INTRODUCTION

 An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each

citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative
paragraph, the annotation.
 The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and
quality of the sources cited.

ANNOTATIONS

Annotations are descriptive and critical; they expose the author's point of view, clarity and
appropriateness of expression, and authority.

BIBLIOOGRAPHY

A list of the books and articles that have been used by someone when writing

a particular book or article:

DEFINITION OF ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

According to Cornell University, "An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books,

articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words)
descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform
the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited." 

A citation can be defined as a reference to a book, article, or other material that contains all of
the publication information necessary to identify and locate that work.  This usually includes the
title of the work used, the author/editor, publisher, date of publication, volume, issue number,
URL, etc.
A bibliography is a list of references (i.e., citations) of sources that were referred to in the
creation of a particular work or suggestions for further reading.  They citations may or may not
be utilized in creating the work itself.
Annotated bibliographies may be descriptive or critical in nature.  A descriptive
annotation simply summarizes the main points of the article.  A critical annotation addresses
the strengths and weaknesses of the work being evaluated.  
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

PURPOSE OF ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Basically, annotated bibliographies:

 Review the literature on a particular topic
 Provide the reader with sources of information
 Illustrate the quality and scope of one's research
 Place original research in an historical context
  Establish relationships between sources
 Highlight strengths and weaknesses of the sources
COMPONENTS OF ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIES

The following are the main components of an annotated bibliography. It is important to note that
not all fields shown below must be used at once in an annotated bibliography. The fields may
vary depending on the type of annotated bibliography and special instructions from the instructor
in case the bibliography is part of a school assignment.

Full bibliographic citation : An annotated bibliography must contain the necessary and
complete bibliographical information i.e. (author, title, publisher and date, etc),

Author’s Background: You should provide the name, authority, experience, or qualifications of
the author.

Purpose of the work: You should provide the reasons why the author wrote the work

Scope of the work: You should state the breadth or depth of coverage and topics or sub-topics
covered.

Main argument: State the main informative points of the paper

Audience: For whom was it written (general public, subject specialists, student?

Methodology: What methodology and research methods did the work employ?

Viewpoint: What is the author’s perspective or approach (school of thought, etc.)? Do you detect
an unacknowledged bias, or find any undefended assumptions?

Sources: Does the author cite other sources, and if so, what types? Is it based on the author’s
own research? Is it personal opinion?

Reliability of the source: How reliable is the work?

Conclusion: What does the author conclude about the work? Is the conclusion justified by the
work?

Features: Any significant extras, e.g. visual aids (charts, maps, etc.), reprints of source
documents, an annotated bibliography?

Strengths and Weaknesses: What are the strengths and weaknesses of the work?

Comparison: How does the source relate to other works done by other writers on the topic:
does it agree or disagree with another author or a particular school of thought; are there other
works which would support or dispute it?
Your Voice / Personal Conclusion: Provide your point of view of the work or your reaction to
the source based on other available works, prior knowledge of the subject matter or knowledge
pools done by other researchers.

TYPES OF ANNOTATIONS

Annotations may be written with different goals in mind. There are three types of annotations,
depending on what might be most important for your reader or according to your professor’s
instructions.It is impossible to describe a standard procedure for all types of annotations because
one annotation does not fit all purposes. In order to know the best type of annotation, it is
prudent to consult your instructor or follow the instructions. For example, if the assignment
states that your annotative bibliography should give evidence proving an analytical
understanding of the sources you have used, then you are supposed to write an analytical
annotated bibliography which includes evaluation of the sources you are using. The three types
of annotated bibliographies are; summary annotations, critical annotations and a combination of
the former two.

Summary annotations

Summary annotations are further classified into informative and indicative annotations. The
following are the main features of summary annotations:

 They show a summary of the source content

 They highlight the arguments and proofs/evidence mentioned in the work
 They sometimes describe the author’s methodology and any theories used
 They offer the conclusion of the source
 They do not evaluate the work they are discussing

Informative Annotations

 This type of annotation is a summary of the source. An informative annotation should

include the thesis of the work, arguments or hypothesis, proofs and a conclusion.
 Informative annotations provide a straight summary of the source material.
 They summarize all relevant information about the author and the main points of the
work.
 To write an informative annotation, begin by writing the thesis; then develop it with the
argument or hypothesis, list the proofs, and state the conclusion

Indicative annotated bibliographies

 Indicative annotations do not provide actual information from the source.

 They provide overall information about what kinds of questions or issues are addressed
by the work, for example, through chapter titles.
  In the indicative entry, there is no attempt to give actual data such as hypotheses, proofs,
etc.

Evaluative annotations

 This type of annotation assesses the source's strengths and weaknesses, in terms of
usefulness and quality.
 Evaluative annotated bibliographies do more than just summarizing, they provide critical
appraisals.
 They evaluate the source or author critically to find any biases, lack of evidence,
objectives, etc.
 They show how the work may or may not be useful for a particular field of study or
audience.
 They explain how researching this material assisted your own project.

Combination annotations

Most annotated bibliographies contain combination annotations. This type of annotation will
summarize or describe the topic, and then evaluate the source's usefulness and a summary.
Usually also includes a detailed analysis on the reason the article was written.

CRITERIA WHEN EVALUATING SOURCES:

 Author: The authors’ credentials are important to prove their credibility. Consider
institutional affiliation, educational background, past writing and experience as it relates
to research. Consider whether or not the source is written in the authors’ area of
expertise.
 Date of Publication: The date of publication is important to show how current the source
is. Topic areas of continuing and rapid development, such as computer engineering and
medical science, demand current information.
 Edition or Revision: Many editions or printings may indicate that the work has become
a standard source in a given discipline and is therefore more reliable.
 Publisher: If a source is published by a university press, it is likely to be scholarly.
Although a reputable publisher does not guarantee quality, it does demonstrate that the
publisher may have a high regard for the source being published.
 Type of Journal: The distinction between scholarly and popular journals is important
because it indicates different levels of complexity in conveying ideas.
 Intended Audience: Consider the authors’ intended audience and what role tone,
vocabulary and complexity have in the presentation of information.
 Objective Reasoning: Verify facts. Distinguish between clear, factual information and
sources that use emotion-arousing language and statistics.
 Coverage: Consider if the material is thorough and consistent with what is found in other
sources on the same topic. Widely divergent ideas or a lack of verifiable facts might
indicate a problem with credibility.
  Writing Style: Think about the organization and main points of the source. If a source is
not logical or organized, it may not be the most reliable or credible source.

PREPARING AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

There are three main steps, which are similar to the usual steps required to complete a written
assignment:

 Finding the literature

 Reading, understanding, and evaluating the literature
 Writing the annotated bibliography
Finding the literature

The following are the sources for getting the literature to a specific topic:

 The Library:Rather than reading all the sources in depth, survey them first to check if
they are relevant to your literature review topic.
 Peer reviewed journal articles.
 Edited academic books.
 Articles in professional journals.
 Statistical data from government websites.
Reading, understanding, and evaluating the literature:

 Begin to develop your understanding of the sources by skimming and scanning them.
 Once you have gained a general understanding of a source, read it closely and actively.
 Critically evaluate the literature.
 Apply critical thinking skills.
 Consider what factors you will use to evaluate or organise the source.
 Reflect on how each source relates to your topic.

Writing the annotated bibliography:

When it comes to writing an annotated bibliography firstarrange the sources in alphabetical

order (by surname of lead author) under the overall heading, just like a reference list Then
followed by writing the bibliography in a standard citation styles.

STANDARD CITATION STYLES USED IN BIBLIOGRAPHY

There are various formats used in the creation of a bibliography some of which are:

 American Psychological Association(APA)

 Modern Language Association (MLA)
 Chicago Manual of Style format,
  Vancouver Style.

VANCOUVER STYLE
The Vancouver style or Uniform Requirements Style, is based on an American National
Standards institute (ANSI) standard adapted by the National Library of Medicine(NLM) for
databases, such as Medline. It was developed in Vancouver in 1978 by editors of medical
journals, who now meet annually as the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.

CITATION WITHIN THE TEXT

Indicating the relevant reference in the text

A number in superscript format. Eg,6or enclosed in bracket (round or square), eg. (1) or [26],
placed in the text of the essay indicates the relevant references. Citations are numbered
consecutively in the order n which they appear in the text and each citation corresponds to a
numbered reference containing publication information about the sources in the reference list at
the end of the publication, essay, or assignment. Once a source has been cited, the same number
is used for all subsequent references. No distinction is made between print and electronic sources
of references when citing within the text. Some of the examples are as follows:

SUPERSCRIPT FORMAT

 The largest lesion in the first study was 10com.13

 The theory was first put forward in 1987.1
 Scholtz2 has argued that..
 Several recent studies 3,4,15,16 have suggested that…
 For example, see.7
BRACKET FORMAT

 The largest lesion in the first study was 10cm [13]

 The theory was first put forward in 1987(1)
 Scholtz (2) has argued that…
 Several recent studies [3,4,15,16] have suggested that…
 For examples, see (7).
Citing more than one reference at a time

When citing more than one source at a time, the preferred method is to list each reference
number separately with a comma or endash (without spaces) between each reference.

SUPERSCRIPT FORMAT

 1,3,5
 1-5
  2-5,9-13
BRACKET FORMAT

 (1,3,5)
 (1-5)
 [2-5, 9-13]
IMPORTANT ISSUES

 Numbering: List all references in order by number, not alphabetically. Each reference is
listed once only , since the same number is used throughout the paper.
 Authors: List each authors last name and initials; full first names are not included as per
this reference style. List all authors of a given publication, but if the number exceeds six,
give the first six names followed by ‘et al’. For books with chapters written by different
authors, ;list the authors of the chapter first, then the chapter title, followed by ‘in:’, the
editors names , and the book title.
 Book and chapter titles: Capitalisze the first letter of the first word in the title. The ret of
the title is in lower-case, with the exception of proper names. Do not underline the title;
do not use italics.
 Journal citations: Provide the abbreviated journal title, period year, semicolon, volume,
issue number in parentheses, colon, page range(elided to the minimum), and a period.
For example: Brain Res 2002;935(1-2):40-6
 Pages:For journals, the entire page range of an article or chapter is given, not the specific
on which the information was found. For books, no page numbers are given, with two
exceptions: the page number of a dictionary entry is included as well as the page range of
a chapter with in a multiauthor title.

FORMAT OF WRITING THE REFERENCE

1. Books
Only the first letter of the first word in the title of a book or conference should be capitalized
except for proper nouns or acronyms. Capitalize the 'V in volume for a book title.
 Single author or editor
 Hoppert M. Microscopic techniques in biotechnology. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH;
2003.
 Storey KB, editor. Functional metabolism: regulation and adaptation. Hoboken
(NJ):J. Wiley & sons; 2004.
 Two or more authors or editors
 Lawhead JB, Baker MC. Introduction to veterinary science. Clifton Park (NY):
Thomson Delmar Learning; 2005.
 Gilstrap LC, Cunningham FG, Van Dorsten JP, editors. Operative obstetrics. 2nd
ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002.
 No author
 The Oxford concise medical dictionary. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press;
2003. p. 26.
 Later edition
 Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobyashi GS, Pfaller MA. Medical microbiology. 4th
ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2002.
 Multiple volumes
 Lee GR, Bithell TC, Foerster J, Athens J W, Lukens JN, editors. Wintrobes
clinical hematology. 9th ed. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Lea &Febiger; 1993.
 Series
 Unwin E, Codde J P, Bartu A. The impact of drugs other than alcohol and
tobacco on the health of Western Australians. Perth: Department of Health; 2004.
Epidemiology occasional papers series, No. 20.
 Corporate author (i.e. a company or organization)
 American Veterinary Medical Association. National Board Examination
Committee. North American Veterinary Licensing Examination: bulletin of
information for candidates. Bismarck (ND): The Committee; 2001.
 Conference (complete conference proceedings)
 Harnden P, Joffe JK, Jones WG, editors. Germ cell tumours V. Proceedings of the
5th Germ Cell Tumourconference; 2001 Sep 13—15; Leeds, UK. New York:
Springer; 2002.
 Government publication
 Australia. Commonwealth Department of Veterans' Affairs and Defence.
Australian Gulf War veterans' health study2003,Canberra: Commonwealth of
Australia;2003
 Australian Bureau of Statistics. Disability, ageing and carers: summary of
findings.Canberra: ABS; 1999.ABS publication 4430.0
 Scientific and technical report
 Lugg DJ. Physiological adaptation and health of an expedition in Antarctica:
with comment on behavioural adaptation. Canberra: A.G.P.S.; 1977. Australian
Government Department of Science, Antarctic Division. ANARE scientific
reports. Series B(4),Medical science No. 0126.
 Thesis or dissertation
 Borkowski MM. Infant sleep and feeding: a telephone survey of Hispanic
Americans. PhD [dissertation). Mount Pleasant (Ml): Central Michigan
University; 2002.
 Hincks CL. The detection and characterisation of novel papillomaviruses.
Biomedical Science, Honours [thesis]. Murdoch: Murdoch University; 2001.
 Patent/Standard

 Pagedas AC, inventor; Ancel Surgical R&D Inc., assignee. Flexible endoscopic
grasping and cutting device and positioning tool assembly. United States patent
US 20020103498. 2002 Aug 1.
2. PARTS OF A BOOK
STANDARD FORMAT:Author of a Part, AA. Title of chapter or part. In: Editor A, Editor b,
editors. Title: Subtitle of Book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. Page numbers.

 Article/Chapter in a book
 Meltzer PS, Kallioniemi A, Trent JM. Chromosome alterations in human solid
tumors. In: Vogelestein B, Kinzler K W, editors. The genetic basis of human
cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill;2002. P. 93-113.
 Conference or Seminar paper
 Christensen S, Oppacher F. An analysis of Koza’s computational effort statistic
for genetic programming. In: Foster JA, Lutton E, Miller J, Ryan C, Tettamanzi
AG, editors. Genetic programming. euroGP 2002: Proceedings of the 5 th
European Conference on Genetic Programming; 2002, Apr 3-5; Kinsdale,
Ireland.Berlin : Springer;2002.p.182-91
 Study guides and unit reader
• Lynch M. God's signature: DNA profiling, the new gold standard in forensic science.
Endeavour. 2003;27(2): 93—7. Reprinted In: Forensic Investigation (BJ0373) unit
reader tor forensic DNA component. Murdoch: Murdoch University; 2005.

3. JOURNAL ARTICLES

STANDARD FORMAT:
Author of article AA, Author of article BB, Author of article CC. Title of article. Abbreviated
Title of Journal. Year; Vol.(issue): page number(s).
 Drummond PD. Triggers of motion sickness in migraine sufferers. Headache.
2005;45(6).
 Halpern SD, UbelPA , Caplan AL. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected
patients. N Engl J Med.2002;347(7):284-7
 Geck MJ, Yoo S, Wang JC. Assessment of cervical ligamentous injury in
trauma patients using spinal Disord.2001;14(5):371-7
 More than six Authors
 Gillespie NC Lewis RJ, Pearn JH, Bouvke ATC, Holmes MJ, Bourke JB, etal.
Ciguatera Australia: occurrence, clinical features, pathophysiology and
management. Med J August.1986;145:584-90.
 Organization as author
 Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Hypertension, insulin, and
proinsulin participants with impaired glucose tolerance.
Hypertension.2002;40(5):679-86.
 No author given
 21st century heart solution may have a sting in the tail.
BMJ.2002;325(7537):679-86
 Volume with supplement
  Geraud G, Spierings EL, Keywood C. Tolerability and safety of frovatriptan
with shortand long-term use for treatment of migraine and in comparison with
sumatriptan.Headache.2002;42Suppl 2:S93-9
 Issue with supplement
 Glauser TA. Integrating clinical trial data into clinical practice. Neurology.
2002;58(12 suppl 7):S6-12
 Volume with part
 Abend SM, Kulish N. The psychoanalytic nnethod from an epistemological
Viewpoint. Int J Psychoanal. 2002;83(Pt 2):491-5
 Issue with part
 Ahrar K, Nladoff DC, Gupta S, Wallace ML Price RE, Wright KC.
Development of a large animal model for lung tumors. J VascIntervRadiol.
2002;13(9 Pt 1):923—8.
 Issue with volume
 Banit DM, Kaufer H, Hartford JM. Intraoperative frozen section analysis in
revision total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 2002;(401):230—8.
 Newspaper article
 O'Leary C. Vitamin C does little to prevent winter cold. The West Australian.
2005 Jun 29;1.

4. E-BOOKS

STANDARD FORMAT: Author A, Author B. Title of e-book [format]. Place: Publisher; Date
of original publication [cited year abbreviated month day]. Available from:Source.URL.

 Van Belle G, Fisher LD, Heagerty PJ, Lumley TS. Biostatistics: a methodology
for the health sciences [e-book]. 2nd ed. Somerset (NJ): Wiley InterScience; 2003
[cited 2005 Jun 301. Available from: Wiley InterScience electronic collection.
 Sommers-Flanagan J, Sommers-Flanagan R. Clinical interviewing [e-book]. 3rd
ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2003 [cited 2005 Jun 30]. Available from:
NetLibrary.

 Article in an electronic reference book:

 Widdicombe J. Respiration. In: Blakemore C, Jennett S, editors. The Oxford
companion to the body [e-book]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001 [cited
2005 Jun 301. Available from: Oxford Reference Online.
http://www.oxfordreference.com.
 Lee HC, Pagliaro EM. Serology: blood identification. In: Siegel J, Knupfer G,
SaukkoP' editors. Encyclopedia of forensic sciences [e-book]. San Diego:
Academic Press; 2000 [cited 2005 Jun 30]: 1331—8. Available from: Science
Direct Reference. www.elsevier.com
5. E-JOURNALS
 STANDARD FORMAT:Author A, Author B. Title of article. Abbreviated title of journal
[format]. Year [cited year abbreviated month day];vol.(no): page
numbers.Availablefrom:database name. URL.

 Journal article from online full-text database

 Palsson G, Hardardottir KE. For whom the cell tolls: debates about biomedicine
(1 CurrAnthropol [serial online]. 2002 [cited 2005 Jun +[about 31 pages
Available from: Academic OneFile. http://find.galegroup.com.
 Allen C, Crake D, Wilson H, Buchholz A. Polycystic ovary syndrome and a low
glyce mic index diet. Can J Diet Pract Res [serial online]. 2005 [cited 2005 Jun
Available from: ProQuest. http://il.proquest.com.
 Journal article in a scholarly journal (published free of charge on the internet):
 Eisen SA, Kang HK, Murphy FM, Blanchard MS, Reda DJ, Henderson WG, et al.
Gul War veterans' health: medical evaluation of a U.S. cohort? Ann Intern Med
[serial on the Internet]. 2005 [cited 2005 June 301;142(11):881+[about 12 pages].
Available from http://www.annals.org/.
 Journal article in electronic journal subscription:
 Barton CA, McKenzie DP, Walters EH, et al. Interactions between psychosocial
problems and management of asthma: who is at risk of dying? J Asthma [serial on
the Internet]. 2005 [cited 2005 Jun 301;42(4): 249—56. Available from:
http://www.tandf.co.uk/joumals/.
 Newspaper article from online database:
 Dearne K. Dispensing with the chemist. The Australian [newspaper online]. 2005
Jun 14 [cited 2005 Jun 30];[about 8 screens]. Available from: Factiva.
http://global.factiva.com.
 Newspaper article from the internet:
 Diseased organs may be used to deter smokers.Sydney Morning Herald
[newspaper on the Internet]. 2005 Jun 29 [cited 2005 Jun 30]; para. 4—5.
Available from: http://www. smh.com.au/.

6. INTERNET DOCUMENTS

STANDARD FORMAT:Author A, Author B. Document title. Webpage name [format].

Source/production information;Date of internet publication [cited year month day]. Available
from: URL.
 Lavelle P. mental state of the nation. Health matters [document on the
internet].ABC online;2005 May 19[cited 2005 Jul
1].Availablefrom:hyyp://abc.net.au/health/features/mentalstate/.

7. WRITING REFERENCE FOR NON-BOOK FORMATS

STANDARD FORMAT:Person AA, Responsibility.Title:subtitle.Specialcredits.Place of

publication:Publisher, Year.
  Podcast
 Brown W, Brodie K, & George P. From Lake f3ajk%J to the halfway mark,
Yekaterinburg Peking to Paris: Episode 3 [podcast on the Internet]. Sydney: ABC
Television; 7)07 June 4 [cited Feb 41. Available from
http://www.abc.net.au/tv/pekingtoparß/ podcast/pekingtc;paris.xml.
 Gary, S. Black hole death ray StarStuff [podcast on the Internet]. Sydney: ABC
News Radio; 2007 Dec 23 [cited 2008 Feb 4]. Available from
http://abc.net.au/newrsradio/ podcast/ SIARSTUFF.xml.
 Microform
 Terry KW, Hcwsc;n GS, Rowe MB. Characterisation of inhaled dusts at
minesites[microfiche]. Perth: Minerals and Energy Research Institute of Western
Australia;1998.
 Video recording
 Hillel J, writer. Out of sight out of mind: indigenous people's health in Australia
[Video recording], Bendigo: Video Education Australasia; 2003.
 Television programme
 Cohen J, reporter. Messing with heads. Four corners [television broadcast].
Australinbroadcasting Corporation; 2005 Mar 21.

8. PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

 Conversation
 In a conversation with a colleague from the School of Population Health
(Jameson LI 2002, oral communication, 7th August).
 Letter
 As stated in a letter from B.J. Samuels, MD, in July 2002.
 Email
 Smith P New/ research projects in gastroenterology [online]. E-mail to Matthew
Hart([email protected]) 2000 Feb 5 [cited 2000 Mar 171.

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION STYLE OF

REFERENCES

1. BOOKS
 Single-author book and part of a book
 Alverez, A. (1970). The savage god:A study of suicide. New York:Random
House.
 Book with two or more authors
 Natarajan, R., &Chaturvecli, R. Geo/ogt/ of the (Ocean L'/oor, J Hartford, CT:
Merganser University Press.
 Ligon, Nt., Carpenter Is's, Brown, W., &Milsop, A. (198?,), Computers in the
world of business communications. Hartford, CT: Capital Press.
  Edition other than first (Republished book)
 Creech, l'. J. (2004). Radiolost/ and 1/11' of 1//(! absurd. Boston: Houghton-
Mifflin. (Original work published 1975)
 An edited volume (Anthology or reference book)
 Stanton, D. C., & Farbman, E. (Eds.). (2003). The female autograph: Theory and
practice of autobiography. Middletown, CT: Ibis Bookstore Press..
 Book without author or editor listed
 Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. (1961). Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam.
 Multivolume work
 Nadeau, B. M. & Darling, J. M. (Eds.). (1994—2003). Studies in the history of
cutlery (Vols. 4—6). Utica, NY: Mohican Valley-River Press.

2. SECONDARY RESOURCES
 O'Connor, C. O. &DeLoatch, K. L. (2003). Whatever happened to the
humanities? In I. Rubenzahl (Ed.), Studies in Byzantine Intrigue (pp. 235—278).
Hartford, CT: Merganser University Press.

3. DICTIONARY
 Shorter Oxford English dictionary (5th ed.).(2002). New York: Oxford University
Press.

4. DISSERTATION OR DISSERTATION ABSTRACT

 Darling, C. W. (1976). Giver of due regard: the poetry of Richard Wilbur.
Dissertation Abstracts International, 44, 4465. (AAD44—8794)
 Darling, C. W. (1976). Giver ofdue regard: the poetry ofRichard Wilbur.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.

5. SCHOLARLY JOURNAL
 Christie, John S. (1993) Fathers and virgins: Garcia Marquez's Faulknerian
Chronicle Ofa Death Foretold. Latin American Literary Review, 13, 21—29.
 Christie, John S. (1993) Fathers and virgins: Garcia Marquez's Faulknerian
Chronicle Of a Death Foretold. Latin American Literary Review, 13(3), 21—29.

6. NEWSPAPER ARTICLES, EDITORIALS, LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

 Poirot, C. (2004, March 17). |Al V pmvention pill goes beyond 'morning after'. "The
Hartford Courant”, pp.F1,F6.
7. NON-PRINT RESOURCES
 Film
 Redford, R. (Director). (1980). Ordinary people [Film]. Hollywood: Paramount. The
source is identified in brackets after the title
  Film with limited circulation
 Holdt, D. (Producer), & Ehlers, E. (Director). (2002). River at High Summer: The
St. Lawrence [Film]. (Available from Merganser Films, Inc., 61 Woodland Street,
Hartford, CT 06105)
 Cassette
 Lake, F. L. (Author and speaker). (1989). Bias and organizational decision making
[Cassette].
 Television programme
 Safer, M. (Narrator). (2004). Torture at Abu Ghraib [Television broadcast]. Hartford:
WFSB.
 Musical recording
 Barber, S. (1995). Cello Sonata. On Barber [CD]. New York: EMI Records Ltd.

8. PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

 Interview
 Wilbur finds himself sometimes surprised by the claims of religiosity made by
contemporaries. (personal letter, March 28, 1977)
 Phone conversation
 According to Connie May Fowler, the sources for her novel Sugar Cane were largely
autobiographical (personal phone conversation, July 22, 2003).

9. CLASSROOM LECTURE

 In an Introduction to Literature lecture at Capital Community College on April 14, 2004,

Professor Charles Darling described William Carlos Williams' poem as a barnyard
snapshot (C.W Darling, ENG 102 lecture, April 14, 2004).

10. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS

 Report from the Government Printing Office, corporate author

 National Institute of Mental Health. (1982). Telcoision and behavior: Ten years of
scientific progress (DHHS Publication No. A 82—1195). Washington, DC: US,
Government Printing Office.

11. ELECTRONIC AND ONLINE RESOURCES

 Online article
 Central Vein Occlusion Study Group. (1993. October 2). Central vein occlusion study
of photocoagulation: Manual of operations [675 paragraphs]. Online Journal of Current
Clinical Trials [On-line serial]. Available: Doc No. 92
  Online abstract
 You can cite an entire Website within your text, but do not include it in your list of
references, For instance, you could say something incredibly profound you learned from
this l/"eb page, and cite the URL at the end of the paragraph
(http://www.ccc.commnet±du/apa/).If a lire break is necessary when you cite a URL,
make the break immediately after a slash mark and carefully avoid the insertion of a
hyphen where none is appropriate.
 Electronic database
 College and public libraries subscribe to electronic databases, such as
EBSCO,LexisNexis OCLC, WilsonWeb, SIRS, etc. There are also online databases,
such as ERIC, PsychINFO), and Public Affairs Information Service (PATS). These
databases contain full-text articles and article abstracts.
MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION (MLA) FORMAT

Formatting Your Paper

 Margins: One-inch on the top, bottom, and sides of each page.

 Page Numbering: Use your word processor to create a header that includes your last
name and the page number in the upper right hand corner of the page, one half inch from
the top of the page. Every page has this header.
 Title Page: MLA style does not require a title page; instead, the first page of the paper
should begin with four lines, double spaced, indicating: your name, name of the course
instructor, name of the course, and the date.
 Spacing: Double-space every line (including long quotes and the citations on the Works
Cited page).
 Indenting: Indent the first line of every paragraph five spaces or one tab. Indent long
quotations ten spaces or two tabs.
 Font and Typeface: Use a 12-point font in Times New Roman.

In this example from the first page of an MLA-style paper, the student’s name is Sarah Trude,
her instructor is Jason Zevenbergen, and the course is English 120:

Trude 1
Sarah Trude
Jason Zevenbergen
English 120
6 May 2013
Censorship as an Act of Freedom
On September 22, 1995, within the same year that the film titled The Indian in the Cupboard
debuted in the United States, Lynne Reid Banks’ award-winning book of the same title was
banned from the Bemidji, Minnesota school district. I first discovered this case of book banning
 on a web page that also describes other cases. The viewer is invited to click on a buried pumpkin
and “harvest” books that have been banned.

Creating the Works Cited Page

 Continue the page numbering sequence from the main body of your paper.
 Center the words “Works Cited” one inch from the top of the page.
 Continue double-spacing.
 If the citation takes up more than one line of the page, indent the remaining line(s) one-half
inch from the left margin.
 Reverse the name of the author: list the author’s last name followed by a comma and the
author’s first name.
 Alphabetize the works you cite by the last name of the author. If there is no known author,
alphabetize by the first word in the title of the work other than A, An, or The.

An MLA-style works cited page looks like this:

Johnson 12
Works Cited
“Americans Without Work.” Editorial. New York Times. New York Times, 22 Dec. 2009. Web.
23 Dec. 2009.
Didion, Joan. “On Going Home.” The Beacon Book of Essays by Contemporary American
Women. Ed. Wendy Martin. Boston: Beacon, 1996. 3-5. Print.
Gould, Elizabeth. “Women Working in Music Education: The War Machine.” Philosophy of
Music Education Review 17.2 (2009): 126-143. Project Muse. Web. 23 Dec. 2009.
Gregory, Phillipa. The Other Boleyn Girl: A Novel. New York: Simon, 2001. Print.
Han, Phil. “Jailbreak Fugitive Updates Facebook Page.” CNN.com. Cable News Network, 23
Dec. 2009. Web. 23 Dec. 2009.
Stewart, Maria W. “Two Texts on Children and Christian Education.” PMLA 123.1 (2008): 156-
165. Print.

Sample Works Cited Page Entries

 An Article in a Scholarly Journal

Author’s Name. “Title of the Article.” Name of the Journal volume number.issue number
(year): page numbers. Medium of publication.

Stewart, Maria W. “Two Texts on Children and Christian Education.” PMLA 123.1 (2008):
156-165. Print.

 A Book by a Single Author

 Author’s Name. Title of the Book. City of Publication: Name of the Publisher, year. Medium
of publication.

Gregory, Phillipa. The Other Boleyn Girl: A Novel. New York: Simon, 2001. Print.

 An Anthology or a Compilation

Editor’s Name, ed. Title of the Book. City of Publication: Name of the Publisher, year.
Medium of publication.

Martin, Wendy, ed. The Beacon Book of Essays by Contemporary American Women.
Boston: Beacon, 1996. Print.

 A Book by Two or More Authors

If the book has two or more authors, list their names in the same order they appear on the title
page of the book. Reverse only the name of the first author.

Author’s Name, and Author’s Name. Title of the Book. City of Publication: Name of the
Publisher, year. Medium of publication.

Witte, Stephen P., and Lester Faigley. Evaluating College Writing Programs. Carbondale:
Southern Illinois UP. Print.

 A Work in an Anthology

Author’s Name. “Title of the Part of the Book Being Cited.” Title of the Anthology. Ed. Editor’s
Name. City of Publication: Name of the Publisher, year. Page numbers of the cited piece.
Medium of publication.

Didion, Joan. “On Going Home.” The Beacon Book of Essays by Contemporary American
Women. Ed. Wendy Martin. Boston: Beacon, 1996. 3-5. Print.

 A Nonperiodical Web Publication (including web sites sponsored by newspapers,

magazines, and news organizations)

Author’s Name. “Title of the Work.” Title of the Overall Web Site. Publisher or Sponsor of the
Site, Date of publication. Medium of publication. Date of access.

Han, Phil. “Jailbreak Fugitive Updates Facebook Page.” CNN.com. Cable News Network, 23
Dec. 2009. Web. 23 Dec. 2009.

 A Journal Article in an Online Database

Author’s Name. “Title of the Article.” Name of the Journal volume number.issue number (year):
page numbers. Title of the Database. Medium of publication. Date of access.
Gould, Elizabeth. “Women Working in Music Education: The War Machine.” Philosophy of
Music Education Review 17.2 (2009): 126-143. Project Muse. Web. 23 Dec. 2009.

Citing Sources in Your Paper

In your text, you can mention the source in a phrase that introduces the quotation and place the
relevant page number(s) in a parenthetical reference at the end of the paraphrase or quotation,
before the end punctuation:

In “Hunger as Ideology,” Susan Bordo claims that women are inundated with
advertisements in which “food is constructed as a sexual object of desire and eating is
legitimated as much more than a purely nutritive activity” (150).

Alternatively, you can cite both the information source and the page number(s) in a parenthetical
reference at the end of the paraphrase or quotation, before the end punctuation.

We demand images of youth because “sagging flesh is almost the ultimate signifier of
decay and disorder” (Bordo 176).

If the quotation is more than four lines, start a block quotation on a new line and indent it one
inch (two tabs) from the left margin. Do not add quotation marks. The end punctuation is placed
before the parenthetical reference.

Pratt explains how interactions are viewed through the lens of power:

When linguistic (or literate) interaction is described in terms of orderliness,

games, moves, or scripts, usually only legitimate moves are actually named as
part of the system, where legitimacy is defined from the point of view of the party
in authority—regardless of what other parties might see themselves as doing.
(508)

If a source has two authors, use both last names in the parenthetical reference.
In the end of The Gold Rush, the main character George was able to find his wife even
though she was swept away by the current (Benson and Mumford 26).
If a source has three authors, use the last name of each person listed.
(Murphy, Stay, and Rafoth 22)
If a source has more than three authors, you may cite all authors or use the last name of the first
author followed by “et al.”
(Huang et al. 10)
If a source has no identified author, give the title of the work in your parenthetical reference.
You may use a shortened version of the title as long as it directs the reader to the correct entry in
the works cited page. This example cites information from The Longman Guide to the Web:
(Longman Guide 137)
CHICAGO MANNUAL OF STYLES FORMAT

The Chicago Manual of Style presents two basic documentation systems, the notes-bibliography
style and the author-date style. Because Chicago style is so complex, there are numerous ways of
adapting it to specific uses.
The Two Styles: The notes-bibliography style is preferred by many in literature, history, and the
arts. This style presents bibliographic information in notes and, often, a bibliography.
The more concise author-date style has long been used by those in the physical, natural, and
social sciences. In this style, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by
author’s last name and date of publication. The short citations are amplified in a list of
references, where full bibliographic information is provided.
Below are some common examples of materials cited in both styles. Each example is given first
in notes-bibliography style and then in author-date style.

Journal article (Print)

Notes-Bibliography style:
Note: footnote number. First name Last name, “Article Title,” Journal Volume (Year of
Publication): Page
Ex: 8. John Maynard Smith, “The Origin of Altruism,” Nature 393 (1998): 639.
Bibliography: Last name, First name. “Article Title.”
Ex: Smith, John Maynard. “The Origin of Altruism.” Nature 393 (1998): 639–40.

Author-Date Style
In-Text Citation: (Last name Year of Publication, Page)
Ex: (Smith 1998, 639)
Reference List: Last name, First name. Year of Publication. Title of article. Journal Volume:
Pages.
Ex: Smith, John Maynard. 1998. The origin of altruism. Nature 393: 639–40
Book (One author)

Notes-Bibliography Style:
Note: footnote number. First name Last name, Title of book (Place of publication:
Publisher, Year of publication), page number.
Ex: 1. Wendy Doniger, Splitting the Difference (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1999), 65. Bibliography: Last name, First name. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher,
Year of publication.
Ex: Doniger, Wendy. Splitting the Difference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1999.
Author-Date Style:
In-Text Citation: (Last name year of publication, page)
Ex: (Doniger 1999, 65)
Reference List: Last name, First name. Year of Publication. Title. Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Ex: Doniger, Wendy. 1999. Splitting the difference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Journal article (Online)
** If an access date is required by your professor, include it parenthetically at the end of the
citation, as in the fourth example below.
Notes-Bibliography style: Note: footnote number. First name Last name, “Title,” Journal
Volume, Number (Year), URL.
Ex: 33. Mark A. Hlatky et al., "Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms in
Postmenopausal Women after Receiving Hormone Therapy," Journal of the American Medical
Association 287, no. 5 (2002), http://jama.ama-assn.org.
Bibliography: Last name, Fist name, First name Last name. “Title of Article.” Journal, page,
number (date of publication), URL.
Ex: Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A.
Whooley. "Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women after
Receiving Hormone Therapy." Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5
(February 6, 2002), http://jama.amaassn.org.

Author-Date Style:
In-Text Citation: (Last name Year)
Ex: (Hlatky et al. 2002)
Reference List: (Last name, First name, First name Last name year. Title of Article. Journal,
page, number (date) URL (date accessed).
Ex: Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A.
Whooley. 2002. Quality-of-life and depressive symptoms in postmenopausal women after
receiving hormone therapy. Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5 (February
6), http://jama.ama-assn.org (accessed January 7, 2004)
Web site
Notes-Bibliography style:
Note: footnote number. Title of Website, “Title of Web Page,” Author, URL.
Ex: 11. Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees, “Evanston Public Library Strategic
Plan, 2000– 2010: A Decade of Outreach,” Evanston Public Library,
http://www.epl.org/library.html.
Bibliography: Title of Website. “Title of Web Page.” Author. URL. (date accessed).
Ex: Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. “Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan,
2000– 2010: A Decade of Outreach.” Evanston Public Library.
http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan00.html (accessed June 1, 2005).
Author-Date Style:
In-Text Citation: (Title of Web Page)
Ex: (Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees)
Reference List: (Title of Web site. Title of Article. Author. URL)
Ex: Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. Evanston Public Library strategic plan,
2000–2010: A decade of outreach. Evanston Public Library. http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-
plan-00.html.

Chicago Rules Governing the Examples:

General. List the elements that clearly identify the work’s author and title, its publisher, and date
of publication. For online publications, add elements stating where you retrieved the document
and the date accessed, if required.

Punctuation. Periods are generally used between elements in references in bibliographies and
reference lists. A colon separates titles from subtitles, the place of publication from the publisher
name, and volume information from page numbers for journal articles. Quotation marks are used
around article and chapter titles.

Capitalization. In bibliographies and notes, capitalize the first letter of all significant words in
titles and subtitles of works and parts of works such as articles or chapters. In reference lists,
capitalize the first letter of all significant words only in titles of periodicals, and capitalize only
the first letter of the first word (and any proper nouns) of titles and subtitles of articles, books,
and chapters, and corporate authors.

Font. Italicize titles of periodicals and books.

Abbreviations. Use ed. or trans. for “editor” or “edited by” or “translator” or “translated by.”
“University” may be abbreviated to Univ. Months may be abbreviated. Be consistent throughout
your paper with whatever conventions you adopt.
Footnotes and endnotes. Number notes consecutively throughout your paper, beginning with
one. Format is the same for endnotes and footnotes. Endnotes should follow the body of the
paper and recede any appendices and the bibliography.

Authors’ names. In bibliographies and reference lists, only the first author’s last name is
inverted (last name first), First names should usually be provided when available. List all
authors’ names in a bibliography or reference list. In in-text parenthetical references, list the last
names of one to three authors; if more than three, list the first followed by “et al”. Corporate
names as authors are written out.
Publication place. If more than one place is given, the first is generally sufficient. Do not
abbreviate place names. Give the city and stat or country if the city is not well known for
publishing or is ambiguous.

Publisher. Provide the exact publisher name. Common names may be shortened (e.g., Scribner,
Macmillan).

Publication date. In notes and bibliographies, the date of publication for books and most
published works follows the publisher name. For articles, it is part of the volume and issue
number statement. In reference lists, the year of publication immediately follows the name(s) of
the author(s). For works with no author or editor, put the title first and follow it by the year of
publication. If there is no date available, state “n.d.”

Volume and Issue Numbers. For periodicals with continuous pagination throughout a volume,
provide only the volume number and year. If issue begins with page 1, follow the volume
number with the issue number identified be “no.” or its name.

Manuscript Format
Below are formatted examples of the “Notes,” “Reference List,” and “Bibliography” pages in
Chicago Style. Use the page that corresponds with your citation selection, not all three.
 Connors 4

Notes

1. The Chicago Manual of Style Online, “Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide,” The
University of Chicago,http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/ tools_citationguide.html.

Note Number is not

raised and is followed by a period.

2. University of Chicago
Last name and title
refer to an earlier note by the
same author.

3. University of Chicago

4. University of Chicago

5. University of Chicago
First line of each note is intended
½’’ (or five spaces)

6. University of California Berkeley Library. “Turabian and Chicago Styles Citations,”

Instructional Services, http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/ guides/chicago-turabianstyle.pdf

Authors names are not inverted

7. Diana Hacker et al., A Writer’s Reference (Boston: Bedford. 2009) 529-530.

Notes are single spaced, with double spacing

between notes. (some instructors may prefer double spacing throughout)

Above is an example of the notes in the notes-bibliography style represented as end-notes.

This is a stylistic choice (usually dictated by the professor) that would be a replacement for the
bibliography.
Connors 4

Bibliography

Entries
are alphabetized by authors’ last names
Hacker, Diana. A Writer’s Reference. Boston: Bedford, 2009.

The University of Chicago “Chicago- Style Citation Quick Guide.” The Chicago Manual of
Style Online. http://www.chicagomanualofstyle. org/tools_citationguide.html.
 The University of Chicago. “Turabian and Chicago Styles Citations.” Instructional Services.
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides /chicago-turabianstyle.pdf
First line of entry is at left margin;
Additional lines are indented ½ ‘’
(or give spaces)

Entries are single-spaced,

with double-spacing between
entries. (some instructors may prefer
double-spacing throughout)

Connors 4

References

The Chicago Manual of Style Online. Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide. The University of Chicago
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools _citationguide.html.

Hacker, Diana. 2009 A Writer’s Reference. Boston: Bedford.

Sentence- style
capitalization

Turabian and Chicago Styles Citations. Univ..of Chicago, Instructional Services. http://www.lib.
berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/chicago- turabianstyle.pdf
Abbreviated
journal titles

For a scientific
work

\
CONCLUSION

In conclusion an annotated bibliography will usually include a reference (in some units this is
referred to as citation) and an annotation. However, it is important to read the specific
instructions one has been given, as what needs to be included, and how one will structure the
information, differs between the units.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Sharma KS. Nursing Research and Statistics. 2 nd edition. New Delhi: Elsevier; 2014.
P.342-354
2. Polit FD, Beck TC. Nursing Research. 10 th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2012. P.
684
Net reference:
https://www.unh.edu/writing/sites/default/files/documents/chicago_manual_of_style_full-1.pdf
https://und.edu/academics/writing-center/_files/docs/mla-format-and-documentation.pdf
www.scribd.com

CONTENT

1. Introduction to annotations and bibliography

2. Definition
3. Purpose
4. Components
5. Types
 6. Criteria when evaluating sources
7. Preparing an annotated bibliography
8. Standard citation styles used in bibliography
 Vancouver Style.
 American Psychological Association(APA)
 Modern Language Association (MLA)
 Chicago Manual of Style format
9. Conclusion
10. Bibliography

ASSAM DOWNTOWN UNIVERSITY

 FACULTY OF NURSING
ASSIGNMENT

ON

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

SUBJECT – NURSING EDUCATION

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

MS. LAMLYNTI LANGBANG AMANDA KHARSAMAI

LECTURER 1ST YR. M.Sc. NURSING

FACULTY OF NURSING ROLL NO- 02

ASSAM DOWNTOWN UIVERSITY ASSAM DOWNTOWN UNIVERSITY

SUBMITTED ON: 15/11/2021