Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES

Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter is the presentation of the review of the theoretical and

conceptual framework of the study, related literature, together with the synthesis

of state-of-the-art and gaps of the study.

Foreign Literature

According to Huffman, et. Al (2016) the performance of computer

technology has grown to come to be an essential part of contemporary life and it

immediately impacts communication, education, entertainment, and work.

Computer literacy has been recognized to be valuable for senior high school

students as it is not just aiding and gaining knowledge of the process, it provides

students with a tendency that will be required in their future work life.

According to Ümmühan Avcı & Esin Ergün (2019) Teachers can evaluate

students' needs and promote learning by closely monitoring student involvement

levels. High levels of student participation can be said to improve students'

engagement with online courses. Learning problems in online learning settings can

thus be avoided. It could have consequences for students' online learning

processes, as well as instructional designs, which play a key role in boosting

students' success in online learning settings.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management

11

According to Aitokhuchi, et. al (2014).The academic performance of

computer literate students is more complimentary than those who are not.

Academic success is accomplished when a balanced use of internet tools was

taken by senior high school students for their coursework leading to a significant

influence of internet use or academic performance.

According to Lulu (2009), as cited by Michael (2018), computer literacy is

the ability of a person to operate a computer and its system with ease. It is

considered as the knowledge and skill to utilize computers efficiently, with some

range of skill level. Some valuable components of computer literacy are knowledge

on how to operate a computer, how it works and know how to solve problems using

it. However, computer literate always connotes less than the skill to use multiple

applications such as Microsoft Word, Internet Explorer, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft

PowerPoint, and Outlook for a certain task.

Afolakemi (2008) as cited by Mamadu (2014) stated that computer literacy

is the skill to use computer hardware and software in order to accomplish work. It

is also the skill to use computers for academic purposes. However, computer

literacy has a connection to computer anxiety that affects the way they use

computers. It is discovered that a positive attitude in using computers is required

in being a computer literate person.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management

12

Local Literatures

According to Manny B. Atoy, Jr, et. Al (2020) The extent to which students

can utilize the potential benefits of information from the online world is largely

determined by their ability to develop a set of skills that will enable them to be

effective users and decision-makers. It highlighted the importance of prior

knowledge, ICT resources, and infrastructure in the development of information-

type abilities; there is still a need to identify other variables in information science.

According to Garcia (2016) Despite the Philippine government's increased

budget allocations, the state of Philippine education is nearly at the bottom of the

Southeast Asian ranking. Last year, the World Economic Forum rated the

Philippines 86th out of 140 nations in terms of elementary education and health,

according to an article published by Rappler.com. Long-standing issues such as a

lack of resources and a shoddy infrastructure can all contribute to the country's

poor performance. The Philippine Department of Education has long

acknowledged the importance of information and communications technology

(ICT) in improving education in the country.

According to Cruz (2015) “The mantra of basic education, and also higher

education, is that the educational system intends to produce “holistically developed

Filipinos with 21st-century skills,” according to the report. Whether individuals born

before 1997 like it or not, technology is a part of these 21st-century skills.”

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management

13

According to Glenny E. Laping (Laping, 2016) wrote in an article for Inquirer.net

that the sole concern on his mind before attending the Global E2-Educator

Exchange in Budapest, Hungary is, "Why employ technology in the classroom?"

The following are the responses she received from a Microsoft Innovative Educator

Expert in the Philippines:

1. Technology is a way of life. It is everywhere in this computer age.

2. Students use technology improperly and unproductively.

3. We must provide guidance.

4. Free educational tools are easier and faster to use than traditional tools.

E2 introduced a new free educational Microsoft applications and tool that

could help teachers accelerate the teaching and learning process.

According to Philippine Star (Philippine Star, 2006), In ICT, the advantage

of students over professors was discussed. Students today have a basic

understanding of chatting, online games, and other computer-related programs,

although most teachers do not. This is due to a lack of training among teachers,

who are unable to teach students about computers.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management

14

Related Studies

According to the study of Onuoha (2019) ICTs have had an impact on the

field of education, affecting learning and research as well as the general processes

of transfer of knowledge and receipt. ICTs have the ability to innovate, accelerate,

enhance, and deepen skills, as well as to motivate and engage students,

educators, and anyone else who shares knowledge. It is also mentioned that much

has been said and reported regarding the impact of technology on communication

habits, particularly computer-enabled devices. As computers and technological

applications became increasingly prevalent in society, concerns about the need

for computing and ICT skills in everyday life arose.

In the study of Laguador (2013), It is stated that the academic world should

encourage extracurricular computer technology activities that will help students

understand the benefits of having high functional computer literacy without

compromising end-user health. Parents and guardians are concerned about

having computer units at home and some laptops to use in school for educational

purposes is reasonable, but they must monitor their children's virtual entertainment

activities and advise them to consider the negative health effects of spending long

periods of time in front of a computer.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management

15

In a survey of ICT literacy among students, Amua-Sekyi and Asare (2016)

discovered that pupils possessed Internet accessing skills, word processing skills,

email sending skills, presentation skills, database searching skills, and other

abilities. They claim that surfing the Web for information will make students' work

easier and foster connections with global education. They also claim that having

word processing skills and being able to interact via email will allow students to

quickly create and produce papers that are relevant to their academic needs. The

finding also indicates that ICT skills have a significant impact on students since

they allow them to save time when developing or revising study materials, as well

as create documents that are more appealing to others, among other advantages.

Theoretical Framework

The study will be anchored on Achievement Motivation Theory by Atkinson

& Mc Clelland (1961) which relates personal attributes and background to a desire

to succeed and the competitive drive to fulfill high standards. It also illustrates how

an individual's traits and his or her desire to achieve anything in life are inextricably

linked. It also takes into account a person's competitive drive to achieve

established objectives.

According to Bhasin (2018) Internal factors such as eagerness,

perseverance, timeliness, and self motivation, as well as numerous external

factors (also known as environmental factors) such as pressures, expectations,

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management

16

targets, and so on, set by relevant organizations, family members, or society,

govern an individual's motivation to achieve something in life or the dire need to

achieve a specific goal. According to the achievement motivation theory, a

person's desire to accomplish something and the reason for his or her overall

motivation to reach a goal originates from within and is highly tied to the individual's

need for power and affiliation.

ACHIEVEMENT

AFFILIATION POWER

Figure 1. Model of Theoretical Framework

Figure 1 shows the Three Main Motivators from the Achievement Motivation

Theory. In McClelland's Human Motivation Theory, it states that everyone has one

of three main driving motivators: the need for achievement, affiliation, or power.
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management

17

These motivators do not come naturally to us; we acquire them as an

outcome of our culture and lifestyle choices. Each of these three forces is present

in some form in everyone, but one of them will be the primary drive for each person.

According to the theory, each person's primary source of motivation falls

into one of the three categories.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of this study will be anchored on Achievement

Motivation Theory proposed by Atkinson & Mc Clelland (1961) as cited by Moore

(2010) which explains that an individual's motivation to achieve something in life

or the pressing need to achieve a specific goal is governed by a combination of

internal factors such as willingness, determination, punctuality, and personal drive,

as well as a variety of external factors (also known as environmental factors) such

as pressures, expectations, targets, and other factors set by relevant

organizations.

Respondents’ Profile: Academic Performance

Gender Computer
Year Level Compliance with Task
Related Skills
Computer Related Skills

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Figure 2. Conceptual Framework

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management

18

Figure 2 presents the conceptual framework of the study. First, the

respondent's profile, which is an independent variable, will be given in terms of

age, gender, and year. The dependent variable academic achievement will

therefore be explained in terms of task compliance. Intervening variables, such as

computer abilities, will connect the independent and dependent variables. Finally,

the researchers will figure out how independent and dependent variables are

related.

Synthesis of State-of-the-Art

In conceptualizing the research, the related literature that were

conscientiously coordinated and presented guided the researchers. Computer

literacy and student’s academic achievement explored in the study of Onuoha

(2019) and Laguador (2013). It appears to be very creative, and the findings

convey the necessity of adequate computer abilities in students' academic

performance. According to the study and survey of Amua-Sekyi and Asare (2016).

To properly prepare students to live and act in certain ways in which they are

growing up, educational content and structure must effectively integrate

technology.

Michael (2018), Onuoha (2019) concluded that computer literacy between

students and teachers are strong, which has surely influenced teaching, learning,
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management

19

and research, as well as the overall processes of transfer of knowledge and

receiving.

Gap of the Study

After a review of the literature it was discovered that computer literacy had

been studied by researchers in the Philippines and other nations even before the

twenty-first century. Studies solely look at the advantages of being computer

literate in the workplace and in school, with respondents BSHM Students of

Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges. To address the existing gap and provide an

in-depth understanding of the phenomenon, the researchers will employ a

quantitative method in measuring the computer literacy level and finding its

relationship to academic achievement of BSHM students of Camarines Sur

Polytechnic Colleges. The researchers will also find the factors that affect the

computer literacy level of the respondents.