Lecture 17: Morphology of algae – economic importance

Algae are any of numerous groups of chlorophyll-containing, mainly aquatic

eukaryotic organisms ranging from microscopic single-celled forms to multicellular forms 100
feet (30 meters) or more long, distinguished from plants by the absence of true roots, stems,
and leaves and by a lack of nonreproductive cells in the reproductive structures: classified
into the six phyla Euglenophyta, Crysophyta, Pyrrophyta, Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and
Rhodophyta.

Algae can be grown using water resources such as brackish-, sea-, and wastewater
unsuitable for cultivating agricultural crops. When using wastewater, such as municipal,
animal and even some industrial runoff, they can help in its treatment and purification, while
benefiting from using the nutrients present.

The taxonomy of algae is mainly based on the following features: the pigments (or
colors), photosynthetic products, composition of the cell wall, number of flagella, position of
the flagella, cell structures, growth patterns, branching, holdfasts, types of sporangia,
carpogonial branches and cystocarps.

Cell
Photosyntheti
Phylum Pigment Cell wall Flagellum nucleu Form Note
c product(s)
s
Green algae chlorophyll a starch cellulose biflagellate; Yes unicellular, Widely
(Chlorophyta) and b, α, β- equal in colonies or distributed;
carotene, length; multicellular both
lutein apical terrestrial
and marine,
ca.1,200
species
worldwide.

Brown algae chlorophyll a laminaran, cellulose, biflagellate; Yes multicellular 99.7%

(Phaeophyta) and c, mannitol alginate not equal in marine, ca.
fucoxanthin, β- length; 2,000
carotene, lateral or species
lutein not worldwide.
flagellum
Red algae chlorophyll floridean Cellulose, No Yes Uni- or multi- 98% marine,
(Rhodophyta) a,d; a, starch carrageenan cellular ca. 6,000
phycoerythrin, or agarose species
phycocyanin, worldwide.
α, β-carotene
Blue-green Chlorophylla; glycogen, glycoprotein No No unicellular; Mostly
algae phycocyanin, cyanophycean cellulose colonies freshwater
(Cyanophyta) phycoerythrin, starch (75%), some
β-carotene, marine.
lutein

In the past, there were only three biological kingdoms i.e. Animalia (animal), Plantae (plant)
and Protozoa. As algae have cell walls and chlorophyll a for photosynthesis, they were
classified under Plantae. However there are five kingdoms in biology: Protista, Monera,
Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. Since algae do not have vascular tissue, they no longer belong
to the Planta kingdom. Instead, they are now placed in two kingdoms: Protista and Monera.
Blue-green algae belong to Monera. Green algae, red algae and brown algae belong to
Protista.
Modes of reproduction:Sexual and asexual
 Have single celled gametangia (reproductive organs)
 no multicellular reproductive organs
 Life history has 1, 2, or 3 stages (incontrast, plants have 2 stages, gametophyte and
sporophyte)

MORPHOLOGY OF ALGAE

The term "morphology" describes the shape, form or growth habit of an organism and its
parts. Algae exhibit extremely diverse morphology. Some, like Chlorella, are unicellular
organisms similar to bacteria, whereas others such as kelp are complex, multicellular
organisms with cells similar to plants. Other algae run the gamut of morphological diversity,
but can be categorized into several major groups.

Unicellular

 Unicellular algae consist of a single cell. The single cell of the body contains a
chloroplast, which conducts photosynthesis to create energy from sunlight, and often
contains a structure called a pyrenoid that can store energy and contractile vacuoles
that help to regulate the amount of water and salts within the cell (i.e.,
osmoregulation). Some unicellular algae such as Chlamydomonas are motile, or able
to move, using flagella.

Colonial

 Colonial algae include different numbers of cells. Some, such as Gonium, consist of
a small group of cells, whereas others, such as Volvox, consist of hundreds of
cells. Specialized colonies called coenobium contain a specific number of cells, each
with their own tasks, that cannot survive alone. Like unicellular algae, many colonial
algae are motile.

Filamentous

 Filamentous algae undergo cell division but remain connected, forming long
filaments of attached cells. Each cell within the filamentous alga has its own
internal structures, such as a chloroplast, and is capable of photosynthesis.
Spirogyra is one commonly-studied alga. At low tide, this stringy, green algae is
exposed on rocks. Under the microscope, Spirogyra reveals a unique, spiral
arrangement of chloroplasts.

Siphonous

 Siphonous algae have a morphology that superficially resembles that of filamentous

algae. However, siphonous algae consist of only one single cell with branching
sections. Enteromorpha is a siphonous algae that appears similar to Spirogyra to
the naked eye.

Parenchymatous
  Certain red algae contain boxy, plant-like cells and have a complex, multicellular
structure that is termed "parenchymatous." Although the cells of algae do not
truly differentiate to form various structures, these parenchymatous algae often have
parts that resemble leaves, stems and roots. Kelp grows to immense lengths, and is
perhaps one of the best-known parenchymatous algae.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ALGAE

Since from olden days Algae species are intimately connected with human beings as a
source food, medicine and other uses. Algae are taking an active role in human beings.

1. Primary Producers:
Algae are the main Oxygen producers in aquatic areas. They are also useful in decreasing
water pollution by realizing Oxygen. 10% of photosynthesis is occurred by the algae in total
photosynthesis quantity. With these activity algae forms 1.6-15.5 x 10 to the power of 11
tons of carbonic material like food.

2. Algae as food:
Algae species are used as food in several countries in several forms. Algae species have
proteins, vitamins (A, B, C and E), lipids, and minerals. Laminaria species is the important
edible seaweed in Japan and the food item ‘Kombu’ is prepared from it. ‘Aonori’ from
Monostroma; ‘Asakusa Nori’ from Porphyra are prepared in different countries. Porphyra has
35% protein, 45% carbohydrates, Vitamins B and C and Niacin. Nostoc is used as food
material in South America.

3. Algae as fodder for cattle:

Rhodymenia palmate is used as food for sheeps in Narvey. Laminaria saccharina, Pelvitia,
Ascophyllum, etc. species are used as food for cattles.

4. Algae as fertilizers:
Blue-green algae are treated as bio-fertilizers from olden days. Nostoc, Oscillatoria,
Scytonema, Spirulina, etc. are used as fertilizers to rice fields. All these algae are fixed the
atmosphere Nitrogen in to ground. Cultivation of Spirulina is gaining importance as feed for
fish, poultry and cattle.

5. Algae in Pisi culture:

Sea algae are used as food for fishes. So they play an important role in Pisi culture. Some
green-algae, Diatoms, some blue-green algae are used as food material to fishes. These are
also making the water clean, by realizing Oxygen.

6. Algae in reclamation of alkaline or Usar soils:

Our country has more number of alkaline soils or sterile soils. Blue-green algae like Nostoc,
Oscillatoria, Scytonema, Spirulina are modified the soils in to fertile soils. Because they fixed
Nitrogen in to soil. Nearly they fixed 400 K.g. of Nitrogen per year. Soil erosion is also
reduced by these algae.

7. Algea in industry:
Iodine industry is mainly depended upon algae. Algae belonging to Phaeophyceae, like
Laminaria, Ecklonia, Eisenia, etc. are used in the industry to prepare Iodine in industries.
Phyllophora is used to prepare Iodine in Russia.

8. Alginates:
Alginates are the salts of alginic acid found in the cell wall of phaeophyceae. Alginates
are extracted from Fucus, Laminaria, Macrocystis and Ecklonia. Alginates are used in the
preparation of flame-proof fibrics, plastics, paints, gauze material in surgical dressing, soups,
ice creams etc.

9. Agar-Agar:
Agar-agar is a jelly like substance of great economic value. It is obtained from certain red
algae like Gelidium, Graciliaria, and Gigartina. Agar is used as a culture medium for growing
callus in tissue culture.

10. Carragheen or Carragheenin:

It is extracted from cell walls of red algae like Chondrus and Gigartina. It is a
polysaccharide esterfied with sulphate. It is used as emulsifier in pharmaceutical industry
and also in textile, leather, cosmetics and brewing industries.

11. Diatomite:
Diatoms deposits at marine and fresh water areas. They are rich with silica. It is called as
diatomite. It is used in the preparation of Dynamite in olden days. But now it is used in
different industries like glass, metal polishing, paints, tooth pasts, soups, etc.

12. Funori:
It is a type of glue obtained from a red alga Gloipeltis furcata. It is used as an adhesive
as well as sizing agent for paper and cloth. Chemically it is similar to agar-agar except that
there is no sulphate ester group.

13. Minerals:
The brown sea weeds popularly called as kelps yield potash, soda, and iodine. Some sea
weeds are rich source of iron, zinc, copper, manganese and boron. Bromine is extracted
from red algae such as Polysiphonia and Rhodymenia.

14. Antibiotics and Medicines:

Antibiotic Chlorellin, obtained from Chlorella is effective against a number of pathogenic
bacteria. Extracts from Cladophora, Lyngbya can kill pathogenic Pseudomonas and
Mycobacterium. Laminaria is used as one of the modern tools for abortion. Seaweeds have
beneficial effect on gall bladders, pancreas, kidneys, uterus and thyroid glands.

15. Role of Algae in Sewage Disposal:

Some species like Chlamydomonas, Scenedesmus, Chlorella, Pondorhina, Euridina, etc are
living in sewage water. They are mainly useful to clean the water by realizing Oxygen. They
also modified the carbonate material in the water into N, P, K fertilizers.

16. Algae as research material:

In biological research algae are useful because of their rapid growth, brief life span and easy
mode of cultivation. Chlorella, Scenedesmus and Anacystis are used in investigations in
photosynthesis. Blue-green algae are used in studies on nitrogen fixation. Researches in
Genetics and Cytology are carried out on Acetabularia.

17. Algae in Space:

Chlorella and Synechococcus are finding application in space ships and nuclear submarines
as oxygen regenerating and food and water recycling organisms.

Harmful aspects of Algae

Some algae species like Microcystis, Lyngbya are develop water blooms in water areas.
They secrete toxic materials into water. That they polluted the water.
The algae, Cephaleuros virescence causes for red rust tea in tea plant.
Some algae species are caused for some skin diseases.
Dianophlagellate is caused for the death of fishes in water.