WSTP 112: Metrology and Benchwork: Learning Module

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TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS

Capt. Sabi St., City of Talisay, Negros Occidental
College of Engineering
Office of the Program Coordinator
LEARNING MODULE
WSTP 112: METROLOGY

AND BENCHWORK
DEPARTMENT: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
COMPILED BY:
. Engr. Judson Ray A. Quitco

Engr. Dennis G. Quivis
Engr. Raymond L. Sia
2020
This module is a property of Technological University of the Philippines Visayas and intended
for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY and is NOT FOR SALE NOR FOR REPRODUCTION.
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VISION
The Technological University of the Philippines shall be the premier state university
with recognized excellence in engineering and technology at par with leading universities in
the ASEAN region.
MISSION
The University shall provide higher and advanced vocational, technical, industrial,
technological and professional education and training in industries and technology, and in
practical arts leading to certificates, diplomas and degrees.
It shall provide progressive leadership in applied research, developmental studies in
technical, industrial, and technological fields and production using indigenous materials; effect
technology transfer in the countryside; and assist in the development of small-and-medium
scale industries in identified growth center. (Reference: P.D. No. 1518, Section 2)
QUALITY POLICY
The Technological University of the Philippines shall commit to provide quality higher
and advanced technological education; conduct relevant research and extension projects;
continually improve its value to customers through enhancement of personnel competence and
effective quality management system compliant to statutory and regulatory requirements; and
adhere to its core values.
CORE VALUES
T - Transparent and participatory governance

U - Unity in the pursuit of TUP mission, goals, and objectives
P - Professionalism in the discharge of quality service
I - Integrity and commitment to maintain the good name of the University
A - Accountability for individual and organizational quality performance
N - Nationalism through tangible contribution to the rapid economic growth of the
country
S - Shared responsibility, hard work, and resourcefulness in compliance to the mandates
of the university
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page Numbers
TUP Vision, Mission, Quality Policy, and Core Values………………………....1
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………. 2
Course Description………………………………………………………….3
Learning Outcomes……………………………………………………….... 3
General Guidelines/Class Rules……………………………………………. 3
Grading System…………………………………………………………….. 3
Dial Test Indicator (Activity No. 5) .…………………………………….... 4
I. EXPECTED COMPETENCIES……………………...………….4
II. THEORIES / PRINCIPLES……………………………………...4
III. TOOLS, EQUIPMENT & MATERIALS…………………………5
IV. TASKS (STEPS) & KEY POINTS…………………….………….6
V. TEST REVIEW EXERCISES………………….….…….…...…...12
VI. PRODUCTIVITY TEST SHEET/RUBRICS……………...……...17
Universal Vernier Bevel Protractor (Activity No. 6)………………………19
I. EXPECTED COMPETENCIES…………..…………….……....19
II. THEORIES / PRINCIPLES………...…………………………...19
III. TOOLS, EQUIPMENT & MATERIALS……...…………………22
IV. TASKS (STEPS) & KEY POINTS……………...….………….…22
V. TEST REVIEW EXERCISES……………...….………….………25
VI. PRODUCTIVITY TEST SHEET/RUBRICS……...……….……..26
Sine Principle and Sine Bars (Activity No. 7) ……………...….……….….28
I. EXPECTED COMPETENCIES………………...…….…………28
II. THEORIES / PRINCIPLES…………………...…….……….…..28
III. TOOLS, EQUIPMENT & MATERIALS………...….………..…..31
IV. TASKS (STEPS) & KEY POINTS…………...…..……………….31
V. TEST REVIEW EXERCISES………………..…..……………….32
VI. PRODUCTIVITY TEST SHEET/RUBRICS………….……..…...33
Inspection Equipment (Activity No.8)…………………………..……….….35
I. EXPECTED COMPETENCIES………………...…….…………35
II. THEORIES / PRINCIPLES…………………...…….……….…..35
III. TOOLS, EQUIPMENT & MATERIALS………...….………..…..48
IV. TASKS (STEPS) & KEY POINTS…………...…..……………….48
V. TEST REVIEW EXERCISES………………..…..……………….48
VI. PRODUCTIVITY TEST SHEET/RUBRICS………….……..…...49
List of References……………………………………………………………….…51
About the Author/s…………………………………………………………….….52
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COURSE DESCRIPTION
This subject is divided into two parts. The first part involves metrology which covers linear
and angle measuring instruments. The second part involves Benchwork which covers theory
and practice in the use of hand tools and some power driven tools.
COURSE OUTCOMES
To understand the basic measurement concept and how measuring tools applied to an
industry.
Hands-on practice gives high familiarity and creativity of a basic concept.
To demonstrate the value of high quality or correctness of the work.
GENERAL GUIDELINES/CLASS RULES
1. Make-up exams and quizzes will only be given with prior approval of the Dean of
College and under any exceptional circumstances. For excused absences during the
exam, the university policy will be followed.
2. Cell phones or any e-gadgets must be turned off or put in a silent mode during class
hours.
Students with Special Needs:
Students with special medical needs should inform the instructor/professor ahead to as
how they could be best assisted.
GRADING SYSTEM
The student will be graded according to the following:
Prelim Grade : 30%

(Average of Weekly Assessments from Week 1 to 4) X 0.60 + (Prelim Exam x .0.40)
Midterm Grade : 30%
(Average of Weekly Assessments from Week 6 to 8) X 0.60 + (Midterm Exam x .0.40)
Final Grade : 40%
(Average of Weekly Assessments from Week 10 to 13) X 0.60 + (Final Exam x .0.40)
(Prelim Grade x 0.30) + (Midterm Grade x 0.30) + (Final Grade x 0.40) = Final Term Grade
The passing grade for this course is 5.0.
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DIAL TEST INDICATOR READING (Activity No. 5)
I. EXPECTED COMPETENCIES…………………………………
1. Understand the construction and application of Dial Test Indicator in the
workshop.
2. Know the different applications of the different types of DTI.
II. THEORIES / PRINCIPLES…………………………………

Introduction
Dial Test Indicator are necessary tools used for setting-up and inspecting
the work. They are used to compare sizes and measurement to a known
standard and to check the alignment of machine tools, fixtures and
workpieces prior to machining. They can show whether work is set parallel
or square and whether round work is running out.
Early Test Indicators simply indicate variations by means of magnifying
levers set to a single mark. As the pointer “Wiggled” the work was said to
be over or under the mark. Dial indicators record the amount of variations
in accepted measuring units (for example 0.001”) and sometimes the
variations is designated also by the term plus (+) and minus ( - ). The modern
dial indicator takes its name from its appearance since it resembles the faces
of the watch.
Modern Dial Indicators have been standardized so far as dial faces are
concerned. The zero positive is assumed to be vertical or twelve o’clock
position of a watch (See figure below). The usual range of an indicator is
two and a half turns from its zero position.
Many types of dial indicators operate on a gear and rack principles. A
rack cut out on a plunger or spindle is in mesh with a pinion which in turn is
connected with a gear train. Any movement of the spindle is then amplified
and transmitted to a hand or pointer over a graduated dial. Inch designed
dials may be graduated in thousandths of an inch or less. The dial attached
to a bevel may be adjusted to and locked in any position.
When in use the contact point on the end of the spindle bears against the
work and is held in constant engagement with the work surface by the rack
spring. A hair spring is attached to the gear that meshes with the center
pinion. This flat spiral takes up the backlash from the gear train and prevents
any lost motion from affecting the accuracy of the gage.
Types of Dial Test Indicators with Respect to Dial

A) Balance Type B) Continuous Reading Type
The continuous reading type of Dial Test Indicators are numbered clockwise
for 360 degrees and is available in two types.
a) Regular Range
b) Long Range
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The regular range dial test indicator has only about 2 ½ revolutions of
travel and it is generally used for comparison measurement and set-up
purposes. The long range dial test indicator is often used to indicate table
travel or cutting tool movement on machine tools. It has a second hand that
indicates the number of revolutions that the large hand has travelled.
A balance type dial test indicator is one which it could be read both to
the right and left from zero and indicates a plus or minus value. Indicators
of this type have a total spindle travel of only 2 ½ revolutions. This
instrument may be equipped with tolerance pointer to indicate the
permissive variations of the part being measured.
Types of Dial Indicators with Respect to Spindle
A) Plunger Type
B) Lever Type
Parts of a Dial Test Indicator
III. TOOLS, EQUIPMENT & MATERIALS…………………….

1. Tools
1.1 Dial Test Indicator
1.2 pencil
2. Materials
2.1 Sample work piece
2.2 Paper
3. Equipment
3.1 Working table
IMPORTANT
1. Keep working area and tools clean.

2. Always check tools before and after using
3. Place tools in a safe place when not in use
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IV. TASKS (STEPS) & KEY POINTS…………………….…….
Calibrating the Dial Test Indicator
1 Mount the dial indicator on a stand. The dial indicator should have an attachment
that can be used to secure it to a stand. The stand will stabilize the dial indicator
while measurements are taken.
Note: If a stand is not available, it is still possible to calibrate the dial indicator, but
it will not be as easy.
2. Turn the outer dial face until the hand points to 0. The outer dial face can be
moved by twisting the rim of the dial. Spin the outer face until the hand hovers over
zero. Calibration measurements will ensure that the dial indicator does read
measurements starting at zero.
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Note: If there are errors, correction can be done by readjusting the outer face so that
the hand hovers over the zero point.
3. Begin displacing the spindle. Stop at every 1/10 measurement to calculate errors.
Continue to check for errors at 1/10 measurements for the first two revolutions of
the dial.
4. Check for errors at half revolutions. For the next five revolutions, stop at every
half revolution to calculate for errors, rather than at the 1/10 mark.
 If the dial indicator makes more than seven revolutions, check for errors at
every revolution after seven is reached.
 Do not let go of the spindle because checking for errors in the reverse is
needed.
5. Begin to reverse the revolutions. Follow the same error-checking procedure, but
in reverse. Check the measurement at each of the same points, so for the first five
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revolutions a stop is needed at the half revolution to measure. Then check the
measurement at the 1/10 marks for the remaining two revolutions.
6. Take five measurements of the same item. Displace the spindle five times using
the same surface. Move the spindle quickly for some measurements and slowly for
others. Write down each of the five measurements to check for deviations. Since the
same surface is measured repeatedly, each measurement should come out the same
if the dial indicator is ready to use.
If the dial indicator is showing errors, adjust the outer face and clean the spindle.
Dust can accumulate on the spindle and cause issues with taking measurements.
Repeat the calibration process until there are no errors.
Taking a Measurement
1. Press the spindle against the item to be measured. To take a measurement, a

displace space is needed on the spindle. Align the base of the spindle with the item
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to be measured. Push the dial indicator against the item, counting the number of
revolutions made to double-check the accuracy. Hold the gauge in place to take the
measurement.
2. Count the marks displaced on the small gauge. Depending on how small the
gauge is labelled, it could count the revolutions or track the measurement. Take
down the number of revolutions or the measurement itself if it's printed on the
gauge.
If the dial indicator did not make at least one revolution, then skip to reading the
large gauge because the small gauge only matters if the indicator makes at least one
full revolution.
3. Calculate the measurement. If the small gauge shows revolutions or does not
provide a clear measurement, take the number of marks displaced and multiply it by
the length that is represented by one revolution.
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For example, if one revolution equals .1-inches, then calculate three marks on the
small gauge as 3 X .1=.3-inches.
4. Count the marks displaced on the large gauge. The big outer face should be
marked with 100 notches. Most dial indicators will be labelled at the 5’s or 10’s to
make it easier to read. Determine which marker the hand best lines up with, then
take down the number.
Make sure to count if the gauge makes complete revolutions. For example, it may
completely circle once and then land on the notch next to 30. Remember to add the
calculations from both the small and large gauges.
5. Calculate the measurement. Remember that the larger gauge represents a smaller
measurement, so while the small gauge might measure in tents, the outer gauge
measures in thousandths. If the hand is pointing at 30, then it means 30 thousandths.
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To calculate the measurement, divide the number by 1,000. For example,

30/1000=0.030-inches.
6. Add the two calculations together. Take both the small gauge and large gauge
measurements and add them together. In the examples above, the reading is
0.3+0.030 = 0.330-inches. This is the reading from the dial indicator.
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V. TEST/ REVIEW/ EXERCISES…………………….…….…….…….

1. Dial Test Indicator Scale in Hundredths of Millimeter,0.01 mm
Answer: __________
Answer: __________
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Answer: __________
Answer: __________
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Answer: __________
6. Dial Test Indicator Scale in Thousandths of Inch,0.001 in
Answer: __________
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Answer: __________
Answer: __________
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Answer: __________
Answer: __________
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VI. PRODUCTIVITY TEST SHEET/RUBRICS…………………….
SUBJECT CODE: MODULE ACTIVITY NO.

ACTIVITY / PROJECT: Dial Test Indicator
WSTP 112 TITLE 5
METROLOGY AND
NAME OF STUDENT:
BENCHWORK
DIRECTION: This form should afford the Instructor to rate the Productivity/Performance of
the student/s for a given Employable Skill/Activity/Project. On the space provided for, write
the points which likely coincide with your evaluation for each of the following factors:
OUTSTANDING – (9-10); PLUS SATISFACTORY (7-8); SATISFACTORY (5-6); BELOW
SATISFACTORY (3-4 / NEED TO REPEAT)
SATISFACTORY TASK PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENT
Provided with detailed drawing nos., complete tools and materials, the student should be able
to:
1. Dial Test Indicator Calibration and Measurement
1.1 Calibrate dial test indicator
1.2 workpiece to measure the roundness.
1.3 workpiece to measure the straightness.
2. Finished measuring and calibration exercises approximately three (3) hours.
FACTORS RATING
A. QUALITY / APPEARANCE (Symmetry,

Verticality, Horizontality; Workmanship, Finish)
B. ACCURACY/CRITICALITY (Exactness of
Dimension/specification, High, Medium, Low
Criticality)
C. SPEED (50% over estimated time / 50% time
save over estimated)
D. METHOD (Economical; use of tools, materials,
Safety and Hygiene, Initiative)
FINAL GRADE
REMARKS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Assessed by:
______________________________
Instructor
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RUBRICS
Weight Criteria 10 - 9 8-7 6-5 4-0
40% Finish No visible error burrs. No major burrs visible Minor burrs Plenty of burrs
Few measurement
Minor measurement No attention to
Measurements are errors. Plans not
errors. Plans followed measurements.
20% Tolerance accurate. Plans are followed closely.
but some are done Very little accuracy
followed. Many steps done
incorrectly. in following plans.
incorrectly.
Strictly observes safety Observes safety at Safety is observed Doesn't care about
25% Safety
at all times some time. only when told. safety.
Time asks for additional

10% Submit ahead of time Submit on time Late submission
Management time extension
Actively engage and Engage and Shows little interest Distracts the group
Working with
5% cooperates in an cooperates in a while conducting in conducting the
others
effective manner. reasonable manner. the experiment experiment
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UNIVERSAL VERNIER BEVEL PROTRACTOR (Activity No. 6)
After this module the student will be able to:
1. identify the construction and parts of a universal vernier bevel protractor;
and
2. demonstrate the different application of a universal vernier bevel
protractor.

Angular measurements are frequently necessary for the manufacture of
interchangeable parts. The ships and airplanes can navigate confidently
without the help of the site of the land; only because of precise angular
measuring devices can be used in astronomy to determine the relation of the
stars and their approximate distances.
The angle is defined as the opening between two lines which meet at a
point. If one of the two lines is moved at a point in an arc, a complete circle
can be formed.
The basic unit in angular measurement is the right angle, which is
defined as the angle between two lines which intersect so as to make the
adjacent angles equal.
If a circle is divided into 360 equal parts. Each part is called as degree
(0 ). Each degree is divided in 60 minutes (‘), and each minute is divided
into 60 seconds (“).
This method of defining angular units is known as sexagesimal system,
which is used for engineering purposes.
An alternative method of defining angle is based on the relationship
between the radius and arc of a circle. It is called as radian.
Radian is defined as the angle subtended at the centre by an arc of a
circle of length equal to its radius.
It is more widely used in mathematical investigation.
2 radians = 360, giving,
1 radian = 57.2958 degrees.
Bevel Protractor
It is probably the simplest instrument for measuring the angle between
two faces of component.
It consists of a base plate attached to the main body, and an adjustable
blade which is attached to a circular plate containing vernier scale. The
adjustable blade is capable of rotating freely about the centre of the main
scale engraved on the body of the instrument and can be locked in any
position.
An acute angle attachment is provided at the top; as shown in fig. for the
purpose of measuring acute angles. The base of the base plate is made flat
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so that it could be laid flat upon the work and any type of angle measured. It
is capable of measurement from 0° to 360°
The vernier scale has 24 divisions coinciding with 23 main scale
divisions. Thus the least count of the instrument is 5’. This instrument is
most commonly used in workshops for angular measurements till more
precision is required.
A recent development of the vernier bevel protractor is optical bevel
protractor. In this instrument, a glass circle divided at 10’ intervals
throughout the whole 360° is fitted inside the main body.
A small microscope is fitted through which the circle graduations can be
viewed. The adjustable blade is clamped to a rotating member who carries
this microscope. With the aid of microscope it is possible to read by
estimation to about 2’.
Figure 6.1 Bevel Protractor
Figure 6.2 Parts of a Bevel Protractor
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Universal Bevel Protractor

It is used for measuring and laying out of angles accurately and precisely
within 5 minutes. The protector dial is slotted to hold a blade which can be
rotated with the dial to the required angle and also independently adjusted
to any desired length. The blade can be locked in any position.
The bevel protractors are of two types, viz.

1. Mechanical Bevel Protractor, and
2. Optical Bevel Protractor.
1. Mechanical bevel protractor:

The mechanical bevel protractors are further classified into four types;
A, B, C and D.
In types A and B, the vernier is graduated to read to 5 minutes of arc
whereas in case of type C, the scale is graduated to read in degrees and the
bevel protractor is without vernier or fine adjustment device or acute angle
attachment.
The difference between types A and B is that type A is provided with
fine adjustment device or acute angle attachment whereas type B is not. The
scales of all the types are graduated either as a full circle marked 0—90—
0—90 with one vernier or as semicircle marked 0—90—0 with two verniers
180° apart.
Type D is graduated in degrees and is not provided with either vernier
or fine adjustment device or acute angle attachment.
2. Optical bevel protractor:

In the case of optical bevel protractor, it is possible to take readings up
to approximately 2 minutes of arc. The provision is made for an internal
circular scale which is graduated in divisions of 10 minutes of arc.
Readings are taken against a fixed index line or vernier by means of an
optical magnifying system which is integral with the instrument. The scale
is graduated as a full circle marked 0—90—0—90. The zero positions
correspond to the condition when the blade is parallel to the stock. Provision
is also made for adjusting the focus of the system to accommodate normal
variations in eye-sight. The scale and vernier are so arranged that they are
always in focus in the optical system.
Various Components of Bevel Protractors
Body: It is designed in such a way that its back is flat and there are no
projections beyond its back so that when the bevel protractor is placed on
its back on a surface plate there shall be no perceptible rock. The flatness
of the working edge of the stock and body is tested by checking the
squareness of blade with respect to stock when blade is set at 90°.
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Stock: The working edge of the stock is about 90 mm in length and 7 mm

thick. It is very essential that the working edge of the stock be perfectly
straight and if at all departure is there, it should be in the form of concavity
and of the order of 0.01 mm maximum over the whole span.
Blade:It can be moved along the turret throughout its length and can also
be reversed. It is about 150 or 300 mm long, 13 mm wide and 2 mm thick
and ends beveled at angles of 45° and 60° within the accuracy of 5 minutes
of arc. Its working edge should be straight upto 0.02 mm and parallel up to
0.03 mm over the entire length of 300 mm. It can be clamped in any
position.
Actual Angle Attachment It can be readily fitted into body and clamped in
any position. Its working edge should be flat to within 0.005 mm and
parallel to the working edge of the stock within 0.015 mm over the entire
length of attachment. The bevel protectors are tested for flatness,
squareness, parallelism, straightness and angular intervals by suitable
methods.

1. Tools
1.1 Bevel protractor
1.2 pencil
2. Materials
2.2 Paper
3. Equipment
3.1 Working table
IMPORTANT

Using the Bevel Protractor to measure angle on a workpiece:
1. Firstly, unscrew the large clamp/locking screw on the front part of the protractor
as shown in Figure 6.3. It loosens the blade so that we can swivel it.
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Figure 6.3
Locking screw of Bevel
Protractor
(Source: https://mechanicalrocks.com/)
2. Align the base of the protractor on one side of an angle, and then swivel the
blade for making the other side of the angle as shown in Figures 6.4. Other sample
applications are shown in Figure 6.5.
Figure 6.4
Aligning the base of Bevel Protractor
Figure 6.5
Some application on how to
use the bevel protractor
(Source: https://mechanicalrocks.com/)
(Source: https://www.craftsmanspace.com/)
3. Tighten the large clamp/locking screw. (See Figure 6.3)
Reading a Bevel Protractor:
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4. Read the main scale or the full degree scale. See Figure 6.6.
Count the number of full degrees between the 0-degree mark on the degrees
scale and the 0-minute mark on the vernier scale. This forms the first part of the
angle. This case we have a reading of 28degrees.
Figure 6.6
Reading the main scale
Start here
5. Read the minute scale or the vernier scale. See Figure 6.7.
Count the number of minutes on the vernier scale from the 0-minute mark
until you reach a minute mark which matches up exactly to a degree mark on the
degree scale. This forms the second part of the angle.
This will give you the angle, which will read in the form of “x degrees, x
minutes”. In the Figure we have a reading of 15minutes. So we have the total
reading of 28 degrees and 15 minutes.
Figure 6.7
Reading the vernier scale
Start here
NOTE: It is important that the vernier scale is read in the same direction that the
primary scale is being read. The correct direction will depend on which way the
angle you are measuring faces.
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A. Enumeration
1. What are two types of Bevel Protractor?
___________________________________
___________________________________
2. Give six main parts of a Bevel Protractor?

___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
3. Name the two angle reading scales in a Bevel Protractor?

___________________________________
___________________________________
B. Explain briefly.
1. How does a Bevel Protractor works?
C. Draw the Bevel Protractor (with vernier and acute angle attachment) in a
piece of short bondpaper and label its parts.
26

ACTIVITY / PROJECT: Universal Bevel Protractor
WSTP 112 TITLE 5
METROLOGY AND
NAME OF STUDENT:
BENCHWORK
to:
1. Bevel Protrator Measurement
1.1 know how use bevel protractor.
1.2 workpiece to measure angle.
2. Finished measuring exercises approximately three (3) hours.
FACTORS RATING
A. QUALITY / APPEARANCE (Symmetry,

B. ACCURACY/CRITICALITY (Exactness of
Criticality)
C. SPEED (50% over estimated time / 50% time save
over estimated)
D. METHOD (Economical; use of tools, materials,
FINAL GRADE
REMARKS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Assessed by:
______________________________
Instructor
27
RUBRICS
Few measurement
incorrectly.
25% Safety

Working with
others
28
SINE PRINCIPLE AND SINE BARS
1. identify the construction and parts of a Sine Bar; and
2. demonstrate the different application of a Sine Bar.

The sine principle uses the ratio of the length of two sides of a right
triangle in deriving a given angle. It may be noted that devices operating on
sine principle are capable of “self generation.”
The measurement is usually limited to 45° from loss of accuracy point
of view. The accuracy with which the sine principle can be put to use is
dependent in practice, on some form of linear measurement.
The sine bar in itself is not a complete measuring instrument. Another
datum such as a surface plate is needed, as well as other auxiliary equipment,
notably slip gauges, and indicating device to make measurements. Sine bars
used in conjunction with slip gauges constitute a very good device for the
precise measurement of angles.
Sine bars are used either to measure angles very accurately or for
locating any work to a given angle within very close limits.
Sine bars are made from high carbon, high chromium, corrosion
resistant steel, hardened, ground and stabilized.
Figure 7.1 Use of sine bar
Where,
L = distance between centers of ground cylinder (typically 5’’ or 10’’)
H = height of the gauge blocks
θ = the angle of the plane
Sin θ = h/l
θ = arcsin (h/l)
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Figure 7.2 Practical Application of sine bar
Use of sine bar:

1. Measuring known angles or locating any work to a given angle. For
this purpose the surface plate is assumed to be having a perfectly flat surface,
so that its surface could be treated as horizontal.
One of the cylinders or rollers of sine bar is placed on the surface plate
and other roller is placed on the slip gauges of height h. Let the sine bar be
set at an angle . Then
Sin  h
l
where l is the distance between the center of the rollers. Thus knowing, h
can be found out and any work could be set at this angle as the top face of
sine bar is inclined at angle  to the surface plate.
The use of angle plates and clamps could —also be made in case of
heavy components.
For better results, both the rollers could also be placed on slip gauges
checking of unknown angles. Many a times, angle of a component to be
checked is unknown. In such a case, it is necessary to first find the angle
approximately with the help of a bevel protector.
Let the angle be α. Then the sine bar is set at an angle α and clamped to
an angle plate. Next, the work is placed on sine bar and clamped to angle
plate as shown in Figure 7.3. And a dial indicator is set at one end of the
work and moved to the other, and deviation is noted. Again slip gauges are
so adjusted (according to this deviation) that dial indicator reads zero across
work surface.
If deviation noted down by the dial indicator is ôh over a length l' of
work, then height of slip gauges by which it should be adjusted is equal to
= ôh x l/l'
Checking of unknown angles of heavy component. In such cases where
components are heavy and can’t be mounted on the sine bar, then sine bar
is mounted on the component as shown in Figure 7.4.
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Figure 7.3
Use of sine bar on small component
(Source: sciencedirectassets.com)
Figure 7.4
Use of sine bar on heavy component
(Source: https://www.amu.ac.in/)
The height over the rollers can then be measured by a vernier height
gauge; using a dial test gauge mounted on the anvil of height gauge as the
fiducially indicator to ensure constant measuring pressure. The anvil on
height gauge is adjusted with probe of dial test gauge showing same reading
for the topmost position of rollers of sine bar. Figure 7.4 shows the use of
height gauge for obtaining two readings for either of the roller of sine bar.
The difference of the two readings of height gauge divided by the centre
distance of sine bar gives the sine of the angle of the component to be
measured. The angle of component is given by:
31
R1  R2
Sin 
L
Where greater accuracy is required, the position of dial test gauge probe
can be sensed by adjusting a pile of slip gauges till dial indicator indicates
same reading over roller of sine bar and the slip gauges.

1. Tools
1.1 Sine Bar
1.2 Dial Test Indicator
1.3 Angle Plate/Gauge block
1.4 Slip Gauges
1.5 Surface Plate
2. Materials
2.2 Paper
2.3 Pencil
3. Equipment
3.1 Working table
IMPORTANT

For checking the angle of small size components
1. The sine bar is set up approximate (Nominal) angle on a surface plate by suitable
combination of slip gauges.
2. The component being checked, in this case the angle plate, is placed over the
surface of the sine bar as shown in Figure 7.5.
3. A dial gauge is mounted upon a suitable stand such as universal surface gauge. It
is moved over the component throughout its length. If there is a variation in
parallelism of the upper surface of the component and the surface plate, it is
indicated by the deflection of pointer.
4. Adjust the slip gauges height so that the dial indicator reads zero position.
32
5. Given the height of the slip gauges and the length of the sine bar, compute the
angle of the work piece using the formula given above.
Figure 7.5
Set-up of sine bar measuring small component
(Source: https://www.amu.ac.in)
A. Enumeration
1. What six tools that are needed in order to measure angle of a workpiece?
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
B. Explain briefly.
2. How does a Sine Bar works?
C. Draw the set up of a Sine bar in measuring a small component in a piece of

short bondpaper and label its parts.
33

ACTIVITY / PROJECT: Sine Bar Measurement
WSTP 112 TITLE 7
METROLOGY AND
NAME OF STUDENT:
BENCHWORK
to:
1. Sine Bar Measurement
1.1 set-up tools and workpiece
1.2 workpiece to measure height of slip gauges and length of sine bar
1.3 compute the angle using data collected
FACTORS RATING
E. QUALITY / APPEARANCE (Symmetry,

F. ACCURACY/CRITICALITY (Exactness of
Criticality)
G. SPEED (50% over estimated time / 50% time
H. METHOD (Economical; use of tools, materials,
FINAL GRADE
REMARKS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Assessed by:
______________________________
Instructor
34
RUBRICS
Few measurement
incorrectly.
25% Safety

Working with
others
35
Inspection Equipment (Activity 8)
1. identify different kinds of inspection equipment specifically comparators.
2. know the usage of different comparators.
Types of Comparators
Depending upon the method of magnification, the comparators are classified as:
1. Mechanical Comparators
2. Electrical Comparators
3. Optical Comparators
4. Pneumatic Comparators
5. Fluid Displacement Comparators.
Type # 1. Mechanical Comparators:

A mechanical comparator employs mechanical means to get the magnification for example,
lever, gear system etc. Its manufacturing requires high degree of skill and accuracy. The
magnification of mechanical comparator ranges from 250 to 1000.
Different types of mechanical comparators are:

1. Dial Indicators.
2. Lever Comparators.
3. Sigma Comparators.
4. Johanson Mikro kator.
5. Read type Comparators.

1. Dial Indicators:
A dial indicator is simplest type of mechanical comparator. It is very versatile and sensitive
instrument. It uses gear system together with a rack and pinion.
36
Figure 8.1 Dial Indicator

The Principle of Operation:
“A very slight upward pressure on the spindle at the contact plunger is magnified through a
system of gears and levers and is indicated on dial by pointer and scale.”
The dial has a scale division value of 0.01mm usually. The whole arrangement is housed in a
metal case for its protection. Dial is graduated into 100 divisions.
A suitable spring gives constant plunger pressure, while hair spring may be employed to
eliminate play or backlash.
Dial gauges are usually available having dial graduation of 0.01 mm or even 0.02 mm. Some
sensitive types of dial gauge have graduation of 0.002 mm.
Uses:
The dial indicator is used for:
(i) Determining the error in geometrical form, say, taper, roundness, ovality etc.
(ii) Determining the errors is surfaces, say alignment, Parallelism, squareness etc.
(iii) Used for comparison of two heights or distance within small limits
(iv) Used for compression and tension testing of materials.
Practical Application:
(i) To check the trueness of milling machine arbors.
(ii) To check the parallelism of shape machine ram with surface.
(iii) To check the alignment of lathe machine centers by using a bar between centers.
2. Lever Comparators:
A Lever Comparator is a simple and important type of mechanical comparator. It employs a
‘lever’ for obtain magnification of movement or displacement.
37
Principle of Operation:
The Principle of operation of lever type comparator is shown in Fig. 8.2, First of all, a pile of
slip gauges of standard dimension is placed to anvil surface, below the plunger and the pointer
set to zero.
Figure 8.2 Principle of lever type mechanical comparator
Now, place the component to be measured on the anvil surface below plunger by removing the
pile of slip gauges.
If there is any difference in size, the plunger moves up and down. These plunger movements
are magnified, by lever and deflect the pointer on a graduated scale.
A compression spring limits the measuring pressure. The magnification achieved depends upon
the length of lever both side of the pivot.
The magnification is given by:

3. Sigma Comparator:
Sigma Comparator is a most popular, British-designed, British manufactured mechanical
Comparator. This is available in various choices of scale ranges.
The magnification of sigma comparators usually of 1000:1, Means a plunger movement of

0.002 mm will result in movement of pointer by 2mm on calibrated scale.
Construction:
A typical Sigma Comparator is shown in Figure 8.3.
38
Figure 8.3 A sigma comparator

Different parts of this comparator are:
(i) Base:
It consists of a cast iron base, for mounting all the parts of comparator along with the work
component to be measure.
(ii) Column:
It consists of a threaded vertical column, mounted on the base to hold the measuring head.
(iii) Measuring Head:

It consists of a Measuring Head, mounted on the vertical threaded column. Measuring Head
provided with pointer, scale, tolerance pointer setting control knobs, trigger, measuring
contract tip.
(iv) Work Table:

A work table is provided at bottom of the column, below the measuring head, having perfectly
planed horizontal surface for placement of component to be measure or check.
(v) Vertical Spindle:

Measuring head carries a vertical spindle which is mounted on two flat steel springs. The
spindle works inside fixed guides attached to the back plate of the head. This arrangement
provides a frictionless movement of the spindle. The springs provide a resistant pressure on the
spindle.
(vi) Measuring Contact Tip:

A measuring contact tip is fitted with a shank and shank is fitted to spindle.
(vii) A Stop:
A stop is suitably provided in the assembly to restrict the spindle movement at lowest position
of the scale.
39
(viii) A Trigger:
A trigger lever projects outside the measuring head. This is incorporate in the mechanism for
elevating the measuring contact when required.
Procedure:
For checking the size of a component, the dial pointer is first set to zero reading by means of a
combination of slip gauges of standard dimensions, resting on the work table. This combination
of slip gauges then replaced by the work piece and difference in dimensions is noted from the
movement of a pointer on graduated scale.
Special Features:
(i) The pointer is actuated by downward movement of the plunger, thus eliminating the
possibility of damage to the mechanism from excessive upward pressure on the plunger.
(ii) Both the contact tip and worktable are Interchangeable, according to the shape and size of
the component to be checked.
(iii) These comparators are available in different vertical capacities from 150 to 600mm; means
components up to 600mm in height can be checked.
Magnification Range:
The magnifications achieved by Sigma Comparators are in the range of 1000 to 2000. Means
a plunger movement of 0.002 mm can be magnify up to deflection of pointer of 2mm. Most
sensitive model is available which can detect the plunger movement of 0.0001mm (0. 1 um).
Advantages of Mechanical Comparators:

(i) Low Cost:
These instruments are usually cheaper than other types of comparators.
(ii) Need not Electricity:

These instruments do not required any external source of power supply or air as in the case of
pneumatic or electrical comparators. Hence outside sources do not affect the accuracy of the
comparator.
(iii) Linear Scale:

These installments usually have linear scale, which is easy to read.
(iv) Easy to Handle:

These installments are usually robust and compact so easy to handle.
(v) Suitable to Workshop:

These instruments are portable and can be issued from store keeper in workshop.
Disadvantages of Mechanical Comparators:

(i) Friction is More:
These instruments usually have many moving linkages as compared to the other type of
comparators. Due to more moving parts, the friction is more.
(ii) Inertia is More:
40
These instruments usually have more inertia. Hence these instruments are very sensitive to
vibrations.
(iii) Accuracy is Less:

These instruments usually have low accuracy due to more friction and high inertia.
(iv) Wear, Play, Backlesh:

Any wear, play, backlesh or dimensional inaccuracy in the device used will also be magnified.
This increases the error in the measurement.
(v) Range is Limited:

These instruments usually have limited range of measurement, as the pointer moves over a
fixed scale.
(vi) Parallax Error:

These instruments usually affected with error due to parallax as the pointer moves over a fixed
scale.
Type # 2. Electrical Comparators:

An Electrical comparator employs electrical means to get the magnification. In this comparator
the movement of the measuring contact plunger is converted into an electrical signal.
The electrical signal is recorded by an instrument which can be calibrated in terms of plunger
movement.
Construction:
An electrical comparator consists of four basic units.
(i) Measuring Probe (Plunger):

This is in direct contact of the component being checked.
(ii) Amplifier and Indicating Unit:

Amplifier boost up the electrical signals obtained and gives to indicating unit. Indicating unit
indicates the variation of dimensions if any by movement of pointer on a calibrated scale.
(iii) Power Unit:

Power unit gives the power to the wheat-stone bridge to balance it while setting the pointer to
zero with respected to standard component.
(iv) Base and Standard Unit:

These provide hold and support to all the other units. Other than four basic units, a spring is
provided to control the contact pressure. A thin flexible steel strip also provided as shown in
Figure. 8.4 (a).
41
Figure 8.4 Principle of electrical comparator
Working Principle:
The principle of operation of an electrical comparator is shown in Fig. 8.4 (a) an armature
supported on thin flexible steel strip is suspended between two coils C and C. When the
distance of the armature from two coils is equal, the Wheatstone bridge is balanced and no
current flows through the galvanometer.
Little movement of the measuring plunger unbalances the bridge resulting in the flow of current
through the galvanometer. Galvanometer scale is calibrated to give the movements of the
plunger.
Magnification:
Electrical comparators are available to read up to 0.0001mm with magnification ranging
between 1100-18,000. Some most sensitive electrical comparators available with
magnification of 40,000 or higher.
Special Features:
These comparators could also be supplied with indicators, which would give out a signal if the
component being checked lies below or above the standard dimensions. The signal from the
indicator may either be colored lamps or a buzzer sound.
This principle is known as “Visual gauging Head”. Such, instruments do not provide any
difference in dimension but gives only a Visual Indication.
Advantage of Electrical Comparators:

(i) High Degree of Reliability:
Since mechanical comparators actuated by gears, levers, rack and pinion etc.; all of these are
subjected to wear and friction and tanee affect the accuracy and useful life of the instrument.
On the other hand, electrical comparators possess a minimum number of moving parts, thus we
can expect a high degree of reliability from these instruments.
(ii) Remote Measurement:

Indicating instrument can be remote from the measuring unit.
42
(iii) High Magnification:

Due to reduced friction, wear, and with minimum moving parts, these comparators have a high
magnification.
(iv) Not Sensitive to Vibrations:

The mechanism carrying pointer is light and not sensitive to vibration.
Disadvantages of Electrical Comparators:

(i) High Cost:
These instruments usually more expensive than the mechanical comparators.
(ii) External Power Source:

These instruments require an external agency to operate i.e., a.c. electric supply Thus the
fluctuation in voltage or frequency may affect the accuracy of measurement.
(iii) Heating of Coils:

Heating of coils in the system may cause to alter the calibration.
(iv) Fized Scale:

If only a fixed scale in used with a moving pointer then with high magnifications, a small range
is obtained.
Type # 3. Optical Comparators:

There is no pure optical comparator but large magnification is obtained by use of optical
principle in optical comparators.
A mechanical instrument also contributes quite a lot for the overall magnification. Hence
sometimes it is referred as ‘Mech-optical comparator’.
Magnification in case of optical comparators is obtained with the help of light beams which
has an advantage of being straight and weightless. Optical comparators have their own built in
light source.
Principle of Working:
The optical principle adopted in the optical comparators is ‘optical lever’ and is shown in Fig.
8.5.
If a ray of light AC strikes a mirror, it is reflected as ray CO such that:

∠ACN =∠NCO
43
Figure 8.5 Principle of the optical lever
Now, if the mirror is tilted through an angle a, the reflected ray of light has moved through an
angle of 2a.
In optical comparators, the minor is tilted by the measuring plunger movement and the
movement of reflected light is recorded as an image on a screen.
Fig. 8.6 shows the working principle of an optical-mechanical comparator in which both
mechanical and optical levers are used.
44
Figurer 8.6 An Optical Comparator
Magnification:
The magnification of optical comparator is defined as “the ratio between distance moved by
the indicating pointer (beam) and the displacement of plunger”.
The Magnification of optical comparators is usually 1000:1, with measuring range of plus and
minus 0.075 mm.
Advantages of Optical Comparators:

1. High Accuracy:
These comparators have usually a few moving linkage and hence are not subjected to wear
tear, and much friction and give high accuracy.
2. High Range:
These comparators have a scale which can be made past a datum line and thus have high range.
3. High Magnification:
The Magnification is usually high.
4. No Inertia:
A beam of light is used for magnification which has no inertia.
5. Parallax Error:
Parallax error is not there.
Disadvantages of Optical Comparators:

1. Costly:
Optical comparators are costly than other types like mechanical and electrical comparators.
2. Size:
The size of the optical comparator is large.
3. Need Source of Light:

Optical comparators require the electric supply to operate the source of light.
4. Heating of Instrument:
Heating from source of light affects the accuracy of the measurement.
5. Need of Dark Room:

Dark room is required to take readings easily and properly.
45
6. Reading not Convenient:

Taking readings continuously through the eye-piece in not convenient.
Type # 4. Pneumatic Comparators:

Pneumatic Comparators uses air as a means of magnification in metrology. This was originally
developed by the Solex Company in France for the calibration of carburetors.
The first application was the checking of the bores of motor-car cylinder blocks. Now it is
almost used in production shop for this purpose.
Working Principle:
The Pneumatic Comparator is based on Bernoulli’s theory. The principle of working of a
Pneumatic comparator is shown in figure 8.7. Air at a low (1,5kg./cm2) but constant pressure,
ps, is supplied through a small jet ‘c’ into an intermediate chamber and then pass through a
second orifice gauging jet ‘G’ to atmosphere.
The component whose dimensions to be checked is placed below the gauging jet with some air
gap as shown on Fig. 8.7. The amount of air escaping through gap between work piece ‘p’ and
gauging jet ‘G’ will depend upon the gap h. The gap h will affect the intermediate pressure
recorded by the manometer “M”.
Figure 8.7 Principle of pneumatic comparator
If the gap ‘h’ is large, pressure recorded would be small. On the other hand if the gap ‘h’ is
small, pressure would be higher.
The gap ‘h’ initially set with the help of known standard usually slips gauges. The component
whose dimensions to be checked is placed by removing the slip gauges.
If the component has variation in size than the gap ‘h’ will increased or decreased. This will
cause to change in intermediate pressure, and will change in the manometer reading. The
manometer is calibrated directly to read linear scale.
46
Magnification:
A high order of magnification is possible because no physical contact is made to the part being
checked. The Magnification possible with this type of comparator is as high as 30,000: 1, but
are usually about 10,000: 1.
Uses and Applications:

Pneumatic Comparators can be applied to internal and external diameter measurements,
thickness measurements. They can also be applied to check the concentricity of angular parts,
depth of blind holes, parallelism flatness, hole centre distance, etc. Fig. 8.8 shows some
applications of pneumatic comparators.
Figure 8.8 Pneumatic comparator applications

Advantages of Pneumatic Comparators:
1. High Accuracy:
Since the part to be checked does not comes in contact of measuring probe and hence no wear
takes place on the gauging probe. Also this incorporates very less number of moving parts thus
less friction and less inertia will leads to high accuracy.
2. Higher Magnification:
A high as 30,000:1 magnification can be achieved with pneumatic comparators.
3. Cleaning of Dust:
Jet of air helps in cleaning the dust, if any, from the component being measured.
4. Checking of Surface Positions:

Pneumatic comparators are the best means for determining the ovality, straightness, flatness,
squareness, roundness, taperness and circular bores.
Disadvantages of Pneumatic Comparators:

1. Need of Auxiliary Equipment’s:
Pneumatic comparators require auxiliary equipment for their proper functioning, like accurate
pressure regulator.
2. Non-Uniform Scale:
47
The scale of Pneumatic Comparators is generally not uniform.
3. Not Portable:
The whole apparatus is not portable.
4. Effect of Temp:
Humidity and surface roughness: Pneumatic Comparators are sensitive to temperature and
humidity changes. Their accuracy will also affected by the surface roughness of component
being checked.
Type # 5. Fluid Displacement Comparators:

Fluid displacement comparators work on the principle of displacement of fluid. These
comparators find only limited applications in metrology.
Working Principle:
The operation of these comparators depends upon the displacement of fluid from the large
section of the comparator to the relatively smaller section of the comparator with displacement
of the feeler or plunger.
The component to be checked is placed below the measuring plunger. If any deviation in size
of the component then the diaphragm deflects a small quantity of fluid. This small quantity of
deflected fluid will cause to raise fluid in capillary tube. A scale is available with the capillary
tube with indicates the limit points of fluid raised or lowered. A fluid displacement comparator
is shown in Fig. 8.9.
Figure 8.9 Fluid displacement comparator
Magnification:
Magnification of fluid displacement comparators is approximately given by:
48

1. Tools
1.1
1.2
2. Materials
2.1
2.2
3. Equipment
3.1
IMPORTANT

IV. TASKS (STEPS) & KEY POINTS…………………….……………..

1. List the different kinds of comparators.

_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
2. Summarize the different types of inspection equipment mentioned in this
module in a table form. Include the advantages, disadvantages and applications.
49
SUBJECT CODE: MODULE

ACTIVITY / PROJECT: ACTIVITY NO.
WSTP 112 TITLE
METROLOGY AND
NAME OF STUDENT:
BENCHWORK
to:
1. Dial Test Indicator Calibration and Measurement
1.1 Calibrate dial test indicator
1.2 workpiece to measure the roundness.
1.3 workpiece to measure the straightness.
FACTORS RATING
I. QUALITY / APPEARANCE (Symmetry,

Verticality, Horizontality; Workmanship,
Finish)
J. ACCURACY/CRITICALITY (Exactness of
Dimension/specification, High, Medium,
Low Criticality)
K. SPEED (50% over estimated time / 50% time
L. METHOD (Economical; use of tools,
materials, Safety and Hygiene, Initiative)
FINAL GRADE
REMARKS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Assessed by:
______________________________
Instructor
50
RUBRICS
Few measurement
incorrectly.
25% Safety

Working with
others
51
LIST OF REFERENCES
Gandhi, Hozef A. Mechanical Measurement and Metrology, Darshan Institute of

Engineering and Technology, Rajkot
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/metrology/types-of-comparators-with-diagram-
metrology/95152
www.wikihow.com
52
ABOUT THE COMPILERS
Engr. Judson Ray A. Quitco
The compiler is a full-time faculty member of the College of Engineering Mechanical

Engineering Department of Technological University of the Philippines-Visayas. He has been
teaching mechanical engineering subjects for more than 2 years. He is a registered mechanical
engineer and a 2007 graduate of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Technological
University of the Philippines-Visayas Talisay City.
He worked at Central Azucarera De La Carlota from 2008 to 2010 as a technical staff and
Cadet Engineer under the Mills department. He had been a technical auditor under the Internal Audit
Group of Roxas Holdings Inc. from April to September 2010.
He taught at Technological University of the Philippines-Visayas as a part-time faculty under the

Mechanical Engineering Technology (now Manufacturing Engineering Technology) from 2010 to
2013. He had been a foreign teacher in Vietnam and Cambodia from 2013 to 2018.
At present, he is continuing his Graduate Studies in Masters of Technology at the
Technological University of the Philippines Manila.
Engr. Dennis G. Quivis
The compiler is a part-time faculty member of the College of Engineering under the
Mechanical Engineering Department of Technological University of the Philippines-Visayas. He
received his Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Technological University of the
Philippines Visayas in 2010.
Currently, he is taking up his Master in Technology degree in the same institution and in
involved in several projects related to waste water and water filtration industry.
Engr. Raymond L. Sia
The compiler has completed his Bachelors of Science in Mechanical Engineering degree from
the Technological University of the Philippines-Visayas in 1996. He has more than eighteen years of
industrial experience in shipbuilding industry and was assigned in shipyards of Japan, Korea, China,
and the Philippines.
Previously, he worked as Site Team Hull Supervisor with several European ship owners in their new
shipbuilding projects of various ship types including Bulk Carriers and Container Carriers of various
sizes. Also, he worked as Marine Surveyor for Germanischer Lloyd, a member of International
Association of Classification Society and was sent to its Headquarters in Hamburg, Germany for a
two-month “Basic Surveyor’s” Training in 2007. After the training he started doing inspections and
issuing of certifications of new ship construction, its materials and components as well as certifying of
manufacturing companies supplying its parts and components.
Presently, he is a part-time faculty member of the Mechanical Engineering Department of the College
of Engineering at the Technological University of the Philippines -Visayas since September of 2018.

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TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS

WSTP 112: METROLOGY

DEPARTMENT: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

. Engr. Judson Ray A. Quitco

Engr. Raymond L. Sia

T - Transparent and participatory governance

Hands-on practice gives high familiarity and creativity of a basic concept.

To demonstrate the value of high quality or correctness of the work.

GENERAL GUIDELINES/CLASS RULES

Students with Special Needs:

The student will be graded according to the following:

Prelim Grade : 30%

The passing grade for this course is 5.0.

DIAL TEST INDICATOR READING (Activity No. 5)

II. THEORIES / PRINCIPLES…………………………………

Types of Dial Test Indicators with Respect to Dial

III. TOOLS, EQUIPMENT & MATERIALS…………………….

1. Keep working area and tools clean.

IV. TASKS (STEPS) & KEY POINTS…………………….…….

Calibrating the Dial Test Indicator

1. Press the spindle against the item to be measured. To take a measurement, a

To calculate the measurement, divide the number by 1,000. For example,

V. TEST/ REVIEW/ EXERCISES…………………….…….…….…….

2. Dial Test Indicator Scale in Hundredths of Millimeter,0.01 mm

3. Dial Test Indicator Scale in Hundredths of Millimeter,0.01 mm

4. Dial Test Indicator Scale in Hundredths of Millimeter,0.01 mm

5. Dial Test Indicator Scale in Hundredths of Millimeter,0.01 mm

6. Dial Test Indicator Scale in Thousandths of Inch,0.001 in

7. Dial Test Indicator Scale in Thousandths of Inch,0.001 in

8. Dial Test Indicator Scale in Thousandths of Inch,0.001 in

9. Dial Test Indicator Scale in Thousandths of Inch,0.001 in

10. Dial Test Indicator Scale in Thousandths of Inch,0.001 in

VI. PRODUCTIVITY TEST SHEET/RUBRICS…………………….

SUBJECT CODE: MODULE ACTIVITY NO.

SATISFACTORY TASK PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENT

2. Finished measuring and calibration exercises approximately three (3) hours.

A. QUALITY / APPEARANCE (Symmetry,

Weight Criteria 10 - 9 8-7 6-5 4-0

Time asks for additional

UNIVERSAL VERNIER BEVEL PROTRACTOR (Activity No. 6)

II. THEORIES / PRINCIPLES…………………………………

Figure 6.1 Bevel Protractor

Figure 6.2 Parts of a Bevel Protractor

Universal Bevel Protractor

The bevel protractors are of two types, viz.

1. Mechanical bevel protractor:

2. Optical bevel protractor:

Various Components of Bevel Protractors

Stock: The working edge of the stock is about 90 mm in length and 7 mm

III. TOOLS, EQUIPMENT & MATERIALS…………………….

1. Keep working area and tools clean.

IV. TASKS (STEPS) & KEY POINTS…………………….…….

Using the Bevel Protractor to measure angle on a workpiece:

3. Tighten the large clamp/locking screw. (See Figure 6.3)

Reading a Bevel Protractor:

V. TEST/ REVIEW/ EXERCISES…………………….…….…….…….

2. Give six main parts of a Bevel Protractor?

3. Name the two angle reading scales in a Bevel Protractor?