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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT (HSE)

Introductory Student Exercise-

Why is the study of Occupational Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) relevant to all professionals of
different Discipline or Academic Qualification and Occupation?

One of the most effective ways to reduce workplace hazards and injuries is through a
comprehensive, proactive safety and health management system. A safety and health
management system is a proactive, collaborative process to find and fix workplace hazards
before employees are injured or become ill. The benefits of implementing safety and health
management systems include workers, saving money, and making all your hazard-specific
programs more effective. In hospitals, prioritizing safety in the environment of care reaps
important additional benefits through improved quality of patient care. Leading hospitals have
already effectively implemented these systems in a number of ways.

Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) is an umbrella term for the laws, rules, guidance and
processes designed to help protect employees, the public and the environment from harm. In the
workplace, the responsibilities for designing and implementing appropriate procedures is often
assigned to a specific department, often called the "HSE" department which is responsible for
environmental protection, occupational health and safety at work. HSE management has two
general objectives: prevention of incidents or accidents that might result from abnormal
operating conditions and reduction of adverse effects that result from normal operating
condition

What is a hazard?
o Chemical e.g. Poisons, Dusts
o Biological e.g. Viruses, Plants, Parasites
o Mechanical/Electrical e.g. Slips, Trips And Falls, Tools, Electrical Equipment
o Psychological e.g. fatigue, violence, bullying.

Hazards can arise from:

o The Work Environment
o The Use Of Machinery And Substances
o Poor Work Design
o Inappropriate Systems And Procedures

Examples of workplace hazards include:

o Manual Handling e.g Pushing, Pulling, Carrying, Lifting
o Work Environment e.g. Floor Surfaces, Noise, Temperature
o Machinery
o Heat e.g. Burns And Scalds
o Electricity e.g Electrocution
o Harassment e.g Bullying And/Or Violence
o Hazardous substances e.g. Chemicals, Fumes
o Biological Waste
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 o Skin Penetrating Injuries e.g. Knife Or Syringe Injuries
o Noise
o Confined Space
Recognising the hazards in a workplace and taking steps to eliminate or control the hazard ensures
the safety and well being of all employees. It is easier and more effective to eliminate or control
the hazard before serious injuries result.
The Occupational Health and Safety Regulation 2001 states that an employer must eliminate any
reasonably foreseeable risk to the health and safety of employees and others in the workplace and
if this is not practicable must control the risk.
Hazards can be dealt with by:
o Eliminating The Hazard
o Changing The Equipment Or Materials
o Changing Work Methods
Using personal protection equipment (PPE) (as a last resort)

Student Activity 1: Identifying hazards and risk management

Answer the following questions
1) List 3 hazards that you may find in each of the following workplaces:
1. Hotels
. 2. Factory
3. Farm
4. Building site
2) List injuries that may result from each of the following hazards:
1. Manual Handling
2. Noise
3. Hazardous Substances

Observation Research Project

In visiting most Multinational companies and locally owned company , we are normally welcomed at
the Gate with safety slogans
1. identify five(5) of such Slogans
2. Mention the 4 reasons why most of these companies put a lot of emphasis on safety
Orientation

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 CHAPTER 2

COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Introductory Student Exercise

Mention three (3) importance of communication each – (1) Family (2) Workplace (3) Military

1. General requirement for good communication

The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations1999 require every employer to provide
employees with information on:
 The potential risks to their health and safety
 preventive and protective measures for those risks
 Emergency procedures
 The identities of those who have a role within the organization’s health and safety
management system.
This includes giving employees information on any process or task that might involve particular
risk. This information must be:
 Comprehensive – it must make sense to those it affects; if the regulations are difficult for
staff members to understand then Codes of Practice and other guidance notes should be
made available, as well as the organization’s own interpretation in the form of policies and
procedures
 Relevant – to avoid ‘information overload’, only the information directly relevant to a staff
member’s area of work should be provided. This also means that information should be
constantly reviewed and revised according to current working practices.

2 Communication methods

Communication methods include:

 induction training
 formal training
 signs
 notices and posters
 face-to-face communication
 Emails, and other letters and handouts.

STUDENT GROUP DISCUSSION – Mention two Merits and Demerits each of the following
communication methods in an organization

HSE COMMUNICATION

The following avenues for HSE communication are useful

1. Meetings: Daily pep-talks or tool box, meetings Scheduled formal meetings. These meetings
should have specific intervals, attendance and duration.
2. Posters/cartoons: the use of specific and clear posters/cartoons.
3. Circulars/bulleting/newsletters.

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 At intervals HSE information printed out as circulars, bulletins and newsletters and made
available to workers will go a long way to send HSE message down.

Case study: Health and safety first

An electrician was sent to install the supplies for extra equipment in a small industrial unit producing specialised
agricultural equipment. Wanting to carry out a safe isolation procedure in order to make final connections, he set
about tracing out the relevant cable runs to ensure he isolated the correct circuits. The manager of the
manufacturing company, on seeing the electrician painstakingly tracing wiring, became impatient and concerned
about the amount of money this might cost; he angrily demanded that the electrician make the final connections
and finish the job. The electrician tried to explain why it was important to switch off the correct supplies.
Exasperated, the manager went to the main incoming supply point and pulled the main fused switch from ‘on’ to
‘off’. The unit was plunged into darkness, and silence, apart from the outraged shouts of machinists and welders.
The electrician switched on his torch and set to work. One of the workers, now angry at losing the supply to his
welder, located the main switch and turned the supply back on. The electrician received a fatal 400-V shock.

1 What does this say about the communication channels within this manufacturing company?
2 What does this say about the health and safety culture at the manufacturer’s premises?
3 What is the safe isolation procedure?
4 How should the electrician have responded to the manager’s impatience?

Student exercise:
1. Explain 5 ways of communicating safety in an organization.
2. Explain 5 topics each you will like to give as daily pep talk or tool box meeting for the
following projects
i. Construction works
ii. Drilling works
iii. Plumbing works
iv. Carpentry works
v. Piping works

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 CHAPTER 3

PPE

Personal protective equipment, commonly referred to as "PPE", is equipment worn to minimize

exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and illnesses. These injuries and illnesses
may result from contact with chemical, radiological, physical, electrical, mechanical, or other
workplace hazards. Personal protective equipment may include items such as gloves, safety glasses
and shoes, earplugs or muffs, hard hats, respirators, or coveralls, vests and full body suit

Case study

A commercial gardener was using a petrol-driven strimmer to trim undergrowth. He hit a piece
of unseen debris, which was thrown into the air and caught him in the eye. He lost the sight in
that eye because he was not wearing protective goggles, which was advised in the
manufacturer's written instructions for using the strimmer.
How similar accidents can be prevented.

Student activity – group discussion and exercise

1. Why is PPE important
2. What can be done to ensure proper use of personal protective equipment?

Even where engineering controls and safe systems of work have been applied, some hazards
might remain. These include injuries to:
 the lungs, e.g from breathing in contaminated air
 the head and feet, e.g from falling materials
 the eyes, e.g from flying particles or splashes of corrosive liquids
 the skin, e.g from contact with corrosive materials

Types of PPE you can use

Eyes
Hazards
Chemical or metal splash, dust, projectiles, gas and vapour, radiation
Options
Safety spectacles, goggles, face screens, face shields, visors
Note;
Make sure the eye protection chosen has the right combination of impact/dust/splash/molten
metal eye protection for the task and fits the user properly
Head and neck
Hazards
Impact from falling or flying objects, risk of head bumping, hair getting tangled in machinery,
chemical drips or splash, climate or temperature
Options
Industrial safety helmets, bump caps, hairnets and firefighters' helmets

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Note:
 Some safety helmets incorporate or can be fitted with specially-designed eye or hearing
protection
 Don't forget neck protection, e.g scarves for use during welding
 Replace head protection if it is damaged
Ears
Hazards
Noise – a combination of sound level and duration of exposure, very high-level sounds are a hazard
even with short duration
Options
Earplugs, earmuffs, semi-insert/canal caps
Note:
 Provide the right hearing protectors for the type of work, and make sure workers know how
to fit them
 Choose protectors that reduce noise to an acceptable level, while allowing for safety and
communication
Hands and arms
Hazards
Abrasion, temperature extremes, cuts, punctures, impact, chemicals, electric shock, radiation,
vibration, biological agents and prolonged immersion in water.
Options
Gloves, gloves with a cuff, gauntlets and sleeve that covers part or all of the arms.
Note
 Avoid gloves when operating machines such as bench drills where the gloves might get
caught.
 Some materials are quickly penetrated by chemicals – take care in selection
 Barrier creams are unreliable and are no substitute for proper PPE
 Wearing gloves for long periods can make the skin hot and sweaty, leading to skin
problems. Using separate cotton inner gloves can help prevent this

Feet and legs

Hazards
Wet, hot and cold conditions, electrostatic build-up, slipping, cuts and punctures, falling objects,
heavy loads, metal and chemical splash, vehicles, etc.
Options
Safety boots and shoes with protective toecaps and penetration-resistant, mid-sole wellington
boots and specific footwear’s, e.g foundry boots and chain saw boots.
Note
 Footwear can have a variety of sole patterns and materials to help prevent slips in different
conditions, including oil - or chemical-resistant soles. It can also be anti-static, electrically
conductive or thermally insulating
 Appropriate footwear should be selected for the risks identified.
Lungs
Hazards
 Oxygen-deficient atmospheres, dusts, gases and vapours
Options – respiratory protective equipments (RPE)
 Some respirators rely on filtering contaminants from workplace air. These include simple
filtering facepieces and respirators and power-assisted respirators
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  Make sure it fits properly, e.g for tight-fitting respirators (filtering face pieces, half and full
masks)
 There are also types of breathing apparatus which give an independent supply of
breathable air, e.g fresh-air hose, compressed airline and self-contained breathing
apparatus

Note:
 The right type of respirator filter must be used as each is effective for only a limited range
of substances.
 Filters have only a limited life. Where there is a shortage of oxygen or any danger of losing
consciousness due to exposure to high levels of harmful fumes, only use breathing
apparatus – never use a filtering cartridge.
 You will need to use breathing apparatus in a confined space or if there is a chance of an
oxygen deficiency in the work area
 If you are using respiratory protective equipment, look at HSE’s publication Respiratory
protective equipment at work: A practical guide

Whole body
Hazards
Heat, chemical or metal splash, spray from pressure leaks or spray guns, contaminated dust,
impact or penetration, excessive wear or entanglement of own clothing
Options
Conventional or disposable overalls, boiler suits, aprons, chemical suits
Note
 The choice of materials includes flame-retardant, anti-static, chain mail, chemically
impermeable, and high-visibility
 Don't forget other protection, like safety harnesses or life jackets

Emergency equipment
Careful selection, maintenance and regular and realistic operator training is needed for equipment
for use in emergencies, like compressed-air escape breathing apparatus, respirators and safety
ropes or harnesses.

Student Activity 3: Identifying Personal Protective Equipment

Suggest Five(5) PPE for the following workers
1. PHCN/NEPA
2. Carpenters
3. Offshore Platforms
4. Mason/Bricklayer
5. Fumigation

Student exercise
i. Mention 3 (three) importance of PPE
ii. List 5(five) PPEs and the part of the body they protect.

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 INTERNET RESEARCH PROJECT WORK
1. Identify six(6) additional specials PPE not mentioned in this book and their respective
industrial use
2. Download and print out diagrams of 25 identified PPE

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 CHAPTER 4

GOOD HOUSEKEEPING

Introductory Question – Mention ten (10) effects of poor housekeeping in our homes and
offices

What is good housekeeping?

Housekeeping is not just cleanliness. It includes keeping work areas neat and orderly; maintaining
halls and floors free of slip and trip hazards; and removing of waste materials (e.g., paper,
cardboard) and other fire hazards from work areas. It also requires paying attention to important
details such as the layout of the whole workplace, aisle marking, the adequacy of storage facilities,
and maintenance. Good housekeeping is also a basic part of accident and fire prevention.
Effective housekeeping is an ongoing operation: it is not a hit-and-miss cleanup done occasionally.
Periodic "panic" cleanups are costly and ineffective in reducing accidents.

What is the purpose of workplace housekeeping?

Poor housekeeping can be a cause of accidents, such as:
 tripping over loose objects on floors, stairs and platforms
 being hit by falling objects
 slipping on greasy, wet or dirty surfaces
 striking against projecting, poorly stacked items or misplaced material
 cutting, puncturing, or tearing the skin of hands or other parts of the body on projecting
nails, wire or steel strapping.
To avoid these hazards, a workplace must "maintain" order throughout a workday. Although this
effort requires a great deal of management and planning, the benefits are many.

What are some benefits of good housekeeping practices?

Effective housekeeping results in:
 reduced handling to ease the flow of materials
 fewer tripping and slipping accidents in clutter-free and spill-free work areas
 decreased fire hazards
 lower worker exposures to hazardous substances (e.g. dusts, vapours)
 better control of tools and materials, including inventory and supplies
 more efficient equipment cleanup and maintenance
 better hygienic conditions leading to improved health
 more effective use of space
 reduced property damage by improving preventive maintenance
 less janitorial work
 improved morale
 improved productivity (tools and materials will be easy to find)

How do I plan a good housekeeping program?

A good housekeeping program plans and manages the orderly storage and movement of materials
from point of entry to exit. It includes a material flow plan to ensure minimal handling. The plan
also ensures that work areas are not used as storage areas by having workers move materials to
and from work areas as needed. Part of the plan could include investing in extra bins and more
frequent disposal. The costs of this investment could be offset by the elimination of repeated
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handling of the same material and more effective use of the workers' time. Often, ineffective or
insufficient storage planning results in materials being handled and stored in hazardous ways.
Knowing the plant layout and the movement of materials throughout the workplace can help plan
work procedures.

Worker training is an essential part of any good housekeeping program. Workers need to know
how to work safely with the products they use. They also need to know how to protect other
workers such as by posting signs (e.g., "Wet - Slippery Floor") and reporting any unusual
conditions.
Housekeeping order is "maintained" not "achieved." Cleaning and organization must be done
regularly, not just at the end of the shift. Integrating housekeeping into jobs can help ensure this is
done. A good housekeeping program identifies and assigns responsibilities for the following:
 clean up during the shift
 day-to-day cleanup
 waste disposal
 removal of unused materials
 inspection to ensure cleanup is complete

Do not forget out-of-the-way places such as shelves, basements, sheds, and boiler rooms that
would otherwise be overlooked. The orderly arrangement of operations, tools, equipment and
supplies is an important part of a good housekeeping program.

The final addition to any housekeeping program is inspection. It is the only way to check for
deficiencies in the program so that changes can be made. The documents on workplace inspection
checklists provide a general guide and examples of checklists for inspecting offices and
manufacturing facilities. Stop accidents through good housekeeping

Good housekeeping is a vital factor in preventing accidents. The great majority of all work
accidents are caused during the handling of goods or materials, and by people falling, being hit by
falling objects, or striking against objects in the workplace. All these causes can be reduced by good
housekeeping practices—in fact, good housekeeping is the only cure for hundreds of accidents that
occur.
Here are some kinds of accidents commonly caused by bad housekeeping:
 Tripping over loose objects on floors, stairs and platforms.
 Articles dropping from above.
 Slipping on greasy, wet or dirty surfaces.
 Striking against projecting, poorly stacked, or misplaced material.
 Tearing the hands or other parts of the body on projecting nails, wire, steel strapping on bales
or crates, etc.
Typical examples of poor housekeeping that lead to these accidents are:
• Excessive material, waste or chips in the working area.
• Congested aisles.
• Tools left on machines.
• Waste containers overflowing.
• Lockers and work rooms in disorder.
• Acids in open containers.
• Broken glass.
• Electric leads or air lines across aisles.

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• Dirty light fittings, windows and skylights.
Stop accidents through good housekeeping

Where housekeeping is bad, fire is a constant hazard. It can be caused by many housekeeping
problems—such as oil-soaked rags and clothing igniting from spontaneous combustion; dust
collectors not being properly or frequently cleaned; or piles of paper and other packing materials
being allowed to accumulate.
Poor housekeeping can also lead to infestation by pests such as rodents and cockroaches and
create
serious health risks.
Elements of a good housekeeping campaign
The following are the basic elements of a good housekeeping campaign that need attention:
Aisles—Wide enough for traffic movements, marked off by floor lines from work positions and
storage
areas.
Space—Sufficient room for the individual to work.
Storage—Adequate and convenient space for materials and tools.
Materials Handling—Layout planned for materials
flow, with efficient methods and equipment.
Ventilation—Good general ventilation plus local exhaust ventilation to remove air contaminants at
the
source.
Floors and Walls—of construction and materials that are easy to keep clean and in good repair.
Lighting—Well-distributed artificial light and effective use of available daylight.
Amenities—Clean, up-to-date washrooms and lockers for clothing. A clean, inviting lunch room for
employees to eat their meals.
Waste Removal—Adequate facilities to prevent congestion and disorder. Let us look at some of
these elements in detail.
KEEP AISLES CLEAR: Aisle space should be reserved for the movement of personnel, products
and materials. It should be kept clean and clear and should never be used for “bottleneck” or
“overflow’ storage. This also applies to passage ways and emergency exits. Blind corners should be
eliminated
or be adequately protected by warning signs. Aisle boundary markings should be drawn to show
clearly the space which has been reserved for traffic. Markings should be sufficiently wide (say a
minimum of 30 mm) and of a colour to make them clearly visible. Paint or durable plastic strips can
be used.
IMPROVE STORAGE FACILITIES: Tidiness and order are essential in overcoming storage problems,
both in store rooms and in the yard. Good storage utilizes air space instead of floor space, and also
saves time-wasting delays. It’s important t to prevent stores and scraps accumulating on the floor
and around machines. Never keep more stores and materials than necessary near machines and
provide proper facilities (such as bins, shelves, boxes, racks, etc.) in which to store them.

KEEP FLOORS CLEAN: Every year thousands of work injuries are caused by people falling. Floor
conditions are responsible for many of these accidents. When floors are given the right treatment
they are much easier to keep clean and hygienic. Spilt oil and other liquids should be cleaned up at
once. Chips, shavings, dust, and similar wastes should never be allowed to accumulate. They
should be removed frequently, or better still, be suitably trapped before they reach the floor.

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PAINT THE WALLS: Paint is one of the cheapest means of renovating walls, and a fresh coat of
paint can give a boost to morale. Light-coloured walls reflect light. Dirty or dark-coloured walls
absorb light. Dirty walls have a depressing effect and encourage dirty habits and sloppy attitudes.
Choose suitable colours to paint walls, ceilings and working surfaces. See that the paint work is
cleaned down periodically. Colour can be harnessed to assist with safety. For example it can be
used to warn of physical hazards and to mark obstructions such as pillars. Painting handrails,
machine guards and other safety equipment renders them distinctive and also prevents rust.
Colour can be used to highlight the hazardous parts of machinery but it can never substitute for a
needed guard.
MAINTAIN THE LIGHT FITTINGS: Attention to light fittings should be an integral part of any good
housekeeping programme. Dirty lamps and shades, and lamps whose output has deteriorated with
use, deprive employees of essential light. It’s been found that lighting efficiency may be improved
by 20 to 30 percent simply by cleaning the lamps and reflectors.
CLEAN THE WINDOWS: Clean windows let in light; dirty ones keep it out. Insufficient light causes
eyestrain and leads to accidents because employees are unable to see properly. Ensure that
windows are not blocked by stacked materials, equipment or article son the ledges.
DISPOSE OF SCRAP AND PREVENT SPILLAGE: It’s a common practice to let the floor catch all the
waste and then spend time and energy cleaning it up. It is obviously better to provide convenient
containers for scrap and waste and educate employees to use them. Safety will benefit, expense
will be saved, and the factory will be a better place in which to work. Oily floors are a common
accident and fire hazard. Splash guards and drip pans should be installed wherever oil spills or drips
may occur. Prevent accidents by keeping oil and grease off the floor.

GET RID OF DUST AND DIRT: In some jobs, dust, dirt, chips, etc., are unavoidable. If they can’t be
collected as part of the process (e.g. by enclosure and exhaust methods) you need a way to clean
them up. Vacuum cleaners are suitable for removing light dust and dirt. Industrial models have
special fittings for cleaning walls, ceilings, ledges, machinery, and other hard-to-reach places where
dust and dirt collect. If light dust is removed by sweeping, floors should be dampened first rather
than swept dry. Oiling floors occasionally with a light oil helps to lay the dust but take care that
slipping hazards do not occur. Remember, it is not only floors that need sweeping. Dust and grime
also collect on ledges, shelves, piping, conduits, lamps, reflectors, windows, cupboards, lockers,
and so on—and all these places need attention.
MAINTAIN A HIGH STANDARD IN MEAL ROOMS, REST ROOMS, ETC: No housekeeping programme
should ignore the facilities provided for meals, restand sanitation, where cleanliness is essential for
walls, floors, and fixtures. A light-coloured paint can work wonders in these places and set a
standard to which employees will try to conform. Soap and towels should be renewed regularly
and wash basins properly cleaned.
KEEP TOOLS TIDY: Tool housekeeping is very important, whether in the tool room, on the rack,
outin the yard, or on the bench. Suitable fixtures for tools are required to provide orderly
arrangement, both in the tool room and near the work bench, and a regular system of inspecting,
cleaning, and repairing is an essential part of any programme.
LOOK AFTER YOUR FIRST AID GEAR: First aid facilities and equipment should be kept under
spotlessly clean conditions and fully stocked so that they are always ready in the event of accidents
or illness.
INSPECT FIRE-CONTROL EQUIPMENT: It is essential to ensure that all fire-fighting equipment such
as extinguishers and fire hoses is regularly inspected and kept in good working order. Fire
protection facilities — fire doors and exits, automatic alarms, etc.— should be in good working
order. Doors and exits should always be kept clear of obstructions.
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ATTEND REGULARLY TO MAINTENANCE:
Perhaps the most important element of good housekeeping is the attention paid to maintenance
of buildings and equipment. If something gets broken or damaged it should be replaced or fixed as
quickly as possible (e.g., defective ladders, broken handrails, steps, etc.). Apart from the possibility
of causing accidents, a workplace can take on a very neglected appearance if broken windows,
damaged doors, defective plumbing, leaking gutters, broken floor surfaces and the like are allowed
to remain in that condition. Employees may take the hint in a neglectful attitude to their jobs. A
good maintenance programme will make provision for the inspection, lubrication, up keep and
repair of tools, equipment, machines and processes.
ASSIGN RESPONSIBILITY FOR CLEANING:
Where practicable, the cleaning of the work place should be the responsibility of a special cleaning
staff and not an additional job for employees engaged in production. Where this is not possible,
adequate time during working hours should be allowed for cleaning up to be done. Responsibility
should be clearly assigned as to who is to do the cleaning and what area is to be cleaned. If this is
not done, out-of-the way places such as shelves, yards, small buildings, sheds, cellars, basements,
and boiler rooms are overlooked until they get into a deplorable state.
PREPARE A CHECK LIST:
A sound method to ensure that housekeeping is done is for management to prepare a check list to
suit the requirements of the workplace. The following can serve as a guide for nearly all industries.
The good housekeeping checklist. Check off your housekeeping programme against this checklist.
Better still; make a more comprehensive list of your own.
BUILDINGS
1. Walls clean.
2. Windows clean.
3. Walls free of unnecessary hangings.
4. Proper light provided.
5. Platforms in good condition.
6. Stairs clean and well lit. Handrails and steps of sound construction and well maintained.

FLOORS
1. Good floor surface.
2. Kept clean and free of loose material. Clean in corners, behind radiators, along walls, and
around pillars or columns.
3. Free of oil, grease, etc.
4. Operating floors, or work positions free of loose scrap, metal or other materials.
5. Free of unnecessary articles.
6. Bins provided for refuse.
AISLES
1. Free of obstructions.
2. Safe and free passage to fire-fighting equipment and fire exits.
3. Safe and free access to work positions.
4. Clearly defined.
MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT
1. Clean and free of unnecessary material.
2. Free of unnecessary dripping of oil or grease.
3. Area around machines clean and free of rags, paper, etc.
4. Lockers and cupboards clean and free ofunnecessary material both on top and inside.
5. Benches and seats clean and in good condition.
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 6. Drinking fountains clean.
7. Toilet facilities clean and well ventilated.
8. Proper guards provided and in good condition.
9. First-aid facilities and equipment fully stocked and in clean condition.
STOCK AND MATERIAL
1. Properly piled and arranged
2. Kept in storage areas.
TOOLS
1. Properly arranged in place.
2. Free of oil and grease.
3. Inspected and maintained in good order.
4. Tool rooms and racks in clean and orderly condition.
GROUNDS
1. Yard and building surrounds free of refuse such as fruit peelings, scrap, wood, Iron, etc.
2. Grounds kept free of weeds and overgrown vegetation.
3. Wastes and refuse removed frequently.
Good housekeeping doesn’t just happen.
A good housekeeping programme can start only when management accepts responsibility for it.
Management must plan it in the first place and then make sure it consistently enforces the
measures decided upon. A system of joint participation by employers and employees in developing
and maintaining a safe and healthy work environment is described in the Department of Labour’s
Code of Practice for Health and Safety Representatives and Health and Safety Committees. The
adoption of such a system will assist in promoting an effective housekeeping campaign.
Good housekeeping helps to create:
• Better working conditions
• Safer workplaces
• Greater efficiency.
It is not an unprofitable sideline. It is part of a good business.

Student Exercise
i. Mention ten way of applying good housekeeping in your homes and offices
ii. Describe five effects of poor house keeping
iii. What is the importance of fire assembly point in home and offices?

Case Study

One Mrs. Tina works as a labourer in a quarry company. Her work requires conveying a container of stones
on her head to a dump site in a far away location. One day, on her way to dumping the stone, she marched
a banana peels dropped on the floor by one of the workers that morning. She slipped and fell, while the load
on her head fell on her Tommy killing her four months old baby, for she was pregnant Mrs. Tina suffered
from severe bleeding and was rushed to the hospital. Unfortunately she died before the surgery was
completed.

Questions:

1. What was the failure mode of these events?

2. How will this tragic event have been prevented?
3. Mention four personal lessons you have learnt

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 CHAPTER 5

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

Introductory Question – Identify ten (10) occupations and the corresponding occupational
health hazards of such occupation

Occupational health deals with all aspects of health and safety in the workplace and has a strong
focus on primary prevention of hazards. The health of the workers has several determinants,
including risk factors at the workplace leading to cancers, accidents, musculoskeletal diseases,
respiratory diseases, hearing loss, circulatory diseases, stress related disorders and communicable
diseases and others. Employment and working conditions in the formal or informal economy
embrace other important determinants, including, working hours, salary, workplace policies
concerning maternity leave, health promotion and protection provisions, etc.

The impact of the workplace on the worker:

1. Musculoskeletal disorders.
2. Depression.
3. Emotional well being.
4. Cardiovascular functioning.
5. Post-traumatic stress.
6. Burn out.
7. Chronic fatigue and sleep disturbances.
Employees need to know that the organization’s leadership priorities wellbeing by integrating
safety and health-protective characteristics of job design throughout the organisation.

Occupational Health Hazard (OHH)

OHH is a situation that poses a level of threat to life and health. Hazards can be dormant or
potential, with only a theoretical risk of harm; however, once a hazard becomes "active", it can
create an emergency. A hazardous situation that has come to pass is called an incident. Hazard and
possibility interact together to create risk.

Identification of hazard risks is the first step in performing a risk assessment.

Sources of a Hazard – MEEP

1. Materials :Consumables.
2. Equipment: Non-Consumables.
3. Environment: Surrounding.
4. People: Skills.
Types of OHH
Hazards are generally labeled as one of five types

 Physical hazards are conditions or situations that can cause the body physical harm or
intense stress. Physical hazards can be both natural and human made elements.
 Chemical hazards are substances that can cause harm or damage to the body, property or
the environment. Chemical hazards can be both natural and human made origin.
 Biological hazards are biological agents that can cause harm to the human body. Some
biological agents can be viruses, parasites, bacteria, food, fungi, and foreign toxins.

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  Psychological hazards are created during work related stress or a stressful environment. A
person can be a hazard when he/she is affected psychological disturbance through -stress,
shift patterns and also can be a hazard when a person is under the influence of alcohol,
illness and lack of training.
 Ergonomic Hazard: By its nature, a hazard involves something that could potentially be
harmful to a person's life, health, property, or the environment. One key concept in
identifying a hazard is the presence of stored energy that, when released, can cause
damage. Stored energy can occur in many forms: chemical, mechanical, thermal,
radioactive, electrical, etc. Another class of hazard does not involve release of stored
energy; rather it involves the presence of hazardous situations. Examples include confined
or limited egress spaces, oxygen-depleted atmospheres, awkward positions, repetitive
motions, low-hanging or protruding objects, etc.

There are several methods of classifying hazard, but most systems use some variation on the
factors of "likelihood" of the hazard turning into an incident and the "seriousness" of the incident if
it were to occur. (This discussion moved away from hazard to a discussion of risk.) A common
method is to score both likelihood and seriousness on a numerical scale (with the most likely and
most serious scoring highest) and multiplying one by the other to produce a comparative score.

Hierarchy of hazard control

Hierarchy of hazard control is a system used in industry to minimize or eliminate exposure to
hazards. It is a widely accepted system promoted by numerous safety organizations. This concept is
taught to managers in industry, to be promoted as standard practice in the workplace. Various
illustrations are used to depict this system, most commonly a triangle.

The hazard controls in the hierarchy are, in order of decreasing effectiveness:

 Elimination
 Substitution
 Engineering
 Administration
 Personal Protective Equipment

Components of the hierarchy

Elimination

Eliminating the hazard—physically removing it—is the most effective hazard control. For example,
if employees must work high above the ground, the hazard can be eliminated by moving the piece
they are working on to ground level to eliminate the need to work at heights.
This pesticide contains DDT, an effective substitution would be to replace it with a green pesticide.

Substitution; the second most effective hazard control, involves replacing something that produces
a hazard (similar to elimination) with something that does not produce a hazard—for example,
replacing lead-based paint with acrylic paint. To be an effective control, the new product must not
produce another hazard. Because airborne dust can be hazardous, if a product can be purchased
with a larger particle size, the smaller product may effectively be substituted with the larger
product.

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Engineering controls
The third most effective means of controlling hazards is engineered controls. These
do not eliminate hazards, but rather isolate people from hazards. Capital costs of
engineered controls tend to be higher than less effective controls in the hierarchy; however
they may reduce future costs. For example, a crew might build a work platform rather than
purchase, replace, and maintain fall arrest equipment. "Enclosure and isolation" creates a
physical barrier between personnel and hazards, such as using remotely controlled
equipment. Fume hoods can remove airborne contaminants as a means of engineered
control.

Administrative controls
This sign warns people that there are explosives in Walker Lake, however it cannot prevent people
from swimming in it. Administrative controls are changes to the way people work. Examples of
administrative controls include procedure changes, employee training, and installation of signs and
warning labels (such as those in the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System).[2]
Administrative controls do not remove hazards, but limit or prevent people's exposure to the
hazards, such as completing road construction at night when fewer people are driving.[4]

Personal protective equipment

Main article: Personal Protective Equipment Personal protective equipment (PPE) includes gloves,
Nomex/Uniform, respirators, hard hats, safety glasses, high-visibility clothing, and safety footwear.
PPE is the least effective means of controlling hazards because of the high potential for damage to
render PPE ineffective.[4] Additionally, some PPE, such as respirators, increase physiological effort
to complete a task and, therefore, may require medical examinations to ensure workers can use
the PPE without risking their health.

Occupational disease
An occupational disease is any chronic ailment that occurs as a result of work or occupational
activity. It is an aspect of occupational safety and health. An occupational disease is typically
identified when it is shown that it is more prevalent in a given body of workers than in the general
population, or in other worker populations.

Examples
Some well-known occupational diseases include:

Lung diseases
Occupational lung diseases include asbestosis among asbestos miners and those who work with
friable asbestos insulation, as well as black lung (coal worker’s) among coal miners, silicosis among
miners and quarrying and tunnel operators and byssinosis among workers in parts of the cotton
textile industry.
Occupational asthma has a vast number of occupations at risk.
Bad indoor air quality may predispose for diseases in the lungs as well as in other parts of the body.
Occupational skin diseases and conditions are generally caused by chemicals and having wet hands
for long periods while at work. Eczema is by far the most common, but urticaria, sunburn and skin
cancer are also of concern.

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High-risk occupations include

 Hairdressing
 Catering
 Healthcare
 Printing
 Metal machining
 Motor vehicle repair
 Construction

Other diseases of concern

 Overuse syndrome among persons who perform repetitive or forceful movements in

constrictive postures
 Carpal tunnel syndrome among persons who work in the poultry industry and information
technology
 Computer vision syndrome among persons using information technology for hours
 Lead poisoning affecting workers in many industries that processed or employed lead or
lead compounds

Student’s activity- group discussion

i. Identify three (3) health hazards of these occupations

a. Computer operation
b. Catering
c. Healthcare
d. Printing
e. Hair dressing
f. Mental machining
g. Road Construction
h. Motor Vehicle repair
i. Building construction
j. Electrical work.

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 CHAPTER 6

ACCIDENT-CAUSATION, REPORTING AND INVESTIGATION

ACCIDENT
An accident may simply be defined as an unplanned (unintended, sudden) event which interrupts
the sequence of an activity and that may result in injury to personnel and damage to property.
An accident is any event, which has caused injury or illness. Such an event may also involve
damage, product loss or interruption or work.
Near Miss:
Near miss is an incident which could have resulted, but did not result in any injury illness, damage
or product loss. It also refers to close shave or near-hit. Near miss and accident both incident.
Work injury:
A work injury is any injury or illness, regardless of severity, which arises from a single event (or a
number of events close together in time) in the course of employment.
Causes of accidents

i. Unsafe act

ii. Unsafe condition

iii. Evaporative act

Unsafe act
An unsafe act is any act or action embroiled upon by a worker without due regards for his personal
safety, the safety of his co-workers and other people around the work place.
Examples
i. Working on plant or equipment in operation without due authority or clearance
ii. Failure to wear personal protective equipment
iii. Horse play
iv. Improper use of equipments
v. Taking short-cuts

Unsafe condition
Is a condition of an equipment or work environment, which is capable of causing an accident.
Usually, unsafe conditions are created by the unsafe acts of persons.
Examples
i. Faulty equipments
ii. Unsafe work place
iii. Poor ventilation
iv. Poor house keeping
v. Unsafe guarding

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Evaporative acts
Evaporative acts are unsafe practice of workers that involves changing attitude based on
punishment or discipline from the company management.
Example

i. Wearing PPE when supervisors are presents and dropping them when the supervisor
leaves the site
ii. Working safely when under observation but performing unsafe act when alone

Definitions of Accident and Incident

The definition of an accident provided by Heinrich in the 1930s is often cited. Heinrich defines an
accident as an unplanned and uncontrolled event in which the action or reaction of an object,
substance, person or radiation results in personal injury or the probability thereof. Variations on
this definition can be found throughout the safety literature. Bird and Germain for instance define
an accident as an unintended or unplanned happening that may or may not result in property
damage, personal injury, work process stoppage or interference, or any combination of these
conditions under such circumstances that personal injury might have resulted.

Consequences of Accidents
Just like any kind of unfortunate incidents, accidents at work have the potential to take a heavy toll
on a person’s life. Severe whiplash injuries in the form of shoulder sprain or back injuries can
confine a person for a longer period, disallowing him to earn his livelihood. The injuries incurred by
way of the factory accidents are even more disastrous considering that they can, at times, lead to
the death of a person. Claiming compensation is of utmost importance in these instances for it is
not just about getting financial assistance but also acquiring justice, which happens to be invariably
denied to an accident victim. The company also suffers economic loss, production loss, time,
reputations possible litigation.
Accident/Incident Investigation
Definitions
The term "accident" can be defined as an unplanned event that interrupts the completion of an
activity, and that may (or may not) include injury or property damage.
An incident usually refers to an unexpected event that did not cause injury or damage this time but
had the potential. "Near miss" or "dangerous occurrences” are also terms for an event that could
have caused harm but did not.

Reasons to investigate a workplace accident include most importantly to:

• Find out the cause of accidents and to prevent similar accidents in the future
• Fulfil any legal requirements
• Determine the cost of an accident
• Determine compliance with applicable safety regulations
• Process workers' compensation claims
Incidents that involve no injury or property damage should still be investigated to determine the
hazards that should be corrected. The same principles apply to a quick inquiry of a minor incident
and to the more formal investigation of a serious event.
The term incident is used in some situations and jurisdictions to cover both an "accident" and
"incident".

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It is argued that the word "accident" implies that the event was related to fate or chance. When
the root cause is determined, it is usually found that many events were predictable and could have
been prevented if the right actions were taken -- making the event not one of fate or chance (thus,
the word incident is used). For simplicity, the term accident means all of the above events.

The information that follows is intended to be a general guide for supervisors or joint HSE
members. When accidents are investigated, the emphasis should be concentrated on finding the
root cause of the accident rather than the investigation procedure itself so you can prevent it from
happening again.
The purpose is to find facts that can lead to actions, not to find fault. Always look for deeper
causes. Do not simply record the steps of the event.

Ideally, an investigation would be conducted by someone experienced in accident causation,

experienced in investigative techniques, fully knowledgeable of the work processes, procedures,
persons, and industrial relations environment of a particular situation.

Some jurisdictions provide guidance such as requiring that it must be conducted jointly, with both
management and labor represented, or that the investigators must be knowledgeable about the
work processes involved.
In most cases, the supervisor should help investigate the event. Other members of the team can
include:

• Employees with knowledge of the work

• Safety officer
• Health and safety committee
• Union representative, if applicable
• Employees with experience in investigations
• "Outside" expert
• Representative from local government
The accident investigation process involves the following steps:
• Report the accident occurrence to a designated person within the organization
• Provide first aid and medical care to injured person(s) and prevent further injuries or
damage
• Investigate the accident
• Identify the causes
• Report the findings
• Develop a plan for corrective action
• Implement the plan
• Evaluate the effectiveness of the corrective action
• Make changes for continuous improvement
As little time as possible should be lost between the moment of an accident or near miss and the
beginning of the investigation. In this way, one is most likely to be able to observe the conditions
as they were at the time, prevent disturbance of evidence, and identify witnesses. The tools that
members of the investigating team may need (pencil, paper, camera, film, camera flash, tape
measure, etc.) should be immediately available so that no time is wasted.

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Accident Causation Models
Many models of accident causation have been proposed, ranging from Heinrich's domino theory to
the sophisticated.
Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT).
The simple model shown in the next slide attempts to illustrate that the causes of any accident can
be grouped into five categories:-
• Task,
• Material,
• Environment,
• Personnel and
• Management.
When this model is used, possible causes in each category should be investigated. Remember that
these are sample questions only: no attempt has been made to develop a comprehensive checklist.

An Accident is defined as an unplanned event that causes harm to people or damage to property.
Accidents are categorized as one of the following:

 Lost Time Injury (LTI) refers to any injury that prevents a worker from coming to work on
the day following the day of the injury.

 Medical Aid refers to any injury not severe enough to warrant more than the day of injury
off, but where medical treatment by a doctor is given.

 First Aid refers only to injuries that can be treated on the job without any days lost.

 An Incident is defined as property damage but with no injury to workers.

 A Near Miss is a situation in which no injury or damage occurred but might have if
conditions had been slightly different.

 Occupational Illness is defined as a condition resulting from a worker’s exposure to

chemical, biological or physical agents in the workplace to the extent that the health of the
worker is impaired.

 Critical Injury is defined as an injury of a serious nature that:

a) Places life in jeopardy;
b) Produces unconsciousness;
c) Results in substantial loss of blood;
d) Involves the fracture of a leg or arm but not a finger or toe;
e) Involves the amputation of a leg, arm, hand or foot but not a finger or toe;
f) Consists of burns to a major portion of the body; or
g) Causes the loss of sight to an eye.

Accident/Incident Investigation
Responsibilities

1. All employees shall report all incidents/accidents to their immediate supervisor.

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 2. Supervisors shall conduct initial investigations and submit their reports using the Accident
Investigation Form promptly to management.

3. Superintendents shall determine the need for and, if necessary, carry out detailed
investigations. They shall also determine causes, recommend corrective action, and report
to the manager.

4. The manager shall review all superintendents' reports, determine corrective action to be
taken, and ensure that such action is implemented.

Accident / Investigation Form

Last Name: First Name Occupation/Job Title Yrs. Experience in

Occupation
Full Address:

City/Town Postal Code

Division/Branch Date of Occurrence Time

Location Date Reported Time

 Hazardous
 Incident  First Aid  Health Care  Lost Time  Critical Injury
Situation
Describe what happened and, if applicable, describe injury. Attach an accident/incident diagram, if
appropriate.

Describe the nature, date and time of first aid treatment, if applicable.

Signature of person reporting incident

Part of Body Injured (Indicate “R”, “L”, or “B”, where applicable)
 Head  Lower back  Hand/fingers  Ankle/foot
 Eye  Upper Arm  Hip  Other
 Neck  Elbow  Upper leg
 Shoulder  Lower Arm  Knee
 Upper back  Wrist  Lower leg

Type of Accident/Incident
Check off () statements that best describe the accident/incident:
 Repetitive Strain  Slip/fall  Exposure to
 Acute Strain (lifting, pulling,  Vehicle  Other (explain)
carrying)  Client/employee action
 Caught in/under/between  Cut/bruise
 Struck, contacted by/with/against
Witnesses

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Name Telephone
Address

Name Telephone
Address

Physician’s Name Telephone

Address

Remember to attach witness (es) statement(s) on the Witness Statement form.

Causes: Check () all that are applicable
Conditions Practices
Congestion or restricted action  Improper body position/posture
 Poor housekeeping; disorderly workplace  Tasks not varied/micro breaks not taken
Slip/trip hazards  Unnecessary rushing
Lack of or inappropriate furniture/equipment  Improper lifting
 Design or arrangement of furniture/equipment  Unsafe loading/placement
Defective furniture, tools, equipment or  Using defective equipment
materials  Using equipment improperly
 Inadequate or excessive illumination  Altering or modifying equipment
 Inadequate ventilation  Not using personal protective equipment or
 Excessive noise failing to use it properly
 Inadequate or improper protective equipment  Not following appropriate procedures
 Fire and explosion hazards  Inappropriate conduct
 Inadequate warning systems  Hazardous personal attire
 Irate client/employee action  Other (explain):
 Adverse weather
 Other (explain):
What are the reasons for the existence of these practices and/or conditions?

Prevention/Corrective Action
Actions to prevent accident/incident recurrence. Check () those actions taken to prevent recurrence.
Mark with (P) other corrective actions decided upon or planned but not yet carried out. More than one
item may apply.
 Training/instruction of person involved  Request ergonomic assessment
 Improve work procedures  Request environmental assessment
 Inform staff/managers of safe work procedures  Correction of work area
 Perform job safety analysis  Recommend development/improvement to
 Inform staff/managers of hazard and how to training/OHS program
protect themselves  Reassess work standards
 Notify appropriate individuals  Reassignment of person
 Improve engineering/design  Improve housekeeping
 Improve inspection procedures  Other (describe):
 Tools, equipment, furniture repair or
replacement
Remember that ALL corrective action must be documented on the Corrective Action form.

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Describe actions taken.

Investigated by:
Manager’s Signature Name (print) Date (dd-mmm-
yyyy)
Review by:
Director’s/Program Head’s Signature Name (print) Date (dd-mmm-
yyyy)
Copies forwarded as per Accident Investigation Procedures (CHC, Chairperson of JHSC,
Management, Ministry of Labour)

Corrective Action Form

Date of injury/incident: Injury/incident number:

Date:

Corrective action taken (as indicated on the Accident/Investigation Form):

Recommendations:

Date assigned:

Responsibility assigned to:

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Details of what has to be
done:

Who has completed it?

When was it completed?

Accident reporting: Near miss, fatal and major injury accidents and dangerous occurrences must
be:

i. Reported immediately to the enforcing authority by the quickest practical means such as
telephone ( calling 911 or 112) and
ii. Retorted in writing within 10 days to the enforcing authority on appropriate form. In the case
of an over three day injury to a person at work written retort must be sent to the enforcing
authority within seven days of the accident on prescribed form. The responsibility for
reporting accidents rest on the supervisor. He should inform the head department and safety
officer immediately the accident occurs. In events of a fatality in addition to the deceased’s
family, the police and factory inspector should be informed immediately. The employer
insurance company will also wish to know as soon as possible so they can make financial
provisions and also keep a watching brief investigation and any legal actions.

Arriving at the scene of accident

In any accident, the frost and most immediate action should be succor the injured person and take
action to minimize the possible effect of his injuries. Firs aiders should be given all assistance
possible. And their advice on handling the patient followed. In the case of serious injuries of
fatality, an ambulance and medical assistance for treatment, the site should be isolated and
nothing disturbed. An investigation should start immediately.
Accident investigation
The purpose of an accident investigation is to find the causes of an accident in order that
appropriate prevention measures can be taken.
Study possible causes unsafe condition and practices. Take measurements photographs and make
sketches. Examine permits and instructions applied in course of work in which accident occurred.
Write up report.

Techniques of investigation Some pertinent questions that could be asked during investigation
include (5W 1H):

i. What?
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 ii. Where?
iii. When?
iv. Why?
v. Who?
vi. How?

Caution should be taken in framing up questions. Those questions that involve who, why, and how
are negatively viewed by the workforce as traps designed to prove them responsible for the
accident. Instead of cooperating they become confrontational and such an attitude will defeat the
entire purpose of the investigation

Techniques of investigation The best questions during an investigation involve where? What
occurred? Etc. is especially very effective as they can make a worker mention unknowingly the
names of persons responsible for the incident.

Caution: During accident investigations, there are certain pit falls which the investigator should try
to avoid.

Student’s activity- Group discussion and report presentation:

i. Differentiate between unsafe acts and unsafe conditions, with three examples
ii. Mention four (4) reasons for preventing accidents
iii. Describe 10 possible causes of accident at home and offices.

Student activity- exercise:

i. State 10 reasons why employee fails to report accidents
ii. Mention five (5) actions that should be avoided during accident investigation
iii. Mention four (4) importance of accident investigation

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 CHAPTER 7

HSE SAFETY STATISTICS

Man hour this is the total number of hours worked all the workers on site in a particular period of
time. It includes time spent for meetings, trainings, and business trip but excludes the time spent
on vacation, suspension, sick leave, time off. It is calculated mathematically using the formula:

Man-hour of worker = Nw × Nd × (Nt + Not)

Nw= number of worker on site
Nd= number of days worked
Nt= number of time (hours) worked
Not = number of overtime hours worked

Example of mhr calculation

Jobskills engineering limited work schedule on construction of drilling platform in the month of July
1980 is presented in the table below:

Table 7.1: Man hours Table

Category No No. off No. on Normal Overtime No. of Year-
of staff employed duty site hours hour days to- date
worked worked worked
Managers 3 ? 1 8 0 27 ?
Engineers 12 -? 8 10 2 27 ?
Mechanics 12 4 ? 10 4 27 ?
Fitters 20 ? 12 10 2 27 ?
Welders 20 ? 15 10 4 27 ?
Supervisors 10 5 ? 10 2 27 ?
Safety ? 2 3 10 2 27 ?
officers
Helpers 10 ? ? 10 4 27 ?
Carpenters 35 ? ? 10 4 27 ?
Mason 30 ? ? 10 4 27 ?

QUESTIONS
i. Complete the table above
ii. Calculate the total man-hour worked at the end of the month.(YTD).

Road Traffic Accident Frequency (RTAF)

This is the number/frequency of road traffic accidents recorded in every one million kilometers
driven
There are incidents/accidents which form part of our regular safety statistics needed for safety
performance monitoring and review. These include the following:
 Fatality - FAT
32
  Permanent Total disability - PTD
 Permanent partial disability - PPD
 Lost workday case - LWC
 Restricted work case - RWC
 Medical treatment case - MTC

Table7.2 : Case Table

INCIDENT JANUARY FEBURARY MARCH APRIL MAY YTD

LWC 21 32 11 42 16 -

FAC 93 75 90 80 120 -

PTD 3 0 1 2 0 -

N/M 150 95 102 123 70 -

FAT 0 1 2 0 1 -

MTC 15 09 11 7 10 -

PPD 2 0 1 3 0 -

UA/UC 200 150 170 143 125 -

RWC 5 10 9 12 8 -

MANHOUR 290,000 280,000 260,000 290,000 250,000 -

QUESTION
Complete the above table from the table above,
1. Identify the LTI and TRC elements.
2. Calculate the LTIF and TRCF and Year-to – date.
3. Put your final results in one decimal point.
4. Calculate the LTIF and TRCF for the month of Jan and March

ELEMENTS OF LTI
LWC
PPD
PTD
FAT
ELMENTS OF TRC
LWC
PPD
PTD

33
FAT
MTC
RWC

Table 7.3; Case table

YTD INCIDENT JAN FEB MAR APRIL MAY

16 LWC 2 3 1 4 6

458 FAC 93 75 90 80 120

6 PTD 3 0 1 2 0

540 N\M 150 95 102 123 70

4 FAT 0 1 2 0 1

52 MTC 15 9 11 7 10

6 PPD 2 0 1 3 0

788 UA\UC 200 150 170 143 125

44 RWC 5 10 9 1 8

1,088,000 MHRS 220,000 200,000 230,000 198,000 240,000

4. In April 2008 JOBSKILLS ENGINEERING, had a work schedule on Construction of a drilling

platform, and had these various incidents occurrence.

Incident Jan Feb March April May Year – to – date

Incident
LWC 2 0 3 2 1
FAC 20 16 19 23 22
PTD 0 2 1 0 1
N/M 57 65 73 45 42
FAT 0 1 0 1 0
34
MTC 6 1 0 0 5
PPD 3 2 10 0 10
UA/UC 150 134 120 123 160
MAN HOUR 250,000 230,000 260,000 195,000 270,000

a) Complete the table above?

b) Using the data in the table above, Calculate the

I. LTI
II. LTIF
III. TRC
IV. TRCF

HINT

TRCF = TRC X 1,000,000

TOTAL MANHOURS

LTIF = LTI X 1,000,000

TOTAL MANHOURS

Total recordable cases is the sum of the six(6) elements and Lost time Injury is the sum of four(4)
elements and substituted into the equation for calculating Total Recordable Case
Frequency(TRCF) and Lost Time Injury Frequency(LTIF)

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 CHAPTER 8

RISK MANAGEMENT

There are a number of ways hazards can be identified in the workplace. These include:
o workplace inspections
o consultation between employees and employers
o monitoring injury and illness records
o health and environment monitoring
o recording complaints
o observation
Once a hazard has been identified, you can then assess how dangerous it is by asking:
o How likely is it that the hazard may cause an injury or illness to someone?
o How severe will the injury or illness be?
The answers to these questions will help in assessing, controlling or eliminating the hazard. The
level of risk will determine the priority assigned to its elimination or control.
Risk is the probability that harm might come to a person. It is a measure of how likely an injury or
illness is when a hazard exists.
Risk assessment is the process used to determine the likelihood that people may be exposed to
injury, illness or disease in the workplace arising from any situation identified during the hazard
identification process.

How likely is it to happen?

o It could happen any time - very likely
o It could happen sometime - likely
o It could happen but very rarely – unlikely
o It could happen but probably never happen – very unlikely

How bad is it likely to be?

o Kill or cause permanent injury
o Cause long term illness or serious injury
o Cause someone to need medical attention
o Cause someone to need first aid
Work Cover provides a Risk Assessment Matrix to assist in the assessment of hazards in the
workplace. (Over page)
Hazards can be rated on a scale of 1 to 6 using the risk assessment matrix.
o 1 is high risk
o 6 is low risk
Once a hazard has been identified and the risk assessed, suitable control measures
should be put in place to eliminate the risk to employees’ health and safety.
What is risk management?

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Risk management is introduced to control workplace hazards and so reduce the risk of an injury or
illness occurring. Employers need to develop a risk management policy so risks in the workplace
can be controlled or eliminated.

Risk management involves:

o Identifying the hazard
Know what the dangers are in the workplace. Keep records of accidents and injuries,
conduct safety inspections of the workplace and list all plant and hazardous substances.
o Assessing the risk
Determine what the risk is that someone may be injured. Assess how likely it is that a
hazardous event will occur and what the consequences are likely to be.

Controlling the risk

Implement measures to prevent injury or illness. First try to eliminate the risk. If this is not
possible, the risk should be minimized using substitution, modifications, isolation or
engineering controls. Back-up controls such as personal protective equipment should only
be used as a last resort.
o Monitoring and improving the workplace
Control measures should be reviewed to maintain their effectiveness and further refine the
process.
If elimination of the hazard is not possible, then the risk still exists and should be minimized by
using the most effective method, using the following, in order:

o Substituting the system of work or machinery with something safer

o Isolating the hazard
o Minimizing the risk by introducing engineering controls e.g. guard rail, scaffolding
o Minimizing the risk by adopting administrative controls e.g. warning signs, safe work
practices, job rotation, training
o Using personal protective equipment e.g. safety glasses, ear muffs.

If no single control is sufficient, a combination of the above controls needs to be put in place to
minimize the risk to the lowest level that is reasonably practical. The measures at the fourth and
fifth levels are less effective, and require more frequent reviews of the hazards and systems of
work.

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 CHAPTER 9
WORKPLACE HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL

Introductory Question–
Identify five (5) workplace Hazards

Definition of Workplace Hazards

Anything that presents a potential threat to employees, whether physical or psychological, can be
classified as a workplace hazard. Small businesses have a responsibility to reduce or eliminate
hazards on the job, even if it means shelling out a few extra cash to ensure employees' safety.
Addressing workplace hazards requires managers to be able to identify the full range of potential
dangers on the job; understanding the full definition of workplace hazards can ensure that you do
not miss any potential threats.
Types of Workplace Hazards
When you know how injuries occur in the workplace, you can put in place prevention measures.
The most common hazards are from chemicals, fires, repetitive motion, electricity and fall related
injuries. Keeping your employees safe can ensure a happier, more productive workplace. Build
safety policies that address the specific hazards in your workplace.
Chemicals
Your employees may be at risk of health hazards if their jobs include exposure to chemicals.
Substances that can harm your workers include fumes, gases, liquids, solids, dust, vapors and
corrosives. Whether your employees are at risk of ingesting the substance, inhaling it or absorbing
it through the skin, you have a responsibility to ensure the risks are minimized. These types of
hazards can be in any type of business you run, from manufacturing to retail.
Fire
Fire is a risk for your business, no matter what type of company you are running. The Seattle Fire
Department Fire Prevention Division estimates 70,000 to 80,000 fires occur in businesses in the
U.S. each year. Knowing where your fire extinguishers are, holding fire drills and informing
employees of your emergency escape routes can ensure safety.
Repetitive Use Injury
When your employees repeat the same actions throughout the day, such as typing or rolling
dough, or washing windows, they are at risk of repetitive use injury. The parts of the body that
suffer from repetitive use are the back, shoulders, forearms, wrists and hands. Ensuring adequate
breaks from job duties can reduce the risk of injury.
Electrical Hazards
People who work directly with electricity, including electricians and engineers, are at risk of injury;
personnel who work with electrical equipment in the office are also at risk of injury. Even an office
worker making a fix with power tools outdoors can sustain electrical injury during adverse
weather. You can minimize the risk of injuries by using one extension cord or power strip per
connection, keeping liquids clear of electrical equipment and conducting regular safety
examinations.

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Accidental Falls and Falling Objects
If your employees work at elevated heights, they may be at risk of accidental falls. Anytime objects
are stored at or above head level, there is a risk of injury caused by falling objects. Wearing safety
gear including a hard hat or harness, and installing guardrails or a safety net can reduce the risk of
injury. Instruct employees on the safe use of equipment.

Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control

There are three steps used to manage health and safety at work:

1. Spot the Hazard (Hazard Identification)

2. Assess the Risk (Risk Assessment)
3. Make the Changes (Risk Control)
At work you can use these three Think Safe steps to help prevent accidents.

Using the Think Safe steps

1. Spot the Hazard
Key Point
A hazard is anything that could hurt you or someone else.

Examples of workplace hazards include:

 frayed electrical cords (could result in electrical shock)

 boxes stacked precariously (they could fall on someone)
 noisy machinery (could result in damage to your hearing)

During work experience, you must remain alert to anything that may be dangerous. If you see, hear
or smell anything odd, take note. If you think it could be a hazard, tell someone.

2. Assess the Risk

Key Point

Assessing the risk means working out how likely it is that a hazard will harm someone and how
serious the harm could be.

Whenever you spot a hazard, assess the risk by asking yourself two questions:

 How likely is it that the hazard could harm me or someone else?

 How badly could I or someone else be harmed?
Always tell someone (your employer, your supervisor or your health and safety representative)
about hazards you can't fix yourself, especially if the hazard could cause serious harm to anyone.
For example:

 ask your supervisor for instructions and training before using equipment
 ask for help moving or lifting heavy objects
 tell your supervisor if you think a work practice could be dangerous
 If you are not sure of the safest way to do something on work experience, always ask your
work experience supervisor.

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3. Make the Changes
Key Point

It is your employer's responsibility to fix hazards. Sometimes you may be able to fix simple hazards
yourself, as long as you don't put yourself or others at risk. For example, you can pick up things
from the floor and put them away to eliminate a trip hazard. The best way to fix a hazard is to get
rid of it altogether. This is not always possible, but your employer should try to make hazards less
dangerous by looking at the following options (in order from most effective to least effective):

 Elimination - Sometimes hazards - equipment, substances or work practices - can be

avoided entirely. (e.g. Clean high windows from the ground with an extendable pole
cleaner, rather than by climbing a ladder and risking a fall.)
 Substitution - Sometimes a less hazardous thing, substance or work practice can be used.
(e.g. Use a non-toxic glue instead of a toxic glue.)
 Isolation - Separate the hazard from people, by marking the hazardous area, fitting screens
or putting up safety barriers. (e.g. Welding screens can be used to isolate welding
operations from other workers. Barriers and/or boundary lines can be used to separate
areas where forklifts operate near pedestrians in the workplace.)
 Safeguards - Safeguards can be added by modifying tools or equipment, or fitting guards to
machinery. These must never be removed or disabled by workers using the equipment.
 Instructing workers in the safest way to do something - This means developing and
enforcing safe work procedures. Students on work experience must be given information
and instruction and must follow agreed procedures to ensure their safety.
 Using personal protective equipment and clothing (PPE) - If risks remain after the options
have been tried, it may be necessary to use equipment such as safety glasses, gloves,
helmets and ear muffs. PPE can protect you from hazards associated with jobs such as
handling chemicals or working in a noisy environment.

Sometimes, it will require more than one of the risk control measures above to effectively reduce
exposure to hazards.

Student Activity on: Identifying Workplace Hazard and Risk Control

1. What three (3) steps can be used to manage Health and Safety at work?
2. Workplace related injuries, illness and deaths impose costs upon?
3. To reduce injury, a risk control process accompanied by hazard-management procedures
needs to be established. TRUE or FALSE
4. When providing a safe working environment for staff, employers must eliminate all risks to
Health and Safety. TRUE or FALSE
5. A hazard is any situation that has potential to cause injury, illness or death. TRUE or FALSE
6. Why should a workplace implement hazard control?

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 CHAPTER 10

ENVIRONMENTAL & WASTE MANAGEMENT

Student Introductory Question;

Define the following terms
1. Environment; 2. Waste; 3. Pollution; 4. Sustainable development; 5.Spill

From an environmental standpoint, it involves creating a systematic approach to complying with

environmental regulations, such as managing waste or air emissions all the way to helping sites
reduce the company's carbon footprint.
Successful HSE programs also include measures to address ergonomics, air quality, and other
aspects of workplace safety that could affect the health and well-being of employees and the
overall community.
Other names
HSE goes by a number of acronyms which may exclude environment or include security and
quality.
Acronym Name
OHS Occupational Health and Safety
HSE Health, Safety and Environment
EHS Environment, Health and Safety
SHE Safety, Health and Environment
QHSE Quality, Health, Safety, and Environment
HSEQ Health, Safety, Environment and Quality
HSSE Health, Safety, Security and Environment
QHSSE Quality, Health, Safety, Security, and Environment
HSSEQ Health, Safety, Security, Environment, and Quality
General categories
EHS guidelines cover categories specific to each industry as wells as those that are general to most
industry sectors. Examples of general categories and subcategories are:

1. Environmental
1.1 Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality
1.2 Energy Conservation
1.3 Wastewater and Ambient Water Quality
1.4 Water Conservation
1.5 Hazardous Materials Management
1.6 Waste Management
1.7 Noise
1.8 Contaminated Land

2. Occupational Health and Safety

2.1 General Facility Design and Operation
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2.2 Communication and Training
2.3 Physical Hazards
2.4 Chemical Hazards
2.5 Biological Hazards
2.6 Radiological Hazards
2.7 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
2.8 Special Hazard Environments
2.9 Monitoring

3. Community Health and Safety

3.1 Water Quality and Availability
3.2 Structural Safety of Project Infrastructure
3.3 Life and Fire Safety (L&FS)
3.4 Traffic Safety
3.5 Transport of Hazardous Materials
3.6 Disease Prevention
3.7 Emergency Preparedness and Response
4. Construction and Decommissioning
4.1 Environment
4.2 Occupational Health and Safety
4.3 Community Health and Safety

CONSEQUENCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Air Pollution
 Health Problems
 Ozone layer depletion
 Global warming (Green house effect)

Water Pollution
 Contamination of surface/underground water
 Destruction of Aquatic life
 Flooding and Erosion
 Siltation of water bodies
 Public Nuisance

Soil Pollution
 Reduced soil fertility
 Contamination of underground water
 Reduced land use
 Public nuisance

Other consequences of environmental abuse

 Deforestation/Desertification
 Reduction/Relocation and extinction of forest animal
 Loss of Biodiversity.

WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?

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Sustainable Development is the development that meets the needs of the present generation and
also that of the future generation.
In order words, sustainable development is all about taking care of the need of the present
generation without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs.

Principles of sustainable development

 Duty of care
 Due diligence
 Environmental Management plan
 Good House-keeping

(B) WASTE MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

What is Environmental Pollution?
Environmental Pollution is the release or discharge of any substance into the environment in such
quantity that is harmful or detrimental to that environment. Any substance that can cause
pollution is a pollutant.
An example of a pollutant is WASTE.
What is waste?
Waste is defined as any material resulting from any activity which has no immediate economic
benefit and must be disposed of.
An unwanted material which must be managed from “cradle to grave” is also referred to as a
waste.
CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE
Waste can be classified into two:
 Hazardous Waste
 Non-Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste are those waste that has the potential to cause harm to human health or the
environment when not properly handled, stored, transported, treated or disposed of.
Examples of Hazardous waste are:
 Medical waste
 Sewage
 Empty containers of chemical/oil
 Radioactive waste
Non-Hazardous waste
These are waste with little or no potential to cause harm but can become harmful if not properly
handled. This class of waste is further classified into:
 Industrial Waste
 Domestic Waste
 Office Waste
Industrial Waste
Any no-hazardous operational waste e.g. plastic, scrap metal, empty can or bottles, worn-out
tyres, bulbs, furniture, packaging materials, etc.
Domestic waste
These are kitchen and Garden waste. Examples are yam and plantain peelings, leftover food,
banana peels, grasses, etc.
Office waste

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Waste generated from reprographic and other office services e.g. waste Paper, spoilt diskette,
toner cartridges, used ribbon etc.
Waste Segregation at Source
 Dangerous (medical)Waste: Red container
 Plastic Waste: Brown Container
 Metal Waste: Black Metal Container
 Batteries; Grey container
 General waste: Black bin, packaging
 Food/garden waste: Green container
 Glass waste: Blue container
 Paper waste: Black plastic bags
 IT consumables: White container-toner,

Waste management is all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to
its final disposal. This includes amongst other things, collection, transport, treatment and disposal
of waste together with monitoring and regulation. It also encompasses the legal and regulatory
framework that relates to waste management encompassing guidance on recycling etc.
The term normally relates to all kinds of waste, whether generated during the extraction of raw
materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, the consumption
of final products, or other human activities, including municipal (residential, institutional,
commercial), agricultural, and social (health care, household hazardous wastes, sewage sludge).
Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on health, the environment or
aesthetics.
Waste management practices are not uniform among countries (developed and developing
nations); regions (urban and rural area), and sectors (residential and industrial).

Central principles of waste management

There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between
countries or regions. Some of the most general, widely used concepts include:

Waste hierarchy
The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste
management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimization. The waste
hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste
hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the
minimum amount of waste; see: resource recovery. The waste hierarchy is represented as a
pyramid because the basic premise is for policy to take action first and prevent the generation of
waste. The next step or preferred action is to reduce the generation of waste i.e. by re-use. The
next is recycling which would include composting. Following this step is material recovery and
waste-to-energy. Energy can be recovered from processes i.e. landfill and combustion, at this level
of the hierarchy. The final action is disposal, in landfills or through incineration without energy
recovery. This last step is the final resort for waste which has not been prevented, diverted or
recovered. The waste hierarchy represents the progression of a product or material through the
sequential stages of the pyramid of waste management. The hierarchy represents the latter parts
of the life-cycle for each product.

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 Student Discussion
Mention 10 effect of environmental pollution in the Niger- Delta and five causes

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 CHAPTER 11
FIRE SAFETY

Introductory Question
Mention 10 causes of Fire in Offices and It’s recommendation for prevention

Portable extinguishers are intended as a first line of defense to cope with fires of limited size. They
are needed even when a facility is equipped with automatic sprinklers, standpipe and hose, or
other fixed protection equipment. Fire extinguisher training is provided by contacting
Environment, Health and Safety – Fire Safety and Emergency Response Section.
WHAT IS FIRE?
Fire can also be defined as an active, rapid burning, (combustion) and fast oxidation process
accompanied by heat, light and poisonous gases like smoke/ carbon-dioxide/carbon-monoxide
gases etc.
WHAT IS COMBUSTION?
Combustion is the process of oxidation, accompanied by evolution of heat. It could also be defined
as a process of burning. Combustion occurs when a substance undergoes chemical change
(oxidation) by combining with oxygen, giving off certain amount of heat. This is usually a
continuous process as long as the elements of fire are continuously supplied.

THE FIRE TRIANGLE

AIR
(OXYGEN)
HEAT
FIRE
Chemical Reaction

. FUEL

Elements of Fire/Combustion are:-

1. Heat: Source of ignition. E.g. Electrical sparks Friction, Radiation, Matches, Cigarette
butts/stubs, Welding flames/spark, electricity discharged through Lightening, over-heated
bearing etc.
2. Fuel: It can exist in 3 (three) different states of matter and can be classified into:
(a) Solid fuel: - Wood, paper, coal, textiles, etc.
b) Liquid fuel: Petrol, kerosene, paint, or any liquefiable substances and
(c) Gaseous fuel: Propane, methane, butane, acetylene, LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas) etc.
3. Oxygen: It occupies 21% of atmospheric air content and it supports combustion;
4. The 4th (fourth) element: This is the Chemical Chain Reaction between the other elements.
The fourth (4th) element is the continuous branched chain reaction which is also very
essential to start and propagate or spread fire. This is represented in the Fire Tetrahedron

47
  Branched Chain Reaction:Experiment has shown that the oxidation process is complicated
and it takes place in various stages in form of chain reaction. It is a continuous branched
chain reaction, in which free radicals are continuously generated and are multiplied to
propagate or spread fire. This is essential to start and propagate fire or to sustain the
combustion process. For many years, the principles of fire extinction were centered on the
fire triangle and the removal of any of its three sides, to extinguish the fire. However,
remodeling the fire triangles into a fire Tetrahedron, presents a more realistic concept of
extinguishing fire, because it also takes into consideration the Chemical Chain Reaction
needed to sustain combustion.
CLASSES OF FIRE
Class of Fire is defined according to the combustible material. Fires are classified into four major
categories, based on the burning material.
 Class ‘A’:Fires involving solid material, normally of an organic nature, in which the
combustion occurs with the formation of glowing embers, e.g. wood, paper, coal etc.Water
applied as a jet or spray is the most effective way of achieving extinction (although CO2
foam, dry powder may also be used).
 Class ‘B’:Flammable liquids such as petrol, oils, spirits, alcohols, greases and fats. Here the
smotheringeffects of agent s which exclude oxygen are the most effective: foam, CO2 and
vaporizing liquids and water as a spray.
 Class ‘C’: Theyare basically fires involving gaseous substances under pressure where it is
necessary to dilute the burning gas at a very fast rate. They include Butane, Methane,
Propane, Acetylene, etc.
 Class ‘D’:These are fires involving metals, where the burning metal is reactive to water. E.g.
Magnesium, Zinc, Potassium, Aluminum. Special extinguishing media or techniques are
used to extinct these fire, hence the use of Dry Chemical Powder.
 Class ‘F’: Fires involving cooking oils and fats. The foam congeals on top of the oils and
excludes the oxygen.
 “Electricity” does not belong to any class of its own in modern fire classification because
the electrical energy can easily initiate or ignite a fire with high local temperature (Hot spot,
Spark or Flash) in the presence flammable materials and oxygen. Research carried out by
FOC (Fire Officers Committee) in UK shows that Electricity does not burn; rather the
flammable materials in contact with the spark/electrical point that burn and these are
referred to as “Energized Electrical Materials”. Once electric current is isolated from the
burning materials, the fire will fall under any of the classes depending on the material
involved.
METHODS OF FIRE EXTINCTION
Fire extinction is the principle of eliminating one or more of the elements of fire. This can be
achieved through the following methods:
 Cooling: This is to reduce the ignition temperature of the combustible materials by
application of water or cooling agent. It is by far the most important method of fire
extinction. It abstracts heat from the fire at a greater rate than rate than it is generated.
The heat temperature of the fire is reduced and rate at which it evolves also diminishes,
thus fire is progressively cooled and ultimately extinguished.
 Smothering: This is an attempt to reduce the supply of oxygen which supports continuous
burning (e.g. from 21% to less than 15%). At 15%, most fires will be extinguished but some
cases require oxygen to be as low as 6% before the fire can be extinguished. Inert gases
e.g.Carbon dioxide which is heavier than air; or vapours can be used (e.g. covering burning

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 oil with fire blanket). This is called blanketing. Sand could also be used to smother fires like
small solid fuels or flammable liquids.
 Starvation: This is the method applied to remove or cut-off fuel supply (combustible
materials) necessary for continuous burning, from around the vicinity of fire. E.g. cutting off
gas or fuel supply from line of fire, pumping oils from tanks exposed to a fire in a remote
situation or transferring coals stock from point of burning to a safe place (when it is still
safe to do it).
 Breaking of Branched Chain Reaction: This can be achieved by Halogenated Hydrocarbon
which reacts with the hydrocarbon molecules of fire and this disrupts/break the chain
reactions and extinguishes

THREE PRINCIPAL METHODS:

COOLING: This principle is involved with the reduction of heat below ignition temperature, usually
by application of water or cooling agents either by using buckets, jet or sprinklers.

SMOTHERING:
This principle involves Cutting off the oxygen supply to support fire.
Examples:
 Use of dry chemical powder.
 Covering the burning area with blanket or metal lid (fry pan).
 Use of foam or CO2 extinguisher.
 Use of sand.

49
Some Smothering Materials:
 Dry Sand: Dry sand can be used for smothering as a means of extinguishing fire. It is also
safe to use on electrical equipment but must be truly dry.
 Blanketing: This removes air from flammable vapours; eliminates vapour release from fuel
surface and separate the flames from fuel. E.g. Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF).
 CO2: It is an inert gas which does not support combustion. It is colourless, odourless and
insulating gas which is heavier than air. CO2 is an excellent fire extinguishing gas which is
suitable for electrical equipment, ‘Class C’ fires, but not very suitable for ‘Class A’ fires.

STARVATION: This is the removal of fuel supply to the fire. Examples:

 Shutting off the gas supply.

 Draining of fuel from burning oil tank.
 Throwing away combustible materials from the fire

Types of Fire Extinguishers and their Colours

Extinguisher Colour
1. Water extinguisher Red
2. Foam Cream
3. Dry Chemical Powder Blue
4. Carbon (iv) oxide Black
5. Vapourizing Halon Green

Advantages of Portable Fire Extinguishers

1. They are light in weight
2. Only one person is required to operate it.
3. They are instantaneous in action (immediate effect)
4. They are reliable if well maintained.
5. They are human friendly and mostly safe for use.
6. Types are easy to identify and one can be used for multiple type of fires e.g. CO2 and DCP

Selection of Extinguishers
The selection of extinguishers for a given situation is determined by the character of the fires
anticipated.
Distribution of Extinguishers
Fire extinguishers shall be provided for the protection of the building and for the occupancy hazard
contained therein:
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  Required building protection shall be provided by fire extinguishers suitable for Class A fires
 Protection against occupancy hazard shall be provided by fire extinguishers suitable for
such Class A,
B, C, or D fire potentials as may be present.
Fire Emergency Response = RACE
 R -Rescue
 A - Alarm
 C - Contain
 E - Extinguish
Fighting the Fire = PASS
 P – Pull, remove the pull pin
 A – Aim; point the nozzle at the base of fire.
 S – Squeeze, depresses the lever to start the discharging of the chemical.
 S – Sweep, moves the extinguishers with a sweeping motion at the base of the fire until the
fire is out.
NOTE BELOW: fire should be fought from safe distance and safe direction of the winds, so that a
fire is not too hot and the wind is not blowing the fire extinguisher contents to your direction.

IN CASE OF FIRE
 Make sure the fire extinguisher is rated for the type of fire and that you know how to use
the extinguisher.
 Start as far away from the fire as possible.
 Always back away from the fire even if it appears to be out.

CLASSES OF FIRE
EXTINGUISHER TYPE OF FIRE
Colour Type Solids (Wood, Flammable Flammable Electrical Cooking
Paper, Cloth, etc) Liquids Gasses Equipment Oils & Fats
Red Water Yes No No No No
Green Foam Yes Yes No No Yes
Blue Dry Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Powder
Black Carbon No Yes No Yes Yes
Dioxide
(CO2)

Practice Fire Drills should take place to ensure that employees are aware of what to do in the
event of a fire and for the safe evacuation of the premises. They can also show up any defects in
the evacuation procedures so they should be as authentic as possible.

Regular drills should be undertaken to:-

 Check that the alarm can be heard in all parts of the premises;

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 Test the effectiveness of the evacuation procedures both generally and in relation to
specific requirements (such as the need to ensure the safety of disabled employees &
visitors)

 Familiarize employees (particularly those new to the undertaking) with the alarms,
evacuation procedures, escapes routes & assembly points so that, in the case of a real fire
they would know what actions to take.

 Providing an opportunity for fire wardens & others with specific functions to practice their
designated roles.

 There may also be a legal requirement to provide instruction to employees on the action
to be taken in emergency situations.

 Roll Calls are to be taken at the assembly points to ensure that the evacuation is complete.

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 CHAPTER 12

CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND CONTROL

Student introductory Question: Why is it wrong to switch on generators close to

residential buildings openings like doors and windows especially at night?

FORMS OF CHEMICAL AGENTS

When we consider chemicals in the workplace, we are not solely concerned with substances and
preparations which are used directly in work, such as paints or cleaning materials. We are also
concerned with chemicals which arise from the work, such as the dusts or fumes that are given off
during a process, for example, grinding or heating solid metals.
A chemical may be in the form of a substance or a preparation. The distinction between the two is
very simple:
A substance is a chemical element or a compound, including any impurities.
A preparation is a mixture of substances, often with a deliberately proportioned composition.
Chemical substances and preparations exist in a variety of physical states and it is important to
understand these as they affect the way in which chemical hazards arise in the workplace. Note,
too, that different forms of the same substance may present different hazards.
Liquids
Many chemicals are supplied and used in the workplace in liquid form. These can vary from
relatively harmless cleaning fluids through to highly toxic and corrosive acids and alkalis.
Gases
A gas is a formless chemical which occupies the area in which it is enclosed. Its volume and
state can be changed by the combined effect of increased pressure and decreased
temperature. There are many toxic gases used in industry, such as chlorine, hydrogen
sulphide, etc.
Vapours
Vapour is the gaseous form of a liquid below its boiling point. There is equilibrium between the
two phases. Heating liquid causes evaporation. Solids also exist in equilibrium with vapour,
hence we can smell them, but in most cases the amount of vapour is negligible.
Mists
Mists consist of finely suspended droplets formed by condensation from a gas or the atomizing
of a liquid or from aerosols. Mists are created by many industrial processes, such as chromium
plating or charging lead acid batteries and car paint spraying.
Fumes
Fumes are fine particulate solids, which are created by condensation from a vapour, very
often after a metal has been converted to the molten state. The metallic fumes are usually the
oxide of the metal and produce highly toxic fumes.
Dusts
Dusts consist of solid particles of varying size and are created by such operations as grinding or
sieving of solid materials, controlled detonations and various drying processes. In still
atmospheres, dusts tend to settle under gravity and accumulate on surfaces. Where there is
turbulence, at least some element of the dust will remain airborne.
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• Aerosol
Fine suspension of solid particles or droplets in a carrier gas.
FORMS OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
Biological hazards relate mainly to illness contracted from exposure to harmful micro-organisms.
We are concerned here specifically with biological agents which are directly connected with the
work undertaken or which are incidental to it – for example, in respect of farming, sewage
treatment or healthcare. Examples include the following.
Fungi
A fungus is a plant lacking chlorophyll and reproducing by spores. Examples include mushrooms,
mould and yeasts. Fungal diseases manifest themselves as an allergic or immune response in the
form of asthmatic and/or influenza-type symptoms from inhalation of dust or air contaminated by
fungi, such as dry rot in roofs.
MnBacteria
A bacterium is any of a large group of single-celled, microscopic organisms of various shapes that
are often agents of fermentation and putrefaction and that may cause disease. There are many
bacteria present in the world, but those that we are concerned with here are those which may be
present because of the particular nature of the work processes themselves. Examples include:
 Legionella – caused by the bacterium Legionella Pneumophila, which may be present given
certain conditions in cooling towers and water systems and air-conditioning systems. The
bacterium may be spread by sprays of mist from the contaminated water source. It affects the
lungs and is deposited in the alveoli, and can be fatal.
 Zoonoses– animal bacterial infections which may be transmitted to people in the course of their
working with particular animals, either on farms or in their transport and slaughter. Common
examples include:
 Anthrax – a virulent bacterial infection which may occur in those who are in contact with live
animals suffering from the disease or, more often, from handling infected animal skins or
carcasses.
 Brucellosis – caused by a pathogen contracted from cattle or pigs.
Viruses
A virus is a pathogenic agent capable of increasing rapidly inside a living cell. Examples include:
Hepatitis B – These severe forms of jaundice is most common amongst medical staff and refuses
disposal operatives as a result of contact with blood or excreta of patients suffering from viral
hepatitis or in who the disease is still in its incubation stage or from carelessly discarded syringes
and other sharp objects in disposable plastic sacks. The disease is normally self-limiting with
recovery in about six weeks. In about 5% of cases, chronic infectious hepatitis follows, leading to
cirrhosis and possibly death.
AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV) which attacks the immune system by which the human body can resist infections. The virus is
found in most body fluids of sufferers and is transmitted by the passing of such infected fluids into
the blood of another person. It is, though, a delicate virus and relatively easily destroyed outside
the body. It is, then, not easily transmitted and requires direct contact.

CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

There are three general classifications of hazards, each of which contains a number of such
categories:
Physico-chemical hazards – those that are caused by the intrinsic physical or chemical properties
of the substance.
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Toxicological hazards – those that arise from a chemical causing harmful effects to living
organisms, which in practice normally means death, injury or adverse effects in humans when
ingested, inhaled or absorbed through the skin. Toxic effects may be acute or chronic, local or
systemic, and reversible or irreversible.
Environmental hazards – those that relate to the potential of a chemical to damage one or more
environmental compartments (i.e. the air, soil or water, including groundwater).
The categories of danger within each classification are shown in the following table.
Classification of Hazardous Substances

Physico-Chemical Toxicology Environmental

Explosive Very toxic Toxic or harmful to aquatic

Oxidizing Toxic organisms
Extremely flammable Harmful Long-term effects such as
Highly flammable persistence
Corrosive
Flammable Toxic to the non-aquatic
Irritant
environment
Sensitizing
Dangerous for the ozone layer
Carcinogenic
Mutagenic
Toxic for reproduction

The definitions of the categories of danger posed by chemicals within the general toxicology
classification are as follows:
• Very Toxic
Very toxic substances and preparations are those that in very low quantities cause death or
acute or chronic damage to health when inhaled, swallowed or absorbed via the skin.
• Toxic
Toxic substances and preparations are those that in low quantities cause death or acute or
chronic damage to health when inhaled, swallowed or absorbed via the skin; but not those
included in very toxic substances.
• Harmful
Harmful substances and preparations are any that may cause death or acute or chronic
damage to health when inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through the skin; but not those
included in toxic or very toxic substances.
• Corrosive
Corrosive substances and preparations are those that may on contact, destroy living tissues.
The following examples of corrosive substances may be encountered in the course of industrial
processes:
Acids – sulphuric acid; hydrochloric acid; nitric acid; phosphoric acid.
Alkalis – sodium hydroxide (caustic soda); potassium hydroxide (caustic potash).
Gases and vapours– monochloroacetic acid, a corrosive acid which can cause serious chemical
burns when it comes into contact with the skin or eyes and also emits harmful vapours. Chlorine, a
greenish yellow gas with a choking, irritating smell, is very poisonous even if inhaled in a very small
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quantity. All corrosive chemicals can produce, under certain conditions, damaging corrosive
vapours.
Irritant
These are non-corrosive substances and preparations which through immediate, prolonged or
repeated contact with the skin or mucous membrane may cause inflammation.
• Sensitizing
These are substances and preparations that may cause an allergic reaction.
• Carcinogenic
Carcinogenic substances and preparations are those which if inhaled or ingested or absorbed by
the skin may induce cancer or increase its incidence.
For the purposes of classification under the CHIP Regulations, carcinogens are divided into three
categories:

Cat. 1 Substances which are known to be

carcinogenic to humans.
Cat. 2 Where there is sufficient evidence to
provide a strong presumption of human
carcinogenicity.
Cat. 3 Where there is concern for humans
about carcinogenic effects but the
available information is not adequate
for making a satisfactory assessment.
R1 Explosive when dry.
R2 Risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire
or other source of ignition.
R3 Extreme risk of explosion by shock,
friction, fire or other source of ignition.
R4 Forms very sensitive explosive metallic
compounds.
R5 Heating may cause an explosion.
R6 Explosive with or without contact with
air.
For any particular chemical, a number of risk phrases may be appropriate, and phrases may be combined.
For example, the risk phrases for asbestos are:

R45 May cause cancer.

R48/23 Danger of serious damage to health by

prolonged exposure through inhalation.

CONTROL MEASURES
Principle 1
Design and operate processes and activities to minimize emission, release and spread of
substances hazardous to health.

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Principle 2
Take into account all relevant routes of exposure – inhalation, skin and ingestion – when
developing control measures.

Principle 3
Control exposure by measures that are proportional to the health risk.

Principle 4
Choose the most effective and reliable control options that minimize the escape and spread of
substances hazardous to health.

Principle 5
Where adequate control of exposure cannot be achieved by other means, provide, in combination
with other control measures, suitable personal protective equipment.

Principle 6
Check and review regularly all elements of control measures for their continuing effectiveness.

Principle 7
Inform and train all employees on the hazards and risks from substances with which they work,
and the use of control measures developed to minimize the risks.

Principle 8
Ensure that the introduction of measures to control exposure does not increase the overall risk to
health and safety.

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 CHAPTER 13
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

Mention Five Importance of Confine Space Entry

Why should a worker be trained on Safe confine Space entry before embarking on the Job?

A confined space is an enclosed area with limited space and accessibility. An example is the
interior of a storage tank, which may be occasionally entered by workers for maintenance but is
otherwise not a habitable space. Hazards in a confined space often include harmful dust or gases,
asphyxiation, submersion in liquids or free-flowing granular solids (for example, grain bins),
electrocution, or entrapment.

Although the definition of a confined space varies between jurisdictions, it is generally recognized
as a space that:
 has limited or restricted means of entry or exit;
 Enclose in nature
 is large enough for a person to enter to perform tasks
 is not designed or configured for continuous occupancy;[2] and

According to the OSHA, a permit-required confined space (permit space) has the three
characteristics listed above (which define a confined space) and one or more of the following:
1. Contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere
2. Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing the entrant
3. Has an internal configuration that might cause an entrant to be trapped or asphyxiated by
inwardly converging walls or by a floor that slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross
section
4. Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazards.

Atmospheric hazards
The most common hazard seen in confined spaces is that of atmospheric hazards. These affect air
quality and present immediate hazards to health or life. Acceptable atmospheric conditions must
be verified before entry, and must be monitored continuously while the space is occupied. The
oxygen concentration, the presence of toxic gases, and flammable material are the three
conditions that must be monitored.
Oxygen concentration is considered safe if it is between 19.5% and 23.5% of the total atmosphere.
To protect against toxic gases, contaminants have permissible exposure limits (PELs), which are set
by OSHA. Work also cannot continue if the concentration of a material reaches or exceeds 10% of
its lower explosive limit. Dangerous that use of such equipment in confined spaces should never be
allowed.

Testing the air

Testing the air may be necessary to check that it is free from both toxic and flammable vapors and
that it is fit to breathe. Testing should be carried out by a competent person using a suitable gas
detector which is correctly calibrated. Where the risk assessment indicates that conditions may
change, or as a further precaution, continuous monitoring of the air may be needed.

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Is a ‘permit-to-work’ necessary?
A permit-to-work ensures a formal check is undertaken to make sure all the elements of a safe
system of work are in place before people are allowed to enter or work in the confined space. It is
also a means of communication between site management, supervisors, and those carrying out the
hazardous work. Essential features of a permit-to-work are:
 clear identification of who may authorize particular jobs (and any limits to their authority)
and who is responsible for specifying the necessary precautions (e.g. isolation, air testing,
emergency arrangements etc);
 making sure that contractors engaged to carry out work are included;
 training and instruction in the issue of permits;
 Monitoring and auditing to make sure that the system works as intended.

Emergency Procedures
When things go wrong, people may be exposed to serious and immediate danger. Effective
arrangements for raising the alarm and carrying out rescue operations in an emergency are
essential.
Contingency plans will depend on the nature of the confined space, the risks identified and
consequently the likely nature of an emergency rescue.
Emergency arrangements will depend on the risks. You should consider communications and
rescue and resuscitation equipment.

Student Activity: Workplace Safety – Confined Space

1. What must be tested FIRST before an employee enters confined space?
2. Entering a permit space can prove fatal for an employee when the oxygen level is below
_______
3. Any employee can enter a permit required confined space to carry out necessary repairs or
maintenance. TRUE or FALSE.
4. Which of the following must be tested FIRST before an employee enters a confined space?
a) Potential toxic air contaminants
b) Flammable gases and vapours
c) Oxygen content
5. OSHA mandates that an Entry Supervisor sign the Entry Permit before an employee begins
work in a confined space.
6. What are hazards associated with confined spaces?
7. A confined space is defined as ______________
8. What are the functions of the following confine space workers?
a) Supervisors
b) Entrant
c) Attendant
d) Rescue Team
9. In an emergency, in the absence of a trained rescue team, an attendant must:
a) Enter the Permit Space and try to save the entrant
b) Attempt a non-entry rescue
c) Pray and hope that the entrant survives
d) None of the above
10. Air becomes asphyxiating when there is not enough oxygen to breath. TRUE or FALSE
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 CHAPTER 14

ELECTRICAL SAFETY

Basic Electrical Safety – What is it?

Basic Electrical Safety- What Are the Risks?

Electrical dangers can occur very easily, which is why basic electrical safety must be practiced.
Electrical accidents can happen when victims use unsafe or defective tools. Also, sometimes
victims fail to de-energize, or do not exercise proper lockout and tag out procedures during
electrical equipment repair, inspections or maintenance. Hence, they subject themselves to
electrical danger. Another reason accidents occur is that some workers are elevated in a position
that has allowed them to accidentally contact overhead power lines, resulting in electrocution. At
home, basic electrical accidents occur when outlets are overloaded with too many appliances or
when a third prong (ground pin) on a three-pronged plug is removed in an attempt to fit the plug
into a two-pronged outlet. This allows the faulted current to flow into a person, instead of traveling
through the ground pin to the house's electrical grounding system.
Using defective electrical equipment can also lead to electrical accidents. Faulty insulations,
loose connections, defective parts, improper grounding or using home-made extension cords can
make a simple procedure turn into a trip to the hospital.
There are four chief kinds of general electrical safety injuries:

 electrocution (death from electrical shock);

 electric shock;
 burns; (arc flash injuries)
 falls after electric shock
These injuries can happen in various ways:
 Direct contact with the electrical energy. The electricity interferes with the normal electrical
signals between the brain and muscles, causing the heart to stop beating properly or
breathing to stop, or causing the muscles to go into spasm.
 When the electric current passes through the air to a person who is grounded — the body
provides an alternative route to the ground for the electric current.
 Arc flashes create intense heat causing severe burns, flash with an intense light, which can
cause blindness and ignite materials.
 Arc blasts cause the same conditions as an arc flash, but are more intense and can also
include a strong pressure wave. These pressure waves can damage machinery, throw a
person, collapse a lung or rupture eardrums.
 Thermal burns — including flash burns from heat generated by an electric arc — and flame
burns from materials that catch on fire from heating or ignition by electrical currents. It
should be noted that electrical current can burn internal tissues while creating only small
injuries on the surface of the skin.
 Muscle contractions (startle reaction) can cause a person to fall from a ladder, aerial
bucket

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Who is most at risk from electricity?
Anyone can be exposed to the dangers of electricity while at work and everyone should be made
aware of the dangers.
Those most at risk include maintenance staff, those working with electrical plant, equipment and
machinery, and people working in harsh environments such as construction sites.
Most electrical accidents occur because individuals:
 are working on or near equipment which is thought to be dead but which is, in fact, live
 are working on or near equipment which is known to be live, but where those involved are
without adequate training or appropriate equipment, or they have not taken adequate
precautions
 Misuse equipment or use electrical equipment which they know to be faulty.
Basic electrical safety
Below are some minimum steps you should take to ensure electrical safety.
Mains supplies
 Install new electrical systems to BS 7671 Requirements for Electrical Installations
 Maintain all electrical installations in good working order
 Provide enough socket-outlets for equipment in use
 Avoid overloading socket-outlets – using adaptors can cause fires
 Provide an accessible and clearly identified switch ('Emergency Off' or 'EMO' button) near
fixed Machinery to cut off power in an emergency
 For portable equipment, connect to nearby socket-outlets so that it can be easily
disconnected in an emergency.
Use the right equipment
 Choose electrical equipment that is suitable for its working environment
 Ensure that equipment is safe when supplied and maintain it in a safe condition
 Electrical equipment used in flammable/explosive atmospheres should be designed not to
produce sparks. Seek specialist advice when choosing this type of equipment.
 Protect light bulbs and other easily damaged equipment – there is a risk of electric shock if
they are broken.

Maintenance and repairs

 Ensure equipment is fitted with the correctly rated fuse.
 Ensure cable ends always have their outer sheaths firmly clamped to stop wires working
loose from plugs or inside equipment
 Replace damaged sections of cable completely – never repair cuts with insulating tape.
 Use proper connectors to join lengths of cable – don't use connector blocks covered in
insulating tape or 'splice' wires by twisting them together
 Some equipment is double insulated. These are often marked with a ‘double-square’
symbol. The supply leads have only two wires – live (brown) and neutral (blue)
 Make sure all wires are connected securely if the 13A plug is not a moulded-on type.

Workplace Electrical Safety Tips

 Plan every job and think about what could go wrong.
 Use the right tools for the job.
 Use procedures, drawings, and other documents to do the job.
 Isolate equipment from energy sources.
 Identify the electric shock and arc flash, as well as other hazards that may be present.
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 Minimize hazards by guarding or establishing approach limitations.
 Test every circuit and every conductor every time before you touch it.
 Use personal protective equipment (PPE) as a last line of defense in case something goes
wrong.
 Be sure you are properly trained and qualified for the job.
 Work on electrical equipment and conductors only when de-energized, unless procedures
and safeguards have been established to ensure zero exposure for the worker and other
people in the area.
 Lockout/tag out and ground (where appropriate) before working on equipment.
 Treat de-energized electrical equipment and conductors as energized until lockout/tagout,
test, and ground procedures (where appropriate) are implemented.
 Wear protective clothing and equipment and use insulated tools in areas where there are
possible electrical hazards.
 De-energize and visibly guard (where possible) whenever contact with un-insulated
overhead power lines is possible.
 Check and double check safety regulations when a ladder or parts of any vehicle or
mechanical equipment structure will be elevated near energized overhead power lines. Call
your local electric utility for assistance. People standing on the ground may be particularly
vulnerable to possible injury. Cords, Equipment, and Tool Grounding
 Make sure all equipment and extension cords bear the mark of an independent testing
laboratory such as UL, CSA, ETL or MET Labs.
 Protect flexible cords and cables from physical damage. Check cords for cut, broken, or
cracked insulation.
 Keep slack in flexible cords to prevent tension on electrical terminals.
 Make sure the insulating qualities of a splice are equal to or greater than the original cord.
 Extension cords are for temporary use. Install permanent wiring when use is no longer
temporary.
 Verify that all three-wire tools and equipment are grounded.
 Water, electrical equipment, and power cords do not mix! Use GFCI protection in wet or
damp environments.
 Ground exposed parts of fixed equipment that could be energized.
 Use non-conductive tools whenever possible.
 Always double check the operation of your voltage testers by testing a live circuit. Other
Considerations
 Verify location of all buried or embedded electrical circuits before digging or cutting.
 Determine the reason that a fuse operated or circuit breaker tripped before replacing or
resetting.
 Know where you’re over current devices are (i.e. circuit breakers and fuses) so they can be
easily and quickly reached in case of emergency.
 When replacing lamps and bulbs, verify that the replacement matches fixture
requirements.

Student Activity: ELECTRICAL SAFETY

1. Electrical components which are not properly grounded may create electrical shocks.
TRUE or FALSE
2. You discover the electrical cord on a drill has been damaged and some of the cord’s
insulation is missing. You should ________
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 3. The effects of an electrical shock on the body depend upon all of the following EXCEPT:
a) Current
b) Duration
c) Body weight
d) Path
4. Name two (2) system component of electrical power
5. Name electrical Personal Protective Equipments (PPE).
6. Which of the following is acceptable by OSHA standards?
a) An unqualified employee flipping tripped breakers in a breaker box.
b) Removing a ground pin if needed to plug into a two prong outlet.
c) Plugging an extension cord into a second extension cord.
7. It is the responsibility of all employees to understand and use electrical safety everyday.
TRUE or FALSE.
8. How could electrical hazards be minimized?
9. Name five (5) hazards of electricity
10. Discuss electrical guarding.

CASE STUDY
A 29 years old man was electrocuted and killed when he touched a refrigerated display cabinet in a
cafe. Investigation showed that the 13A plug had been incorrectly refilled to the cabinet’s main
lead. This meant the metal work of the cabinet, which should have been safe to touch, was
dangerously live at mains voltage. The man’s sister received two shocks from the cabinet before
realizing what happened to her brother.
a) What was the main source of the incident?
b) How can similar accident be prevented?
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 CHAPTER 15

PRACTICAL SAFETY AUDIT/INSPECTION

State the reasons for conducting Safety Inspection and Safety Audit in companies

Yet safety inspections and safety audits approach the challenge of worker well-being from different
angles. Safety inspections look for hazards, risks, and other tactics that might prevent a company
from operating safely. Meanwhile, safety audits examine whether programs and strategies are
meeting a company’s goals.
Similarities between a Safety Inspection and Safety Audit
There are several similarities between safety inspections and safety audits:
 Broad goals: Both strive for a safer workplace that complies with all regulations and
standards.
 Safety checklists: Both may use a safety checklist that includes relevant OSHA standards,
best practices, and other recommended precautions.
 OSHA requirements: OSHA does not require safety audits or inspections, but the agency
views both as components of an effective safety plan.
Differences between a Safety Inspection and Safety Audit
For all their similarities, a few key differences separate safety inspections and safety audits.
 Scope: An audit reviews safety programs and strategies, while an inspection examines
current tactics and routine employee actions.
 Responsible parties: Safety inspections are usually performed by those familiar with the
workplace, while independent employees (whether from outside the company or in
another department) should conduct a safety audit.
What is an example of an inspection checklist for a manufacturing facility?
The examples outlined below do not list all the possible items for manufacturing facilities. The best
checklist for your workplace is one that has been developed for your specific needs. Whatever the
format of the checklist, provide space for the inspectors' signatures and the date.

Inspectors: Date:

(O)Satisfactory
(X) Requires Action

Location Condition Comments

Training

Is training provided for each person newly assigned to a job?

Does initial training include a thorough review of hazards and

accidents associated with the job?

Is adequate instruction in the use of personal protective equipment

provided?

Is training for the use of emergency equipment provided?

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Are workers knowledgeable in the "Right to Refuse" procedures?

Environment

Are resources available to deal with very hot or very cold conditions
(drinking water, lined gloves, insulated boots)?

Is the rain/cold weather gear that is provided comfortable, and light

enough so as not to constitute a hazard?

Are work surfaces and grip surfaces safe when wet?

Do workers know the symptoms of heat cramps/heatstroke, or frost

bite/hypothermia?

Work Process

Are repetitive motion tasks properly paced and kept to a minimum?

Are the material safety data sheets placed in locations accessible to

all employees?

Are hazards signal led by signs and tags?

Have all trucks, forklifts and other equipment been inspected and
maintained?

Are lockout or tag out procedures in place and followed?

Is ventilation equipment working effectively?

Is the fume and dust collection hood working effectively?

Are the safety showers and eye wash stations in the proper locations
and in good working condition?

Fire Emergency Procedures

Is there a clear fire response plan posted for each work area?

Do all workers know the plan?

Are drills held regularly?

Are fire extinguishers chosen for the type of fire most likely in that
area?

Are there enough extinguishers present to do the job?

Are extinguisher locations conspicuously marked?

Are extinguishers properly mounted and easily accessible?

Are all extinguishers fully charged and operable?

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Are special purpose extinguishers clearly marked?

Means of Exit

Are there enough exits to allow prompt escape?

Do employees have easy access to exits?

Are exits unlocked to allow egress?

Are exits clearly marked?

Are exits and exit routes equipped with emergency lighting?

Warehouse and Shipping

Are dock platforms, bumpers, stairs and steps in good condition?

Are light fixtures in good condition?

Are all work areas clean and free of debris?

Are stored materials properly stacked and spaced?

Are tools kept in their proper place?

Are there metal containers for oily rags and for rubbish?

Are floors free of oil spillage or leakage?

Is absorbent available for immediate clean-up of spills and leaks?

Are all flammable and combustible products stored appropriately?

For example: Are Class I (one) flammable products (as per NFPA or
your local fire code) stored in Class I approved buildings or outside
the warehouse?

Loading/Unloading Racks

Are steps, railings and retractable ramps on raised platforms in good

repair?

Is piping and in-line equipment in good condition and free of leaks?

Are loading arms operating satisfactorily?

Do submerged filling two-stage valves operate properly?

Are bonding and grounding cables free of breaks or damage?

Are connections tight and sound?

Is the general condition of wiring and junction boxes, etc. in good

condition (visual inspection)?

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Lighting

Is the level of light adequate for safe and comfortable performance

of work?

Does lighting produce glare on work surfaces, monitors, screens and

keyboards?

Is emergency lighting adequate and regularly tested?

Machine Guards

Are all dangerous machine parts adequately guarded?

Do machine guards meet standards?

Are lockout procedures followed when performing maintenance with

guards removed?

Electrical

Is the Canadian Electrical Code adhered to in operation, use, repair

and maintenance?

Are all machines properly grounded?

Are portable hand tools grounded or double insulated?

Are junction boxes closed?

Are extension cords out of the aisles where they can be abused by
heavy traffic?

Is permanent wiring used instead of extension cords?

Tools and Machinery

Are manufacturers' manuals kept for all tools and machinery?

Do power tools conform to standards?

Are tools properly designed for use by employees?

Are defective tools tagged and removed from service as part of a

regular maintenance program?

Are tools and machinery used so as to avoid electrical hazards?

Is proper training given in the safe use of tools and machinery?

Confined Spaces

Are the confined space procedures and training available and

followed by all involved?

Are entry and exit procedures adequate?

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Are emergency and rescue procedures in place (e.g. trained safety
watchers)?

Housekeeping

Is the work area clean and orderly?

Are floors free from protruding nails, splinters, holes and loose
boards?

Are aisles and passageways kept clear of obstructions?

Are permanent aisles and passageways clearly marked?

Are covers or guardrails in place around open pits, tanks and ditches?

Floor and Wall Openings

Are ladder-ways and door openings guarded by a railing?

Do temporary floor openings have standard railings or someone

constantly on guard?

Stairs, Ladders and Platforms

Are stairs and handrails in good condition?

Are ladders free of defects?

Are ladders set up properly before use?

Are the elevated platforms properly secured and do they have

handrails?

Elevating Devices

Are elevating devices used only within capacity?

Are capacities posted on equipment?

Are they regularly inspected, tested and maintained?

Are controls of the "dead man" type?

Are operators trained?

Sound Level/Noise

Are regular noise surveys conducted?

Is hearing protection available and used properly?

Temporary Work Structures

Are temporary work structures used only when it is not reasonably

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practicable to use permanent ones?

Are excavations properly shored, free of large objects (rocks, etc.) at

the edges?

Employee Facilities

Are facilities kept clean and sanitary?

Are facilities in good repair?

Are cafeteria facilities provided away from toxic chemicals?

Are hands washing facilities available?

Medical and First Aid

Do all employees know how to get first aid assistance when needed?

Do the first-aiders know when and to which hospital or clinic an

injured person should be taken?

Are there employees trained as first-aid practitioners on each shift

worked?

Are first-aid kits provided as per jurisdiction’s first-aid regulations?

Are first-aid supplies replenished as they are used?

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Is required equipment provided, maintained and used?

Does equipment meet requirements?

Is it reliable?

Is personal protection utilized only when it is not reasonably

practicable to eliminate or control the hazardous substance or
process?

Are the areas requiring PPE usage properly identified by warning

signs?

Materials Handling and Storage

Is there safe clearance for all equipment through aisles and doors?

Is stored material stable and secure?

Are storage areas free from tipping hazards?

Are only trained operators allowed to operate forklifts?

Is charging of electric batteries performed only in designated areas?

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Is dock boards (bridge plates) used when loading or unloading from
dock to truck or dock to rail car?

Are necessary warning devices and signs in use for railway sidings?

Are specifications posted for maximum loads which are approved for
shelving, floors and roofs?

Are racks and platforms loaded only within the limits of their
capacity?

Are chain hoists, ropes and slings adequate for the loads and marked
accordingly?

Are slings inspected daily before use?

Are all new, repaired, or reconditioned alloy steel chain slings proof-
tested before use?

Are pallets and skids the correct type and inspected?

Do personnel use proper lifting techniques?

Is the size and condition of containers hazardous to workers?

Are elevators, hoists, conveyors, balers, etc., properly used with

appropriate signals and directional warning signs?
Document last updated on June 6, 2014
_________________________________________________________________________________
Student Activity: Safety Inspection and Safety Audit
_________________________________________________________________________________
1. State the differences between a safety inspection and safety audit?
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. How does OSHA view safety audits?
3. List six (6) types of safety audit?
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the objectives of health and safety audit?
_________________________________________________________________________________
5. Outline the actions that an employer may take when a risk to a new or expectant mother
cannot be avoided?
_________________________________________________________________________________
6. List the powers given to H&S enforcement officers appointed under the HSWA – 1974?
_________________________________________________________________________________
7. Reporting of fatality to enforce authority, state the legal requirements?
8. Outline the reasons for maintain good standards of Health and Safety within an organization?
_________________________________________________________________________________
9. What does a Health and Safety Audit involve?
_________________________________________________________________________________
10. List five (5) steps to a successful Safety Audit?

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 CHAPTER 16

INDUSTRIAL SECURITY
Based on the Bible Account of Genesis 3:23,24(Read), how did our Almighty God Jehovah
originate the definition and three Essence of Industrial Security
Security management is the identification of an organization's assets (including information
assets), followed by the development, documentation, and implementation of policies and
procedures for protecting these assets. An organization uses such security management
procedures as information classification, risk assessment, and risk analysis to identify threats,
categories assets, and rate system vulnerabilities so that they can implement effective controls.

Loss prevention
Loss prevention focuses on what your critical assets are and how you are going to protect them. A
key component to loss prevention is assessing the potential threats to the successful achievement
of the goal. This must include the potential opportunities that further the object (why take the risk
unless there's an upside?) Balance probability and impact determine and implement measures to
minimize or eliminate those threats.

Security risk management

Management of security risks applies the principles of risk management to the management of
security threats. It consists of identifying threats (or risk causes), assessing the effectiveness of
existing controls to face those threats, determining the risks' consequence(s), prioritizing the risks
by rating the likelihood and impact, classifying the type of risk and selecting an appropriate risk
option or risk response.

Types of security threats

External
 Strategic: like competition and customer demand.
 Operational: Regulation, suppliers, contract
 Financial: FX, credit
 Hazard: Natural disaster, cyber, external criminal act
 Compliance: new regulatory or legal requirements are introduced, or existing ones are
changed, exposing the organisation to a non-compliance risk if measures are not taken to
ensure compliance

Internal
 Strategic: R&D
 Operational: Systems and process (H&R, Payroll)
 Financial: Liquidity, cash flow
 Hazard: Safety and security; employees and equipment
 Compliance: Actual or potential changes in the organization’s systems, processes, suppliers,
etc. may create exposure to a legal or regulatory non-compliance.

Security policy implementations

Intrusion detection
 Alarm devices

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Access control
 Locks, simple or sophisticated, such as biometric authentication and keycard locks

Physical security
 Environmental elements (ex. Mountains, Trees, etc.)
 Barricade
 Security guards (armed or unarmed) with wireless communication devices (e.g., two-way
radio)
 Security lighting (spotlight, etc.)
 Security Cameras
 Motion Detectors

Procedures
 Coordination with law enforcement agencies
 Fraud management
 Risk Management
 Risk Analysis
 Risk Mitigation
 Contingency Planning

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QUESTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL SECURITY
1. What do you understand by the word “Industrial Security”?
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2. Explain the following terms
_________________________________________________________________________________
a) Loss prevention
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b) Security risk management
c) Risk spreading
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d) Risk transfer
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e) Risk acceptance
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3. Differentiate between Risk Avoidance and Risk Reduction
4. Mention the procedures of security policy implementations
_________________________________________________________________________________
5. List the types of Security Threats
_________________________________________________________________________________

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 CHAPTER 17

JHA

JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS TRAINING GUIDE

Job Title: Page: of JSA No. Date: New

Revised

Equipment: Supervisor: Analysis by:

Department: Approved by:

Required Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

JOB STEPS POTENTIAL HAZARDS RECOMMENDED

SAFE JOB PROCEDURES

Break down the job into For each step, ask yourself For each potential accident or hazard, ask
its basic steps, e.g., what what accidents could yourself what safeguards should be
is done first, what is happen to the employee provided for the employee and how
done next, and so on. doing the job. You can get should the employee do the job step to
You can do this by: the answers by: avoid the potential accident, or what
should they do or not do to avoid the
1. Observing the job 1. Observing the job. accident. You can get your answers by:
2. Discussing it with the 2. Discussing it with the
operator operator 1. observing the job for leads
3. Drawing on your 3.Recalling past accidents 2.discussing precautions with
knowledge of job 4. a combination of the experienced job operators
4. A combination of the three 3. drawing on your experience
three 4. a combination of the three
Ask yourself; can he/she be
Record the steps in struck by or contacted by Be sure to describe specifically the
their normal order of anything; could they strike provided safeguards and precautions an
occurrence. Describe against or come in contact employee must use. Don=t leave out
what is done, not the with anything; could the important details. Number each separate
details of how it is done. employee be caught in, on, recommended precaution with the same
Usually three or four or between anything; can numbers you gave the potential accident
words are sufficient to they fall; be over exerted; (see center column) that the precaution
describe each basic job or be exposed to anything seeks to avoid. Use simple do or dont
step. injurious such as gas, statements to explain recommended
radiation, welding rays, precautions as if you were talking to the
For example, the first etc.? employee.
basic job step in using a For example, acid burns
pressurized water fire fumes. For example: Lift with your legs, not your
extinguisher would be: back.
1. Remove the Avoid generalities such as, Be careful, Be

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 extinguisher from the alert, Take caution, etc.
wall bracket.

Trainee’s Name: Training Date:

Trainer’s Name: Trainer’s Signature:

Four-Step Instruction Completed? Prepare the Worker . . . . . . . . . . . . Trainer’s

Initials
Present the Operation . . . . . . . . . . Trainer’s Initials
Try Out Performance . . . . . . . . . . .Trainer’s Initials
Follow Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Trainer’s Initials

Comments:

QUESTION FIVE: JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

1. What are Job Hazard Analysis?
2. What are the four (4) basic step of Job Hazard Analysis
3. How do I “Identify Potential Hazard”?
4. How do I “Determine Preventive measures”?
5. List the various benefits of Job Hazard Analysis
6. A Job Hazard Analysis is a method of __________ hazards, a means of _______ down the job,
as well as a system to help employees understand _______
a) Creating, falling, rules
b) Eliminate, sitting
c) Identifying, breaking, hazards
d) None of the above
7. Who should perform the job hazard analysis?
a) Safety Office
b) Supervisors
c) The person performing the actual job
d) Any person with the knowledge of the job
e) All the above

JHA FORMAT
Note; the recent Job Hazard analysis format is as followed: Job steps, Hazards Identified ,
consequences ,targets, Risk Level, Control Measure, Recovery measures , timeline, deadline and
Action party

Based on the Recent Job Hazard Analysis Format Given Above ,Design a JHA form for
constructing a house starting from clearing the land to painting the House(10 Job Steps)

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 CHAPTER 18

PERMIT TO WORK SYSTEM

When is Permit –to –work Systems Required?

A permit to work system is required or should be considered whenever works intended to

be carried out may adversely affect the safety of people, plant or the environment. Permit to
work systems are not required for routine maintenance activities in a non-hazardous environment.
Permit to work systems should be considered where:

 Non -production work (e.g. maintenance, repairs, inspections, testing, etc);

 Works where two or more individuals need to co-ordinate activities to complete the
job safely;
 Jobs where there is a transfer of work
 Non -routine operations or activities and responsibilities from one contractor to the other;
As a general guide a permit to work system may be required for work activities that involve:
 Confined space working;
 Hot works such as welding, flame cutting and grinding;
 Working at height;
 Certain excavation works;
 Working on fragile roofs;
 Maintenance work on lifts, conveyors, hoists etc;
 Work on high voltage electrical equipment or other work on electrical equipment
which may give rise to potential dangers;
 Any activity which require additional precautions or personal protective equipment
(PPE) to be in place;
 Work involving the use of hazardous/dangerous substance

Definitions
3.1 Safe System of Work: It is a controlled and considered way of carrying out a work task,
which eliminates the risk to health and safety so far as it is reasonably Practicable. It
sets out the work to be done and precautions to be taken. Hence, in its simplest form;
Safe System of Work = Risk Assessment + Method Statement
3.2 Permit to Work System: This is a formal written system document used to closely control
certain types of activities, tasks, processes or work that have specific hazards or are
potentially hazardous. A permit to work system will include details of the work to be done,
what is involved including all the required precautions and emergency procedures, people
involved, limits on the work task or equipment to effectively carryout the job safely.
Examples include hot works, excavations, and entry into a confined space.
3.3 Method Statement: This is a document detailing how a particular task will be carried out. It
should detail all the possible dangers/risk associated with the job, and the methods of
controls to be established to show how the job would be managed safely.
3.4 Line Manager: This means all staff who have authority and responsibility for directing and
supervising people working for them, be they permanent, temporary or contractually
employed. Within schools, the Head teacher is responsible for ensuring that the policies
are implemented, and that appropriate responsibilities are delegated down to competent
individuals.
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 3.5 Competent Person: Anyone but not necessarily the Line Manager would be deemed
competent by virtue of training, qualification, knowledge, experience and qualities
appropriate to their duties. Therefore, a competent person must have a practical
knowledge of the work activity/task to be undertaken, and also be familiar with the
requirements of any relevant regulations.
3.6 Person in Charge (Supervisor): This is a competent person who has accepted a permit to
work system from the authorized person, and is named on the permit to work, and also has
direct responsibilities for the specific work to be undertaken.
3.7 Authorized Person: This is the person responsible for authorizing and issuing permit to the
people to do the work.
1.0 Essentials of Permit to Work Systems
1.1 Permit Display: Copies of the permit to work should be clearly displayed at the work
site or in a location close to where the work activity is being undertaken. Line Managers are
also required to ensure that a copy of the permit to work is kept and made available where the
work site is located elsewhere on the premises. Appendix 1 – shows a permit to work form.
1.2 Permit Suspension: Some work activities where a permit to work system is required may be
suspended if there is a general alarm for operational reasons, and where the wrong permit to
work have been issued for a different type of work, a change in scope of work or waiting
spares (Example is using a hot work permit to undertake a work activity in a confined space).
1.3 Permit Interaction: Line Managers are also required to ensure that one activity under a
permit to work does not create possible danger for others even if the other work activity does
not require a permit to work system. Permit authorizers should be aware of potential
interaction, and ensure that completed permit takes into account other currently
planned activity.
1.4 Permit Authorization: A permit to work system is fully effective only if the permits are
co-ordinate and controlled, and with a signature confirming that isolations (electrical,
mechanical, substances etc.) have been made and precautions (protective equipment &
clothing) taken by an issuing authority to undertake an activity safely.
1.5 Permit Number: This is a unique number that may be required to be cross-referenced to
any other permit or isolation certificate.
1.6 Activity/Task Location: Exact location where the work activity is to be carried out.
1.7 Plant Identification: Outlines a description of the type, identification number, etc. of plant
to be used for works.

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1.8 Hazard Identification: Includes residual hazards as well as hazards introduced by the work
activity.
1.9 Control Measures: This details what control measures need to be implemented and followed
by person in charge to ensure a safe system of work is achieved. E.g. for electrical isolation
works person who carries out isolation should sign to acknowledge that all required
precautions have been taken.
1.10 Protective Equipment: All required protective equipment necessary for undertaking work
activity safely.
1.11 Authorization: Signature confirming that isolations have been made and precautions taken,
excepts where these can only be taken during the work activity. It should specify the date,
time and duration of the permit to work system.
1.12 Acceptance: Signature of person in charge acknowledging understanding of the work task
to be carried out, limitations on whom may do the work, hazards involved precautions to be
taken and explanation of works by the authorized person.

QUESTIONS: PERMIT TO WORK SYSTEM

1. What is a Permit to Work System?

2. A safe Work Permit is required for emergency procedures. TRUE or FALSE
3. The job scope must be ________ so that the Permit Entry Supervisor can clearly
understand what the job scope is.
4. Employee who authorizes Safe Work Permits must be Re-certified every ______ years.
5. No blanket Safe Work permit shall be authorized for work that spans across a number of
proprietary areas. TRUE or FALSE
6. What types of activities should be covered by Permit to Work Systems and what types
of Permits are there?
a) Hot water permit
b) Disconnection or opening of any closed pipeline or vessel
c) Confined space entry permit
d) Permit for work over or near deep water
e) Electrical work permit or isolation permit
7. What are the roles of the authorize person and the responsible person?
8. Should entry into confined spaces be covered by a permit to work system?
9. The term “Work Permit” is used in reference to which of the following cases?
a) Instance where a person is given permission to work in a country where one does
not hold citizenship
b) In reference to minors, who in some jurisdictions require a permit in order to work
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
10. What benefits would an electronic permit to work system bring?

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 APPENDIX1–PERMIT TO WORK FORM
1. Project Work being done:
2. Permit Reference Number:
3. Job Location:
4. Plant Identification:

5. Description of work activity to be carried out and its limitations:

6. Cross-Referenced Documentation:(The following Risk assessments, Permits, Safe Systems

Of Work, Method Statements and Maintenance procedures are applicable to this task).

7. Hazard Identification and Control Measures:(The following residual hazards, and associated
Work hazards exist with this work activity and the listed control measures
Are to be implemented including Personal Protective Equipment-(PPE).
Hazard Control Measures
___________________________________________________________________________

8. Precautions necessary and actions in the event of an emergency:

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

9. Protective Equipment(including PPE):

10. Authorization: (I have reviewed all aspects of the work activity and i certify that isolations
and precautions have been taken as detailed in the method statement/ safe system of work,
except where these precautions can only be taken during the work).

Name: ____________________________ Permit duration:

Date: ____/____/_____Time:____ From: ___:____hrs Date:___/___/___
Signature: To:___ Hrs Date:___/___/_____
________________________________

11. Acceptance by Person in Charge:(I certify that I have read and fully understand the
documentation associated with this work activity, the hazards involved and precautions
required, and that procedures to carryout works have been explained. I am also satisfied that
the work forces to undertake the work activity are properly equipped and understand the
safety and emergency procedures to be followed and are competent).

Name:_________________________
Signature________________________
Children’s Services Date: ___/___ /___
Time:_______

Health and Safety August 2008

Page 8 of 13 GN027C

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12. Hand Back by Person in Charge:(I certify that the work activity detailed above has been
deleted as required)
a) Completed
b) Stopped/suspended: The work activity was stopped/suspended at ___:___hrs on
the____/____/_date)

Details of the reasons for stoppage/suspension and arrangements to isolate and prevent all
Unauthorized access to
The work activities are:
a. The work activity detailed above has been stopped/suspended for the reason listed below:
______________________________________________________________________________
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b. The following arrangements have been put in place to prevent unauthorized access to the
worksite
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Name (person in charge):_____________________ Signature: _____________________
Date: _____/_____/______ Time:____:____ hrs

Name(permit authorizer):_____________________ Signature:______________________

Date: /_____ Time: __:Hrs
___/__ ____

13. Cancellation:(I certify that this permit to work is cancelled and that the work activity
detailed above has been delete as required)
a) Completed at____:_____hrs on the____/_____/______(date)
b) Stopped/suspended. I confirm that the work activity was stopped/suspended for the
reason detailed above, and i agree with the arrangements that have been put in place to
prevent unauthorized access. This permit to work is now cancelled and all further work
will be authorized on Permit to Work Serial No: ________________

Name
(permit authorizer):________________________

Date: ___/____/_____ Time: ___:____hrs

Children’s Services
Signature:_______________

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 CHAPTER 19

HSE - MS

Health And Safety Management Systems

A health and safety management system is a process put in place by an employer to minimize
the risk of injury and illness.
This is made possible by identifying, assessing and controlling risks to workers in all workplace
operations. The scope and complexity of a system will vary according to the type of workplace,
and the type of operations carried out.
An effective health and safety management system must have the following 8 components in
place:
1. Identification and analysis of health and safety hazards at the work site
2. Control measures to eliminate or reduce the risks to workers from hazards
3. Clearly demonstrated and management commitment, and written company policy
4. Worker competency and training
5. Inspection program
6. Emergency response planning
7. Incident reporting and investigation
8. Management system administration
The HSE Management System Oil and Gas Industry Standard model comprises eight interrelated
components:
 Management Leadership and Commitment
 Policy and Strategic Objectives
 Organisation, Responsibilities, Resources, Standards and Documentation
 Hazards and Effects Management
 Planning and Procedures
 Implementation and Performance Monitoring
 Audit
 Review
These are continuously improved by conformance checks on day-to-day standards and
procedures (controls) on the management system (correction) through modifications to the
management system (improvement).AFR
QUESTION ON HSE-MS, HSE CARE AND POLICIES
1. Mention the eight (8) components in Health and Safety Management
2. How are accidents and injuries reported
3. What is Health and Safety Management System?
4. Does the new Health and Safety Legislation apply to home-based ECE services?
5. An Emergency action plan tells ________ what actions to take in emergency situations
a) The police (b) The fireman (c) The employees (d) The paramedics
6. Electrical fires are best tackled with?
a) CO2 fire extinguisher (b) Water fire extinguisher (c) Wet chemical fire extinguisher (d) Foam
fire extinguisher
7. BLUE health and safety signs can be classified as?
a) Stop signs (b) Prohibition signs (c) Mandatory signs (d) Hazard signs
8. Choose three (3) elements that are required to start a fire
a) Earth (b) Heat source (c) Water (d) Fuel (e) Air

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A OIL CORPORATIOEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
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 CHAPTER 20

FIRST AID
A. ANCIENT DEFINITION
First Aid – is an immediate and temporary care given to a victim of an accident or sudden illness
before the services of a physician is obtained.

MODERN DEFINITION
First Aid - is the immediate and skilled application of acceptable method of treatment to an
injured casualty before the arrival of medical personnel

GROUP DISCUSSION – Identify and explain the differences between both definitions of First Aid

B. PURPOSE OF FIRST AID

1. To save life
2. To prevent further injury
3. To preserve vitality and resistance to infection
C. PHASES OF FIRST AID
1. Self-aid
2. Assistance from a companion
3. Emergency treatment
4. Initial surgery
D. FIRST AID RULES
1. Do not get excited. First, check for danger and then check for responsiveness. Determine
whether the victim is conscious. If the victim is conscious, ask him what happened and what
is wrong now. If the victim is unconscious, proceed to check the airway, breathing and
circulation. Commence resuscitation as appropriate.
2. Do not move injured victim unless it is necessary. If necessary to move a casualty, seek
assistance if possible and handle gently.
3. Keep the victims lying down with his head level with his feet while being examined?
4. Keep the victim warm and comfortable. Remove enough clothing to get a clear. To get a
clear idea to get a clear idea to the extent of the injury.
5. Examined the victim gently. Threat the most urgent injuries first and then treat the most
urgent injuries first and then treat the other injuries to the best of your ability.
6. Avoid allowing the victim to see his own injury. Assure him that his condition is understood
and that he will receive good care.
7. Do not try to give any solid or liquid substance by mouth to an unconscious victim nor to a
victim who has sustained an injury.
8. Do not touch open wounds or burns with fingers or other objects except when sterile
compresses or bandages are not available and it is absolutely necessary to stop bleeding.
9. Do not try to arouse an unconscious person.
10. Seek medical attention immediately.

“HURRY CASES” in First Aid

a) Stoppage of Breathing – Critical time is four minutes to restore the victim to normal
before brain damage take place.
- Management of the Casualty:
1. Clean the airway
2. Inflate the lungs with five quick breaths (proceed to CPR)
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 b) Severe Bleeding – Bleeding and hemorrhage mean the same thing, namely, that blood is
escaping from arteries, capillary vessels, or veins.

- Types of Hemorrhage:
1. Arterial Bleeding – Blood from an open artery. The color of the blood is bright red. The
blood spurts which are synchronized with the pulse.
2. Venous Bleeding – Blood from an open vein. The color of the blood is dark red. The
blood escapes in a slow steady flow.
3. Capillary Hemorrhage – Blood from damage capillaries. The color of the blood is
intermediate between bright and dark red. The blood only oozes from the wound. This
is the common type of hemorrhage.

- Controlling external bleeding:

1. Direct pressure
(a) Digital pressure (pressure points)
− Facial – Temporal
− Carotid – Subclavian
− Auxiliary – Brachial
− Femoral
(b) Compress and Bandage
(c) Ligation – tying
(d) Torsion – twisting
2. Elevate the injured part to lessen the flow of blood.
3. Indirect pressure – Tourniquet

c. Poisoning
1) Swallowed – Antidote is to dilute with water or milk to lessen the concentration of the
poison. Milk coats the lining of the intestines.
2) Inhaled – Proper ventilation at once (open air).
3) Contacted poison – Wash at once with soap and water. Bath soap is recommended.
4) Injected as in snake bite.
Snake Bite
= Expose the wound
(a) Remove clothing
(b) Remove shoes
(c) Remove casualty’s jewelry (safeguard/protect jewelry. Place in casualty’s pocket)
= Determine the nature of bite
(a) Non-poisonous
- Four to six rows of teeth - No fang marks on victim
(b) Poisonous
- Two rows of teeth - Two fangs which create puncture wounds

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 = Signs and Symptoms
(a) Less than one hour
- Headache - Vomiting
- Transcript faintness, confusion, unconscious
(b) One to three hours after.
- Dropping eyelids - Double vision (Diplopic)
- Difficulty in swallowing - Enlarged lymph glands
- Abdominal pain - Dark urine
- Rapid pulse - Hemorrhage
(c) After three hours
- Paralysis in large muscles - Respiratory paralysis
- Circulatory failure
Treatment
(a) Non-poisonous
- Cleanse/disinfect wound
Use soap and water or an antiseptic solution.
Use iodine (if casualty is not allergic to it)
CAUTION: If the bite cannot be positively identified as poisonous or non-poisonous,
treat as a poisonous bite.
(b) Poisonous
- Rest the casualty / have casualty lie down
- Keep casualty still to delay venom absorption
- Apply broad bandage
- Keep bitten part below heart level
- Immobilize the limb
- Bring transport to casualty
= DON’TS
(a) Cut or incise wound
(b) Apply tourniquet
(c) Wash bitten area
= PREVENTION: Avoidance – know where the snake rests
(a) Near logs
(b) In heavy brush (vegetation)
(c) In Rocky Edges (reef)

d. Shock
Shock – is a condition in which there is insufficient blood I the circulation to fill the blood
vessels. As a result, the tissue do not receive enough oxygen to maintain life and there
is extreme body weakness or physical collapse.
Main Causes of Shock
1. Hemorrhage, also loss of water due to nausea and vomiting and loose bowel
movement
2. Severe injuries, such as burns and fractures
3. Asphyxiation – lack of oxygen

Other factors that may cause or aggravate shock

1) Severe pain
2) Wound infection

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 4) Exposure
5) Fatigue
6) Hunger and thirst
7) Fear and worry
8) Unnecessary or rough handling
Signs and Symptoms of Shock
1) The casualty is pale.
2) Skin is cold and clammy.
3) Pulse is rapid and weak.
4) Respiration is rapid, irregular and shallow
5) If the casualty is conscious, he may be listless and drowsy and complain of thirst and
dryness in the mouth.
6) The eyes may have a vacant, dull expression, and the pupils may be enlarged
Treatment for Shock
1) Control the bleeding
2) Give oral fluids providing there is no contradiction such as abdominal wounds or
unconsciousness
3) Keep the casualty comfortable and warm but do not overheated
4) Lay the patient on his back with his feet higher than his head except in cases of chest or
head injuries
e. Fracture
Fracture – is a break in the continuity of the bone
Kinds of Fracture
1) Open (compound) fracture – Bone has broken through skin.
2) Closed (simple) fracture – Skin has not been penetrated on both ends.

Signs and Symptoms

1) Deformity – present when injured limb lies in unnatural position or is angulated where
there is no joint
2) Pain at the point of fracture
3) Crepitation (grating sound)
- Felt and heard when bones rub together
- Never move the injured extremity to determine crepitation
4) Discoloration (echymosis, bruising)
5) Loss of motion
6) Exposed bones
7) Swelling (edema)
8) Possible loss of pulse below fracture

f. Splinting
Splinting – a device to immobilize an injured part of the body.
Reasons for Splinting
1) Relieve pain by minimized movement
2) Prevent further damage to injury site

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General Principles of Splinting
1) Splint fracture where it lies – DO NOT reposition. If fracture is severely angulated,
straighten it with a gentle pull so that limb can be incorporated into a splint.
2) Immobilize fracture site before moving casualty. Splint should immobilize joint
above and below fracture site.
3) Pad splints before applying.
4) Dress all wounds and/or open fracture (exposed bones) prior to splinting.
5) Check for neurovascular function before, during and after application of splint.
Burns and Scalds
Burn - is an injury that results from heat, chemical agent or radiation. It may vary in
depth, size and severity.
Scalds - is a burn caused by a liquid.
Classification of Burns
1) Dept
(a) First Degree – The outer skin I reddened and welted or Slightly swollen.
(b) Second Degree - The under skin is affected and blisters are formed.
(c) Third Degree - The skin is destroyed and tissues underneath are damaged.
2) Causative Agent
(a) Thermal agent (heat)
(b) Electricity
(c) Radiation burns
(d) Chemical agent (acids, alkali)
Treatment for first Degree Burn
1) Immerse burnt area in cold water until the patient ceases to feel pain.
2) When it is possible to immerse the burned area, moist cold towels should be
applied and renewed frequently.
3) Follow this application for dry dressing.
4) If desired a simple burn ointment may be applied
Treatment for second degree burn
1) Follow the steps prescribe in the first degree except do not apply any burn
ointment.
2) Gently blot area dry with sterile gauge or clean cloth.
3) Apply sterile gauze or clean as protective dressing.
4) Never break a blister.
Treatment for third Degree Burn
1) Do not remove adhered particles of charred clothing.
2) Cover burned area with sterile dressing or freshly laundered sheet.
3) Do not allow victim to walk.
4) If medical help is not available for one hour or more and victim is conscious, and
not vomiting, give a weak solution of salt and soda.
h. Fainting
Fainting is loss of consciousness caused by a temporary reduction of the blood supply to the
brain.
Causes
1) Emotional
2) Hunger
3) Fatigue

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Signs and symptoms
1) Weakness 4) Dizziness
2) Pallor 5) Cold Sweat
3) Unconsciousness
Treatment
1) Seat victim with knees far apart and hold head far down Between knees for
about five minutes
2) If victim loses consciousness, lay him down on his back with head turned to one
side.
3) After consciousness return keep victim quiet for about 15 minutes.
i. unconsciousness
Unconsciousness - a person who does not respond to any spoken words or obeys a
shouted command.
Observation to the unconscious
1) Check for the ABC
2) Check for hemorrhage
3) Check for fracture
4) Check and record vital signs
5) Check the size and reaction of the pupils to light
(a) Dilated pupils – (possible cause) Shock, Cardiac arrest, brain damage,
substance abuse (Amphetamines, Marijuana), disorder of central nervous
system.
(b) Constricted Pupils – Head injury, stroke Substance abuse (narcotics)
6) Eyelid Response
7) Response to speech
8) Response to pain

FIRST AID QUESTION

1. A bruise is also known as a/an: __________
2. The heart is divided into _____ chambers
3. All unconscious patients are placed into recovery position. TRUE or FALSE
4. A Firs Aider is allowed to administer medication. TRUE or FALSE
5. The best treatment for someone who is in shock is:
6. The best way to check if a person is unconscious is:
7. When giving rescue breaths to an adult, you should give the breath over a period of about
8. What is a faint?
9. What steps would you take to control bleeding from a nosebleed
10. What names are given to the three different depths of burn

During your routine inspection to a construction site, you found out that the scaffold which the
workers were using was not properly set and it get broken, one of them fell down and his arm was
broken with one of the bone protruding from the skin, another fell in a nearby bush and was bitten
by a snake, another was unconscious and the last one fell and had bleeding in his nose.
How would you handle the situation as a First Aider?

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Internet Research Project
Research the modern and quickest method of treating Unconscious persons(Replacing DRABCD)

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 CHAPTER 21
PROJECT WORK REPORT

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 Jobskills Training Institute

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