)Page No:

Date: /

LASSLGNMENT-1:
hnd tae minumum doP and minimum PoP pesALOnA OA
otlouihg uncions ukina h-mahb
tla,bcd) =Znm (14u)+ZdA,7.8, 12,4 15)
Uting k- mab

SOP ab
a be d
O0 10

12

MiM:abd
MuMiL bcd
MaHNisNius cd
Einal SOP xpasion:abd t bed ted
ab
O0
POS
MiMa: atb+d 01

MuNi b+Ctd Final pos expression:

MaHhMisuttd
o+btdb+ctd)lAdl
10
 Nhat
n a ALL iac dis advant D4u ofkmap nuHhod2 How
OvCACOe un mcclslkes mllhedSimbll,
quu
Jaliowha Aunclucn bsndLnq -Mmlhod
lab.cd ml0,1,5L,1,8,9,10,112P

Disadvantags_of Kmap:
net aLitable 4oA combuti mdutuOn
2 net Auitable h n the nuumbu of
vaiabl unvolwed
d four
3 mudt be taken to field
in_eMey ull with the elwant
untayAush as a 0,1 (e4) dorit _cast tms
Kanaugh_muthod usLs mabs, whuth bwom ves4 cliffhiult
to lesiqn asthe. numbts of inbut vamable .
5 Pattisn iw2qnilion eadyacnt ills uacheaAA:
becomes keduous
Advantaqs of u i -MeCluaky
D alke a Kasnaugh map, the uuhe- Mcluskey method uaea
tablu, whih bAovide simbleattnAecoqntions:
E a a tabulas meHhed hat has an adNantage aves
K-map uwhn alasge nunmbes o_inbuta ae haeseat
3) can be imblmeiltd n thu Aoltuwase _n an algOAithmic
ashion
F (a,b,c,d) =mlo,L,5,6,1,8,9,10,1H)_
 Page No
Dale: /

A
Mo 0 0 0
M 0
M5
M
M
Ma
Ma 0
Mto 0 0
M4 0

Garou mintumn ABCD

0 Mo 00 00
M 000
M& 000
2 M5 0101
M
Ma
Mio
3 M
M14

leb 2

laxnup _matchrd hasa ABCD

Mo- M 000
Mo-Ma O0.0
 Page No:
Date

MI-M
Mi-Ma 00
Ma- Ma 00-

Ma-Mo 10-0

2 M5-M
Ma-M 011

M-Mi
Mio-M1

Stb3
Cproup aattaed haisABCD
Mo-M& Ma 00 BT
LMala MMal 00

A iabkcaut table
PI MaMMs MAMMa Ma o mu
BC0,L,8,9 XX X X

XX
Ma-0 | X

5
xX
M-M U0
6 14
m- I0 X
4

Bct AEDAFD BC
 ) Page No:
Date:

Nhat is ma eatscd vauiable aacthed waing MEV mzHa.od

simpliy lLawin unction
laad)= Zml23,4.5,13,15)+Zd (8,9, 10,1
*Ma ntred yariablt mthhod

KMab is the bcst

maual technique tosolve Booltan
Lquation: But becomesdi}ficult to manag whun_no of
vaAiable
VAAiAble
enceed5 % 6 do to the
MEV _isALd uncuLAAL
c size of k Map.t allouks a smallsMah to handlu.
lak eno vasiabls.

Ake Aike the vaiablelasianals and complemunt ase

Aakd_a4 d difemant vaiablea) in the mab as o, leowt
OAs mid tum and Aavit sase as it s and opehate the
SOP epALiov
&2: s1lhut ene. vaiable and make all occuusenee
that 1e vaialo le, wsit mid um, as b.Cleawe Os and
D.S as i: Now obtain
Muliply the sotaun A0P expsesan with he concened
Vaiable:

Sah3: Rebeat stuh_a Jss all thu vaiable in kmapr

S4sba: SoP ovEM i obtained by DR peation
 Page No:
Date

ABcb(MEV)
0
0 0

0
0

3 0

O
0 X
8
0 X X
0
0 X
0
0 0

4
0 0
D
15

BC
A 0 0 0 10
2

BcABE

Be
00 0_
3

AD
 Page No:
Date: /

lht final exhression is: AD BCt

nimILL_Hae following Lunton ur Sop usinq_h-imah_an4

imblement is bali qalesS
la,b.cdl=m ,15,13,15) +dl19,3,
CD
AB
0L 10
2

-0
inal expremion: CD+ AD +ABC

Bas gats
B ABC

AD ABCtAD+D

CD

3AND4at and LOR 4ak and 2 NOT hate

 ) Page No:
Date: /

alp of louchast_explain how todezrmine

he
minLnaum s0P using k-mah

louwchaat:

Input Bnnl,an_izprzssion_

Llezatu hasilign for n variabla

Creatt rzctongle minkrms gr0LApa_having

zilhadiarentS
AYLA a howey wo

Derived alqubxait minkimi by checkin9

am arinbleu within each qroub

Nethod
Juleck k-map according to the _umbir o variables
2|ldenttty minktrms or maxhrmsas qiven in þroblm
Eor 30P hut i in Hosks of K-mabiespeckiu. to the ainlermat
o'lswha
AM ake_Autkanglas qmubs containing total terma un bowth
hwo ik dA lcept ) and s to coveh as man4
elemnk_ad you Can un one qnu
5hou he qroups made ia_skep 4_urid the product exmu
Land sum hem ub fo_S0P form
 )Page No:
Date: /

Dimbliytollowingfunchion by using -M meth0d

abkd-Zm 14,12,13,14,s)+Zd4,u
A C D
MA 0
M 0
Ma
M
Mu
Mi3
MI4
Ms

Sebl-

Cqrou minttrm ABCD

0
0 00
Ma L0 0 L

Mi2 00
3 M7
MIL
M13
Mik 0
MI5
 )Page No:
Date:

AB cD
CGrou mathedads
Ma- Miz
Ma-Mu
Ma- Mi3
Mu-Mia L 0-

M12-M
3 M1-MI5
Mn-MIS
M3-MI5
Mu-Mis

Lqroup akched pait A BCN

2 MaMu-DMi3Mis L AD
MaMis-nMaMis
AB
MizMis- MiuMs
Mi -Miss_

hA Inoplkzasak dable:

P1 Mu YM Ma Mu Mi MiMuM
Mu-MiBib X .x
M1- Mis BcD_

final xprssion: AD+AB+ BCD

 )Page No:
Date.

LULHh_exAmble oblaun baluks mdhod

In booltan algbha batik mthod baand and bownd
LA Hchniqut desaibed by R haik vn foA duumining
aulmin Iun soP doluhons rom PA chast

Ktau thi PA chast by _elminating he EPLAows and

CAtsbonding columns
Áabd Hhe rows of Yeduuu PL chast PL,P2, P3, PHtc

or A ogieal tunthon P, which is rue when_all columns

AAL COVered:
P _consiats af a boduct of sumA uwhenetath
Sum trm has
the torm Pio Pt twhere Py
AtpI Lsent a 'row covering in) colurnn

Redu b to minimum dum otproducht by muliplying

ond applying abSorbtion law
+ye.
ch5
Each, term_in the stáult aLbrrAunts a soluhdn ie a set
ot
ows whuth covels al_min termam table
o_dtklmine the minimum doluton firet find those tems
which contain miimm ne o PL
S
EoY each term tound un 8tep5,_count th no of Wterals
untach P? and jind he toBal no. of ltehald

Canse th term ox ttrm combosed of he minimum

total no
 Page No:
Date: /

tartsponding Sum af PT:

Dirals And urik

xampl
fEEmlo,L,2,5,6,1

AL
Mo
M 0
M2 0
N5
M 0
M7

mintthm A BC
Lqroub
Mo 0 0 0
ML 0 0
M2 0 0
2 M5 01
YM
3 M

matched paAs ABC P

LGaaup
Mo-M D.O AB
Mo- M2 AC
Mi-Ms -01
M2- M6 10
Ms- M
M-M 1-AB
 ) Page No:
Date:

PI Mo M M
MM M
X X
Ac- X X
X X
B-Pa
X
BC-P X
X X
Ac-Ps
ABP X X

P+Pa)P+ P)Pz+PaPs+ Ps)(Pa+P,) (PstP)

P+ APa. PA+ PaPa)_LPs+PaP)
PPut PRPaP +PaPaPut PaPaPa)Ps+PsP)
RPuPs+ PPuPaP 4 RPPsP AP PaPs +PaPaPuPst PaPafuPat
PaPaPsP +P PsPs)
PPaPa PPuPs
AC+BC+AB ond AB+ B Ac

8 Deine stali hazard Exblain howstatic -1 hazard is

dikeded and removed with ezamble

in atsponst o anydingle inbut chong and tor somt

cambination otroogation dlays,aurui outbut may
mOmtntaAilya to0 ohen i Should Anaun a constont
hat the iut ha siabi -1hazasd
 Page No:
Date: II

tcton f olatui 1 hagaad:

PR
PRAAR

&R
W have output Say E, ad:
FLP.,R)-QRt P 2ml3,4,6.it
AR
00 01 II10

Yhu pai of daskened as not past of thz g1euhingl

adingprovided by thu autput o ths Basleanuuuton-
h ill saus atac-L hazaid n thuu_ uut

Removal akalae haasd-

Onc dticted,a adahs hazakd san he easily Beoovd
by uniodueing_AnnA mOAL fosms Lloque qats)to thu lundu
Ch ): hamest comman idra is to add the muuina
qAoup the _ousting Bcalean funcluonas oddung u
tAm ould not aet the funtlon by any mean but
u l uimave Hhe hagasd: dinu a hiaLDmple the
ba of dasked _auses dtahe ci hazard,e uut add-
ths oa paimeimplicant lo tha iiling punchon ad
tollews.
FlP,QR) R+ PRt PQ Zm 13,4,6,7
 )Page No:
Date:

Jhis does not make any ditf en to thz numbu of min

Lms f this tumcbionh mason beung thatalalii--
hazards ae based on heiw we group 1 toAa gianset
n K-map

P PR
R

R PR QR PO

PQ tatic-1 hazakd iumoyed

aPlat the Felleawinghuachian on' -malp.

fAB D) =A 8 cD+ ARC+ A BCD t ABCD
CD
AB 00 10
2

01

10Minimize ollouwintunchionor Pos Sing kemap and

Lealise i bu CinobasLe aates_
Fla bdTMO,LS12+Ad 3,7 1415)
 Page No:
Date:

CD
0
AB

MoM A+B+c)
MtaHa A+c+D)
M7M6 A+B+CC)
N3M7 HISNn:-+ D)
a hszMion:-LAtB+)( (c+5

Exblau
W hast_L Hhe ha2asdsu_digutal s u t
olilenent h hazasd

Ahazand.i vista u a digutalAuit _Lau a

umpokauy lusuation_n utput thucAiut
Ja aths wssdA, a haald n a digital iout ua
hmpssa duatusbau idsal apihatu rhu zit
uhuch i
mah iven- imu, quh ueued h
dastusbank utuatons suius when dittusvnt
baths tho thz inbut ta autput haut dituut dla4
and uu to this aut, thanqu ubut vaiahled do
not change the tput astauatly but do abpras at olp-
 Page No:
Date:

a AAmall delay caustd by the eiscuut buildung-

elumntsit loqu galks
hne aza dfet kuid of hazands
dtaue hazasd
the lp_ia cuuunlly at logit atate and aftu input_
chanqs
chanqs its stale, huoulput,mommntasily changs lo 0-
be sie attling_ an , thun t i a Ataké i hazasd-

3taeC-haasd:
Ehe autput ia_uLntly at toqui akah o and altu the
inbut changes it stalk, the uuiput momntatiuly clhanges
byoniAetthing an 0, thenit ú a statui -d hazahd

3 uname ha2ahd
whu hu ukhut_u Auphosed to change hom 0 to
lso e), thu outpiut may shange 3 moss tums
LAay that th ucuit had a dlynanmiehazaid
12 Aing MFV muthod_simpliks allawia4 undlon
db.cd= Zmlsu512 112,13,15
A dolpl
o

000 o0
2 0 0

3
40 |0 0
5 0 o
 Date:

0
|12
13
14 0
D
15
A
A Bc 0 0 0

Bc
A 00
3

bc

10
cd

A o 10
3
0 D acd

D DTX
uial xhaLALLan btcdi ai4