar es Salaam) for DSM region
• 23/June – 27/June, 2008 (Mtwara) for Lindi region
• 30/June – 4/July, 2008 (Mtwara) for Mtwara region
• Clinical Officers Training Center (Mtwara)
4 Facilitator Ms. Mwanasha Ally (WEDECO Ltd)
Ms. Marry Liwa (WEDECO Ltd)
Mr. Charles Panyika (WEDECO Ltd)
5 Trainers (responsible Ms. Kirenga D.A.T. (MoWI) Session 1
session) Mr. Ally S. Mlupilo (PMO-RALG)
Mr. Ally S. Mlupilo (PMO-RALG) Session 2
Ms. Consolata Sana (WEDECO Ltd)
Ms. Kirenga D.A.T. (MoWI) Session 3
Ms. Julieth Kahembe (WEDECO Ltd) Session 4
Ms. Consolata Sana (WEDECO Ltd) Session 5
Ms. Consolata Sana (WEDECO Ltd) Session 6
Ms. Mwanasha Ally (WEDECO Ltd) Session 7
6 No. of Trainees Coast region DWST 28 participated / 28 invited
Dar es Salaam region DWST 12 participated / 12 invited
Lindi region DWST 24 participated / 24 invited
Mtwara region DWST 24 participated / 24 invited
This training was contracted to Water and Environmental Development Company (WEDECO)
Ltd with the following major goals:
4-12
(i) To improve application of the Demand Responsive Approach (DRA) in the project planning and
management by DWST with considering institutional, organizational, and socio-economic
conditions of each district.
(ii) To enhance understanding of the trainees on significance and effectiveness to maximize synergy
among DWST members for facilitation of RWSS projects.
The training was carried out for the DWST core members. These included four trainees from
each District, i.e. the District Water Engineer (DWE), The District Planning Officer (DPLO), the
District Health Officer (DHO) and the District community Development Officer, (DCDO).
The training took place at Ubungo Plaza in the Blue Pearl Hotel in Dar es Salaam and at the
Clinical Officers Training Centre (COTC) in Mtwara region. The training took place from 9th
June 2008 to 4th July 2008. The training lasted for five days each.
Both participatory information delivery methods were applied as much as possible to draw out
trainees own experiences and ideas about specific topics. Maximum interactions were made
through different facilitation techniques. The techniques included brainstorming, buzzing
discussions, card storming, case studies, demonstrations, live examples and plenary. As a back
up, different materials were used. These included handouts flipcharts; news prints Meta cards,
notebooks, pens, files, power point slides, and other relevant stationery and training aids.
The followings are the observations and findings, which were realized during the four trainings in
the Dar es Salaam and the Mtwara venues from sessions.
1) Framework for Planning DWST Based on DRA
The trainees acknowledged the Government directive on demand responsive planning using the
O&OD approach. O&OD methodology was adopted as the official planning tool to planning of
the any development programme since it was realized that it was constitutional, although the
application of O&OD was limited because some districts had not been rolled out with the
methodology.
District Council used various approaches in the planning process, for example SWOT analysis,
PRA and PHAST. These tended to confuse the communities by having too many plans at a time
with inadequate fund to implement the plans.
Trainees identified the following points as hindering factors to utilize O&OD in an effective
manner.
• Plans without funding
Experience showed that the plans had not been reviewed and that most planned activities
were not yet implemented.
• Political interference
Another setback to RWSSP implementation was political interference, which led to low
revenue collection and negative attitudes of the communities towards O&OD on the other
hand the DWST were not used effectively.
It was observed that due to political interferences communities identified many projects and
that the plans were biased to certain sectors.
• Hygiene and sanitation
It was reported that water borne diseases, were rampant due to inadequate sanitation facilities
i.e. latrines and inadequate safe and clean water. Sanitation issues are not included in LGA
plans.
LGAs have separate plans for water under water department while the sanitation part is
under the health department.
4-13
• Limited community involvement

The plans in the LGAs use the O&OD methodology. It is regretfully observed that the
communities are not fully involved in the planning process.
2) Promoting Demand
There is no systematic strategy for promotion on RWSSP to the communities. O&OD, which is
the official planning tool to ensure DRA, is not yet practiced by DWSTs.
The DRA is still a new concept to members of DWSTs and therefore its use in the communities is
not widely accustomed by key players of development programmes. It may need longer time
that the level of understanding on DRA among stakeholders becomes profound enough to change
from top-down approach to bottom-up.
3) Application for RWSSP and Verification of Demand
The access to RWSSP by the communities needs certain application procedures, which are
explained in PIM, to be followed by applicant themselves. This step aims to encourage
applicants to feel more involved in the commencement of the project, which would consequently
grow the ownership of the project among stakeholders. There, however, are various hindering
factors among communities identified during the discussion. They are as followed.
• Low awareness on the project
Communities feel that they do not have to apply for RWSSP because water is natural
resource, which is shared by many people. Therefore, they think that someone else will
take an action to develop this natural resource even for them. This sense of dependency
reduces significantly the level of responsibility to the communities. It results in occurrence
of low awareness on the project among communities and consequently creates a negative
spiral of awareness-application.
• Political interference
In some cases the local politicians have biased some communities towards filling in the
application forms because they would have liked certain communities to apply for the water
facilities and not others for political reasons. Local politicians look for popularity from
voters they tend to give false promises.
4) Selection of Communities for RWSSP
The information available for selection of communities in the districts and communities is
outdated. It is because there is no comprehensive information management system among
LGAs and Lower Local Government Authorities (LLGAs). Trainees realized that it was one of
DWSTs tasks to coordinate and make follow-up on use and updating of information. Besides,
MoWI was recommended to coordinate sector responsible ministries and consolidate the
information management system set differently in each sector.
5) Appraisal of Community Proposals
Trainees understood that there were 2 different practices for planning water sector development
intervention at community level, namely village comprehensive development plans based on
O&OD approach and facility and management plan (FMP part A) to apply RWSSP. The former
is stipulated by PMO-RALG, while the latter by MoWI.
By assessing experiences addressed by trainees, 8 cases are generally observed in appraisal of
community proposals within 22 LGAs. They are summarized in the Table 4.9.
4-14
Table 4.9 Categorized Cases of Community Appraisal

Case Practices at LGAs Consequences
1 • O&OD gives priority to each sector development plan at communities. • Communities with water sector as first
st
• Communities with water sector as first priority are given FMP for priority are selected for 1 cycle of
application of RWSSP. RWSSP at LGAs.
• Communities with water sector as first priority are given FMP for priority and those with other sectors
O&OD and FMP used
st
application of RWSSP. are selected for 1 cycle of RWSSP
• Local politicians interfered with the selection process by adding their at LGAs.
preferred communities.
st
• All communities are given with FMP for application of RWSSP.
2
priority are selected for 1 cycle of

• Priority identified through O&OD is used as one of selection criteria. RWSSP at LGAs.
• All communities are given with FMP for application of RWSSP. priority and those with other sectors
st
• Priority identified through O&OD is used as one of selection criteria. are selected for 1 cycle of RWSSP
• Local politicians interfered with the selection process by adding their at LGAs.
5 • All communities are given with FMP for application of RWSSP. • Communities with water sector as first
st
• DWST set selection criteria, which priority of communities is one of. priority are selected for 1 cycle of
RWSSP at LGAs.
6 • All communities are given with FMP for application of RWSSP. • Communities with water sector as first
• DWST set selection criteria, which priority of communities is one of. priority and those with other sectors
st
• Local politicians interfered with the selection process by adding their
FMP only used
are selected for 1 cycle of RWSSP

preferred communities. at LGAs.
st
7 • All communities are given with FMP for application of RWSSP. • Communities are selected for 1
• DWST set selection criteria, which priority of communities is not cycle of RWSSP at LGAs without
included. considering their priority.
st
8 • All communities are given with FMP for application of RWSSP. • Communities are selected for 1
• DWST set selection criteria, which priority of communities is not cycle of RWSSP at LGAs without
included. considering their priority.
• Local politicians interfered with the selection process by adding their
According to the official procedures of RWSSP, securing DRA is indispensable for appraisal of
community development plan. Based on this idea, assessing above mentioned cases, there could
be only 3 cases which may secure DRA, case 1, 3 and 5 respectively.
Responding this result of discussion, trainees recommended the following points to MoWI.
• Policy dissemination to both LGAs and LLGAs about DRA
• Harmonization of outputs from O&OD and FMP
(2) Component 2
The outline of component 2 of the 2nd training phase is given in the Table 4.10.
Table 4.10 Outline of Component 2 of the 2nd Training Phase
No Outlines
1 Consultant WEDECO Ltd
2 Schedule (implemented) • 30/June – 4/July, 2008 (Dar es Salaam) for DSM and Coast regions
• 7/July – 11/July, 2008 (Mtwara) for Mtwara and Lindi regions
2 There are 3 LGAs, in the project regions, where O&OD is not rolled out, Lindi D.C., Nachingwea, and
Ruangwa. Instead, PRA is utilized for planning community development programmes.
4-15
No Outlines
4 Facilitator Ms. Mwanasha Ally (WEDECO Ltd)
Ms. Consolata Sana (WEDECO Ltd)
5 Trainers (responsible session) Mr. Goyagoya J.M. (MoWI) Session 1
Mr. Saidi Faraji (MoWI)
Mr. Saidi Faraji (MoWI) Session 3
Ms. Mwanasha Ally (WEDECO Ltd)
6 No. of Trainees DSM and Coast regions DWE 11 participated / 11 invited
(RWA 1 participated / 2 invited)
Mtwara and Lindi regions DWE 12 participated / 12 invited
(RWA 2 participated / 2 invited)
This training was contracted to Water and Environmental Development Company (WEDECO)
Ltd and facilitated jointly for DWST and RWST with the following major goals:
(i) To equip knowledge and skills for the strategic planning of rural water supply with considering
sustainability of water resources in the target area and management by the Community-Owned
Water Supply Organization (COWSO)
The training was carried out jointly for DWE and RWA only since the training objective covered
technical aspects as water resources management of water supply planning.
The training was held at Ubungo Plaza Blue Pearl Hotel for trainees from Dar es Salaam and
Coast regions and Clinical Officers Training Centre (COTC) in Mtwara for those from Mtwara
and Lindi regions.
Various participatory methods and tools including brainstorming, card storming, buzzing in pairs,
round robin report back, case studies, role plays and songs were used throughout the training.
The training purposely used group and plenary discussions to enable trainees reach a common
consensus on crucial issues.
Working in buzzing pairs or small groups enabled trainees to develop self-confidence and
teamwork in sorting out issues as well as sharing experiences from different situations. Through
these participatory methods, trainees were able to collectively conceive the results of the training.
The training materials document with a reference focusing on water supply planning has been
developed and presented in a separate package which comprises of training aims, objectives,
curriculum, session plans, training notes and lecture presentations.
The followings are the observations and findings, which were realized during the four trainings in
the Dar es Salaam and the Mtwara venue from sessions.
1) Flow of formulation of preliminary and detail design of rural water supply

projects
In the general process of water supply designing, various studies should be undertaken to increase
the accuracy of water supply design. It, however, was realized that no particular study such as
preliminary and feasibility studies were undertaken in the existing rural water supply and
sanitation projects. The reasons identified by trainees are shown below.
4-16
• Directives from the Ministry of Water and Irrigation e.g. Project completion timeframe
forced engineers to execute projects without detailed analysis.
• Inadequate budget provisions and low capacities available in the district water departments
in terms of expertise, tools and equipment.
• Unavailability of reliable data that limits the possibilities to go through all of these steps.
As a conclusion of this session, trainees appreciated the importance of the involvement of
different players in RWSSP, based on the fact that they commonly faced in their LGAs, in order
to undertake a series of studies effectively.
2) Assessment of water resources potential
Basing on Tanzania experience, the assessment of water quality is not given first priority as
compared to water quantity. It was realized that there were few water analysis laboratories
compared to the high-expected number of projects to be executed under RWSSP. To ensure
reliable assessment of water quality it was advised that MoWI through BWOs to equip the basin
water laboratories with necessary tools, reagents and qualified staff to meet the RWSSP water
quality assessment demand.
Tanzania is far behind in resource management. It was suggested that all stakeholders to take
corrective measures on the water resources management before the scarce water resource is
depleted. However much of the support comes from BWOs.
It was recognized that some of water resource data, e.g. demographic and geological data are
available at District/Municipal councils and other can be obtained from BWOs of which in both
cases need to be updated. There is an immediate need of collecting new and updating the
available data. BWOs are obliged to provide information and data for proper management of
water resource. It was found that BWO has no systematic MIS much of the existing monitoring
stations are out of order. There are no personnel to be entrusted for work at BWO.
3) Consideration of socio-economic conditions
It was revealed that there is minimal consideration of the social economic factors when designing
rural water supply and sanitation sub projects. Further to that trainees realize the importance of
referring to the factors during designing.
4) Water Supply Planning
Water supply plan needs reliable technical data and information for its accuracy. It, however, is
quite limited for planners to access these data and information with the following reasons.
The water departments at district and regional levels have inadequate hydrological and
hydrogeological data for water supply planning. Trainees were concerned on the capability of
the BWO to supply the data and information for planning. Ruvuma/Southern Coast water basin
was mentioned as an example of BWOs that cannot provide all the required information for water
supply planning as it is still under the infant stage of its existence.
There is no clear line of information sharing between the LGAs and BWOs. It was suggested to
establish reliable Information Management Systems. This limits DWSTs to design the water
supply plans in technically feasible manner.
5) Facility Plan and Design
Practice of water supply and sanitation facilities planning and designing is not a common
phenomenon to LGAs` staff. This has been due to limitations on the timing and knowledge on
the process.
4-17
Especially in a process of facility planning and designing with involvement of communities, there
is a need of synchronizing the O&OD process in the implementation of RWSS project under
WSDP. During preparations of community planning if water happens to be the priority, which
in most cases occurs, advance stage of water supply planning can be done at community level.
6) Impact Assessment
The trainees’ experiences on water supply and sanitation projects planning showed that there is a
minimum consideration on the social and environmental impact assessment during planning stage.
This is because all trainees are not aware of the procedures and guidelines on how social and
environmental impact assessments should be incorporated in the overall process of project
planning.
7) Appraisal of the Community Subprojects
Trainees realized that most of the existing projects have not been derived from any of the study
e.g. feasibility/preliminary and this situation has reduced significantly the technical feasibility of
the project.
Besides, BWOs and RWSTs which are supposed to provide technical services during the
appraisal do not have enough capacity in terms of personnel, equipment and even finances to
support DWSTs.
Trainees were confused on alignment of O&OD planning process and FMP to be carried out
during RWSS project cycle. Neither PMO-RALG nor MoWI could clarify. It was proposed that
during the review of WSDP manuals including the FMP, O&OD process should be well discussed
and integrated within the process.
4.4.3 3RD TRAINING PHASE
(1) Component 1
The outline of component 1 of the 3rd training phase is given in the Table 4.11.
Table 4.11 Outline of Component 1 of the 3rd Training Phase
No Outlines
1 Consultant Achrid Ltd
2 Schedule (implemented) • 3/November – 7/Nobember, 2008 (Dar es Salaam) for DSM and Coast
regions
• 17/November – 21/Nobember, 2008 (Mtwara) for Mtwara and Lindi regions
Ms. Anna Stella Kaijage (Achrid Ltd)
5 Trainers (responsible session) Ms. Anna Stella Kaijage (Achrid Ltd) Session 1
Ms. Anna Stella Kaijage (Achrid Ltd) Session 2
Mr. Kisaka G.J. (MoWI)
Mr. Kisaka G.J. (MoWI) Session 7
Mr. Deo Binamungu (Achrid Ltd) Session 8
6 No. of Trainees DSM and Coast regions DWST 20 participated / 20 invited
(RWST 3 participated / 4 invited)
4-18
No Outlines
Mtwara and Lindi regions DWST 24 participated / 24 invited
(RWST 3 participated / 4 invited )
This training was contracted to Achrid Ltd and facilitated jointly for DWST and RWST with the
following major goals:
(i) To enhance knowledge and skills of DWST/RWST members in the project management which
requires consciousness to link the activities of DWST and RWST with the organizational goal and
outputs.
(ii) To improve capacities of DWST for management of the outsourcing process in RWSS projects for
preparation of the preliminary and detail designs of the community subprojects and tendering
procedures for selection of contractors under the first phase of WSDP
(iii) To strengthen capacities of RWST to provide DWST with advisory services on the contract
management.
A total of 50 trainees attended this training. Trainees were drawn from 22 districts and four
regions in the project area. These were DWE and DPLO from all targeted 22 districts and RWA
and RPO in the targeted regions of Coast, Dar es Salaam, Lindi and Mtwara.
The facilitation process aimed at ensuring full participation of all trainees. Hence, a right
combination of training methods and techniques of delivery were applied which included paper
presentations by resource persons followed by open ended discussions and points of clarifications
on key concepts and procedures. The training was also purposely planned to include a series of
group work discussions with the same composition of trainees so that each trainee could feel
more at ease to share his or her knowledge and skills.
The views and the analysis results of each group were further discussed in plenary sessions for
collective synthesis. All group work was displayed on the walls and in most cases used as
reference materials to the subsequent sessions. In fact there was a strong ownership
In many a times, prior to introducing the topics via a power point presentation, trainers attempted
to explore trainees’ knowledge and experience on certain concepts. This method not only
created a sense of confidence and ownership among the trainees but most importantly helped the
trainers to assess the level of understanding of the trainees on certain concepts and thus, at times
led to a re-planning of the delivery methods and also to identify areas which required more
emphasis.
The following part highlights some of the major issues which emerged from the training course
either as results, ideas, trainers’ observations and/or recommendations.
1) Usefulness of the PCM Approach to Planning
Despite the fact that majority of the trainees were not familiar with the PCM approach to
planning, there was a general consensus that the approach was relevant for their work.
Apart from being enlightened on the overall conceptual framework of project designing by using
PCM, trainees had an opportunity of learning new concepts such as Result Based Management
(RBM), Logical Framework Analysis (LFA), and how they can be applied in their day to day
work.
Trainees at both centres underscored the importance of PCM method and expressed their desire to
learn more about it so that they could utilise it in preparing their district development plans.
They however, noted with concern that the PCM process requires more time than that which is
normally available to the district officers in the districts especially when they are assigned
numerous ad hoc tasks. They also showed some doubts whether the participatory planning
process would be implemented effectively since it involves many stakeholders.
4-19
Moreover, they admitted that this first orientation on PCM method could not enable them to
acquire sufficient skills to practice in their respective districts let alone facilitating other DWST
members who had not attended the course.
2) Alignment of Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Training
In principle the course had a good mix of theoretical and practical orientation which in many
ways helped trainees to practically visualise their opinions in comparison to what they had
learned theoretically. This kind of learning not only ensured smooth discussions during group
discussions but more importantly reinforced the trainees’ knowledge on different concepts.
Similarly, the field assignment or homework which was given by the organizers at the end of the
course was in essence meant to link up the acquired knowledge during the training and practical
aspects of the trainees’ day to day work.
3) Level of knowledge on PCM
This training was planned on the assumption that most of the potential trainees had been familiar
somehow with the participatory planning processes using the LFA and PCM method. However,
as it turned out during the training most of the trainees acknowledged their limited practical
knowledge on the subject matter. There were a few individuals especially the planning officers
who had been introduced to the government MTEF/strategic planning in which a LFA was part,
but had not been following the PCM process to reach the formulation of the PDM. They
asserted that in most cases they were either being provided with generic LFA templates by the
ministries or consultants were hired to work out the strategic plans including LFA for the districts.
Furthermore, whereas most of the trainees were familiar with a project cycle they failed to relate
it to the PCM process. The definitions and features of PCM as presented by the trainees
revealed a significant level of ignorance on the concept. Most of them thought that PCM
referred to how the project was managed.
4) Internalisation of the PCM Process
As commonly observed by the trainers and trainees, the duration of five days for this training
course was inadequate particularly given the trainees’ unfamiliarity with the whole PCM concept
and process. Therefore, time limitation partly affected adversely trainees’ internalisation of the
process. For example, at times trainers had to rush through certain important steps in order to
catch up with the allocated time. In so doing too much information/explanations was given in a
very short time, something which might have contributed to partial understanding of some topics
such as formulation of OVI and assumptions.
(2) Component 2
The outline of component 2 of the 3rd training phase is given in the Table 4.12.
Table 4.12 Outline of component 2 of 3rd training phase
No Outlines
2 Schedule (implemented) • 10 – 14 November 2008 (Dar es Salaam) for DSM and Coast regions
• 24 – 28 November, 2008 (Mtwara) for Mtwara and Lindi regions
3 Training venue • Diamond Hall, Ubungo Plaza (Dar es Salaam)
Mr. Andrew Kahesa (Achrid Ltd)
5 Trainers (responsible session) Mr. Andrew Kahesa (Achrid Ltd) Session 1
Mr. Andrew Kahesa (Achrid Ltd) Session 2
4-20
No Outlines
Mr. Anytika Mwakitalima (MoHSW)
Mr. David Rwehikiza (Achrid Ltd) Session 4
Mr. Andrew Kahesa (Achrid Ltd)
Mr. Andrew Kahesa (Achrid Ltd) Session 6
6 No. of Trainees DSM and Coast regions DWST 20 participated / 20 invited
Mtwara and Lindi regions DWST 23 participated / 24 invited
This training was contracted to Achrid Ltd and organized jointly for DWST and RWST with the
following major goals:
(i) To strengthen capacity of DWST in formulation of the integrated approaches and activities of
water, sanitation and hygiene with encouraging community participation.
A total of 51 trainees attended this course at both venues at Ubungo Plaza in Dar es Salaam and at
the Clinical Officers’ Training College (COTC) in Mtwara Municipality. Trainees for this
training were drawn from the health and education departments in each target
district/municipality and from the Regional Secretariats (RS) of target regions.
Various adult training techniques and tools were used to provide an opportunity for trainees to
explore how much they knew already on the topics and as a consequence share and compare the
strategies, approaches and experience on sanitation and hygiene education promotion. This kind
of approach necessitated the use of both participatory and paper presentation methods in the hope
that synergy and dialogue as well as expert inputs would generate a common ground process.
Initially, it was also planned to include a field practice on CLTS at both centres. Field practice
had to be conducted at one selected school. For various reasons field practice was not possible
for the Dar es Salaam trainees. First, the training in Dar es Salaam coincided with the National
STD IV Examinations. Secondly, the organisers were informed that the Ministry of Education
and Vocational Training (MoEVT) prohibits such extra curricula events to take place at schools
during working days. On the other hand, CLTS field practice was conducted for Mtwara
trainees in Nambeleketela village in Mtwara rural district.
1) Better Understanding of WSDP
There was an increased understanding of the basic institutional issues related to water sector
development especially among those trainees who had not been involved in water and sanitation
development in their respective districts. In the course of the training the following issues were
regularly explained to ensure that trainees get a better understanding of the institutional and
operational framework of the water sector.
• The national Water Sector Development Programme (WSDP)
• DWST composition including DEO and DHO as members
• Clarification of roles and responsibilities of the education and health departments and need to
link up together especially in planning, implementing and monitoring of School Sanitation
Hygiene Education (SSHE)
• RWSS Project Cycle and how S&H activities are fitted in the cycle
4-21
2) Shared Insights and Learning on Approaches to S&H Promotion
The presentations and subsequent discussions on national approaches and the new Total
Sanitation and Social Marketing (TSSM) approach stimulated the thoughts and analysis of the
trainees on a number of practical issues. The group presentations aroused intense discussions in
plenary sessions and formed the basis for drawing practical lessons and learning opportunities.
For instance, trainees clearly expressed the need to have an integrated participatory approach for
S&H promotion and this process should not be owned by the DWSTs but by the communities
who are expected to benefit from adoption of improved sanitation and hygiene practices.
3) New Knowledge and Skills
The training resulted into a better understanding of new approaches to S&H promotion and the
need to link water supply with &S&H as well as HIV/AIDS. More importantly, trainees were
exposed to practical strategies of how to mainstream HIV/AIDS in RWSSP.
Likewise, the trainees appreciated the current thinking of applying CLTS and Social Marketing to
motivating communities to build improved sanitation facilities in order to avoid faecal-oral
transmission and adopting better hygiene behaviours. Also the field practice at Mtwara centre
was regarded by trainees as a practical and useful approach to ensure effective community
facilitation.
4) Expanded Sense of Teamwork
The group and plenary discussions not only reinforced team work among trainees but most
importantly produced a strong sense of achievement among them. There was a general feeling
of self satisfaction because of the contribution each one had made during the training.
Similarly, the identification of key players in S&H promotion and the need to link them was
indeed a beginning of establishing a common vision of how to plan, implement and monitor S&H
interventions in the districts.
5) Inclusion of SSHE Interventions in RWSSP
The training aroused interest and need for DWSTs to include SSHE interventions in DWSPs. It
was found out that schools had been generally marginalised in the past as far as RWSSP support
was concerned. The education and health departments were focal points in this respect.
4.4.4 4TH TRAINING PHASE
(1) Component 1
The outline of component 1 of the 4th training phase is given in the Table 4.13.
Table 4.13 Outline of Component 1 of 4th Training Phase
No Outlines
2 Schedule (implemented) • 27 – 31 July, 2009 (Dar es Salaam) for DSM Region
• 3 – 7 August, 2009 (Dar es Salaam) for Coast Region
• 24-28 August, 2009 (Mtwara) for Mtwara Region
• 31 August – 4 September, 2009 (Mtwara) for Lindi Region
Mr. George Rwehumbiza (Achrid Ltd)
5 Trainers (responsible session) Ms. Kirenga D.A.T. (MoWI) Session 1
Mr. Deo Binamumbu (Achrid Ltd) Session 2
4-22
No Outlines
Ms. Kirenga D.A.T (MoWI) Session 3
Ms. Neema Siarra (MoWI) Session 4
Mr. Kisaka G. J. (MoWI) Session 5
Ms. Neema Siarra (MoWI) Session 6
6 No. of Trainees DSM DWST 12 participated / 12 invited
Coast DWST 28 participated/ 28 invited
Mtwara DWST 24 participated/ 24 invited
Lindi DWST 24 participated / 24 invited
This training was contracted to Achrid Ltd. and facilitated with the following major goal;
(i) To strengthen the network of human resources and organizations in the districts to extend support
services for the community-based O&M and hygiene promotion activities.
The training focused on measures for utilization of the extension workers and CBOs/NGOs in the
districts as the facilitators to support WATSAN/WUE in management of the community
subprojects.
DWE, DHO, DCDO, and DEO were invited to the training from each district. A total of 88
trainees attended this training.
1) Utilization of Extension Workers
In conformity with the decentralization policy, RWSSP has identified new players at the
community level specifically the community-based council personnel such as CDOs, health
officers, teachers and agricultural extension workers as the catalysts between the community
members and district council to facilitate and support communities for improved management of
the projects through the community-based organizations such as WATSAN committees and for
sanitation and hygiene promotion.
Discussion in the training revealed that an idea to utilize the extension workers was relatively
new to the trainees. DWSTs had not utilized extension staff of the member departments in
RWSS projects despite the policy direction mentioned above. The trainees commonly expressed
its reason that the extension workers had their own full time specific tasks and involvement in
RWSS activities were regarded as extra works for them. From this statement, it was observed
that the integrated approach of water, sanitation and hygiene promotion in RWSS projects had not
been fully internalized in the daily operation of works by each member departments of DWST.
Other challenge found in the training is that the trainees did not have enough information on the
staff allocation of the extension workers in each member department of DWST, which made them
difficult to consider strategy for utilization of those human resources.
The trainees agreed at the end of the session that they would carry out an inventory of the existing
extension workers in each district and assess their capacities so that the information would be
referred to for strategizing their utilization in RWSS activities. The trainees further agreed that
they would review tasks of the extension workers in order to harmonize the RWSSP activities
under their job descriptions and train them in RWSSP approaches through on-the-job training
basis.
2) Facilitation Skills for Water Supply and Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion
Various techniques are used in facilitation of activities at the community level throughout the
project cycle in order to ensure that the communities are effectively engaged and take initiatives
in the process and results. The trainees reviewed in the session how they had been interacting
with the community members in RWSS activities. Despite the fact that they had at one time
4-23
applied participatory approaches such as PRA and PHAST in RWSS activities, most of the
participants with the exception of CDOs lacked basic facilitation skills such as asking
open/probing questions, rephrasing, redirecting, using encouragers to motivate people to talk,
listening, and summarizing the discussion to enable people to recap the agenda and reach a
consensus or agreements.
Based on the recap on essentials of the facilitation skills in supporting the community
development, the trainees further practiced the facilitation skills with role-play. Performance of
the role play by each group showed that a good number of participants, especially the technically
oriented/trained, were still playing an expert role in which case use of teaching/lecturing methods
were still dominant. The participants found the training very helpful but they rightly claimed that
they would need more time to practice.
3) Gender Mainstreaming in RWSSP
Through the group works, the trainees identified practical gender needs and strategic gender
needs for the specific themes of i) water supply, ii) household sanitation and hygiene, and iii)
school sanitation and hygiene education. Based on the knowledge acquired during the session,
the trainees prepared the district-based action plans for the gender mainstreaming in RWSS
projects in their districts. Strategic points when mainstreaming gender in RWSSP were
emphasized by the facilitator and resource person in plenary discussion on the action plans
prepared by each district.
(2) Component 2
The outline of component 2 of the 4th training phase is given in the Table 4.14.
Table 4.14 Outline of Component 2 of the 4th Training Phase
No Outlines
2 Schedule (implemented) • 10-14 August, 2009 (Dar es Salaam) for DSM and Coast regions
• 7-11 September, 2009 (Mtwara) for Lindi and Mtwara regions
Mr. George Rwehumbiza (Achrid Ltd)
5 Trainers (responsible session) Mr. Kisaka G. J. (MoWI) Session 1
Mr. Gabriel Lwakabare (Achrid Ltd) Session 2
Mr. Kisaka G. J. (MoWI)
Mr. Goyagoya J. M. (MoWI)
Mr. Goyagoya J. M. (MoWI)
6 No. of Trainees DSM and Coast DWST 27 participated / 30 invited
Lindi and Mtwara DWST 30 participated/ 36 invited
This training was contracted to Achrid Ltd. and facilitated with the following major goal;
(i) To strengthen knowledge, skills and attitude of DWEs in technical supervision of the service
providers, contractors and suppliers to ensure meeting the required standard of the water supply and
sanitation services.
This training course divided into two parts. The first part which was conducted in the first three
days of the course focused on the technical supervision of the construction works. DWEs and
Senior Technicians were invited for this part. Meanwhile, main topics related to the contract
4-24
management were discussed in the second part held in the last two days with participation of
DWEs and DTs. A total of 57 trainees attended this training.
1) Technical Supervision of the Works
Field practices for the technical supervision were included in this training course. The
participants from DWSTs in Coast and Dar es Salaam regions visited two communities, namely
Kitunda-Kivule in Ilala and Kibugumo in Temeke, where piped water schemes were under
construction or had been constructed in a Japan’s grant aid project. The participants from
Mtwara and Lindi regions conducted the field practice in Tangazo in Mtwara District, where the
distribution network was being extended with a support of TASAF for a piped water scheme
constructed in a Japan’s grant aid project. The field work involved critical assessment of the main
status of the schemes including technical aspects, community participation and management.
The participants observed the following through the field practices;
• Preparation and use of a checklist had make the supervision more effective since it sets what
to be checked on site according to the ToR, tender documents and other contract documents.
• Since community subprojects involve both technical and social issues such as health,
management, community mobilization, it is very difficult to separate technical supervision
from the other community development aspects. Even though the visit is primarily meant
for the technical supervision of the works, DWSTs should pay attention to those issues as
well. Moreover, the field supervisions should be conducted jointly by DWST members.
• Involvement of the beneficiary communities is indispensable in the supervision of the works.
They have often been left out in the process of the supervision in spite that they were the
owners of the projects.
2) Contract Management
The training provided opportunities to DWEs and DTs to review their practices on the
management of contracts with consultants and contractors in the past and on-going RWSS
projects. The trainees raised the following points as their observations;
• There was inadequate follow up on progress of the works by the contractors in the field,
which made the districts difficult to detect any anomalies early enough for making
rectifications. Timely supervision of the works is indispensable to verify quality of
workmanship and contract management.
• Management of the contract for the services by TSP and the works of the contractors is seen
to be much easier than that of FSP because in most cases the latter’s results are not tangible.
Hence, DWSTs need to make close supervision of FSP’s work so that they can verify process
and results of the works.
• Payments to the service providers were sometimes not effected in tandem with work
executed or within the contractual timeframe which resulted in delays of delivery of works.
• DWSTs need to thoroughly review reports submitted by the consultants and contractors in
order to ensure that the requirements in the contracts are satisfied in the actual works and
properly recorded.
3) Database on the Service Providers in the District
All districts confirmed that they did not have a reliable database of service providers even those
located within their districts. The trainees underscored the importance of maintaining a
databases of the service providers particularly as a tool in outsourcing small works or services as
4-25
well as in identifying competent and non-competent service providers. It is necessary for LGAs
to start taking stock of the service providers within their localities and also make consultation
with the procurement unit in MoWI and other professional bodies such as the Contractors
Association of Tanzania (CATA), Tanzania Association of NGOs (TANGO), Institution of
Engineers of Tanzania (IET), and Engineers Registration Board (ERB) so that they can be availed
with update information about private firms and NGOs.
4.4.5 5TH TRAINING PHASE

The outline of the 5th training phase is given in the Table 4.15.
Table 4.15 Outline of the 5th Training Phase
No Outlines
1 Consultant WEDECO Ltd.
2 Schedule (implemented) • 30 November – 4 December, 2009 (Dar es Salaam) for DSM Region
• 7-11December, 2009 (Dar es Salaam) for Coast Region
• 11-15 January, 2010 (Mtwara) for Mtwara Region
• 18-22 January, 2009 (Mtwara) for Lindi Region
4 Facilitator Ms. Mary Liwa (WEDECO Ltd.)
Mr. Johannes Ishengoma (WEDECO Ltd.)
5 Trainers (responsible session) Ms. Mwanasha Ally (WEDECO Ltd.) Session 1
Ms. Mwanasha Ally (WEDECO Ltd.) Session 2
Mr. Johannes Ishengoma (WEDECO Ltd.) Session 3
Ms. Mwanasha Ally (WEDECO Ltd.) Session 4
Mr. Tomohiro Kato (JICA Expert) Session 5
Ms. Mikiko Azuma (JICA Expert)
6 No. of Trainees DSM DWST 14 participated / 15 invited
Coast DWST 34 participated/ 35 invited
Mtwara DWST 28 participated/ 30 invited
Lindi DWST 30 participated / 30 invited
This training was contracted to Achrid Ltd and facilitated with the following major goals:
(i) To strengthen capacity of DWST in planning for the O&M and follow-up stage of RWSS projects.
(ii) To strengthen capacity of DWST in monitoring and evaluation at the O&M and follow-up stage of
RWSS projects.
(iii) To evaluate achievement of capacity development through RUWASA-CAD and draw lessons learnt
and recommendations.
DWE, DPLO, DHO, DCDO, and DEO were invited to the training from each district. A total of
106 trainees attended this training.
(1) Operation and Maintenance Requirements
Before the training, most of the participants were considering that many activities in O&M are
only linked to the technical (engineering) aspects. The training provided an opportunity to
review practices of the districts in the support service provisions to communities at the O&M and
follow-up stage and to conceptualize the requirements in O&M of the water supply facilities by
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looking at various factors, such as technical, organizational, social, and financial aspects, which
contribute sustainability of the water supply services.
(2) Post-Construction Follow-up Support by DWST
The trainees pointed out that the districts had hardly been conducting the scheduled follow-up
after they hand over water supply facilities to the communities unless the communities request.
In addition, there are few WUEs legally for management of existing water supply facilities in the
districts as both communities and districts are not familiar with the procedures to be followed for
the registration.
At the end of the training, the trainees expressed that they would ensure the following in
supporting communities and WATSAN/WUE in O&M;
• To select appropriate management moles and leaders who can manage water facilities
• To set water tariff with considering costs to be incurred for management of the water
facilities
• To organize meetings as scheduled and assist them to write report so as to ensure that there is
enough information which can help the communities analyze the financial viability of the
water supply services.
(3) Monitoring of Operation and Maintenance Conditions
The training revealed that the districts had not given high priority in monitoring of O&M
conditions of the existing water supply facilities as the monitoring of progress of the on-going
projects was more focused in the day-to-day activities by DWSTs. Through the group works,
the trainees practiced how to come up with the monitoring and follow-up plans including the
indicator setting to verify O&M conditions with considering factors which contribute to
sustainability. As the trainees were not experienced in utilizing logical framework in planning
the monitoring and follow-up activities of the completed projects, most of them had difficulties to
prepare such plans in logical manner. They expressed that they would still need to practice it in
their actual works so that they would get familiar with the logical thinking in planning,
monitoring and evaluation of the community subprojects.
4.5 MONITORING AND EVALUATION
4.5.1 INTRODUCTION
The monitoring and evaluation plan was designed by the project team to evaluate “effectiveness” of
the training programmes to be provided for DWST/RWST/BWO in the project. Findings from the
monitoring and evaluation were utilized for improvement of the training model which the project
proposed. A series of the monitoring and evaluation activities was also regarded as an opportunity
to strengthen capacity of Community Water Supply Division for planning and managing the training
programmes they would organize in future.
4.5.2 METHODOLOGY OF THE EVALUATION & MONITORING SURVEY

Along with the training cycle, “effectiveness” was evaluated at the different stages and from
different aspects. Figure 4.5 shows the monitoring and evaluation framework of the training.
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Figure 4.5 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework of the Training

During the implementation of each training course, it was firstly focused on the training delivery,
such as level of satisfaction of the trainees, time management, quality of lecture and facilitation, and
others. For this purpose, a set of questionnaires was used to obtain views from the trainees of
which results were presented in the previous sessions. The project team also made direct
observations at the training.
Attainment of knowledge, skills and attitudes by the trainees was also monitored in the course of the
training with employing self-evaluation by the trainees. Additionally, assignments were given to
the trainees after the training in order to make follow-up of attainment of the training contents by
the participants.
The third stage was the evaluation of behavior change of the trainees and organization to which the
trainees belonged. The monitoring surveys were meant to collect necessary information to analyze
this stage.
Finally, as a result of the trainings, level of improvement of performance of the organizations and
RWSS sector was to be verified with referring to the various activity records of DWST and sector
performance reports. This level corresponds to monitoring and evaluation of achievement of the
Project Purpose and Overall Goal of this project.
Table 4.16 describes the evaluation questions, monitoring items, methods and tools which were
used in monitoring and evaluation at each stage.
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Table 4.16 Monitoring & Evaluation Plan of the Training Effectiveness

Evaluation Questions Monitoring Items Monitoring Methods Tools
1. Delivery of the Training
1) Did the training Responsiveness of the a) Collection of a) Training
programme satisfy training contents to issues questionnaires from Evaluation Sheet
training needs of the they have with regard to the the trainees during and b) Evaluation Sheet
trainees? training theme at the end of each for Lecturing/
2) Were the training training course Facilitation
sessions organized Usefulness of the training b) Direct observation by Process
and facilitated to help contents the training organizer
learning of the Facilitation and training skills
trainees? of the facilitators/ lecturers
3) Was the time Training materials
management of the Training facilities
training properly Timetable
done?
4) Was the training
environment
preferable to facilitate
learning by the
trainees?
2. Learning of the Trainees
Have the trainees Level of understanding of the a) Self-evaluation by the a) Training

obtained knowledge, skills trainees on each session trainees at the end of Evaluation
and attitudes set as the Level of accomplishment of each training course Sheet,
specific objectives for the trainees to practice b) Provision of
each session? behavioral terms set as the assignments to the Evaluation
specific objectives of each trainees after each Format for
session training course Specific
c) Evaluation by the Objectives,
trainers
b) Assignment Plan
of
RUWASA-CAD
Training
3. Behavior Change at the Individual Level
Are the trainees utilizing Situation on adoption of a) Interview to the a) Interview guide for
knowledge, skills, and knowledge, skills, and trainees and their the monitoring visits
attitudes attained in the attitudes in planning and superiors, co-workers and
trainings in their actual implementation of DWSP subordinates at the b) Interview guide for
work? Factors to contribute/ prevent monitoring visits the end line survey
behavior change of the
trainees b) End line survey
4. Behavior Change at the Organizational Level
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Have procedures for Adoption of selection a) Interview to DWST a) Interview guide for
planning and procedures of candidate members at the the monitoring
implementation of DWSP communities for the scoping monitoring visits visits
by the target districts survey based on DRA in the b) End line survey b) Interview guide for
improved as a result of promotion phase c) Verification of the the end line
the trainings? Examination of progress following documents survey
reports and other output which are to be
reports to be submitted by prepared by DWST in
consultants/ contractors the implementation of
Updating information on RWSSP;
water supply and sanitation
conditions as well as O&M of • Records on
existing water supply appraisal of the
facilities in the districts community
Integration of strategies and application
activity plans on sanitation • Records on
and hygiene promotion for comments made to
households and schools into the reports
DWSP and its annual plan submitted by
Inter-communication consultants/
between the district and contractors
RWST/ BWO at formulating • Monitoring records
and designing community of the districts
subprojects • DWSPs and annual
Factors contributing/ investment plans
preventing behavior change • Records on
at the organizational level assessment of
such as; designs of the
Transfer of staff requested
trained subprojects
Delay in
implementation of
RWSSP
Has the delivery of Distribution of the preliminary a) Interview to BWO at the a) Interview guide for
support services by BWO hydrogeological maps to the monitoring visits the monitoring visit
to districts improved as a districts b) End line survey b) Interview guide for
result of the trainings? Distribution of the updated c) Verification of the the end line survey
hydrogeological data to the following documents
districts which are to be
Intercommunication with prepared by BWO;
DWST and RWST • Records of the
Factors contributing/ meeting with DWST
preventing behavior change and RWST
at the organizational level • Updated
hydrogeological
maps
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Has the delivery of Formulation of RWSP a) Interview to RWST a) Interview guide for
support services by Examination of the quarterly members at the the monitoring
RWST to districts reports submitted by the monitoring visits visits
improved as a result of districts b) End line survey b) Interview guide for
the trainings? Monitoring visits to the c) Verification of the the end line survey
districts for technical advice following documents
for and performance which are to be
monitoring of the project prepared by RWST;
implementation
Factors contributing/ • RWSP
preventing behavior change • Records of
at the organizational level RWST on
comments made
to the quarterly
reports submitted
by the districts
5. Final Results of the Training
Has the service delivery in Coverage rate of improved Verification of the related
RWSS been improved in water supply in the rural part data which are to be
the districts as a result of of the districts included in the monitoring
implementation of the Percentage of functional records of the districts and
Project? water points sector performance
Number of legally registered reports
Water User Entities (WUEs)
Coverage rate of improved
sanitation
Factors contributing/
preventing improvement of
the service delivery in RWSS
in the districts
4.5.3 DELIVERY OF THE TRAINING

The delivery of the training represents the process and/or approach in which training contents are
transferred to target individuals properly, and is evaluated based on the appreciation of trainees on
each session during the trainings. This evaluation was intended to get trainees’ instant response on
how the session was organized e.g. logistics, venue etc, facilitated and the content and formatting of
the handouts. The session evaluation results were intended to help improve performance in the
facilitation and presentation of the subsequent sessions.
The results of assessment on each phase of the trainings are summarized in the following sections.
(1) 1st training phase
8 sessions (DSM) and 9 sessions (Mtwara) under 1st training phase were assessed higher than 4.0.
This result illustrates high satisfaction among trainees.
Session 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
DSM 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.2
Mtwara 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.1
[5: Very good 4: Good 3: Fair 2: Poor 1: Very poor]
The main components of the training, which might influence the satisfaction of trainees, are
commonly the level of performance/quality of facilitators, trainers and training materials.
Assessing these main components and level of satisfaction mentioned above, it can be concluded
that the training contents were delivered adequately to trainees. Besides, the level of
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understanding and usefulness on training contents could encourage the overall achievement of
training delivery.
However, the amount of training contents might contradict simply time available during the
training period to a certain extent. The assessment on a training venue in Mtwara was
negatively affected by the condition of locally available venue, which was situated in semi-open
air, frequent disturbance by birds, low ventilation.
Training Time Training
Indicator Facilitator Presenter Understanding Usefulness
Materials Arrangement Venue
DSM 4.2 4.1 4.2 3.9 4.2 4.0 4.3
Mtwara 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.5 4.2 4.4
(2) 2nd training phase
1) Component 1
Generally most of sessions were evaluated highly by trainees although the tendency of severe
evaluation was obvious among trainees from coast region.
Session 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
DSM 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.6
Coast 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 3.9 4.0 4.0
Lindi 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.5
Mtwara 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
With the same logical interpretation on figures given below as the previous phase, the
achievement of this training delivery has become more significant than the previous training. The
factors positively affecting on this improvement are assumed based on the following comments
given by trainees.
• Consistency of training focal points
• “Continuous participation in RUWASA-CAD training increases the level of understanding
on contents.”
• “Integrating training messages are relevant and consistent with practical works at stations.”
• Harmonization of different approaches given from sector ministries
• “RUWASA-CAD training intended to harmonize different planning approaches. This will
reduce confusion among DWST.”
• “I have never known about O&OD planning approach even though those who have been
trained with it were members of DWST.”
DSM 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.6
Coast 4.0 4.0 4.2 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.3
Lindi 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.4
Mtwara 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.1 4.4 4.3 4.8
2) Component 2
The results of evaluation under each session illustrate how highly trainees feel relevance and
usefulness on contents of trainings.
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Session 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
DSM 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.6
Mtwara 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.5
With regard to the main components of the training, their average is highest of all phases.
Besides, DWE and RWA were only invited to the training so that total number of trainees was
adequately limited, which enabled them to utilize spaces of venue facility with high efficiency.
Consequently all positive factors compromised trainees to rate their satisfaction high.
DSM 4.3 4.3 4.6 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.7
Mtwara 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.7
(3) 3rd training phase
1) Component 1
The backbone of this component was associated with the principles of the project cycle
management (PCM), which requires consistent steps to identify and sort out actual phenomenon
logically. Usually obtaining this skill quite depends on regular practices and experiences in
actual situation.
This was the first opportunity for most trainees to expose themselves to PCM. Therefore, it was
naturally difficult to understand fully on training contents, which was reflected on figures given
in the table below.
Session 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
DSM 3.8 4.0 4.1 3.8 4.3 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9
Mtwara 4.3 4.1 4.2 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.2 3.6
Since training contents were difficult, the overall evaluation on the training delivery was
averagely lowest of all phases. However, many trainees commented that PCM was quite useful
and they would like to have other training sessions on PCM for better understanding. In this
context, the responsiveness from trainees was not as bad as the result shows.
Considering the limited time and complexity of contents, it could be a better approach if number
of sessions in this training component was reduced in order to focus simply more on PCM.
DSM 4.1 3.9 4.0 3.5 3.6 3.8 4.0
MTW 4.0 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.3 3.7 4.0
2) Component 2
As well as the results of trainings in previous phases, this component persuaded trainees to be
satisfied. This was the first opportunity for DEO and REO to be involved in RUWASA-CAD
training, even training under WSDP.
Session 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
DSM 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.1 4.4 4.6 4.4
Mtwara 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.2
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Having that size of venues in COTC was not comfortable at all for 25 trainees. However, it was
unfortunate that the situation of venue availability in Mtwara did not give us any alternative.
This was illustrated in the result of training venue throughout phases. The better environment in
venues would subsequently improve the quality of the training.
The field practice was not conducted in Dar es Salaam centre of training while was in Mtwara.
This might make different in the evaluation results of these centres, particularly in understanding
and usefulness of the training. This could be understood that theories and principles discussed
in a venue were physically practiced in a community, where similar situation could be easily
found in trainees’ LGAs, and linked logically.
DSM 4.3 4.2 4.5 4.0 4.2 4.0 4.0
MTW 4.3 4.4 4.5 3.8 3.3 4.1 4.3
(4) 4th training phase
1) Component 1
Results of the evaluation shows relatively high understanding on the session contents by the
trainees from all the regions.
Session 1 2 3 4 5 6
DSM 4.3 4.2 4.0 4.2 4.0 4.1
Coast 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3
Lindi 4.4 4.5 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.4
Mtwara 4.2 4.4 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.6
The participants rated above average with regard to the facilitation of the sessions, presentation of
key concepts related to the main topics, and contents of the handouts as a result evaluated the
level of understanding high. It is considered that these factors contributed to the evaluation of
the ‘Usefulness’ factor at both centres scored between 4.1 and 4.7 which was remarkably high.
On the other hand, the ‘venue’ factor scored below 4 (though above average) at Dar es Salaam
centre for both Dar es Salaam and Coast participants as well as at the Mtwara centre for Lindi
participants. In all cases this was because the conference rooms which were provided were less
convenient in terms of ventilation as well as space.
Some of the participants at both centres commented in the evaluation forms that the duration of
this training which required a lot of group and plenary discussions and other practical orientations
was inadequate. Others commented that some of the new and long topics were not allocated
enough time. This could justify the rating of the ‘Time’ factor which was slightly below 4 by the
participants from Coast Region (3.9), Dar es Salaam Region (3.8) and Lindi Region (3.9).
Indicator Facilitator Presenter Handouts Time Venue Understanding Usefulness

DAR 4.3 4.2 4.4 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.1
COAST 4.1 4.1 4.3 3.9 3.7 4.2 4.3
MTW 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.0 3.7 4.3 4.7
LINDI 4.4 4.5 4.6 3.9 4.2 4.4 4.4
2) Component 2
The overall results show that DWEs who attended all the sessions rated the course with relatively
higher scores thant WTs and DTs. This implies that they were in a better position of sequencing
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the training delivery than WTs and DTs who were not required to attend some sessions.
Moreover, DWEs have been participating in all training phases under the Project and as such they
are familiar with the facilitation process of the training.
Session 1 2 3 4 5 6
DAR DWE 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.6 4.5
WT 4.4 4.3 - - - -
DT - - 3.3 3.3 3.8 3.8
MTW DWE 4.2 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.4
WT 3.8 4.1 - - -
DT - - 4.7 4.2 4.4 4.4
All participants in all categories indicated that the delivery of the training was satisfactory as the
scores for all factors were above average.
Though most of the participants rated the time factor above average, WTs and DTs indicated in
quantitative and qualitative evaluation that the time allocated to some sessions or the training
duration was too short since most of the topics were relatively new to them.
Trainees Facilitator Presenter Handouts Time Venue Understanding Usefulness

DAR DWE 4.2 4.3 4.4 3.9 4.1 4.4 4.7
WT 4.1 4.2 4.1 3.8 4.5 4.3 4.8
DT 3.7 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.8
MTW DWE 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.4
WT 4.0 4.2 4.4 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9
DT 4.4 4.2 4.5 3.7 3.9 4.4 4.5

Generally trainees were contented above the average with how the course was organizes and
facilitated. As mentioned in the previous section, the trainees had difficulties to come up with
the monitoring plan with using the logical framework concept in Session 3, which resulted in low
score on understanding on the session contents compared to other sessions.
Session 1 2 3 4 5
DSM 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8
Coast 3.9 4.0 3.9 4.3 4.3
Lindi 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.7 4.1
Mtwara 4.0 4.1 3.9 4.0 4.1
With regard to the evaluation results by each criteria, ‘facilitator’, ‘presenter’ and ‘usefulness of
sessions in work’ factors gained high scores.
On the other hand the ‘time’ factor scored less than 4.0 for all regions for one common reason
earmarked by trainees that most session contents were too many such that not matching with the
time allocated for each session. As for the ‘venue’ factor the conference room which was
provided in Mtwara centre was less convenient in terms of ventilation as well as space. However,
the venue for Dar es Salaam centre had technical problems in the cooling systems at the training
inception with DWSTs of Dar es salaam region, that is why has been rated with a score of less
than 4.0.
Regarding the ‘usefulness’ factor most trainees had appreciated that contents of the sessions were
very crucial in their day to day undertakings although they had proposed to include as many field
practice as possible in such training course.
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3
Indicator Facilitator Presenter Handouts Time Venue Understanding Usefulness
DAR 4.3 4.1 - 3.3 3.8 3.7 4.3
COAST 4.3 4.4 - 3.7 4.0 4.1 4.4
MTW 4.1 4.2 4.5 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.4
LINDI 4.0 4.0 4.2 3.3 3.1 3.8 4.1
4.5.4 LEARNING OF THE TRAINING

Learning of the training represents the extent of improvement in knowledge, skills and attitudes set
as the specific objectives for each session (Training Curriculum; Annex 9). The achievement on
learning of the training is evaluated based on the results from self evaluation, response of
assignment, and evaluation by trainers.
The results of evaluation on each phase of the trainings are summarized in the following sections.
(1) 1st training phase
In the 1st training phase, assessment of specific objectives was not programmed in the training.
In stead of it, trainees made a self evaluation on the effectiveness of the training with focus on six
factors shown in the Table 4.17.
Table 4.17 Factors of Self-Evaluation on Training Effectiveness
No. Factors Definition
Understanding of Policies, Strategies, Institutional Setting and Direction
1
Programmes, etc
2 Utilization of Existing Reference Materials Guidance and Tools
3 Understanding of Planning Perspectives Perception and Simulation of Actions
4 Understanding of Administrative Procedures Promise of Smooth Implementation
5 Understanding of Monitoring Perspectives Confirmation of Perception and Simulation
Understanding of Evaluation Perspectives Assessment of Monitored Impact and Connection of
6
Planning
Facilitators requested firstly trainees to evaluate their level of satisfaction to these six factors in
accordance with their expected goal. After they finish the first practice, the second practice to
evaluate the same before the training participation.
This approach enables outcomes considerably to be more accurate to assess the effectiveness of
inputs.
In general the objectives of this training cover mainly perspectives of 1 to 3 while those of 4 to 6
are not directly targeted in this training.
In Table 4.18, rather significant changes between after and before the training are observed in
factor 1 and 2. This is quite synchronized with the intention of this training. Vice versa, the
result of factor 3 shows relatively lower difference than others. This could be assessed that the
approach taken in this training for factor 3 was rather introductive than the one which trainees
expected. Similarly factor 4 is definitely out of our target area of capacity development.
Therefore, trainees might have assessed it relatively lower than others.
Areas of factor 5 and 6 are not directly covered by this training but somehow concept of
monitoring and evaluation was introduced as a part of planning session. This may contribute
their assessment.
3 Usefulness of the handouts was not evaluated by the trainees from Dar es Salaam and Coast regions at the
handouts were provided to them after completion of the training.
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Table 4.18 Result of Self-Evaluation on Training Effectiveness

Factors 1 2 3 4 5 6
Average (After) 79.0 80.3 80.1 79.5 79.0 80.5
Average (Before) 48.5 52.3 56.0 55.7 51.9 53.8
Ave. Difference 30.5 28.1 24.2 23.9 27.1 26.7
%: Percentage
20 LGAs have given the response of assignment at least either for regular assignment, specific
assignment or both. Out of 20, 8 LGAs were qualified for both regular and specific assignments
while 12 LGAs fulfilled only one of them.
Assessing on the response on the specific assignment only, 16 LGAs have completed it with
satisfactory level. This result meant that most of trainees (DWEs) for 1st phase training learned
effectively enough to complete it, which represented the principles of he training.
From all these points of view, the matter of learning of the training could be adequate in this
training phase.
(2) 2nd training phase
1) Component 1
Trainees were questioned whether or not to be able to perform the action described in each
specific objective at the end of session and assessed themselves generally “able to perform in
good”, which was illustrated in the table below.
Session 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
DSM 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.5
Coast 4.3 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.1
Lindi 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.3
Mtwara 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.1 4.1 4.3
The assignment prepared for this training component, which aimed to provide an opportunity for
trainees to assess the procedure of selection of candidate villages based on DRA, could cover
intentionally the contents of session 2 to 6. According to trainees’ evaluation result, most of
trainees were able to perform specific objectives in session 2 to 6 in good manner. However, as
the response of this given assignment was assessed, it was realized that there were only a few
responses which could be qualified as of the end of January 2009.
How we can understand the denotation of this gap. Assessing 12 reports submitted from
trainees, there could be some observations and findings herewith.
Trainees did not understand fully the requirements on the report of this assignment.
In some of LGAs, documents associated with selection of candidate villages were not kept
properly. Therefore, the procedures of the selection were not clear enough as required for the
report.
2) Component 2
As well as the result of component 1, trainees assessed the accomplishment of specific objectives
high.
Session 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
DSM 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.5 4.4
Mtwara 4.6 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.5
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However, there is a significant gap between the above mentioned result and the assessment result
on submitted assignments similarly to the condition of component 1. This assignment aimed to
assure not only technical skills and knowledge among DWSTs, but also the communication
mechanism between LGAs and BWO responsible to abridge hydorogeological and hydrological
information for stakeholders.
Necessary technical information from BWO was established during the 1st phase of the training
and distributed to DWEs through the 2nd phase trainings. Nevertheless, it was not referred for
the assessment of water resource potentials in areas.
(3) 3rd training phase
1) Component 1
The result of assessment on accomplishment of specific objectives shows relatively lower than
other results. This was affected by the complexity of the subject discussed in the training.
Session 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
DSM 4.3 4.1 4.2 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.2 3.6
Mtwara 3.8 4.0 4.1 3.8 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9
On the contrary with this result, the comments given from trainees were largely positive and
enthusiastic on the subject. Besides, the trainers expressed their appreciation on the active
participation of trainees in sessions.
The response on the assignment for this component was not collected yet. Its assessment will be
an issue to be discussed in the following report.
2) Component 2
Trainees have assessed their accomplishment of specific objectives on this training component as
high as other trainings. Innovative subjects such as CLTS and social marketing could have
increased trainees’ interest, participation and eventually rate of accomplishment.
Session 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
DSM 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.1 4.4 4.6 4.4
Mtwara 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.2
Trainers have evaluated the attitude of trainees as high as the component 1, especially
enthusiastic preparation and participation on CLTS field practice. Including a field practice in
the training programme would be a good catalyst to enhance the understanding of training
contents.
1) Component 1
As for the assessment of the achievements of the participants per specific session objectives, the
results indicate scores above 4 for all sessions at both centres except for Sessions 5 and 6 which
were rated 3.9 by Mtwara Region participants. Nevertheless, all the scores clearly depicted that
the participants at both centres had acquired sufficient knowledge on the topics or sessions which
were presented during the training course. Of particular interest were Sessions 1 to 4 which
seemed to have been adequately understood since at all centres the score was above 4.
Despite these high scores, qualitative comments by some participants on the evaluation forms
indicated that they required more time to practice what they had learned during this training
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course. This was mainly because most of the topics and concepts were relatively new to the
participants and hence needed more time for internalisation and practice.
Centre Sessions
1 2 3 4 5 6
DAR 4.3 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.3
COAST 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.0 4.0
MTW 4.1 4.2 4.0 4.2 3.9 3.9
LINDI 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.1
2) Component 2
Though the scores for each session for all categories of participants at both centres were above
average, rating by DTs in Dar es Salaam centre and the one by WTs in Mtwara centre are lower
than others who participated in the same sessions. This phenomenon could, to some extent be
attributed to the level of their involvement in the day to day DWST activities in each LGA, which
to some participants reflected an added advantage in terms of acquisition of background
knowledge on some topics covered in this training course.
As for the DWEs, the overall results at both centres showed high level of achievement as most of
their scores were above 4 with the lowest being 3.9 for Session 6 at the Dar es Salaam Centre.
Centre Session DWE WT DT
Dar es Salaam 1 4.0 4.2 -
2 4.0 4.2 -
3 4.1 - 3.2
4 4.1 - 3.4
5 4.4 - 3.4
6 3.9 - 3.5
Mtwara 1 4.4 3.8 -
2 4.2 3.9 -
3 4.2 - 3.7
4 4.2 - 4.3
5 4.1 - 4.5
6 4.2 - 4.2

On the average most of the sessions were understood since at both centres the score was above 4
out of 5 for sessions 1 and 3 on O&M requirements for sustainability and monitoring of O&M
conditions respectively. Despite the high scores, the trainers expressed the importance of giving
more time for practice since most of the session contents were new to the trainees
Session 1 2 3 4 5
Dar es salaam 4.0 4.2 4.1 3.7 3.8
Coast 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.3
Mtwara 4.0 4.2 4.0 3.8 4.0
Lindi 4.1 3.8 4.0 4.1 3.8
4.5.5 OVERVIEW OF THE 1ST CYCLE OF RWSSP IN THE TARGET LGAS

It was expected in the Project that the trainees would apply their training attainment in the daily
operation of the rural water supply and sanitation projects, especially through the 1st cycle of
RWSSP under WSDP. From this view point, each training phase was planned to deal with topics
related to respective implementation stages of RWSSP prior to commencement of each stage of the
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Program. Overall status of the 1st cycle of RWSSP in the target LGAs throughout the
implementation period of the Project is summarised in this sub-section in order to describe the
external environment of the Project which is related to realisation of behavior change of the trainees
and DWSTs.
The procurement process of TSP/FSP was started by MoWI and LGAs in 2007. Most of the target
LGAs signed a contract with TSP/FSP in the latter half of 2009 and the consultants commenced the
scoping study. As of the middle of June 2010, 19 LGAs have completed the scoping study and
seven out of 19 are in the process of selection of the contractor for exploratory drilling at the target
communities. The remaining three LGAs, namely Ilala, Temeke and Kisarawe, had just signed a
contract with TSP/FSP at the time of the visit by the end line survey team in early June 2010.
It means that the planning stage of the 1st cycle of RWSSP had been started around the
implementation of the 4th training phase of the Project, which shows a gap of almost one year and
nine months between the initial schedule of RWSSP and the actual progress.
4.5.6 BEHAVIOR CHANGE AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL

The trainees have been applying knowledge, skills and working attitudes which they gained through
the training courses to their actual works. Behavior change at the individual level was identified
from the interview conducted through three monitoring visits to pilot LGAs as summarized Table
4.19. Behavior change at the individual level was observed in the areas of DRA, project
management especially technical supervision and monitoring, hygiene promotion, teambuilding and
collaboration with other actors in RWSS projects.
Table 4.19 Individual Behavior Changes
Area Facts (Behavior Change) LGAs

st
1 Monitoring Project Basic data and information collection formats have been Acting DWE
[Sep. 2008] Management prepared based on the monitoring format prepared by the of Masasi
project and data and information collection has started by D.C.
utilizing monitoring system from villages to LGA councils
through ward development committee
DRA Recognizing importance of O&OD with respect to DPLO of Lindi
relevance and effectiveness for participatory D.C.
comprehensive planning approach, the promotion activity
to utilize this planning approach in village development
plan is thoroughly incorporated into 2008/09 annual
DWST activity plan.
Teamwork The common understanding among DWST is enhanced DCDO of
by attending the same trainings and having series of Masasi D.C.
discussion together. This enables members of DWST to and Mtwara
discuss the approaches and principles of programme D.C.
implementation more effectively among DWST, although it
used to be done individually by each head of departments.
2nd Monitoring DRA Participation in O&OD roll-out over all villages of Lindi D.C. DWE of Lindi
[Jan. 2009] was encouraged because basic knowledge and D.C.
understanding on O&OD has already been delivered from
RUWASA-CAD.
Teamwork All training materials used in 3rd phase were given from DEO of Lindi
one represented for DEO and now DEO regularly D.C.
communicates with DWE.
Each member of DWST has understood appropriately DWST of
their roles and responsibilities so that the performance of Masasi D.C.
team work is quite improved in comparison with previous
achievement.
The training contents are practicable for activities to be DWST of
implemented by DWST. Among others, the issue of team Mukuranga
work building was regarded very important in DWST. D.C.
Hygiene A training of health extension officers at the Ward level on DHO of
Promotion CLTS and social marketing is planned as a part of an Temeke M.C.
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Area Facts (Behavior Change) LGAs

action plan of Dept. of Health for 2009/2010.
Project The training materials on the project management, DPLO of
Management especially PCM, were referred to when the Planning Office Temeke M.C.
prepared a project proposal for waste management.
3rd Monitoring Project Knowledge and skills on monitoring and evaluation are DWE and
[Oct. 2009] management being utilized in the on-going projects. A checklist for DPO of
monitoring introduced in the training is also used in the Temeke MC
works.
PCM method was adopted when DWST promoted new DWE and
projects. DPO of
Temeke MC
Technical supervision as well as monitoring and DWE of
evaluation were conducted in the Quick-Wins Project with Mkuranga DC
utilizing knowledge and skills obtained in the training.
Based on the training on the technical supervision of the DWST of
RWSS projects in the 4th training phase, DWST is Masasi DC
considering to prepare a supervision plan for the 1st cycle
of WSDP.
Hygiene Confidence to apply skills for PHAST method has DHO of
promotion improved. Mkuranga DC
Active involvement in shool sanitation programme and DHO and
formation of WATSAN committees at the community level. DEO of
Mkuranga DC
Application of CLTS is now included in the sanitation and DHO of Lindi
hygiene promotion activities under Department of Health DC
to be conducted in the 3rd quarter of 2009/2010.
Teamwork Each member of DWST respects team work better than DWST of
before. Mkuranga DC
Team work spirit among the members has been DWST of
strengthened. Even if DWE is absent from the office, Masasi DC
other members can discuss and execute activity plans.
DWST members jointly conducted the field supervision of DWST of
st
activities facilitated by TSP/FSP under the 1 cycle of Lindi DC
WSDP.
Collaboration With considering importance of utilization of the extension DWE, DHO,
th
with various workers in RWSS projects as discussed in the 4 training DCDO, and
actors phase, DWST started to develop an inventory of the DEO of
council extension workers working in vaious sector in the Masasi DC
district. DWST is going to organize an orientation for the
extension workers on working as a team.
Number of cases was initially limited in terms of practice of the trainees on application of their the
training attainments in the daily operation of their works as the implementation of RWSSP
considerably delays against its original schedule as mentioned in the previous sub-section.
Compared to the situation at the first and second monitoring visits conducted in September-October
2008 and January 2009, those who attended the RUWASA-CAD training have had more
opportunities to practice the obtained skills, knowledge and attitudes in their actual works. The
behavior change of the individual members of DWST has gradually occurred along with the
progress of RWSSP/WSDP which provides various opportunities for practice to the trainees.
It is noteworthy that the collective behavior change in the team is also observed among the trainees
in each DWST, which have been realized through making joint actions to improve their activities as
DWST.
Most of the interviewees explained that skills and knowledge obtained in the training were practical
and could be adopted in their works in most cases. Main reasons why the trainees could not utilize
their attainment from the training were either no opportunity in actual works due to slow progress of
RWSSP or the working environment and customs in the offices which do not allow them to apply
new procedures and attitude even if the trainees understand those importance and value.
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4.5.7 BEHAVIOR CHANGE AT THE ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL
(1) Monitoring of the Process of Behavior Change

Behavior change as DWST has been monitored from the viewpoints of change in procedures
employed in activities related to RWSS projects, especially with regard to the practice of DWST
described in the indicators of the project purpose as mentioned below;
• Adoption of selection procedures of candidate communities of RWSS projects based on the
DRA (demand-responsive approach) in the promotion phase
• Examination and making comments to progress reports and other output reports submitted by
the TSP/FSP within the agreed period, if the districts currently implement RWSS projects
with hiring TSP/FSP
• Update of information on water supply and sanitation conditions as well as operation and
maintenance of existing water supply facilities in the district every year
• Integration of strategies and activity plans on water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion
for households and schools into DWSP and annual plan
LGAs are expected to ensure these behaviors as a part of their responsibilities in RWSSP. The
indicators were set to address areas of capacity gaps and training needs of DWSTs in the target
LGAs which had been identified in the baseline survey.
Process of the behavior change was observed through three monitoring visits to the pilot LGAs as
shown in Table 4.20.
Table 4.20 Organizational Behavior Changes
Visit Facts (Behaviour Change) LGAs
1st Monitoring The importance of team work (information, task and All LGAs
[Sep. 2008] responsibility sharing) is logically understood among
DWST and consequently came to have the common
vision for RWSSP among DWST.
Regular monitoring programme is established as the joint Mukuranga
activity of DWE, DHO and DCDO and financed and D.C. and
arranged under the responsibility of DWE office. Masasi D.C.
2nd Monitoring DWST has practically integrated sanitation and hygiene Masasi D.C.,
[Jan. 2009] activities into DWSP and annual action plan (although Lindi D.C.
strategic approach to formulate DWSP was not and Temeke
considered in association with various analysis.) D.C.
3rd i. DRA DWST has been facilitating DRA in the promotion phase All LGAs
Monitoring before commencement of the 1st cycle of WSDP.
[Oct.
2009]
ii. Management All the members of DWST were involved in examination All LGAs
of ouptut and preparation of comments on reports submitted by
TSP/FSP.
iii. Monitoring Activities to update the information on water and sanitation Temeke MC
conditions have not started yet.
DWE office conducted activities to update the information Mkuranga
on water and sanitation conditions. DWST reviewed the DC
report by DWE and gave comments on it.
Information is updated quartely. WEOs at the wards and Masasi DC
Water Technicians stationed at community level are
involved in collection of data from all the communities.
Information is updatated monthly through data collection Lindi DC
from all the villages by involving WATSAN committees,
Village Governments, and WEOs. DWE Office also
4-42
Visit Facts (Behaviour Change) LGAs

collect information through the field supervision.
iv. Integrated DWST is discussing how to incorporate sanitation and Temeke MC
approach hygiene promotion for household and schools into DWSP.
After selecting TSP/FSP, DWST will work with them for
formulation of DWSP.
The present DWSP was formulated in June 2009 and Mkuranga
DWST is elaborating it with support of TSP/FSP to include DC
sanitation and hygiene promotion activities at communities
and primary schools.
DWST will consider necessary activities related to Masasi DC,
sanitation and hygiene promotion when DWSPs are Lindi DC
updated with support of TSP/FSP after the scoping study.
It was identical that the behavior changes at the individual level have induced the behavior
changes, which are shown in the table above, at the organizational level to a certain extent. It,
however, was also observed that the linkage among different institutions, especially between
BWO and DWST/RWST, was still under practical during the 1st and 2nd monitoring visits.
Besides, any significant outcome to improve the status of RWSSP in respective LGAs could not
be identified in these initial stage of the Project.
The situation has been improved since the latter half of 2009 when most of LGAs started actual
implementation of the 1st cycle of RWSSP. During the 3rd monitoring visit, it was found that
practices of the pilot LGAs had been improved in terms of examination of output submitted by
consultants/ contractors as well as application of DRA in selection of the target communities.
Apart from these behavior change, DWSTs visited expressed that linkage among the team
members ha been strengthened after the training. Also, in case of Masasi, DWST reviewed its
membership and was planning to include Natural Resource Officer and DEO in charge of the
secondary schools in the team. This effort indicates that the team members have gradually
realized effectiveness of teamwork and function of DWST to coordinate various actors related to
RWSS projects at the district level.
(2) Achievement
As a result of the surveys conducted in the project implementation period, an improvement was
observed in terms of the behavior change of DWST from the aspects mentioned above. The
surveys were conducted in July 2009 and June 2010 for all the target LGAs. The first one was
administered by sending a questionnaire to each LGA which was filled by respective DWSTs,
especially DWEs. The second one was implemented as the end line survey as mentioned in
Chapter 3.6.
1) Adoption of selection procedures of candidate communities of RWSS projects

based on DRA
The Programme Implementation Manual (PIM) for the WSDP suggests employment of DRA in
RWSS projects. In the process of selection of the candidate communities of RWSS projects, six
activities as indicated in Figure 4.6 below can be considered to realize DRA.
Among these activities, the RUWASA-CAD training has put special emphasis on the training
topics related to “assessment of water resources potential of the target area” in order to ensure
formulation of RWSS projects with due consideration of balance between water demand and
water resources potential. Participants of the 1st and 2nd training phases reviewed processes
which had been involved in formulation of RWSS projects in their respective LGAs. A certain
number of the participants had understanding that demand of communities was the sole factor to
be considered based on DRA in formulation and implementation of RWSS projects. The
participants observed that overemphasise of the demand might have resulted in designing of
subprojects without appropriate assessment of the water resources potential, which would hinder
4-43
sustainability of water supply services. With considering understanding and practices of

DWSTs before the training, it can be concluded that importance of the water balance has been
well understood by the trainees and practices of LGAs in application of DRA has been improved
in terms of the selection process of the target communities.
100.0%
100% 95.5%
86.4% 90.9% 86.4%
90%
77.3% 81.8%
80%
72.7% 68.2% 68.2% 72.7%
70%
59.1%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1. Sensitization 2. Provision of 3. Facilitation of 4. Preparation of 5. Assessment of 6. Verification of
on NAWAPO & application forms formation of eligibility criteria water resources needs in
WSDP for RWSSP WATSAN & other for community potential of the comparison with
pre-conditions for selection area results of O&OD
application of
RWSSP
Target LGAs
Selection Process Involved (2008/2009)
Target LGAs
(2009/2010)
Figure 4.6 Process Involved by DWST to Select RWSSP Candidate Communities

based on DRA
It was confirmed through the surveys that 9 out of 22 target LGAs involved all these processes
when they select the candidate communities in 2008/2009 while the number of LGAs increased
to 16 in 2009/2010. (Fig. 4.7) Especially, all the LGAs utilized output of the O&OD to
crosscheck the needs expressed by the communities which submitted the applications for the
RWSS projects.
Districution of LGAs by Number of DRA Processess Involved in Selection Distribution of LGAs by Number o DRA Processes Involved in Selection
of RWSSP Candidate Communities (2008/2009) of RWSSP Candidate Communities (2009/2010)
2 of them
2 of them
are involved. 3 of them 1 of them
are involved.
4.5% are involved. is involved.
0.0%
4.5% 4.5%
3 of them All the processes 4 of them are
are involved. are involved. involved.
22.7% 40.9% 18.2%
5 of them are
involved.
0.0%
All the processes
4 of them are
5 of them are are involved.
involved.
involved. 72.7%
22.7%
9.1%
Figure 4.7 Distribution of LGAs by Number of DRA Processes Involved in Selection of

RWSSP Candidate Communities
2) Examination and commenting of outputs submitted by the service providers
LGAs are responsible to examine outputs submitted by the service providers and give them
feedback as a part of the works related to the contract management. 21 out of 22 LGAs
4-44
answered that they actually examined and made comments to progress reports and other output
submitted by the consultants or contractors in 2009/2010 while there were 20 LGAs in 2008/2009
which practiced this activity in the on-going RWSS projects. What is remarkable is that, as
shown in Fig. 4.8, situation has been improved in terms of involvement of the DWST members
as the team. Especially, participation of DCDO, DEO and DT has been increased dramatically.
Furthermore, number of LGAs which involve all the members of DWST has increased from 10 in
2008/2009 to 16 in 2009/2010.
Before the training, this activity had been done by DWE only in most LGAs. With addressing
this situation, approaches to build teamwork were employed purposefully in each training course,
which has contributed to improvement of processes on examination of the output of RWSS
projects by DWSTs.
Who is involved in examination of the progress reports and other output reports from the
consultants/ contractors in your DWST members?
100.0% 100.0%100.0%
100%
90.5%
90% 85.7% 85.7% 85.7% 85.7%
80.0% 80.0% 76.2%
80%
70.0%
70% 65.0%
60%
50.0%
50%
40%
30% 25.0%
20%
10% 4.8%
0%
DED DWE DPLO DHO DCDO DEO DT Other
DWST Members Involved

Target LGAs (2008/2009)
Target LGAs (2009/2010)
Figure 4.8 Distribution of LGAs by Participation of DWST Members in Examination of

Outputs from Consultants/ Contractors
3) Update of information on WSS conditions
All LGAs responded that they conducted periodic monitoring and updated information on water
supply and sanitation conditions in the district in 2009/2010 while 21 LGAs practiced the same in
2008/2009. Fig.4.9 shows the distribution of LGAs by monitoring items which they update
periodically.
4-45
Monitoring Items Periodically Collected by LGAs

100.0% 100.0% 95.5%
100% 95.5% 95.5%
90.5% 95.2% 90.9%
90% 90.5% 90.5% 81.8%
77.3% 81.8% 81.0%
80%
70% 66.7%
Percentage of LGAs
57.1% 61.9%
60%
52.4%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1. Water supply coverage
2. No. of existing w/p
in use
3. No. of existing w/p in use & not
4. No. of users at each w/p
w/p
5. Type of WUE managing each
WUE
6. Status of account of WATSAN/
each water facility

7. History of breakdown/ repair of
level
8. Sanitation coverage at HH
9. Sanitation coverage at schools

Target LGAs
(2008/2009)
Target LGAs
(2009/2010)
Figure 4.9 Distribution of LGAs by Monitoring Items Periodically Updated

The information is being updated through reports from WEOs, VEOs, and other field extension
officers as well as field visits by the district staff in most cases.
As the practice of the target LGAs, priority has been put on the monitoring of progress of
on-going projects while situation of operation and maintenance of water facilities as well as
sanitation conditions has been monitored irregularly. Only five LGAs collected data on all
items mentioned in Fig. 4.9 in 2008/2009. The number of LGAs increased to 13 in 2009/2010,
which means that practices of LGAs on the monitoring have been improved to make it more
comprehensively. The training has contributed to this positive change through facilitation of
discussion on importance of continuous monitoring of existing water supply and sanitation
conditions for formulation of the follow-up plan and new projects by LGAs.
However, challenges are still observed as a result of verification of the monitoring data which are
being collected by LGAs. Quality of the data collected and uniformity of definition of the
monitoring indicators should be improved by facilitating employment of a standardized
monitoring system in LGAs. For instance, definitions of indicators are not clearly explained in
DWSPs which are being formulated by LGAs with support of TSP/FSP. Also, these indicators
are not necessarily in uniform manner, which would make it difficult to conduct the comparative
analysis.
These challenges would be partly attributed to the fact that the training could not cover topics on
the established monitoring system in RWSS sub-sector well since the performance monitoring
frameworks of WSDP was under review by MoWI during the implementation period of the
training. In addition to efforts by LGAs for improvement of quality of the monitoring activities,
it is expected that MoWI will facilitate LGAs to apply the standardized monitoring system
linking with the sector monitoring framework.
4-46
4) Integration of strategies and activity plans on waster supply, sanitation and

hygiene promotion for households and schools into DWSP
As the status at the baseline survey, most of the target LGAs conducted hygiene promotion
activities on ad hoc basis. No strategic approaches were considered in these activities to
maximize synergy effect between improvement of water supply and sanitation conditions and
hygiene practices. The following was confirmed through the monitoring on application of the
integrated approach on water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion in DWSP;
19 LGAs answered that they incorporated strategies and activities related to sanitation and
hygiene promotion at communities and schools into DWSPs in 2008/2009. At the end line
survey, there were 17 LGAs which had already formulated or drafted DWSPs with support of
TSP/FSP while 5 LGAs were yet to reach to the stage for formulation of DWSP. Interventions
for sanitation and hygiene promotion are included in the DWSPs in these 17 LGAs.
Integrated approach of water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion was emphasized
throughout the training phases. It would have contributed to maintain high number of LGAs to
adopt the integrated approach in DWSP. The emphasis of sanitation component in RWSSP by
MoWI would also be one of the attribution of this achievement.
As the 1st cycle of RWSSP will enter into the implementation stage, DWSTs are expected to
coordinate sequence of activities and to cooperate among the members so that the planned
activities for construction of water facilities and sanitation and hygiene promotion will be
implemented timely and effectively.
4.5.8 KNOWLEDGE SHARING ON THE TRAINING

The trainees took several measures to share knowledge and skills obtained in the training with other
members of DWST and staff of the departments which they belong to. Those are reporting at the
regular Council Management Meeting, submitting papers at the councilors’ meetings to sell ideas
obtained in the training, and holding ad hoc meetings to share the information with other staff.
Several efforts by the trainees and DWSTs were confirmed through the monitoring visits. For
instance, DWE of Mkuranga organized a feedback seminar on the RUWASA-CAD training inviting
other DWST member and department staff in order to disseminate what she learnt in the training
courses. In Temeke, the DWST organized a team meeting after the 4th training course and trainees
explained the contents of the training materials to other members. Districts of Mafia and
Nanyumbu requested for WSDP fund for 2010/2011 to replicate some of the training courses of
RUWASA-CAD as a part of their capacity development plans.
Furthermore, it was confirmed in the end line survey that quite a good number of the districts, such
as Bagamoyo, Kibaha Town, Lindi Town, Liwale, Nachingwea, Ruangwa, Kinondoni, and Temeke,
provided the on-the-job training to subordinates of the DWST members in application of skills and
knowledge the trainees had learnt. For instance, DWST of Lindi Town gave guidance to the
subordinate staff on operation and maintenance of water supply facilities as well as the project
monitoring. In Liwale, DWSP has a plan to provide orientation to councilors on facilitation skills,
community participation, and operation and maintenance. DWST members who attended the
RUWASA-CAD training from Ruangwa conducted training for other members of the team and their
subordinates in CLTS and the project management.
However, challenges still remain in dissemination of the training attainment within the organization
at the district level according to the survey results. Some DWSTs expressed that all DWST
members should attend same training courses as the contents of the RUWASA-CAD training are of
basics which need to be commonly understood by the members. Also, the trainees pointed out
limitation of knowledge transfer by means of introduction of the training contents to others. With
considering these comments by the trainees, it would be useful for LGAs to organize similar
training courses as a part of their capacity development interventions in the districts. Some
DWSTs questioned about availability of the training resources which can be used by LGAs to
4-47
organize the training. Provision of such information from MoWI will help LGAs plan for
replication of the RUWASA-CAD training plan in their respective areas.
Other challenge is that subordinates of DWST members such as water technicians in DWE’s office
have limitation to access to the training materials written in English as they are not conversant in
reading English. A volunteer from Water Security Action Team (W-SAT) attached to DWE’s
office in Lindi District Council pointed out this through his observation of daily operation of
projects by DWE office. The water technicians also have difficulty to assist DWE in
implementation of the projects in some cases since they cannot fully understand PIM and other
project documents in English. Development of Swahili version of the key documents and
materials would help information and knowledge sharing within the organization and with the lower
LGAs.
4.5.9 CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF LGAS

MoWI has been facilitating various implementing agencies of WSDP to formulate their own
capacity development plans to strengthen organizational capacities to be required for
implementation of WSDP. It is of high priority among the undertakings of WSDP for 2009/2010.
Progress of formulation and implementation of the capacity development plan by respective LGAs
was also confirmed in the monitoring visits and end line survey with considering above-mentioned
sector environment and future possibility of utilization of the RUWASA-CAD training plan by
LGAs and regions in their capacity development plans.
The interviews with DWSTs revealed that all target LGAs had completed the formulation of the
capacity development plans. The plans were prepared based on the capacity assessment by DWST
members as the team in most cases.
Training of the council staff is one of the major interventions included in the capacity development
plans according to the interviewees of the end line survey. There will be rooms for LGAs to
elaborate the implementation plans of such training by specifying rationale, objectives, target
groups, methodologies and other details in order to have the training effectively.
4.5.10 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE TARGET LGAS AND OTHERS

The end line survey revealed gaps between the target LGAs and samples of the non-target LGAs in
the implementation of the RWSS projects, especially on i) the teamwork of DWST in the contract
management of the service providers, ii) experiences in utilization of the hydrogeological maps, and
iii) linkage with RS and BWO. Findings from the survey of the both groups are compared as
follows;
• Involvement of members of DWST except for DWE is low in examination of reports and
other outputs submitted by the consultants/contractors in the non-target LGAs while DWSTs
in the target LGAs involve core members such as DWE, DPLO, DHO, DCCDO and DEO
when they review the outputs from the service providers.
• LGAs in the non-target area do not have experiences in making reference to hydrogeological
maps in the implementation of the RWSS projects sine neither LGAs nor BWOs have such
data and information.
• All the target LGAs are aware of the roles of RS and BWO to provide technical support to
LGAs in the RWSS projects. This was supported by their practices that 21 LGAs sought
advice from RS in the process of formulation/designing of the RWSS subprojects in
2009/2010 and 19 consulted with BWO. Furthermore, 10 LGAs obtained approval from
RS on designs of water supply facilities. Even the remaining LGAs also stated in the end
line survey that they were going to communicate with RS and BWO accordingly when they
reach to the certain stages requiring those input from RS and BWO. Contrary, it is
observed that LGAs in the non-target area do not have proper understanding on and
experiences in cooperation with RS and BWO as indicated in their comments described
below;
4-48
− There is no direct and regular communication between DWST and BWO. DWST is not
aware of the issues that are supposed to be consulted with BWO.
− LGAs do not need to get approval from RS on designs of water supply facilities before
commencement of the construction works as the role of RS is to provide advice to LGAs.
Each LGA through DWE has the mandate to approve designs of water supply facilities.
4.5.11 CONCLUSION
Practices of implementation of RWSS projects and capacity gaps of DWSTs were identified in the
baseline survey conducted at the beginning of the Project as explained in Chapter 3. Compared to
the situation at that stage, behavior change of DWST as the team has achieved in most of the target
LGAs in terms of the following aspects;
• Adoption of selection procedures of candidate communities of RWSS projects based on the
demand-responsive approach in the promotion phase
• Examination and making comments to progress reports and other output reports submitted by
the TSP/FSP within the agreed period, if the districts currently implement RWSS projects
with hiring TSP/FSP
• Update of information on water supply and sanitation conditions as well as operation and
maintenance of existing water supply facilities in the district every year
• Integration of strategies and activity plans on water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion
for households and schools into DWSP and annual plan
Except for these points, DWSTs in all the target LGAs acknowledged that coordination and sense of
teamwork had been strengthened in the team compared to the situation before the training.
These changes were mainly observed simultaneously with the commencement and progress of the
1st cycle of RWSSP. Most of the target LGAs signed contract with TSP/FSP for RWSSP in the
middle of 2009 by when three training phases had already been completed in the Project. The
trainees and DWSTs as the team had opportunities to apply what they learnt in the training to the
actual implementation of the project, which would have facilitated the behavior change at both the
individual and organizational level as shown in the previous sections.
It can be concluded that the training system for DWST has brought positive impacts on
improvement of the implementation process of RWSS projects by LGAs. As the 1st cycle of
RWSSP will be entering into the designing and construction stage of the water supply facilities,
MoWI requires to continue to monitor practices of LGAs so that level of the training attainment and
further behavior change will be verified. Such information will be of use for MoWI to elaborate
the training system to fit demands and actual situation in the RWSS sub-sector.
4-49
Chapter 5 Output 3: Enhancement of Capacities of BWO
CHAPTER 5 OUTPUT 3: ENHANCEMENT OF CAPACITIES OF

BWO
The expected output of 【Output 3】is “Capacities of the target Basin Water Offices (BWOs) for
supporting Districts in managing RWSS projects are enhanced.”.

At the preparatory phase of this term, the training for data processing of the water resources data
was carried out for the hydrogeologists of 2 basin water offices of Wami Ruvu and Ruvuma
Southern Coast. Following the training for water resources data processing, the trainings for GIS
and database utilization were given to the hydrogeologists. Consequently, 2 preliminary
hydrogeological maps of Coast, Dar es Salaam Regions and Lindi, Mtwara Regions were provided.
A training plans for BWOs of the target Basins in order to improve the support services for the local
authorities in RWSS projects was formulated. The activities taken by this term for the Output 3 is
summarized in Figure 5.1.
3-1 Review and compile existing water resource data to be used effectively by the
target BWOs.
3-2 Guide the target BWOs on analyzing and processing the water resources data.
3-3 Develop training plans for BWOs of the target Basin for improvement of
support services for the local authorities in RWSS projects
3-4 Provide training for BWOs based on the training plans of 3-3 above. (to be carried out in Next Phase)
3-5 Monitor the implementation of support services by BWOs to the target districts (to be carried out in Next Phase)
Figure 5.1 Activities Carried Out for Output 3 During the Work in Tanzania I

The Item No. 3-1 and 3-2, that is the activities related to the development of preliminary
hydrogeological maps were completed during the term of project step 1. In this term, development
of training plans, provision of training for BWOs for training phase 1 and 2, and monitoring of the
implementation of support services by the BWOs were carried out as schedule. The activities
taken by this term for the Output 3 is summarized in Figure 5.2.

3-1 Review and compile existing water resource data to
be used effectively by the target BWOs. (completed in project step 1)
3-2 Guide the target BWOs on analyzing and
processing the water resources data. (completed in project step 1)
3-3 Develop training plans for BWOs of the target
Basin for improvement of support services for the
local authorities in RWSS projects
3-4 Provide training for BWOs based on the training
plans of 3-3 above.
3-5 Monitor the implementation of support services by
BWOs to the target districts
Figure 5.2 Activities Carried Out for Output 3 During the Work in Tanzania II
5-1
Chapter 5 Output 3: Enhancement of Capacities of BWO

Preparation of training curriculum, timetable and training guide which are concerned with the
activity 3-3 was carried out. Trainings of phase 4 and 5 in the activity of 3-4 have been completed
by the end of January 2010. The 3rd monitoring visit of the activity 3-5 has been conducted in the
middle of January 2010. The activities for Output 3 by this term is summarized in Figure 5.3

3-1 Review and compile existing water resource
data to be used effectively by the target BWOs. (completed in project step 1)
3-2 Guide the target BWOs on analyzing and
processing the water resources data. (completed in project step 1)
3-3 Develop training plans for BWOs of the target
Basin for improvement of support services for
the local authorities in RWSS projects
3-4 Provide training for BWOs based on the training
plans of 3-3 above.
3-5 Monitor the implementation of support services
by BWOs to the target districts
Figure 5.3 Activities Carried Out for Output 3 During the Work in Tanzania III
The activities Item No. 3-3 and 3-4, that is the activities related to the development of training plans
and provision of training for BWOs were completed in last project term. In this project step 4,
monitoring of the implementation of support services by the BWOswere carried out as end line
survey. The activities taken by this term for the Output 3 is summarized in Figure 5.4.

3-1 Review and compile existing water resource data to be used effectively by the
target BWOs.
3-2 Guide the target BWOs on analyzing and processing the water resources data. (completed in project step 1)
3-3 Develop training plans for BWOs of the target Basin for improvement of
support services for the local authorities in RWSS projects
3-4 Provide training for BWOs based on the training plans of 3-3 above. (completed in project step 3)
3-5 Monitor the implementation of support services by BWOs to the target
districts
Figure 5.4 Activities Carried Out for Output 3 During the Work in Tanzania IV
5.2 PERSPECTIVE OF BWO TRAINING

Formulated training plan for the BWO is summarized in Table 5.1. Based on the preliminary
hydrogeological maps prepared in the preparatory phase, BWO will be able to support the
groundwater development on RWSS project to the Districts. The plan was formulated with a focus
on supporting mechanism to the District.
Through the entire project steps, all the training contents of training phase of 1 to 5 were completed.
5-2

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COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY DIVISION (CWSD)

MINISTRY OF WATER AND IRRIGATION (MoWI)

THE RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

THE RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

CHAPTER 1 Introduction............................................................... 1-1

CHAPTER 2 Project Contents and Methodology .......................... 2-1

CHAPTER 3 Output 1: Enhancement of CWSD’s Capacity .......... 3-1

CHAPTER 4 Output 2: Establishment of Training System Model for

CHAPTER 5 Output 3: Enhancement of Capacities of BWO ........ 5-1

CHAPTER 6 Output 4: Enhancement of Capacities of RWST ...... 6-1

CHAPTER 7 Output 5: Adaptation of Revised Project Cycle and

CHAPTER 8 Status of Achievement.............................................. 8-1

CHAPTER 9 Result and Recommendation ................................... 9-1

AFDB African Development Bank

1.2 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

1.3 PROJECT AREA

Figure 1.1 Project Area

1.4 PERSONS CONCERNED BY THE PROJECT

1.4.1 PROJECT DIRECTOR AND MANAGER

1.4.2 TANZANIAN SIDE

(1) Community Water Supply Division (CWSD) of MoWI

1.4.3 JAPANESE EXPERTS

1.5 PROJECT DESIGN MATRIX (PDM)

1.5.1 PROVISION OF PDM0 AND PDM1

1.5.2 REVIEW OF PDM1 AND PREPARATION OF PDM2

Complile and improve the existing manuals and Planned

Make contribution on revision and improvement of the

1-11 in RWSS projects based on findings from monitoring and

Provide training for DWSTs in target Districts based on

Provide mentoring for DWSTs for improvement of their Planned

3-4-3 Guide the target BWOs on supporting the District Planned

2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010

Facilitate consensus building among Community Water Planned

Report the progress of the project periodicaly to the Planned

Note) : Activity to be taken in the particular period

CHAPTER 2 PROJECT CONTENTS AND METHODOLOGY

Phase Step Activities Period Reports

Figure 2.1 Project Phases and Steps

2.2 CONTENTS AND METHODOLOGY OF THE WORKS

2.2.1 PREPARATORY PHASE (SEPTEMBER 2007 – FEBRUARY 2008)

Output 1(for MoWI) Output 5

Examination of basic policy, contents and

【4】 Discussion about Inception Report 【5】 Arrangement of Training Facilities

Selection of the pilot

training system of the

Training phase II Participation in the

-Update of hydrogeological maps -Evaluation of quarterly and implementation of DWSP

Monitoring of the dialogue of WSDP Capacity

organizations related Development

【33】 apprication of the project

Figure 2.2 Work Flow Chart

Item [9] Examination of training system of the Project

2.2.2 TRAINING AND MONITORING PHASE I (DECEMBER 2007 – MAR 2008)

2.2.3 TRAINING AND MONITORING PHASE II (MAY 2008 – MAR 2009)

2.2.5 MONITORING AND EVALUATION PHASE

2.3 PROJECT ACTIVITIES

2.3.1 ACTIVITIES FOR OUTPUT 1: