Reading Ielts

Reading Passage 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-11, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
HOT AIR BALLOONING
 The birth of the hot air balloon is largely contributed to the efforts of two French brothers, Joseph and
Etienne Montgolfier, who employed the fact that hot air was lighter than cool air and using this, managed to lift a small
silk balloon 32 metres into the air. The brothers went on to elevate a balloon into the air ten thousand metres before it
started to descend and then exploded. Arguably limited success, but their work came to the eye of the French Science
Academy as the discovery of the properties of hot air balloons helped scientists to study weather patterns and the
atmosphere
 It was not until some considerable time later that a balloon was launched that was capable of carrying
passengers. Initial flights were trialed by animals, but after the success of these voyages, two passengers, Jean
Francois Pilatre and Francois Laurent d’Arlendes were sent up in a balloon that traveled across Paris for 29 minutes.
The men fuelled the fire in the centre of their wicker basket to keep the balloon elevated and the trip across Paris was a
great success.
 The discovery of hydrogen-fuelled flights led to death in 1785 of Pilatre, a tragedy that caused a downfall in
the popularity of hot air ballooning but an increase in the popularity of hydrogen. Hot air ballooning lost further ground
when alternate modes of air travel were introduced» but in the 1950s, ballooning experienced something of a revival as
a leisure activity and sport. Today there are balloons of all shapes and sizes, with many unique designs.
 In 1987, British entrepreneur Richard Branson crossed the Atlantic in a balloon named Virgin Atlantic Flyer.
At the time, this balloon was the largest ever constructed at 65 thousand cubic metres, but four years later, he and Per
Lindstrand from Sweden flew nearly 8000 kilometers from Japan to Northern Canada in their balloon the Virgin Pacific
Flyer, which was nearly 10 thousand cubic metres bigger and was the longest flight in a hot air balloon ever made. The
Pacific Flyer was designed to fly in the trans-oceanic jet streams and recorded the highest ground speed for a manned
balloon at 394 kilometers per hour.
 There are now a wide variety of designs and equipment available, from baskets with room for two people
right up to 35 or more, separated compartments and specially designed flame-resistant fabrics, but the basic parts of the
balloon have remained relatively unchanged. There is a basket, commonly made of wicker, inside which are stored the
propane fuel tanks. Immediately above the basket and partly wrapped around by the skirt are the burners, attached to
suspension wires. The balloon itself is made of strips of fabric called gores which run from the skirt to the top of the
balloon; they are further broken into individual panels. This section of the craft is referred to as the envelope. At the top
of the envelope is a self-closing flap that allows hot air to escape at a controlled rate to slow ascents or cause the
balloon to descend descents. This is named the parachute valve and is controlled by the vent line – the cable that runs
the length of the envelope and hangs just above the basket so the pilot can open and close the parachute valve.
 At the mercy of prevailing wind currents, piloting a balloon takes a huge amount of skill but the controls used
are fairly straight forward. To lift a balloon the pilot moves the control which releases propane. The pilot can control the
speed of the balloon by increasing or decreasing the flow of propane gas, but they cannot control horizontal direction.
As a result, balloons are often followed by the ground crew, who may have to pick up the pilot, passengers, and balloon
from any number of landing sites. A pilot who wants to fly a hot air balloon must have his commercial pilot’s license to fly
and must have at least 35 hours of flight instruction. There are no official safety requirements for passengers onboard,
but they should know whom they’re flying with and what qualifications they may have. For safety reasons, hot air
balloons don’t fly in the rain because the heat in the balloon can cause water to boil on top of the balloon and destroy
the fabric.
 One of the largest hot air balloon organizations is the Balloon Federation of America. Founded in 1961,
membership in the BFA attracts those with a fascination with ballooning (or ‘Lighter Than Air’ flight). With an active
discussion forum, meetings and displays all around the USA and beyond, the BFA runs on a number of guiding
principles, primarily that the future of ballooning is directly related to the safety of enthusiasts. They run a number of
training courses, from a novice who is interested in getting a basic license to pilot achievement courses. They even
boast of a balloon simulator, which although it will not directly lead to a pilot’s license, can give participants a degree of
the sensation enjoyed by professional balloon pilots.
Questions 1 – 4
Do the following statements agree with the given in the reading passage?
TRUE, if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE, if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN, if there is no information on this
1. The Montgolfier brothers were the first people to fly in a hot air balloon.
2. Hot air ballooning became less popular in the late eighteenth century.
3. The largest hot air balloon had a capacity of over 75000 cubic metres.
4. Membership of the BFA is only open to people in America.
Questions 5 – 7
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for
each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 5- 7 on your answer sheet.
5. Who accompanied the entrepreneur on the longest balloon flight?
5. Who follows a hot air balloon’s flight to retrieve the craft when it lands?
5. What can give newcomers to the sport some idea of the feeling of flying a balloon?
Questions 8 – 11
Label the diagram below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 8- 11 on your answer sheet.

Reading Passage 2
ILLEGAL DOWNLOADS
A. Downloading music from the internet has become a simple, fast and easy thing to do. The corrector legal way of
going about it seems to be ignored by those who find it too costly. Illegal music downloads have reached an all-time
high, and a recent survey of high school students revealed an estimated 3.6 billion songs being downloaded per
month. There are now endless possibilities available to the public where music can be downloaded for free and
people are choosing to take this route even though it is illegal. iTunes Is one of the most well-known sites where
music can be bought legally for just over 51 per track. So when it is this cheap why are people still going to alternative
unauthorized sites? Or is the legal route still considered a costly way to go about it?
B. If you think that copying music results in simply a slap on the wrist, think twice. Under government law, record
companies are entitled to $750 to $30,000 per infringement but the law allows the jury to increase that to as much as
$150,000 per song if it finds the infringements were deliberate. The music industry has threatened about 35,000
people with charges of copyright infringement over the past decade. In recent months there have been more cases of
music piracy heading to the courts. The industry estimates that more than a hundred of these cases remain unsettled
in court, with fewer than 10 offenders actively arguing the case against them. The penalties for breaching the
copyright act differ slightly depending upon whether the infringing is for commercial or private financial gain, with the
latter punishment being far milder.
C. Nonetheless, the potential gain from illegal downloading versus the punitive measures that can be taken is. In
cases, poles apart. Recently, an American woman shared 27 illegally downloaded songs with her friends and was
ordered to pay $1.92 million to the record company for deliberate infringement of the companies’ copyrights. More
recently in America, a 12-year-old girl was sued for downloading music illegally and could face a penalty of 1150,000
per song. The order of payment from the courts to the American woman who shared the 27 tracks with her friends
has spurred controversy as the public disagrees with the ordered Infringement. The woman shared 27 songs at $1.99
per song, so should she be liable to pay such a large and impossible amount?
D. It has also been noted that of all measures that can be taken, fining is actually the least likely method of preventing
further abuse. With driving, for example, statistics have shown that those that repeatedly drive over the speed limit
are not discouraged by the loss of a sum of money, but this attitude quickly changed when the penalty was possibly
losing their driving license or even spending time in prison.
E. Being a difficult thing to police, the music industry has decided that it would be much easier to go after the internet
service provider than to try and track down each individual case. The music industry feels internet piracy has
decreased their artists’ sales dramatically and is a danger to their business, although, on the other hand, online music
sales promote individual tracks to be sold rather than albums, therefore increasing the amount spent by the
purchaser.
F. If there are so many issues around the downloading of music, you might wonder why sales of MP3 players and CD
burners are increasing rapidly The answer is simple – these devices do have a legitimate purpose defined as ‘fair
use’. You can choose to make your personal back-up copy to use in an MP3 player, or you may visit one of many
web sites, like iTunes, which offers music that you pay for as you download. While some may wonder why you would
pay for something that can be had for free, those who do prefer to obey the copyright protection laws have purchased
over 150 million songs from the iTunes site alone.
G. Online music sales are a business just like any other and music companies are fighting to salvage their industry.
Cary Sherman, the President of RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America), stated that when your product is
being regularly stolen, there comes a time when you have to take appropriate action. At the same time, the RIAA has
offered amnesty to the illegal downloaded who decide to come forward and agree to stop illegally downloading music
over the Internet. People who have already been sued are obviously not eligible for amnesty.
H. When high school students were asked how they felt about the business of downloading illegally from the net they
appeared to be divided on the issue. Some seemed to think there was absolutely nothing wrong with it. Others felt
that it should be thought of as a serious crime like any other form of theft.
Questions 12 – 16
The reading passage has eight paragraphs, A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Type the correct letter A-H in boxes 12-16.
12. The disparity between fines and costs
12. The potential costs of piracy to the defendant
12. The number of songs illegally obtained from the internet
12. Ambivalence towards the problem
12. A reprieve for illegal downloaders
Questions 17 – 20
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for
each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 17 – 20 on your answer sheet.
17. The maximum fine that a record company can impose is ________________.
17. The penalty for breaking copyright laws is harsher when undertaken for _______________ benefit.
17. The music industry targets each ________________ rather than each specific person downloading illegally.
17. Appliances used in connection with illegal downloads are sold under the term_______________.
Questions 21 – 23
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?
In boxes 21-23 on your answer sheet write
21. Most people sued for illegal downloading actively fight back against the record company.
21. Illegal downloading can be difficult to monitor and control.
21. High school students are responsible for illegally downloading the most music.
Reading Passage 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 24 – 40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
A. The natural world is dominated by cycles that are constant and repeated – the moon’s rotation around the earth,
the changing of the seasons, the changes between night and day. It is these cycles or rhythms that in part control
changes in our metabolism, mood and behavior, and even the patterns of our sleep.
B. The circadian rhythm is the cycle that indicates when to be awake and when to be asleep. This is a daily cycle that
is controlled by changes in amplitude (highs and lows) of light and temperature. As day turns to night, the sunsets
and it becomes cooler. The triggers of less light and lower temperatures signal to the body that it is time to slow and
begin the pattern of sleep. Of course, there may be many hours between sunset and the time people actually go to
bed, but it is from this time that we generally become increasingly less alert and reaction times can be noticeably
slower.
C. There are a number of factors that can affect our circadian rhythm. Working night shifts, which requires people to
act in contradiction to the body’s natural rhythm, is perhaps the most damaging. Despite getting a good 8 hours sleep
during the day, night shift workers still tend to feel drowsy for at least some of the night. This is the main factor for the
increase in workplace accidents on this shift when compared to the day shift. The seasons can also affect our natural
rhythm, with people having less energy during winter months when there are less sunlight and warmth to stimulate
the brain. International travel, notably when traveling in excess of 4 hours, can also have a significant effect; in
extreme cases, it can take up to 7 days for your rhythm to reset due to this, a phenomenon referred to as jet lag. A
similar, although the milder, effect can be felt in countries with daylight savings time when the clocks are moved
forward and backward depending on the season.
D. There are some tips for helping your bodywork with your circadian rhythm. First thing in the morning take a short
walk outside or open all the curtains to get as much light as possible through the eyes and into the brain. Lighting
levels that affect circadian rhythm in humans are higher than the levels usually used in artificial lighting in homes. In
addition to the strength of the light, wavelength (or colour) of light is a factor, the best being that present in sunlight.
Plan your work and other activities around the highs and lows of your temperature rhythm. For example, plan easier
activities for first thing in the morning when you’re not operating at your physical best. Late morning is better for
challenging tasks. After lunch, you may feel like nodding off. Take scheduled breaks. The best time to exercise is in
the late afternoon – your body temperature reaches its daily high, it is warmed up and stretched from spending your
day at work. Avoid driving during sleep times. Sleepy drivers should stop for a nap – playing loud music or leaving
windows open is an overrated misconception. At night, close the blinds and curtains and sleep in a dark room. If you
work the night shift, use bright lights and music in the workplace to keep your brain alert. Wear an eye mask to block
out the light when you want to go to sleep.
E. Every human – in fact, most non-nocturnal animals – follow the basic rules of the circadian rhythm. However, we
also have our own unique body clocks that control the daily changes in how we think and feel and oversee a number
of our personal characteristics such as sleep patterns. Your body clock dictates whether you are a night owl, happy to
work late into the night, an early bird who prefers the morning or a hummingbird, happy to work both ends of the day.
Your body clock determines not only your personal sleep patterns but also whether or not you are grumpy before you
have your morning coffee, when and what you need to eat throughout the day, whether you work better In the
morning or the afternoon and the best time for you to do exercise. It also affects physical performance, such as
temperature, blood pressure, digestion, hormone levels and brain activity (such as mood, behaviour, and alertness).
Your body clock is what causes you to gain a few kilograms in autumn and wintertime and to make it easier to lose
weight in spring and summer.
F. Being aware of a few issues can help us maintain the best rhythms for our body docks, but there are some tips and
tools that can help. Keeping to the same bedtime routine and wake-up schedule, even on your days off, is particularly
important – there should be no more than a few hours difference in the time you go to bed. Avoiding interruptions to
your sleep is also very important. If there is intermittent, irregular noise, use a fan or any white noise device that
generates calming sounds. This is particularly important for night shift workers, for whom daytime noises are
generally louder; soft, background noise can help drown out daytime activity noises. Eat small frequent meals to help
stoke your metabolism. This is not only helpful in weight maintenance but reinforces the “day” phase of your circadian
clock. Eat most of your energy foods earlier in the day and avoid eating a heavy meal near bedtime. Avoid all-
nighters, like studying all night before an assessment. Cutting back on sleep the night before may mean that you
perform less well. Reduce changes to your work shift, such as changing from night shift to day shift. Avoid alcohol
and cigarettes before sleep time. If you feel sleepy during the day, take a short nap. Set an alarm so you sleep for no
more than about 20 minutes. Anything more than just a ‘catnap’ and you will enter into Stage 3 (deep sleep) and find
it harder to wake up from.
Questions 24 – 30
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?

24. Our reactions are at their slowest at sunset.
24. There are more accidents on the night shift because workers tend to get less sleep.
24. Limited air travel has minimal effect on the body’s circadian rhythm.
24. The circadian rhythm starts when light reaches the brain.
24. If a driver is tired, taking a short sleep, listening to music or winding down the window are all equally
effective measures for keeping awake.
24. Humans share the same trends with regards to their body clocks.
24. Many people take a short rest just after eating lunch.
Questions 31-36
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 31 – 36 on your answer sheet
31. As well as the intensity, what else is important in sunlight for our circadian rhythm?
31. What specific part of the day is the body at its warmest?
31. What should night shift workers use to help them sleep?
31. What type of person works equally well in the morning and in the evening?
31. What does our body clock make it easier to do after the winter?
31. What should you avoid before bed to help you get a good night’s sleep?
Questions 37 – 40
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from Reading Passage 3 for each answer.
Keep a good 37_______________ by following routines. Try to sleep and wake at roughly the same times when
working and on days off. Use 38______________ noise to help you sleep if there are external distractions. Small and
regular meals keep your 39_______________ operating at its best. Limit changes to your work shift, and if necessary
take a short 40_____________ during the day
Reading Passage 1
REIKI
The spiritual practice of Reiki was first introduced in the early 20th century in Japan and continues to be used by its
followers today with the intention of treating physical, emotional and mental imbalances and consequent ill-health.
The principles of Reiki involve techniques employed by practitioners they say will channel healing energy through the
subject’s body, and advocates hold that these techniques can also be used for self-healing. The name of the practice
itself stems from two Japanese characters, pronounced ‘rei’ which translates to ‘unseen’ or ‘spiritual’ and ‘ki’ meaning
‘life force’ or ‘energy’.
According to Reiki philosophy, only by undergoing an attunement process performed by a Reiki Master is an
individual able to access, then channel this positive energy within, this ability once established is considered to be
enduring. Once attuned, it is said that an individual has the ability to allow energy to flow to weak or diseased areas
of the body, so activating a natural healing process. Reiki energy is considered to be ‘intelligent energy’ in that it
automatically flows to such areas; for this reason, practitioners believe that diagnosis of a specific problem is
unnecessary beforehand and that the practice can be used as preventative medicine and encourage healing prior to
the onset of tangible symptoms. Since healing initiated by Reiki treatment is entirely natural, many practitioners are
confident that it can be used alongside any other type of treatment without adverse effect; however, others
recommend that since the patient may undergo significant internal improvement for certain ailments – diabetes, for
example – careful monitoring is required since such improvements may establish a need for an alteration in
medication requirements.
A ‘whole body’ Reiki treatment session typically lasts between to 90 minutes. The subject is required to lie down –
often on a treatment table – clothed in comfortable and loose-fitting attire. Treatment may involve the practitioner
placing their hands on the recipient in a variety of positions; however, some therapists take a non-touching approach,
holding their hands a few centimetres away from the body. Hands are usually held in one position for up to 5 minutes
before moving on to the next part of the body; between 12 and 20 hand positions are generally used. Those who
have undergone a Reiki treatment session often state that they experienced a pleasant warmness in the area of
focus and a feeling of contentment and relaxation throughout the session.
The healing energy is said to originate in the universe itself and is not the passing of personal energy from
practitioner to the patient; it is therefore thought to be inexhaustible and the personal well-being of the practitioner
uncompromised. While some masters and teachers hold that subjects must be receptive to the concept in order for
energy to flow, others believe that the attitude of the patient is of no consequence and that benefits will follow
regardless; for this reason, those following the latter school of thought say that since Reiki requires no conscious
belief it can also benefit the well-being of animals and plant life.
Controversy surrounds the practice of Reiki, some in opposition as they say that Reiki may offer only a perceived
improvement in health and therefore only a ‘placebo’ effect. Whilst the practice of Reiki itself is not necessarily
considered potentially harmful, some medical practitioners are concerned that its benefits may be over-estimated by
patients and that, as a result, they’ may ignore or Bandon conventional treatments. Others argue against the reliability
of Reiki due to the lack of regulation of practitioners, holding that patients may be left vulnerable to illegitimate
therapists who lack knowledge and skill. While Reiki is not connected to any particular religious doctrine, some
religious leaders oppose the practice for spiritual reasons; however, others hold that the meditative principles
involved in treatment have enhanced their own ability to explore and embrace their own particular religion.
Limited scientific studies in the authenticity of Reiki have been conducted. During research conducted by the Institute
of Neurological Studies at South Glasgow University Hospital, it was observed that there was a significant decrease
in heart rate and blood pressure amongst subjects receiving 30 minutes of Reiki treatment as opposed to a group
receiving placebo treatment of 30 minutes rest. Since the test group consisted of a small number of subjects just 45 –
the research recommendations concluded a requirement for further studies. A similarly small preliminary study into
the potential effects of Reiki on patients suffering mild dementia, conducted in the USA, tentatively suggested that
treatment had a positive effect on the subjects’ memory abilities; however, research limitations included insufficient
analysis of potential placebo effects.
Other studies have also attempted to determine the correlation between Reiki treatment and improvement in cancer
and stroke patients. Whilst investigations into the first condition indicated a seemingly positive effect on degrees of
fatigue, pain, and stress experienced by sufferers, the second project failed to reveal a link between treatment and
improvement in the subjects’ condition and rehabilitation. Theories have been put forward that the benefits of energy
treatments such as Reiki may be scientifically attributed to the effect of electromagnetic fields; however, the majority
of researchers agree that more extensive investigation is required.
Questions 1 – 3
Choose THREE letters A-H.
Write your answers in boxes 1- 3 on your answer sheet
NB. Your answers may be given in any order
Which THREE of the following statements are true of Reiki?
1. Principles for self-healing differ from those used on others.

2. Attunement is said to have a permanent effect on the recipient.
3. Its preventative properties are more significant than cure.
4. There are differences in opinion regarding its use with other therapies.
5. The treatment typically involves contact between the therapist and the patient.
6. The recipient’s own energy is the key to the philosophy.
7. Some therapists believe a pessimistic approach affects results.
8. It is only practiced on human subjects.
Questions 4 – 9
Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information? You can use each paragraph more than once.
4. A scientific explanation of why Reiki may have positive effects.
4. An overview of the practicalities of how Reiki is performed.
4. The pre-requisite required to experience Reiki benefits.

4. When a patient’s faith and expectations cause concern.
4. The immediate effects that can be experienced by recipients.
4. The safety of conducting therapy for practitioners.
Questions 10 – 13
According to the information in Reading Passage 1,
Classify the following research findings into the benefits of Reiki as relating to
1. The Institute of Neurological Studies

2. Research conducted in the USA
3. Cancer research
4. Stroke research
Write the correct letter A, B, C or D in boxes 10 – 13 your answer sheet
10. The groups’ comfort and quality of life appeared to improve.
10. No apparent links were identified.
10. Results were compared to a control group who did not receive Reiki treatment
10. Recollection ability seemed to be enhanced.
Reading Passage 2
SCULPTURE
Sculpture, the practice of creating a three-dimensional object for artistic and aesthetic purposes, dates back as far as
prehistoric times. Since objects created are intended to be enduring, traditionally sculptures have been forged from
durable materials such as bronze, stone, marble, and jade; however, some branches of the art also specialize in
creating figurines of a more ephemeral nature, ice sculpture, for example. The practice of sculpting in many countries
has traditionally been associated with religious philosophy; for example, in Asia, many famous sculptures are related
to Hinduism or Buddhism.
In Africa, perhaps more than any other region in the world, three-dimensional artwork is favoured and given more
emphasis than two-dimensional paintings. Whilst some experts hold that the art of sculpture in the continent dates
back to the Nok civilization of Nigeria in 500 BC, this is disputed due to evidence of the art’s existence in Pharaonic
Africa.
To the expert eye, African art is clearly defined by the region from which it is from and easily identifiable from the
differences in a technique used and material from which it is made. Figurines from the West African region are
sculpted in two distinctly different forms. The first is characterized by angular forms and features with elongated
bodies, such sculptures being traditionally used in religious rituals. Conversely, the traditional wood statues of the
Mande speaking culture possess cylindrical arms and legs with broad, flat surfaces. Metal sculptures that hail from
the eastern regions of West Africa are heralded by many as amongst the most superior art forms ever crafted.
Central African sculpture may be a little more difficult to identify for the novice observer as a wider variety of materials
may be used, ranging from wood to ivory, stone or metal. However, despite tills, the distinct style of usage of smooth
lines and circular forms still helps to define the origin of such works. In both Eastern and Southern Africa, typically, art
depicts a mixture of human and animal features. Art from the former region Is usually created in the form of a pole
carved in human shape and topped with a human or animal image which has a strong connection with the death,
burial, and the spiritual world. Such creations are less recognized as art in the traditional sense than those from other
parts of Africa. In Southern Africa, the human/animal hybrid representations are fashioned from clay, the oldest
known examples dating back to from between 400 and 600 A.D.
Although these distinct and defining regional differences in artistic expression exist, there are also universal
similarities that define African art as a whole. Primarily a common characteristic is that focus is predominantly on the
representation of the human form. A second common trait of African art is that it is often inspired by a ceremonial or
performance-related purpose; the meaning behind the art and its purpose often intended to be interpreted in a
different way depending on an individual’s age, gender or even social and educational status.
Throughout the African continent, artworks tend to be more abstract in nature than intending to present a realistic and
naturalistic portrayal of the subject in question. Artists such as Picasso, Van Gogh and Gauguin are said to have
been influenced and inspired by African art. Its ability to stimulate emotional reaction and imagination generated a
great deal of interest from western artists at the beginning of the 20th century. As a result, new European works
began to emerge which were of a more abstract nature than previously conceived. More intellectually and emotionally
stimulating art was born than had been seen before in a culture that had traditionally faithfully represented and
depicted the true and exact form of its subjects.
The ‘Modernism’ movement of the 20th century embraced innovation in literature and art, its devotees wishing to
move beyond realism in artistic expression. The sculptor Henry Spencer Moore, born in 1898 in Yorkshire, was one
of the key players involved in introducing and developing his own particular style of modernism to the British art
world. He is best known for his abstract bronze sculptures of the human form, many critics drawing parallels between
the undulating landscapes and hills of his home county Yorkshire and the shapes and lines of his sculptures.
By the 1950s, Moore’s work was increasingly in demand and he began to secure high profile commissions including
artwork for the UNESCO building in Paris. By the end of Moore’s career, due to his popularity and the scale of the
projects he undertook, the sculptor was extremely affluent; however, a huge proportion of his wealth was donated to
the Henry Moore Foundation established with the aim of supporting education and promotion of the arts. The
foundation is a registered charity and has continued to offer to fund a wide range of projects including grants to arts
institutions and bursaries and fellowships for students and artists since Moore’s death in 1986.
Questions 14 –17
Complete the summary. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.. Write your answers in
boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
In Africa, sculpture is more predominant and more highly 14. ______________ than canvas art, for example. In Asia,
many prestigious works are connected to 15. ______________ values. Sculpture is an ancient art in which figurines
are created from materials which are, in the main, 16. _____________ to ensure longevity of the art form; however,
though more 17. ____________, materials such as ice are used in certain spheres.
Questions 18 – 22
Complete the table. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your
answers in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.

REGIONAL AFRICAN ART
Region Style Additional Information
Eastern Africa
Subjects similar to the 18.

Less sought-after than other styles of African
_____________ area of the
art.
country.

Artwork representing human &

animal form
Southern Africa Made from 19. ________________

Style 1
Conventionally made for the purpose of 20.
Sharp lines, long bodies ________________

Western
Style 2
Africa Made by Mande speakers
Cylindrical, broad and flat lines

crafted from 21. _______________
Often more difficult to recognise due to the

Central Africa Smooth lines & circular forms
diversity of 22. _____________used.
Questions 23 – 27
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your
answers in boxes 23-27 on your answer sheet.
23. Verification of art in which civilization sheds doubt on the theory that African art dates back to the Nok
period?
23. What material is used for the African sculptures many consider to be the best?
23. What ceremonial event are the creations from Eastern Africa connected with?
23. Due to African influence, what did Western art become that allowed it to be more intellectually and
emotionally stimulating?
23. What did Moore most often depict which brought him the greatest recognition?
Reading Passage 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28 – 40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
GENEALOGY
Genealogy, the study of tracing family connections and relationships through history – so building a cohesive family
tree, has become an increasingly popular hobby from non-specialist enthusiasts over recent decades. The
introduction of the Internet has, in many ways, spurred interest levels since historical information has been made far
more accessible than previously. Experts warn, however, that sources obtained from the internet must be considered
with caution as they may often contain inaccuracies, often advising novice genealogists to join a family history society
where they are able to learn useful skills from experienced researchers.
Originally, prior to developing a more mainstream following, the practice of genealogy focused on establishing the
ancestral links of rulers and noblemen often with the purpose of disputing or confirming the legitimacy of inherited
rights to wealth or position. More recently, genealogists are often interested in not only where and when previous
generations of families lived but also details of their lifestyle and motivations, interpreting the effects of the law,
political restrictions, immigration and the social conditions on an individual’s or family’s behaviour at the given time.
Genealogy searches may also result in the location of living relatives and consequently family reunions, in some
cases helping to reunite family members who had been separated in the past due to fostering/adoption, migration or
war.
In Australia, there has been a great deal of interest of late, from families wishing to trace their links to the early
settlers. As a result of the loss of the American colonies in the 1700s, Britain was in need of an alternative destination
for prisoners who could not be accommodated in the country’s overcrowded penal facilities. In 1787, the ‘First Fleet’
which consisted of a flotilla of ships carrying just over 1300 people (of which 753 were convicts or their children and
the remainder marines, officers and their family members) left Britain’s shores for Australia. On January 26, 1788 –
now celebrated as Australia Day – the fleet landed at Sydney Cove and the first steps to European settlement began.
Genealogy research has led to a shift in attitudes towards convict heritage amongst contemporary Australian society,
as family members have been able to establish that their ancestors were, in fact, not hardened and dangerous
criminals, but had, in most cases, been harshly punished for minor crimes inspired by desperation and dire economic
circumstances. So dramatic has the shift in attitudes been that having family connections to passengers on the ‘First
Fleet’ is considered nothing less than prestigious. Convicts Margaret Dawson and Elizabeth Thakery were amongst
the first European women to ever set foot on Australian soil. Details about the former, whose initial death sentence
passed for stealing clothes from her employer was commuted to deportation, and the latter expelled for stealing
handkerchiefs along with others of similar fate are now available on the internet for eager descendants to track.
Although many of the deported convicts were forbidden to return to Britain, others such as Dawson, were, in theory,
expelled for a given term. In reality, however, the costs of attempting to return to the mother country were well beyond
the means of the majority. Genealogists now attribute the successful early development of Australia to such ex-
convicts who decided to contribute fully to society once their sentence had been served. Many rewards were
available to prisoners who displayed exemplary behavior, including land grants of 30 acres or more, tools for
developing and farming the land and access to convict labor. Genealogy studies also show that many former
prisoners went on to hold powerful positions in the newly forming Australia society, examples being Francis
Greenway – a British architect expelled on conviction of fraud – who went on to design many of Sydney’s most
prominent colonial buildings, and Alexander Munro, transported after stealing cheese at the age of 15, who would
later build Australia’s first gas works and hold the position of Town Mayor.
In North America, the Mormon Church, headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, holds two major genealogical
databases, the International Genealogical Index and the Ancestral File, which contain records of hundreds of million
individuals who lived between 1500 and 1900 in the United States, Canada, and Europe. Resources available to
genealogy enthusiasts include the Salt Lake City-based Family History Library and more than 4000 branches where
microfilms and microfiches can be rented for research and the newer Family Search internet site which provides open
access to numerous databases and research sources. Such data-sharing practices are central and crucial to
genealogical research and the internet has proven to be a major tool in facilitating ease of transfer of information in
formats suitable for use in forums and via email. The global level of interest in and demand for such information has
proven so intense, that traffic load on the release of sources such as Family Search and the British Census for 1901
led to a temporary collapse of the host servers.
Experts advise that the reliability of sources used for genealogical research should be evaluated in light of four factors
that may influence their accuracy, these being the knowledge of the informant, the bias and mental state of the
informant, the passage of time and potential for a compilation error. First, genealogists should consider who the
information was provided by and what he or she could be ascertained to have known. For example, a census record
alone is considered unreliable as no named source for the information is likely to be found. A death certificate signed
by an identified doctor, however, can be accepted as more reliable. In the case of bias or mental state, researchers
are advised to consider that even when information is given by what could be considered a reliable source, that there
may have been a motivation to be untruthful – continuing to claim a government benefit or avoidance of taxation, for
example.
Generally, data recorded at the same time or close to the event being researched is considered to be more reliable
than records written at a later point in time, as – while individuals may intend to give a true representation of events –
factual information may be misrepresented due to lapses in memory and forgotten details. Finally, sources may be
classified as either original or derivative. The latter refers to photocopies, transcriptions, abstracts, translations,
extractions, and compilations and has more room for error due to possible misinterpretations, typing errors or loss of
additional and crucial parts of the original documentation.
Questions 28 – 32
Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs A-H.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B and D-G from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number i to ix in boxes 28 – 32 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
1. An Embarrassing Heritage
2. Assessing Validity
3. Diversity of Application
4. Interpretation Errors
5. Past Usage
6. Useful Sources
7. Australasian Importance
8. Changing Viewpoints
9. Significant Roles
Example: Paragraph C; Answer: vii
28. Paragraph B
28. Paragraph D
28. Paragraph E
28. Paragraph F
28. Paragraph G
Questions 33 – 36
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 33 – 36 on your answer sheet, write
33. Early applications of genealogy focused on behaviour, movement, and settlement of populations.
33. The punishment of deportation was reserved for those who posed a serious threat to British society.
33. Some ex-convicts chose to stay in Australia due to the opportunities it presented.
33. Overwhelming interest in obtaining genealogical information has led to technological difficulties.
Questions 37 – 40
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D
Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.
37. Why has recreational genealogy become more popular?
1. Because it is now a fashionable hobby.

2. Because more people wish to trace missing relatives.
3. Because there are fewer political barriers.
4. Because it is no longer requires so much effort.
38. Whose original sentence for breaking the law was reduced?
1. Francis Greenway.
2. Margaret Dawson.
3. Alexander Munro.
4. Elizabeth Thackery.
39. What is fundamental to genealogical research?
1. Original records.
2. Electronic transfer.
3. The pooling of information.
4. The IG Index.
40. Why does census information need to be approached with caution?
1. Because it cannot easily be attributed to a particular individual.

2. Because it is often not validated by a physician.
3. Because administration practices in the past were unreliable.
4. Because informants may not have been truthful due to financial motivations
Reading Passage 1
DEPRESSION
It is often more difficult for outsiders and non-sufferers to understand mental rather than a physical illness in others.
While it may be easy for us to sympathize with individuals living with the burden of a physical illness or disability,
there is often a stigma attached to being mentally ill, or a belief that such conditions only exist in individuals who lack
the strength of character to cope with the real world. The pressures of modern life seem to have resulted in an
increase in cases of emotional disharmony and government initiatives in many countries have, of late, focussed on
increasing the general public’s awareness and sympathy towards sufferers of mental illness and related conditions.
Clinical depression, or ‘major depressive disorder’, a state of extreme sadness or despair, is said to affect up to
almost 20% of the population at some point in their lives prior to the age of 40. Studies have shown that this disorder
is the leading cause of disability in North America; in the UK almost 3 million people are said to be diagnosed with
some form of depression at any one time, and experts believe that as many as a further 9 million other cases may go
undiagnosed. World Health Organisation projections indicate that clinical depression may become the second most
significant cause of disability’ on a global scale by 2020. However, such figures are not unanimously supported, as
some experts believe that the diagnostic criteria used to identify՛ the condition are not precise enough, leading to
other types of depression being wrongly classified as ‘clinical’.
Many of us may experience periods of low morale or mood and feelings of dejection, as a natural human response to
negative events in our lives such as bereavement, redundancy or breakdown of a relationship. Some of us may even
experience periods of depression and low levels of motivation which have no tangible reason or trigger. Clinical
depression is classified as an on-going state of negativity, with no tangible cause, where sufferers enter a spiral of
persistent negative thinking, often experiencing irritability, perpetual tiredness, and listlessness. Sufferers of clinical
depression are said to be at higher risk of resorting to drug abuse or even suicide attempts than the rest of the
population.
Clinical depression is generally diagnosed when an individual is observed to exhibit an excessively depressed mood
and/or ‘anhedonia’ – an inability to experience pleasure from positive experiences such as enjoying a meal or
pleasurable social interaction – for a period of two weeks or more, in conjunction with five or more additional
recognized symptoms. These additional symptoms may include overwhelming feelings of sadness; inability to sleep,
or conversely, excessive sleeping; feelings of guilt, nervousness, abandonment or fear; inability to concentrate;
interference with memory capabilities; fixation with death or extreme change in eating habits and associated weight
gain or loss.
Clinical depression was originally solely attributed to chemical imbalance in the brain, and while anti-depressant
drugs which work to optimize levels of ‘feel-good’ chemicals – serotonin and norepinephrine – are still commonly
prescribed today, experts now believe that onset of depression may be caused by a number, and often combination
of, physiological and socio-psychological factors. Treatment approaches vary quite dramatically from place to place
and are often tailored to an individual’s particular situation; however, some variation of a combination of medication
and psychotherapy is most commonly used. The more controversial electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may also be
used where initial approaches fail. In extreme cases, where an individual exhibits behavior which Indicates that they
may cause physical harm to themselves, psychiatric hospitalization may be necessary as a form of intensive therapy.
Some recent studies, such as those published by the Archives of General Psychiatry, hold that around a quarter of
diagnosed clinical depression cases should actually be considered as significant but none-the-less ordinary sadness
and maladjustment to coping with trials in life, indicating that in such cases, psychotherapy rather than treatment
through medication is required. Recovery as a result of psychotherapy tends, in most cases, to be a slower process
than improvements related to medication; however, improvements as a result of psychological treatment, once
achieved, have been observed in some individuals to be more long term and sustainable than those attained through
prescription drugs. Various counseling approaches exist, though all focus on enhancing the subject’s ability to
function on a personal and interpersonal level. Sessions involve the encouragement of an individual to view
themselves and their relationships in a more positive manner, with the intention of helping patients to replace
negative thoughts with a more positive outlook.
It is apparent that susceptibility to depression can run in families. However, it remains unclear as to whether this is
truly an inherited genetic trait or whether biological and environmental factors common to family members may be at
the root of the problem. In some cases, sufferers of depression may need to unlearn certain behaviors and attitudes
they have established in life and develop new coping strategies designed to help them deal with problems they may
encounter, undoing patterns of destructive behavior they may have observed in their role models and acquired for
themselves.
Questions 1 – 5
Reading Passage 1 has seven sections A-G.
Write the correct letters A-G in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
1. Details of treatment alternatives for worst-case scenario depression.

2. Information regarding cases where drug treatment is inappropriate.
3. Details of how those diagnosed with depression may be more vulnerable than other members of society,
4. Information about society’s attitudes to depression and similar illnesses.
5. Information regarding why estimates of the incidence of future growth in cases may be overly exaggerated.
Questions 6 – 8
Choose THREE letters A-G.
NB Your answers may be given in any order
Which THREE of the following statements are true of depression?
1. Governments have generally failed to take action to educate the general public about the condition.
2. The highest reported number of cases is in the USA.
3. In Britain, it is likely that there are more individuals who live with the condition without the help of a doctor
than those being officially treated.
4. Clinical depression may be triggered by divorce.
5. Lethargy may be one of the symptoms of depression.
6. Prescribed pharmaceuticals have radically changed over recent years.
7. Approaches to treating depression are not universal.
Questions 9 – 13
Complete the summary of paragraphs F and G with the list of words A-L below.
Write the correct letter A-L in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
Whilst recovery through counselling rather than medicine may be more 9. ________________ , results once
achieved may have more 10. ________________ with some patients. Counselling sessions are geared towards
improving the subject’s relationship with others and their own 11. _______________, encouraging sufferers of
depression to take on a more 12. _______________ outlook. The extent to which genetic disposition and sociological
factors impact on state of mind is 13. _________________. Many people undergoing counselling therapy do so with
the purpose of unlearning negative behaviour and reactions.
1. gratifying
2. longevity
3. ambition
4. optimistic
5. pessimistic
6. difficulty
7. inconclusive
8. self-image
9. gradual
10. unequivocal
11. immediate
12. categorical
Reading Passage 2
THE FACE OF MODERN MAN?
In response to the emergence of the ‘metrosexual’ male, In other words, an urban, sophisticated man who is
fashionable, well-groomed and unashamedly committed to ensuring his appearance is the best it can be, a whole
new industry has developed. According to research conducted on behalf of a leading health and beauty retailer in the
UK, the market for male cosmetics and related products has grown by 800% since the year 2000 and is expected to
continue to increase significantly. The male grooming products market has become the fastest-growing sector within
the beauty and cosmetics industry, currently equivalent to around 1.5 billion pounds per annum.
Over the last decade, a large number of brands and companies catering for enhancement of the male image have
been successfully established, such operations ranging from male-only spas, boutiques, personal hygiene products,
hair and skincare ranges, and male magazines with a strong leaning towards men’s fashion. Jamie Cawley, a
proprietor of a successful chain of London-based male grooming boutiques, holds that his company’s success in this
highly competitive market can be attributed to the ‘exclusivity’ tactics they have employed, in that their products and
services are clearly defined as male- orientated and distinctly separate to feminine products offered by other
organizations. However, market analyst, Kim Sawyer, believes that future growth in the market can also be achieved
through the sale of unisex products marketed to both genders, this strategy becoming increasingly easy to implement
as men’s interest in appearance and grooming has become more of a social norm.
Traditionalists such as journalist Jim Howard contend that the turn-around in male attitudes which has led to the
success of the industry would have been inconceivable a decade ago, given the conventional male role, psyche, and
obligation to exude masculinity; however, behavioral scientist Professor Ruth Chesterton argues that the metro-
sexual man of today is in fact a modern incarnation of the ‘dandy’ of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century.
British dandies of that period, who were often of middle-class backgrounds but imitated aristocratic lifestyles, were
devoted to cultivation of their physical appearance, development of a refined demeanor and hedonistic pursuits. In
France, she adds, dandyism, in contrast, was also strongly linked to political ideology and embraced by youths
wishing to clearly define themselves from members of the working class revolutionary social groups of the period.
Over recent decades, according to sociologist Ben Cameron, gender roles for both sexes have become less defined.
According to research, he says, the achievement of status and success have become less important in younger
generations of men, as has the need to repress emotions. Cameron defines the traditional masculine role within
western societies – hegemonic masculinity – as an expectation that males demonstrate physical strength and fitness,
be decisive, self-assured, rational, successful and in control. Meeting this list of criteria and avoiding situations of
demonstrating weakness, being overly emotional or in any way ’inferior’, he says, has placed a great deal of pressure
on many members of the male population. So restrictive can society’s pressure to behave in a ‘masculine’ fashion on
males be, Professor Chesterton, states that in many situations men may respond in a way they deem acceptable to
society, given their perceived gender role, rather than giving what they may actually consider being the best and most
objective response.
Jim Howard says that learning and acquiring gender identity makes up a huge component of a child’s socialization
and that a child who exhibits non-standard behavioral characteristics often encounters social and self-image
difficulties due to the adverse reactions of their peers. According to Kim Sawyer, media images and messages also
add to pressures associated with the male image, stating that even in these modern and changing times, hegemonic
masculinity is often idolized and portrayed as the definitive male persona.
Whilst male stereotypes and ideals vary from culture to culture, according to Professor Chesterton, a universal trait in
stereotypical male behavior is an increased likelihood to take risks than is generally found in female behavior
patterns. For this reason, she attributes such behavior to the influence of genetic predisposition as opposed to
socially learned behavior. Men, she says, are three times more likely to die due to accidents than females, a strong
indication he says of their greater willingness to involve themselves in precarious situations. Ben Cameron also says
that an attitude of invincibility is more dominant in males and is a predominant factor in the trend for fewer medical
checkups in males and late diagnosis of chronic and terminal illness than in their more cautious and vigilant female
counterparts.
Jamie Cawley, however, remains optimistic that the metro-sexual culture will continue and that what society accepts
as the face of masculinity will continue to change. He attributes this to a male revolt against the strict confines of
gender roles, adding that such changes of attitudes have led and will continue to lead to the establishment of greater
equality between the sexes.
Questions 14 – 18
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs A-G.
Write the correct number i to viii in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-D and F-G from the list of headings below.
List of Headings
1. Basis and predictions

2. Revolution or recurrence?
3. Servicing a growing demand
4. The surfacing of a new phenomenon
5. A long-held mindset and its downsides
6. Influence on minors
7. Hereditary predilection
8. Effects of external pressures
Example: Paragraph E; Answer: viii
14. Paragraph B
14. Paragraph C
14. Paragraph D
14. Paragraph F
14. Paragraph G
Questions 19 – 22
In boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet, write

19. Sales in the female health and beauty market have slightly declined over recent years.
19. The rise of ‘dandyism’ in England and France is attributed to similar factors.
19. An emotional reaction is contradictory to hegemonic masculine behavior.
19. There is a correlation between men’s belief that they are indestructible and their decreased likelihood to
seek medical advice.
Questions 23 – 27
Look at the following list of statements (Questions 23-27) based on changes in male image and behavior.
Match each statement with the correct person A-E.
Write the correct letters A-E in boxes 23-27 on your answer sheet.
23. Male behaviour patterns have changed in a way that would have been considered implausible in the past.
23. Traditional benchmarks of masculinity are often exacerbated by the press.
23. Metro-sexual culture has developed as a response to modern men’s dissatisfaction with traditional images.
23. The need to conform to society’s expectations of male behavior may impede men’s decision-making and
judgment.
23. There is potential in a market which makes no differentiation between products for males and females.
List of Contributors
1. Jamie Cawley
2. Kim Sawyer
3. Jim Howard
4. Professor Ruth Chesterton
5. Ben Cameron
Reading Passage 3
CLINICAL TRIALS
The benefits of vitamins to our well-being are now familiar to most; however, when the link between diets lacking in
citrus fruits and the development of the affliction ‘scurvy’ in sailors was first discovered by James Lind in 1747, the
concept of vitamins was yet to be discovered. Scurvy, which causes softening of the gums, oral bleeding and, in
extreme cases, tooth loss, is now known to present as a result of lack of Vitamin C in the diet. Additional symptoms
include depression, liver spots on the skin – particularly arms and legs – loss of colour in the face and partial
immobility; high incidence of the ailment aboard ships took an enormous toll on the crew’s ability to complete
essential tasks while at sea.
Suggestions that citrus fruit may lower the incidence or indeed prevent scurvy had been made as early as 1600. It
was Lind, however, who would conduct the first clinical trial by studying the effect within scientific experimental
parameters. However, while the correlation between consuming citrus fruit and avoidance of scurvy was established,
the preventative properties were attributed to the presence of acids in the fruit and not what would later be identified
as vitamin content.
Lind’s subjects for his trial consisted of twelve sailors already exhibiting symptoms of scurvy. These individuals were
split into six groups; each pair common diet. Pair 1 were rationed a daily quart of cider, pair 2 elixir of vitriol, pair 3 a
given quantity of vinegar, pair 4 seawater, pair 5 oranges and a lemon and pair 6 barley water. Despite the trial
having to be aborted after day five, when supplies of fruit were depleted, the findings of the interventional study
showed that only the control group who were given fruit supplements showed any significant improvement in their
condition (one had, in fact, recovered to the extent that he was fit enough to return to work). The immediate impact on
sailors’ health and incidence of scurvy on board ship was, however, limited as Lind and other physicians remained
convinced that the curative effect was acid-based. Therefore, while the consumption of citrus fruit was recommended,
it was often replaced by cheaper acid supplements. The preventative Qualities of citrus fruit against scurvy were not
truly recognized until 1800, though throughout the latter part of the 1700s, lemon juice was increasingly administered
as a cure for sailors already afflicted.
Nowadays, the implementation of findings discovered in clinical trials into mainstream medicine remains an arduous
and lengthy process and the clinical trials themselves represent only a small stage of the process of developing a
new drug from the research stage to launch in the marketplace. On average, for every thousand drugs conceived,
only one of the thousand actually makes it to the stage of the clinical trial, other projects being abandoned for a
variety of reasons. Stages that need to be fulfilled prior to a clinical trial – where the treatment is actually tested on
human subjects -include discovery, purification, characterization and laboratory testing.
A new pharmaceutical for the treatment of a disease such as cancer typically takes a period of 6 years or more
before reaching the stage of a clinical trial. Since legislation requires subjects participating in such trials to be
monitored for a considerable period of time so that side-effects and benefits can be assessed correctly, a further eight
years typically passes between the stage of a drug entering clinical trial and being approved for general use. One of
the greatest barriers to clinical trial procedures is the availability of subjects willing to participate, Criteria for selection
is rigorous and trials where subjects are required to be suffering from the disease in question, experience tremendous
recruitment difficulties as individuals already vulnerable due to the effects of their condition, are often reluctant to
potentially put their health at higher levels of risk.
Clinical trials are conducted in line with a strict protocol and the stages of a trial are generally defined by five distinct
phases. A drug that is deemed safe and effective enough to reach the end of stage three is most often, at that point,
approved for use in mainstream medicine. Phase 0 involves a first-in-human trial (usually conducted using a small
population often to fifteen subjects) with the purpose of ascertaining that the drug’s effect is, in fact, the same as
predicted in pre-clinical studies. If no concerns are raised, the drug then enters Phase 1 of trial where a modest
selection (usually between twenty and eighty subjects) of usually healthy volunteers, is exposed to the drug.
However, for HIV and cancer drugs, this stage is conducted using patients suffering from the condition in question.
There are two main variations of Phase I testing, these being SAD (single ascending dose) and MAD (multiple
ascending doses). The former involves a single administration of a drug at a pre-determined level to one group of
subjects, and the second involves the administration of a pre-determined sequence of dosages.
Phases 0 and 1 are geared towards establishing the safety of pharmaceutical and once this has been confirmed,
drugs pass into Phase II testing where, while safety continues to be monitored, the drug’s effectiveness is also
assessed using a larger group of subjects, ranging from twenty up to three hundred. In some trials, Phase II is
regarded as involving two sub-stages, in that Phase 11(a) may be concerned with establishing optimum dosage
levels and Phase 11(b) to evaluate effectiveness. Phase III is the most expensive, time-consuming and complex
stage of the trial process, often involving as many as 3000 patients. At this stage, a new drug’s effectiveness is
rigorously tested and compared to that of the best of the existing alternatives already approved and in common use.
Where research indicates that a pharmaceutical has passed all requirements of Phases 0, I, II and III, submissions to
relevant regulatory and licensing bodies are then made.
The final phase of clinical testing, Phase IV, is conducted over a lengthy period of time post-launch for general usage.
This stage is, in essence, a safety net which involves continuous monitoring of the drug, its properties and side-
effects through which any long term adverse reactions, which remained undetected in the pre-launch clinical testing
time frame can be discovered. Identification of harmful effects at this stage, on occasion, has led to the withdrawal of
a drug from the market; for example, as was the case with cerivastatin, a cholesterol-lowering drug, which was later
found to have an adverse effect on muscle reaction which, on occasion, had fatal consequences.
Questions 28 – 31
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
28. In advanced cases of scurvy suffers may experience _______________ along with numerous other
symptoms.
28. Fruit adds were mistakenly heralded as having ______________ in incidents of scurvy prior to the
identification of vitamins.
28. Lind’s subjects for the first clinical trial were seamen who were at the time of ______________ the condition
in question.
28. All groups in Lind’s experiment were given a _____________ along with specific rations which were varied
for each control group.
Questions 32 – 35
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D
Write your answers in boxes 32 – 35 on your answer sheet
32. The first clinical trial was conducted for only 5 days because
1. that period of time was the planned protocol.

2. the subjects in the relevant control group had already recovered.
3. resources fundamental to the experiment were used up.
4. those taking part in the trial were too sick to continue.
33. The impact of findings from the trial were not used to full potential because
1. Lind failed to recommend the consumption of citrus fruit.

2. ineffective substitutes were often made available.
3. other physicians were unconvinced by his evidence.
4. the trial was not conducted over a long enough period to be valid.
34. One of the greatest hindrances to clinical testing today is
1. low volunteer rates.

2. the poor success rate.
3. the strict protocol.
4. shortage of laboratory staff.
35. Clinical testing for HIV and cancer drugs differs from usual procedures because
1. the clinical trial phase is much longer.

2. the MAD instead of the SAD approach is used during Phase I.
3. subjects exhibiting no symptoms of the illness are not used.
4. effectiveness is more rigorously tested than safety.
Questions 36 – 40
Complete the flowchart.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Phases of Clinical Testing
Phase 0
10-15 subjects tested to confirm assumptions made in the 36. ____________ stages were accurate.
Phase I
2 different approaches may be used. One involving one-off exposure to the drug the other involving a 37. ________________.
Phase II
May involve two sub-stages to establish 38________________ quantities and usefulness.

Phase III
The most 39______________ , protracted and costly of all stages. Submissions made post-
testing at this stage of all is agreeable.
Phase IV
Precautionary monitoring continues post-launch. Any serious issues uncovered can, on occasion, result in 40________________.
THE EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE
A. Language everywhere changes over time; it has to. A central reason that necessitates modification is to allow for
developments in our world to be expressed. For example, the technological revolution alone has been responsible for
the addition of a plethora of words to our vocabulary: hard drive, software, modem to name just a few. The Japanese
writing script katakana, which was originally introduced in the 9th century as a means by which Buddhist monks could
correctly interpret Chinese pronunciations, is now most commonly used to embrace foreign words for which there is
no original Japanese character; pizza or hamburger for example. Likewise, the western world’s exposure to and
familiarity with foreign cultures now means that words such as sushi, nan bread, and kebab, for example, are used by
diners on a regular basis.
B. However, the expansion of our vocabulary is just one element involved in how and why language evolves. Given
the variation of dialects or regional accents present in most language systems, it is clear that an individual’s
interpretation of what is actually correct and commonly used will vary quite dramatically since this perception is based
upon a combination of factors including the age, educational level and region of the country a person is from. As we
go about our daily lives and interact with others from different backgrounds and experiences, the language we hear is
often taken on board and incorporated into the way in which we communicate ourselves. Many phrases with
American origins are now commonplace in British English for example, due to the frequency with which they are
heard on television and in the movies.
C. Changes in language are often driven by the young and many such changes are commonly considered by older
people to be a disintegration of standards rather than an evolution and an improvement. Let’s consider an
Americanism commonly used by youngsters in all pans of the English speaking world. Used as an alternative to
“Tom said…” it is now commonplace to hear “Tom goes, the pay rise was unacceptable.” or, “Tom was all, the pay
rise was unacceptable.”; much to the horror of many traditionalists. However, this modification could also be
considered to be adding to and not detracting from our ability to communicate effectively. To illustrate, let’s consider
the original phrase “Tom said”; it is used solely to show’ the listener that we are reporting the words of Tom, while the
modern variation, “Tom goes” has literally the same meaning. However, if the speaker chooses instead to use the
latter phrase, “Tom was all”, they are also able to convey the message that Tom had an emotional reaction to the
situation they are reporting, therefore a much more effective method of communicating information has been created,
some may say. However, should the now’ commonly used texting abbreviations such as ‘gr8t’ (great) and ‘l8r’ (later)
become permanent replacements of the original words, it is likely that even the most liberal amongst us would be
horrified.
D. Variations on the language are usually more readily accepted into informal language prior to them being absorbed
for use in formal writing. Examples of words that we now commonly use, but were once considered incorrect, are
‘pea’ and ‘hopefully’. Let’s take pea; it derived from the word ‘pease’, which is an uncountable noun has the same
form regardless of whether one or more pease were being spoken about. However, this was commonly overlooked
and misunderstood, and through error, the singular form of the vegetable became ‘pea’. More recently ‘hopefully’ was
considered by many to be an inappropriate alternative to ‘I hope’; at best only accepted in informal use. The word
hopefully is now’ fully acceptable in both informal speech and formal writing.
E. Some people believe that traditional usages of language are always more superior and refined than modern
variations even when the reasons behind the rule were dubious in the first place. For example, it was once seriously
frowned upon to split an infinitive in a sentence and even today it is considered grammatically incorrect to do so. To
demonstrate, let’s consider the following sentence: ‘The examiner asked me to quietly leave the room’; this was
considered incorrect as the word ‘quietly’ splits the infinitive of the verb ‘to leave’. The origins of this rule hail back to
the 17th century when scholars believed that the English language should be adapted to follow the rules of Latin;
then considered the perfect language. Since splitting infinitives in Latin is impossible, it was decided that splitting
infinitives in English, even though possible, was not acceptable, Given those initial motivations behind the rule were
questionable and the clarity of the meaning of the sentence is not compromised in the ‘incorrect’ form, it could be
argued that this grammar rule is a prime example of an unnecessary sanction which is likely to be abandoned in the
future.
F. As language evolves, changes in grammar structures that would result in confusion of the actual meaning of the
sentences are unlikely; however, the meanings of words are often modified or altered beyond recognition by different
generations and can be easily misinterpreted by other social groups. Take, for example, the modern version of the
word ‘bad’ meaning ‘great’ when used in contemporary slang. Many slang words remain dated in the era in which
they are developed, for example, words like ‘to beef, meaning to complain (introduced in the 1920s) are not only
dated but may not even be understood in a modern context, while others such as ‘guy’ become absorbed into
mainstream language. Who knows what future generations will add to the ever-changing environment of
communication?
Questions 1 – 4
Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs A-F.

Write the correct number i-viii in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B, C, E and F from the list of headings below.
List of Headings
1. Historical acceptance of change

2. The Generation Gap
3. Influences on speech
4. Ancient writing in Asia
5. Cultural evolution and its impact on language
6. Slang expected in the future
7. Questioning logic
8. Lifespan of vocabulary
1. Paragraph B
2. Paragraph C
3. Paragraph E
4. Paragraph F
Questions 5 – 10
Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
Write:
YES, if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
NO, if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN, if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
Write the correct answer YES, NO or NOT GIVEN in boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet.
5. If language were static, it would negatively affect our ability to incorporate other cultures into our own way of
life.
5. The language we grow up knowing and that we adopt through new experiences have equal effects on the
way we speak.
5. English used in Britain has changed more than American English over recent years.
5. Some older variations of language are more expressive than more modern forms.
5. All modern adaptations of language are suitable for mainstream use.
5. All word usage has changed over time due to misunderstandings of meaning.
Questions 11 – 13
Complete the summary of paragraphs E and F with the list of words A-H below.
Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.
Some grammar rules such as avoiding 11. ____________ are deeply entrenched in history and were created by
academics who wished to perfect the English language. It is likely, however, since they do not impact on the 12.
______________ of the sentence that such rules are likely to be 13. ______________ in the future. In the same way,
many contemporary words in common usage today are likely to become defunct.
1. Slang
2. Split infinitives
3. Grammatically incorrect
4. Meaning
5. Recognition
6. Disregarded
7. Misinterpreted
8. Confusion
Reading Passage 2
WATER HYACINTH: BEAUTIFUL YET DESTRUCTIVE
A. Despite possessing vibrant purple flowers and being attractive to the eye, the water hyacinth has often been
referred to as the most problematic aquatic plant in the world’s waters. Due to its aesthetic appeal, water hyacinth,
which is native to South America, has been distributed to many different regions and now thrives in the southern
states of the USA and many subtropical and tropical locations. It has also been observed to be relatively tolerant of
cooler climates and is routinely sold as an ornamental plant for domestic use in a number of horticulture centres.
B. Though the hyacinth species is distinctive in appearance, another aquatic floating plant – water lettuce – is
sometimes mistakenly identified as water hyacinth. Water lettuce, however, does not have the same attractive
flowers, has larger leaves and is less tolerant of cooler climates. Water hyacinth has rounded waxy, green leaves
which grow up to around 6 inches in width and floating leaf stems which grow up to 12 inches in length. Flowers are
typically between 2 to 3 inches in width and as many as 15 flowers, each purple on the outside and containing a
yellow centre, may grow from each plant.
C. Many of the problems associated with the water hyacinth are due to its incredible growth and reproduction
capabilities, which have made it difficult to control and allow it to quickly dominate the environment in which it grows
and spreads. Its growth patterns are characterized by a rapid formation of an impenetrable vegetation mass;
botanists say that one plant can produce around 5000 seeds and in one study two plants were observed to produce
1200 plants in as little as 4 months. Following nature’s usual pattern, water hyacinth seeds are distributed outside of
the immediate area by birds, fauna, wind and water currents, facilitating growth in surrounding areas previously free
of the plant.
D. Domination of environments by water hyacinth populations has a number of negative implications. For humans,
difficulties may be faced in getting boats through areas of rivers and lakes where the plant is present and fishing and
swimming opportunities may be limited. However, the implications for the ecosystem of the immediate environment
may be of even greater concern. The density of the mass of water hyacinth populations can prevent adequate
amounts of sunlight and oxygen reaching the water: as a result, significant numbers of fish may die, other species of
plant growing below water level are compromised and the ecosystem of the immediate area can, therefore, become
unbalanced. Furthermore, the conditions created by the presence of water hyacinth, while detrimental to most forms
of life, are perfect for encouraging the growth of deadly bacteria often found in poorly oxygenated areas of water.
E. In the southern states of the USA, in Florida in particular, water hyacinth is now under maintenance control. The
plant population can be limited in a number of ways: including the use of herbicides, clearance equipment, and bio-
control insects. However, efforts to minimize the population of water hyacinth need to be continual and consistent;
experts warning that unless control methods are upheld, the problem can easily reoccur. Some say inattention for as
little as a twelve-month period would allow numbers to quickly return to infestation level; hardly surprising given that
the species is known to be able to double in as little as 12 days.
F. Water hyacinth is thought to have been introduced into Africa in the 1800s; its presence at Lake Kyoga was first
identified in 1988 and at Lake Victoria in 1989. In the mid-1990s, water hyacinth was estimated to dominate 10% of
the latter lake’s waters. However, by 1998, the plant was almost completely eliminated from East African waters; this
being achieved predominantly by the use of bio-control insects, in this case, snout beetles, a type of weevil which
feeds only on the water hyacinth species of plant. Tens of thousands of the weevils were distributed throughout the
lake areas of East Africa, their habit of feeding on the leaves and laying their eggs in the plants’ stalks eventually
causing the plants to die and sink to the bottom of the lake. In addition, the plant population was removed using
mechanical clearing equipment and by hand with the help of a machete.
G. Despite the earlier success, however, negative repercussions of human activity have caused the return of water
hyacinth to East African waters. Uganda’s Lake Kyoga has recently once again experienced problems with the
infestation. Sewage and agricultural waste making their way into the waterways and thereby creating an excess of
nutrients in the water has been the main contributing factors to the re-emergence of water hyacinth. In addition, high
levels of nitrogen in rainfall, which enter the water cycle from the smoke created by wood-burning cooking fires used
in the region, also serve as nutrition to the increasing plant population. Restriction of human activity on lakes such as
this, caused by the infestation of water hyacinth has enormous implications; villages such as Kayago, which is in
close proximity to the lake, are often almost completely dependent on fishing activity for their economy and food
source.
H. While the infestation of water hyacinth in Lake Victoria at the time of writing stands at 0.5%, far below the 10%
level experienced in the middle of the 1990s, experts fear that growth could once again become out of control. The
main concern is that, as a result of changing weather conditions, the activity of the snout beetle weevils may be less
effective than in the past. The region around Lake Victoria has experienced an extended period of drought and while
the water hyacinth is capable of living and reproducing both in lakes and surrounding dry land, its predator, the snout
beetle can only survive on water. Plant populations growing in lakeside locations are therefore under limited threat
from the insect brought in to control them and are consequently able to reproduce in relative freedom.
Questions 14 – 18
Reading Passage 2 has eight sections A-H.

Write the correct answer A-H in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
14. Why the use of bio-control insects may be less successful than the first time.
14. The implications of reducing commitment to control of plant populations.
14. The problems of water hyacinth cause other species of plants and animals.
14. How human activity has contributed to the problem
14. Reasons water hyacinth is found in many parts of the world
Questions 19 – 23
Classify the following features as characteristics of
1. Water hyacinth
2. Water lettuce
3. Both water hyacinth and water lettuce
4. Neither water hyacinth or water lettuce
Write the correct letter A, B, C or D in boxes 19-23 on your answer sheet.
19. has aesthetically pleasing purple flowers.
19. does not thrive well in colder temperatures.
19. has leaves which are on average 2-3 inches in diameter.
19. is commonly found in water.
19. produces flowers made up of more than one colour.
Questions 24 – 26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in reading passage 2?
In boxes 24 – 26 on your answer sheet write:
24. The presence of dense water hyacinth populations can encourage the development of certain harmful forms
of life.
24. The current problem of dominance of water hyacinth on Lake Kyoga is less serious than in the 1980s and
early 1990s.
24. Sewage and waste created by farming have had more of an impact on the return of the water hyacinth
population in Uganda than nitrogen-rich air.
Reading Passage 3
PSYCHOMETRICS
A. Psychometrics involves psychological and educational assessment of the subject by way of measuring attitudes,
personality, abilities, and knowledge. The field has two primary focuses; the creation of measurement instruments
and procedures and development and enhancement of existing methodology employed.
B. The concept of psychometric testing introduced long before the establishment of IQ testing and other current
methodologies, was first explored by Francis Galton who developed the first testing procedures supposedly related to
intelligence; however, his measurement tools were in fact based upon physical and physiological benchmarks rather
than testing of the mind itself. Measurements included the physical power, height, and weight of subjects which were
recorded and results used to estimate the intelligence of subjects. While the approach was not successful, the studies
conducted by Galton were to influence the work of future researchers. Approaches to measurement of intelligence,
which is defined as the mind’s relative ability to reason, think, conceptually plan, solve problems, understand and
learn, were later developed by pioneers such as Charles Spearman. Significant contributions to its early development
were also made by Wilhelm Wundt, L.L. Thurstone, Ernst Heinrich Weber, and Gustav Fechner.
C. The most well-known traditional approach to the development of psychometric instruments to measure intelligence
is the Stanford-Binet IQ test, originally developed by French psychologist Alfred Binet. Researchers define
intelligence as separate to other attributes such as personality, character, creativity and even knowledge and wisdom
for the purpose of their assessment. Intelligence testing methods are not intended to determine a level of genetic
intelligence separate from and unaffected by the environment to which the individual has been exposed to in life;
rather measure the intelligence of an individual appears as a result of both nature and nurture. Psychometrics is
today a useful and widely used tool used for measurement of abilities in academic areas such as reading, writing, and
mathematics.
D. IQ tests are commonly used to test intelligence, though some believe that this testing is unfair and not truly
representative of the subject’s intellect as individuals may excel in different areas of reasoning. Psychologist Howard
Gardner, working on this assumption, introduced the concept of an individual cognitive profile in 1983 in his book
Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. He holds that one child may perform excellently in one aspect,
yet fail in another and that their overall performance in a number of intellectual areas should be considered. Gardner
first identified seven different types of intelligence, these being; linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-
kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal and intrapersonal. In 1999 after further research he added the 8th element to the
equation; naturalistic intelligence, and at the time of writing is investigating the possibility of a 9th; this being
existential intelligence.
E. The first intelligence as defined by Gardner in the Theory of Multiple Intelligences, linguistic intelligence, relates to
an individual’s ability to process and communicate written and spoken words. Such people are said to excel at
reading, writing, story-telling, learning a foreign language and the memorizing of words and dates. The logical-
mathematical category is related to a person’s ability to reason logically, think scientifically, make deductions and
perform well in mathematic calculations. Spatial intelligence is related to vision and spatial judgment; such individuals
have been observed to have a strong visual memory and the potential to excel in artistic subjects. Those exhibiting a
leaning towards the third classification, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, often learn best by physically practising an
action rather than by reading or seeing.
F. Musical intelligence, as the name suggests, relates to ability in defining differences in rhythm and tones; individuals
possessing musical intelligence are often able to sing, play musical instruments and compose music to a high
standard. Since a high level of audio-related ability exists, many in this category are said to learn well in a lecture
situation where they are required to listen attentively to information. Interpersonal intelligence relates to an
individual’s ability to communicate and empathize with others; typically extrovert, they learn well through discussion,
debate, and interaction with others, The last of the 7 original categories identified by Gardner, intrapersonal
intelligence, fit the opposite description of interpersonal intelligence; such individuals working best independently.
According to Gardner they are capable of high levels of self-reflection and are often perfectionists.
G. A number of psychometric experts, however, oppose Gardner’s view and have reservations about the validity of
his theories. Firstly, some detractors disagree with the overall definition of intelligence used in Gardner’s theory. They
hold that, in fact, some categories such as interpersonal or intrapersonal intelligence relate more to personality that
cognitive performance. The more recently identified naturalistic intelligence, which relates to an affinity to the natural
world and an ability to nurture and cultivate, has been dismissed completely by many as no more than a hobby.
Doubts have been raised that others, such as musical intelligence, are in real talents. A final criticism attached to the
theory is that some believe that the intelligence cannot be treated as separate entities as some individuals may
perform equally well in what could be considered diverse areas; linguistic and logical-mathematical for example.
Gardner, however, maintains that his theories are sound since an identifiable and separate part of the brain is
responsible for controlling aspects related to each of the different types of intelligence,
H. Despite the criticism received from some of his contemporaries, Gardner’s theories are well respected and often
applied in the world of education as a tool for identifying children’s differing abilities and potential career paths. For
Instance, those showing linguistic capabilities are said to be ideal in roles including writing, politics, and teaching;
logical-mathematical thinkers suited to careers in science, mathematics, law, medicine and philosophy. Those
exhibiting spatial intelligence are said to be suited to a career such as art, engineering or architecture; while
individuals with a leaning towards bodily-kinesthetic intelligence may excel in areas such as athletics, dancing or
craft-making. Strengths in the area of musical intelligence are said to often lead to success as a singer, conductor or
musician. Those displaying strong interpersonal skills have been recognized as often making effective politicians,
managers, diplomats and social workers; while those showing a dominant intrapersonal intelligence are said to be
better suited to professions involving more self-reflection and lower levels of interaction with the outside world such
as writing, philosophy or theology.
Questions 27 – 31
Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs A-H.
Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
NB. You may use any letter more than once.
27. Physiological evidence from Gardner that his intelligence theories are sound.
27. Aims of intelligence testing
27. Initial failure in successful measurement

27. How high-level social skills are linked and classified as interpersonal intelligence.
27. Differences in opinions on what constitutes talent or intelligence
Questions 32 – 37
NOT GIVEN, if there is no information about this
32. Early studies into intelligence were misguided and have had no impact on today’s methods.
32. Research into IQ is designed to determine the level of intelligence an individual is born with.
32. Howard Gardner has confirmed 9 different types of intelligence.
32. Spatial intelligence has been linked to creativity.
32. An individual may demonstrate high levels of intelligence in contradictory areas.
32. Those demonstrating intrapersonal intelligence always make bad managers.
Questions 38 – 40
Choose the correct letter A, B, C, or D.
38. Some believe that IQ tests do not correctly estimate an individual’s intelligence because
1. the tests are based on physical and physiological benchmarks.

2. some people may perform badly on the day of the test.
3. while people may have weaknesses in one area they may have strengths in others.
4. the tests do not accurately assess the person’s ability to reason, think and solve problems.
39. The intelligence, as classified by Gardner, relating to an ability to memorize items seen is
1. linguistic intelligence. 3. spatial intelligence.

2. logico-Mathematica! intelligence. 4. bodily-kinesthetic intelligence.
40. The harshest criticism of Gardner’s theory has been focussed on
1. interpersonal intelligence. 4. naturalistic intelligence.
2. intrapersonal intelligence.
3. musical intelligence.
Reading Passage 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 -13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Cleaner, Abundant Fuels Attracting Record Investment
A. Renewable energy captured from the wind, sun, Earth’s heat, tides, and from small dams is drawing record levels
of investment as poor villagers and entire nations alike seek clean, abundant ways to fuel economic growth. Global
investment in renewable energy set a new record of $30 billion in 2004, according to a new report from the
Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21). Technologies such as wind, solar, biomass,
geothermal, and small hydro now provide 160 gigawatts of electricity generating capacity – about four per cent of the
world total – the report said. They are growing at rates of around 20-30 per cent per year, however, compared to two
or three per cent for oil and gas.
B. “Renewable energy has become big business,” said Eric Martinot, lead author of the study, “Renewables 2005:
Global Status Report”. Martinot, a senior fellow at the Washington, DC-based think tank Worldwatch Institute and a
lecturer at Tsinghua University in Beijing, said renewable energy has attracted some of the world’s largest
companies, including General Electric, Siemens, Sharp, and Royal Dutch Shell. The report estimated that nearly 40
million households worldwide heat their water with solar collectors, most of them installed in the last five years.
Altogether, renewable energy industries provide 1.7 million jobs, most of them skilled and well paid.
C. Martinot and 100-plus researchers in more than 20 countries assessed several renewable technologies: small
hydro (meaning small dams), modem biomass (agricultural waste, for example), wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels
such as ethanol and biodiesel. These technologies now compete with conventional fuels in four distinct markets:
power generation, hot water and space heating, transportation fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy supplies.
D. Renewable energy is gaining in popularity because it is considered to be in infinite supply – unlike oil, coal, and
gas – and because it involves little or no pollution compared to those fossil fuels. Scientists blame the burning of
fossil fuels for the release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that stoke global climate changes, which in
turn are intensifying droughts in some parts of the world, floods and storms in others, and the spread of tropical
diseases to temperate zones.
E. Additionally, renewable energy could empower millions of poor and vulnerable people who lack access to reliable,
affordable, and clean modem energy services, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan said in a message to the Beijing
International Renewable Energy Conference, which opened Monday. Annan said that rising oil prices have hit oil-
importing developing countries especially hard and underscore the need for alternative energy supplies. According to
the REN21 report, government support for renewable energy is growing rapidly. At least 48 countries now have some
type of renewable energy promotion policy, including 14 developing countries. Typically, they include targets to
ensure that renewable sources generate 5-30 per cent of energy use in a given country by around 2010-2012.
F. The renewable sector’s prospects appeared to receive a further boost Monday when China announced it was
raising its target for reliance on renewable energy even as it acknowledged that coal would remain its primary source
for electricity for decades to come. Renewable energy should account for 15 per cent of national consumption by
2020. China had previously aimed to get 10 per cent of its energy from renewable sources by 2020.
G. Mandates for blending biofuels into vehicle fuels have been enacted in 20-plus states and provinces worldwide as
well as in three key countries – Brazil, China, and India – the report said. Government leadership has ensured market
success, according to REN21, which is composed of representatives of governments and non-governmental
organisations. Market leaders in renewable energy in 2004 included Brawl in biofuels, China in solar hot water,
Germany in solar electricity, and Spain in wind power, the report said.
H. The fastest-growing energy technology in the world is grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV), existing capacity of
which blossomed by sixty per cent per year from 2000-2004, to cover more than 400,000 rooftops in Japan,
Germany, and the United States, it found. Wind power came second, with generating capacity growing by 28 per cent
last year with almost seventeen gigawatts installed as of 2004. Production of ethanol, biodiesel, and other biofuels
exceeded 33 billion litres in 2004 when ethanol displaced about three per cent of the 1,200 billion litres of gasoline
produced globally.
I. An estimated $500 million goes to developing countries each year as development assistance for renewable energy
projects, training, and market support, with the German Development Finance Group (GDFG), the World Bank
Group, and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) providing the majority of these funds, and dozens of other donors
and programmes providing the rest, the report said. More than 4.5 million “green” power consumers in Europe, the
United States, Canada, Australia, and Japan purchased renewable electricity in 2004, it added. Asia is seen as a vast
market for renewable energy as it seeks to meet growing demand for power to feed rapid economic expansion amid
runaway oil prices.
Questions 1 – 4
The text has 9 paragraphs (A – I).
Which paragraph contains each of the following pieces of information?
1. Cases where the use of renewable fuels is in competition with non-renewable ones
2. The membership of REN21
3. The rates at which the use of renewable fuels is growing faster than the use of nonrenewable ones in the
world
4. The sources of funding for renewable fuels in developing countries
Questions 5 – 8
Complete the following sentences using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each gap.
5. Biomass technology can use _____________________.
5. Governments with renewable energy policies usually set ______________ for renewable energy use.
5. The most important source of energy for China in 2020 is expected to be _______________.
5. Economic expansion and high oil prices mean that Asian countries are ________________ for renewable
sources of energy.
Questions 9 – 13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 9 -13 on your answer
sheet, write
TRUE, if the information in the text agrees with the statement
FALSE, if the information in the text contradicts with the statement
9. Eric Martinot advises large companies on investing in renewable energy.
9. Eric Martinot has over 100 people working in his team.
9. Increases in oil prices hurt developing economies more than developed ones.
9. The use of solar power grew by 60% between the year 2000 and the year 2004.
9. “Green” power consumers only get part of their electricity from alternative energy sources.
Reading Passage 2
A GUIDE TO WOMENOMICS
A. In rich countries, girls now do better at school than boys, more women are getting university degrees than men
arc, and females are filling most new jobs. Arguably, women are now the most powerful engine of global growth. In
1950, only one-third of American women of working age had a paid job. Today two-thirds do, and women make up
almost half of America’s workforce. Since 1950, men’s employment rate has slid by 12 percentage points, to 77%. In
fact, almost everywhere more women are employed and the percentage of men with jobs has fallen – although in
some countries, the feminisation of the workplace still has far to go: in Italy and Japan, women’s share of jobs is still
40% or less.
B. The increase in female employment in developed countries has been aided by a big shift in the type of jobs on
offer. Manufacturing work, traditionally a male preserve, has declined, while jobs in services have expanded. This has
reduced the demand for manual labour and put the sexes on a more equal footing. In the developing world, too, more
women now have paid jobs. In the emerging East Asian economics, forever)’ 100 men in the labour force there are
now 83 women, higher even than the average in OECD countries. Women have been particularly important to the
success of Asia’s export industries, typically accounting for 60- 80% of jobs in many export sectors, such as textiles
and clothing.
C. Of course, it is misleading to talk of women’s “entry” into the workforce. Besides formal employment, women have
always worked in the home, looking after children, cleaning or cooking, but because this is unpaid, it is not counted in
the official statistics. To some extent, the increase in female paid employment has meant fewer hours of unpaid
housework. However, the value of housework has fallen by much less than the time spent on it, because of the
increased productivity afforded by dishwashers, washing machines and so forth. Paid nannies and cleaners
employed by working women now also do some work that used to belong in the non-market economy.
D. The increase in female employment has also accounted for a big chunk of global growth in recent decades. GDP
growth can come from three sources: employing more people; using more capital per worker, or an increase in the
productivity of labour and capital due to new technology’. Since 1970, women have filled two new jobs for every’ one
taken by a man. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that the employment of extra women has not only added
more to GDP than new jobs for men but has also chipped in more than either capital investment or increased
productivity. Carve up the world’s economic growth a different way and another surprising conclusion emerges: over
the past decade or so, the increased employment of women in developed economies has contributed much more to
global growth. Women are becoming more important in the global marketplace not just as workers, but also as
consumers, entrepreneurs, managers and investors. Women have traditionally done most of the household shopping,
but now they have more money of their own to spend. Surveys suggest that women make perhaps 80% of
consumers’ buying decisions – from health care and homes to furniture and food.
E. Women’s share of the workforce has a limit. In America it has already stalled. However, there will still be a lot of
scope for women to become more productive as they make better use of their qualifications. At school, girls
consistently get better grades and in most developed countries, well over half of all university degrees are now being
awarded to women. In America 140 women enrol in higher education each year for every 100 men; in Sweden the
number is as high as 150. (There are, however, only 90 female Japanese students for every 100 males.) In years to
come, better educated women will take more of the top jobs. At present, for example, in Britain more women than
men train as doctors and lawyers, but relatively few arc leading surgeons or partners in law firms. The main reason
why women still get paid less on average than men is not that they are paid less for the same occupations, such as
nursing and teaching. This pattern is likely to change.
F. Making better use of women’s skills is not just a matter of fairness. Plenty of studies suggest that it is good for
business, too. Women account for only 7% of directors on the worlds corporate boards – 15% in America, but less
than 1% in Japan. Yet a study by Catalyst, a consultancy, found that American companies with more women in senior
management jobs earned a higher return on equity than those with fewer women at the top. This might be because
mixed teams of men and women are better than single-sex groups at solving problems and spotting external threats.
Studies have also suggested that women are often better than men at building teams and communicating.
G. In poor countries too, the underutilisation of women stunts economic growth. A study last year by the World
Economic Forum found a clear correlation between sex equality (measured by economic participation, education,
health and political empowerment) and GDP per head. Correlation does not prove the direction of causation.
However, other studies also suggest that inequality between the sexes harms long-term growth. In particular, there is
strong evidence that educating girls boosts prosperity. It is probably the single best investment that can be made in
the developing world. Not only are better-educated women more productive, but they raise healthier, better-educated
children. There is huge potential to raise income per head in developing countries, where fewer girls go to school
than boys. More than two-thirds of the world’s illiterate adults are women.
H. It is sometimes argued that it is short-sighted to get more women into paid employment. The more women go out
to work, it is said, the fewer children there will be and the lower growth will be in the long run. Yet the facts suggest
otherwise. Data shows that countries with high female labour participation rates, such as Sweden, tend to have the
decline in fertility has been greatest in several countries where female employment is low.
Questions 14 – 17
The text has 8 paragraphs (A-H).
Which paragraph does each of the following headings best fit?
14. New producers, new consumers
14. More work, fewer children?

14. A better educated workforce
14. Women in new, expanding industries
Questions 18 – 22
According to the text, FIVE of the following statements are .TRUE
Write the corresponding letters in answer boxes 18 to 22 in any order.
A. A higher percentage of Italian women have jobs than Japanese women.
B. More women than men work in Asia’s textile industries.
C. The value of housework is not included in official statistics.
D. Research shows that men make more purchasing decisions than women.
E. Most surgeons in Britain are women.
F. Firms with more women in senior management offer higher investment returns.
G. Most illiterate people in the world are women.
H. Some people think that lower birth rates lead to lower economic growth.
Questions 23 – 26
According to the information given in the text, choose the correct answer or answers from the choices given.
23. Since 1950, the percentage of
A. American women with jobs have increased.
B. American men with jobs has decreased.
C. Japanese and Italian women with jobs has remained stable.
24. Economics can get bigger by

A. increasing the size of the workforce.
B. giving shares to workers.
C. using more advanced technology.
25. Mixed teams of male and female managers are thought to be better at
A. building teams.
B. solving problems.
C. communicating.
26. Research by the World Economic Forum shows that
A. sex equality leads to higher GDP.
B. there is a connection between sex equality and GDP.
C. higher education leads to higher GDP.
Reading Passage 3
A LIBRARY AT YOUR FINGERTIPS
A few years ago, at the height of the dotcom boom, it was widely assumed that a publishing revolution, in which the
printed word would be supplanted by the computer screen, was just around the corner. It wasn’t: for many, there is
still little to match the joy of cracking the spine of a good book and settling down for an hour or two of reading. A
recent flurry of activity by big technology companies – including Google, Amazon, Microsoft and Yahoo! – suggests
that the dream of bringing books online is still very much alive.
The digitising of thousands of volumes of print is not without controversy. On Thursday, November 3, Google, the
world’s most popular search engine, posted the first instalment of books on Google Print, an initiative first mooted a
year ago. This collaborative effort between Google and several of the world’s leading research libraries aims to make
many thousands of books available to be searched and read online free of charge. Although the books included so
far are not covered by copyright, the plan has attracted the ire of publishers.
Five large book firms are suing Google for violating copyright on material that it has scanned and, although out of
print, is still protected by law. Google has said that it will only publish short extracts from the material under copyright
unless given express permission to publish more, but publishers are unconvinced. Ironically, many publishers are
collaborating with Google on a separate venture, Google Print Publisher, which aims to give readers an online taste
of books that are commercially available. The searchable collection of extracts and book information is intended to
tempt readers to buy complete books online or in print form.
Not to be outdone, Amazon, the world’s largest online retailer, has unveiled plans for its own foray into the mass e-
book market. The firm, which began ten years ago as an online book retailer, now sells a vast array of goods. No
doubt piqued that Google, a relative newcomer, should impinge upon its central territory, Amazon revealed on
Thursday that it would introduce two new services. Amazon Pages will allow customers to search for key terms in
selected books and then buy and read online whatever part they wish, from individual pages to chapters or complete
works. Amazon Upgrade will give customers online access to books they have already purchased as hard copies.
Customers are likely to have to pay around five cents a page, with the bulk going to the publisher.
Microsoft, too, has joined the online-book bandwagon. At the end of October, the software giant said it would spend
around $200 million to digitise texts, starting with 150,000 that are in the public domain, to avoid legal problems. It will
do so in collaboration with the Open Content Alliance, a consortium of libraries and universities. (Yahoo! has pledged
to make 18,000 books available online in conjunction with the same organisation.) On Thursday, coincidentally the
same day as Google and Amazon announced their initiatives, Microsoft released details of a deal with the British
Library, the country’s main reference library, to digitise some 25 million pages; these will be made available through
MSN Book Search, which will be launched next year.
These companies are hoping for a return to the levels of interest in e-books seen when Stephen King, a best-selling
horror writer, published “Riding the Bullet” exclusively on the Internet in 2000. Half a million copies were downloaded
in the first 48 hours after publication. This proved to be a high-water mark rather than a taste of things to come. While
buyers were reluctant to sit in front of a computer screen to read the latest novels, dedicated e-book reading gadgets
failed to catch on. Barnes and Noble, a leading American bookshop chain, began selling e-books with fanfare in 2000
but quietly pulled the plugin 2003 as interest faded.
The market for e-books is growing again, though from a tiny base. According to the International Digital Publishing
Forum, which collates figures from many of the world’s top publishers, in the third quarter of 2004, worldwide sales
were 25% higher than the year before. Unfortunately, this only amounted to a paltry $3.2 million split between 23
publishers in an industry that made sales worth over $100 billion that year.
Both retailers and publishers reckon they will eventually be able to persuade consumers to do a lot more of their
reading on the web. Some even hope they can become to online books what Apple’s iTunes is to online music. There
are crucial differences between downloading fiction and downloading funk. Online music was driven from the bottom
up: illegal filesharing services became wildly popular, and legal firms later took over when the pirates were forced (by
a wave of lawsuits) to retreat; the legal providers are confident that more and more consumers will pay small sums for
music rather than remain beyond the law. The iPod music player and it’s like have proved a fashionable and popular
new way to listen to songs. The book world has no equivalent.
So the commercial prospects for sellers of online books do not yet look very bright. They may get a lift from some
novel innovations. The ability to download mere parts of books could help, for instance: sections of manuals,
textbooks or cookery books may tempt some customers; students may wish to download the relevant sections of
course books, or readers may want a taste of a book that they subsequently buy in hard copy. The ability to download
reading matter onto increasingly ubiquitous hand-held electronic devices and 3G phones may further encourage
uptake. In Japan, the value of e-books (mainly manga comic books) delivered to mobile phones has jumped, though
it will be worth only around ¥6 billion ($51 million) in 2005, according to estimates.
Questions 27 – 30
For each question, only ONE of the choices is correct.
Write the corresponding letter in the appropriate box on your answer sheet.
27. A few years ago, it was widely thought that
A. people would read fewer ‘paper’ books.
B. companies like Amazon would go bankrupt.
C. the dotcom boom would soon end.
28. Publishers are unhappy with Google because
A. Google is only publishing extracts, not complete books.
B. they think Google is in breach of copyright.
C. Google is cooperating with leading research libraries.
29. Amazon will
A. sell books that previously only Google sold online.
B. buy the copyright for many books it sells online.
C. allow people to buy only parts that they want to read from books.
30. It is clear that most readers if given the choice, prefer
A. ‘paper’ books.
B. reading from computer screens.
C. using dedicated e-book readers.
Questions 31 – 35
Complete the following sentences using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each gap.
31. If companies publish books online that are not covered by copyright, they avoid _______________.
31. The _________________ is very small but getting larger.
31. The ______________ expect that they will be able to convince more people to read online.
31. The _____________ has nothing similar to an iPod.
31. In Japan, most of the publications sent to mobile phones are _________________.
Questions 36 – 40
Do the statements on the next page agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 36–40 on your
answer sheet, write
TRUE, if the information in the text agrees with the statement
FALSE, if the information in the text contradicts with the statement
36. Books that are out of print are not covered by copyright law.
36. Amazon began by selling books online.
36. Microsoft signed a deal with the British Library on the same day as Google and Amazon made their
announcements.
36. Barnes and Noble published Riding the Bullet online.
36. The ability to sample a book online before buying it might help sales.
Reading Passage 1
Animal Minds: Parrot Alex
In 1977 Irene Pepperberg, a recent graduate of Harvard University did something very bold. At a time when animals
still were considered automatons, she set out to find what was on another creature’s mind by talking to it. She
brought a one-year-old African grey parrot she named Alex into her lab to teach him to reproduce the sounds of the
English language. “I thought if he learned to communicate, I could ask him questions about how he sees the world.”
When Pepperberg began her dialogue with Alex, who died last September at the age of 31, many scientists believed
animals were incapable of any thought. They were simply machines, robots programmed to react to stimuli but
lacking the ability to think or feel. Any pet owner would disagree. We see the love in our dogs’ eyes and know that, of
course, they have thoughts and emotions. But such claims remain highly controversial. Gut instinct is not science,
and it is all too easy to project human thoughts and feelings onto another creature. How, then, does a scientist prove
that an animal is capable of thinking – that it is able to acquire information about the world and act on it? “That’s why I
started my studies with Alex,” Pepperberg said. They were seated – she at her desk, he on top of his cage – in her
lab, a windowless room about the size of a boxcar, at Brandeis University. Newspapers lined the floor; baskets of
bright toys were stacked on the shelves. They were clearly a team – and because of their work, the notion that
animals can think is no longer so fanciful.
Certain skills are considered key signs of higher mental abilities: good memory, a grasp of grammar and symbols,
self-awareness, understanding others’ motives, imitating others, and being creative. Bit by bit, in ingenious
experiments, researchers have documented these talents in other species, gradually chipping away at what we
thought made human beings distinctive while offering a glimpse of where our own abilities came from. Scrub jays
know that other jays are thieves and that stashed food can spoil; sheep can recognize faces; chimpanzees use a
variety of tools to probe termite mounds and even use weapons to hunt small mammals; dolphins can imitate human
postures; the archerfish, which stuns insects with a sudden blast of water, can learn how to aim its squirt simply by
watching an experienced fish perform the task and Alex the parrot turned out to be a surprisingly good talker.
Thirty years after the Alex studies began; Pepperberg and a changing collection of assistants were still giving him
English lessons. The humans, along with two younger parrots, also served as Alex’s flock, providing the social input
all parrots crave. Like any flock, this one – as small as it was – had its share of drama. Alex dominated his fellow
parrots, acted huffy at times around Pepperberg, tolerated the other female humans, and fell to pieces over a male
assistant who dropped by for a visit. Pepperberg bought Alex in a Chicago pet store where she let the store’s
assistant pick him out because she didn’t want other scientists saying later that she’d particularly chosen an
especially smart bird for her work. Given that Alex’s brain was the size of a shelled walnut, most researchers thought
Pepperberg’s interspecies communication study would be futile.
“Some people actually called me crazy for trying this,” she said. “Scientists thought that chimpanzees were better
subjects, although, of course, chimps can’t speak.” Chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas have been taught to use sign
language and symbols to communicate with us, often with impressive results. The bonobo Kanzi, for instance, carries
his symbol-communication board with him so he can “talk” to his human researchers, and he has invented
combinations of symbols to express his thoughts. Nevertheless, this is not the same thing as having an animal look
up at you, open his mouth, and speak. Under Pepperberg’s patient tutelage, Alex learned how to use his vocal tract
to imitate almost one hundred English words, including the sounds for various foods, although he calls an apple a
“beanery.” “Apples taste a little bit like bananas to him, and they look a little bit like cherries, Alex made up that word
for them,” Pepperberg said.
It sounded a bit mad, the idea of a bird having lessons to practice, and willingly doing it. But after listening to and
observing Alex, it was difficult to argue with Pepperberg’s explanation for his behaviours. She wasn’t handing him
treats for the repetitious work or rapping him on the claws to make him say the sounds. “He has to hear the words
over and over before he can correctly imitate them,” Pepperberg said, after pronouncing “seven” for Alex a good
dozen times in a row. “I’m not trying to see if Alex can learn a human language,” she added. “That’s never been the
point. My plan always was to use his imitative skills to get a better understanding of avian cognition.”
In other words, because Alex was able to produce a close approximation of the sounds of some English words,
Pepperberg could ask him questions about a bird’s basic understanding of the world. She couldn’t ask him what he
was thinking about, but she could ask him about his knowledge of numbers, shapes, and colours. To demonstrate,
Pepperberg carried Alex on her arm to a tall wooden perch in the middle of the room. She then retrieved a green key
and a small green cup from a basket on a shelf. She held up the two items to Alex’s eye. “What’s the same?” she
asked. Without hesitation, Alex’s beak opened: “Color.” “What’s different?” Pepperberg asked. “Shape,” Alex said. His
voice had the digitized sound of a cartoon character. Since parrots lack lips (another reason it was difficult for Alex to
pronounce some sounds, such as ba), the words seemed to come from the air around him, as if a ventriloquist were
speaking. But the words – and what can only be called the thoughts – were entirely his.
For the next 20 minutes, Alex ran through his tests, distinguishing colours, shapes, sizes, and materials (wool versus
wood versus metal). He did some simple arithmetic, such as counting the yellow toy blocks among a pile of mixed
hues. And, then, as if to offer final proof of the mind inside his bird’s brain, Alex spoke up. “Talk clearly!” he
commanded, when one of the younger birds Pepperberg was also teaching talked with wrong pronunciation. “Talk
clearly!” “Don’t be a smart aleck,” Pepperberg said, shaking her head at him. “He knows all this, and he gets bored,
so he interrupts the others, or he gives the wrong answer just to be obstinate. At this stage, he’s like a teenager; he’s
moody, and I’m never sure what he’ll do.”
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
1. Firstly, Alex has grasped quite a lot of vocabulary.

2. At the beginning of study, Alex felt frightened in the presence of humans.
3. Previously, many scientists realized that animals possess the ability of thinking.
4. It has taken a long time before people get to know cognition existing in animals.
5. As Alex could approximately imitate the sounds of English words, he was capable of roughly answering
Irene’s questions regarding the world.
6. By breaking in other parrots as well as producing the incorrect answers, he tried to be focused.
Questions 7-10
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using NO MORE THAN THREE
WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
After the training of Irene, Parrot Alex can use his vocal tract to pronounce more than 7……………………, while other
scientists believe that animals have no this advanced ability of thinking, they would rather teach 8……………………..
Pepperberg clarified that she wanted to conduct a study concerning 9…………………. but not to teach him to talk.
The store’s assistant picked out a bird at random for her for the sake of avoiding other scientists saying that the bird
is 10…………………… afterwards.
Questions 11-13
Answer the questions 11-13 below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
11. What did Alex reply regarding the similarity of the subjects showed to him?
11. What is the problem of the young parrots except for Alex?
11. To some extent, through the way, he behaved what we can call him
Reading Passage 2
Developing Courtiers
The Ecotourism Society defines ecotourism as “responsible travel to natural areas which conserves the environment
and improves the welfare of local people”. It is recognized as being particularly conducive to enriching and enhancing
the standing of tourism, on the basis that this form of tourism respects the natural heritage and local populations and
are in keeping with the carrying capacity of the sites.
Cuba is undoubtedly an obvious site for ecotourism, with its picturesque beaches, underwater beauty, countryside
landscapes, and ecological reserves. An educated population and improved infrastructure of roads and
communications add to the mix. In the Caribbean region, Cuba is now the second most popular tourist destination.
Ecotourism is also seen as an environmental education opportunity to heighten both visitors’ and residents’
awareness of environmental and conservation issues, and even to inspire conservation action. Ecotourism has also
been credited with promoting peace, by providing opportunities for educational and cultural exchange. Tourists’ safety
and health are guaranteed. Raul Castro, brother of the Cuban president, started this initiative to rescue the Cuban
tradition of herbal medicine and provide natural medicines for its healthcare system. The school at Las Terrazas Eco-
Tourism Community teaches herbal healthcare and children learn not only how to use medicinal herbs, but also to
grow them in the school garden for teas, tinctures, ointments, and creams. In Cuba, ecotourism has the potential to
alleviate poverty by bringing money into the economy and creating jobs. In addition to the environmental impacts of
these efforts, the area works on developing community employment opportunities for locals, in conjunction with
ecotourism.
In terms of South America, it might be the place which shows the shortcoming of ecotourism. Histoplasma
capsulatum, a dimorphic fungus, is the most common endemic mycosis in the United States and is associated with
exposure to bat or bird droppings. Most recently, outbreaks have been reported in healthy travellers who returned
from Central and South America after engaging in recreational activities associated with spelunking, adventure
tourism, and ecotourism. It is quite often to see tourists neglected sanitation while travelling. After engaging in high-
risk activities, boots should be hosed off and clothing placed in airtight plastic bags for laundering. HIV-infected
travellers should avoid risky behaviours or environments, such as exploring caves, particularly those that contain bat
droppings.
Nowhere is the keen eye and intimate knowledge of ecotourism are more amidst this fantastic biodiversity, as we
explore remote realms rich in wildlife rather than a nature adventure. A sustainable tour is significant for ecotourism,
one in which we can grow hand in hand with nature and our community, respecting everything that makes us
privileged. Travellers get great joy from every step that takes forward on this endless but exciting journey towards
sustainability. The primary threats to South America’s tropical forests are deforestation caused by agricultural
expansion, cattle ranching, fagging, oil extraction and spills, mining, illegal coca farming, and colonization initiatives.
Deforestation has shrunk territories belonging to indigenous peoples and wiped out more than 90% of the population.
Many are taking leading roles in sustainable tourism even as they introduce protected regions to more travellers.
In East Africa, significantly reducing such illegal hunting and allowing wildlife populations to recover would allow the
generation of significant economic benefits through trophy hunting and potentially ecotourism. “Illegal hunting is an
extremely inefficient use of wildlife resources because it fails to capture the value of wildlife achievable through
alternative forms of use such as trophy hunting and ecotourism,” said Peter Lindsey, author of the new study. Most
residents believed that ecotourism could solve this circumstance. They have a passion for local community
empowerment, loves photography and writes to laud current local conservation efforts, create environmental
awareness and promote ecotourism.
In Indonesia, ecotourism started to become an important concept from 1995, in order to strengthen the domestic
travelling movement, the local government targeting the right markets is a prerequisite for successful ecotourism. The
market segment for Indonesian ecotourism consists of: (i) “The silent generation”, 55-64-year-old people who are
wealthy enough, generally well-educated and have no dependent children, and can travel for four weeks; (ii) “The
baby boom generation”, junior successful executives aged 35-54 years, who are likely to be travelling with their family
and children (spending 2-3 weeks on travel) – travelling for them is a stress reliever; and (iii) the “X generation”, aged
18-29 years, who love to do ecotours as backpackers – they are generally students who can travel for 3-12 months
with a monthly expenditure of US$300-500. It is suggested that the promotion of Indonesian ecotourism products
should aim to reach these various cohorts of tourists. The country welcomes diverse levels of travellers.
On the other hand, ecotourism provides as many services as traditional tourism. Nestled between Mexico, Guatemala
and the Caribbean Sea is the country of Belize. It is the wonderful place for Hamanasi honeymoon, a bottle of
champagne upon arrival, three meals daily, private service on one night of your stay and a choice of adventures
depending on the length of your stay. It also offers six-night and seven-night honeymoon packages. A variety of
specially tailored tours, including the Brimstone Hill Fortress, and a trip to a neighbouring island. Guided tours include
rainforest, volcano, and off-road plantation tours. Gregory Pereira, extremely knowledgeable and outgoing hiking and
tour guide say the following about his tours: “All of our tours on St. Kitts include transportation by specially modified
Land Rovers, a picnic of island pastries and local fruit, fresh tropical juices, CSR, a qualified island guide and a full
liability insurance coverage for participants.
Kodai is an ultimate splendour spot for those who love being close to mother nature. They say every bird must sing
its own throat while we say every traveller should find his own way out of variegated and unblemished paths of deep
valleys and steep mountains. The cheese factory here exports a great quantity of cheese to various countries across
the globe. It is located in the centre of the forest. Many travellers are attracted by the delicious cheese. Ecotourism is
very famous for this different eating experience.
Questions 14-18
Use the information in the passage to match the place (listed A-D) with opinions or deeds below.
Write the appropriate letters, A-D, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
14. a place to improve local education to help tourists
14. a place suitable for both rich and poor travellers
14. a place where could easily get fungus
14. a place taking a method to stop unlawful poaching
14. a place where the healthcare system is developed
1. Cuba
2. East Africa
3. South America
4. Indonesia
Questions 19-22
Use the information in the passage to match the companies (listed A-C) with or deeds below.
Write the appropriate letters A, B, C or D in boxes 19-22 answer sheet.
1. Eating the local fruits at the same time

2. find job opportunities in the community
3. which is situated on the heart of jungle
4. with private and comfortable service
19. Visiting the cheese factory
19. Enjoying the honeymoon
19. Having the picnic while
19. The residents in Cuba could
Questions 23-26
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using NO MORE THAN TWO
Ecotourism is not nature 23…………………… but a 24…………………… tour. The reason why South America
promotes ecotourism is due to the destruction of 25……………………. In addition, East Africa also encourages this
kind of tourism for cutting the 26…………………… in order to save wild animals.
Reading Passage 3
Ancient Societies Classification
Although humans have established many types of societies throughout history sociologists and anthropologists tend
to classify different societies according to the degree to which different groups within a society have unequal access
to advantages such as resources, prestige or power, and usually refer to four basic types of societies. From least to
most socially complex, they are clans, tribes, chiefdoms, and states.
Clan
These are small-scale societies of hunters and gatherers, generally of fewer than 100 people, who move seasonally
to exploit wild (undomesticated) food resources. Most surviving hunter-gatherer groups are of this kind, such as the
Hadza of Tanzania or the San of southern Africa. Clan members are generally kinsfolk, related by descent or
marriage. Clans lack formal leaders, so there are no marked economic differences or disparities in status among their
members.
Because clans are composed of mobile groups of hunter-gatherers, their sites consist mainly of seasonally occupied
camps, and other smaller and more specialized sites. Among the latter are kill or butchery sites – locations where
large mammals are killed and sometimes butchered – and work sites, where tools are made or other specific
activities carried out. The base camp of such a group may give evidence of rather insubstantial dwellings or
temporary shelters, along with the debris of residential occupation.
Tribe
These are generally larger than mobile hunter-gatherer groups, but rarely number more than a few thousand, and
their diet or subsistence is based largely on cultivated plants and domesticated animals. Typically, they have settled
farmers, but they may be nomadic with a very different, mobile economy based on the intensive exploitation of
livestock. These are generally multi-community societies, with the individual communities integrated into the large
society through kinship ties. Although some tribes have officials and even a “capital” or seat of government, such
officials lack the economic base necessary for effective use of power.
The typical settlement pattern for tribes is one of settled agricultural homesteads or villages. Characteristically, no
one settlement dominates any of the others in the region. Instead, the archaeologist finds evidence for isolated,
permanently occupied houses or for permanent villages. Such villages may be made up of a collection of free-
standing houses, like those of the first farms of the Danube valley in Europe. Or they may be clusters of buildings
grouped together, for example, the pueblos of the American Southwest, and the early farming village or the small
town of Catalhoyuk in modern Turkey.
Chiefdom
These operate on the principle of ranking-differences in social status between people. Different lineages (a lineage is
a group claiming descent from a common ancestor) are graded on a scale of prestige, and the senior lineage, and
hence the society as a whole, is governed by a chief. Prestige and rank are determined by how closely related one is
to the chief, and there is no true stratification into classes. The role of the chief is crucial.
Often, there is local specialization in craft products, and surpluses of these and of foodstuffs are periodically paid as
an obligation to the chief. He uses these to maintain his retainers and may use them for redistribution to his subjects.
The chiefdom generally has a centre of power, often with temples, residences of the chief and his retainers, and craft
specialists. Chiefdoms vary greatly in size, but the range is generally between about 5000 and 20,000 persons.
Early State
These preserve many of the features of chiefdoms, but the ruler (perhaps a king or sometimes a queen) has explicit
authority to establish laws and also to enforce them by the use of a standing army. Society no longer depends totally
upon kin relationships: it is now stratified into different classes. Agricultural workers and the poorer urban dwellers
form the lowest classes, with the craft specialists above, and the priests and kinsfolk of the ruler higher still. The
functions of the ruler are often separated from those of the priest: the palace is distinguished from the temple. The
society is viewed as a territory owned by the ruling lineage and populated by tenants who have an obligation to pay
taxes. The central capital houses a bureaucratic administration of officials; one of their principal purposes is to collect
revenue (often in the form of taxes and tolls) and distribute it to government, army and craft specialists. Many early
states developed complex redistribution systems to support these essential services.
This rather simple social typology, set out by Elman Service and elaborated by William Sanders and Joseph Marino,
can be criticized, and it should not be used unthinkingly. Nevertheless, if we are seeking to talk about early societies,
we must use words and hence concepts to do so. Service categories provide a good framework to help organize our
thoughts.
Questions 27-33
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
27. There’s little economic difference between members of a clan.
27. The farmers of a tribe grow a wide range of plants.
27. One settlement is more important than any other settlement in a tribe.
27. A member’s status in a chiefdom is determined by how much land he owns.
27. There are people who craft goods in chiefdoms.
27. The king keeps the order of a state by keeping a military.
27. Bureaucratic officers receive higher salaries than other members.
Questions 34-39
Answer the questions below.
34. What is made at the clan work sites?
34. What is the other way of life for tribes besides settled farming?
34. How are Catalhoyuk’s housing units arranged?
34. What does a chief give to his subjects as rewards besides crafted goods?
34. What is the largest possible population of a chiefdom?
Reading Passage 1
The psychology in Happiness
In the late 1990s, psychologist Martin Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania urged colleagues to observe
optimal moods with the same intensity with which they had for so long studied pathologies: we would never learn
about the full range of human functions unless we knew as much about mental wellness as we do about mental
illness. A new generation of psychologists built up a respectable body of research on positive character traits and
happiness-boosting practices. At the same time, developments in neuroscience provided new clues to what makes us
happy and what that looks like in the brain. Self-appointed experts took advantage of the trend with guarantees to
eliminate worry, stress, dejection and even boredom. This happiness movement has provoked a great deal of
opposition among psychologists who observe that the preoccupation with happiness has come at the cost of
sadness, an important feeling that people have tried to banish from their emotional repertoire. Allan Horwitz of
Rutgers laments that young people who are naturally weepy after breakups are often urged to medicate themselves
instead of working through their sadness. Wake Forest University’s Eric Wilson fumes that the obsession with
happiness amounts to a “craven disregard” for the melancholic perspective that has given rise to the greatest works
of art. “The happy man,” he writes, “is a hollow man.”
After all, people are remarkably adaptable. Following a variable period of adjustment, we bounce back to our previous
level of happiness, no matter what happens to us. (There are some scientifically proven exceptions, notably suffering
the unexpected loss of a job or the loss of a spouse. Both events tend to permanently knock people back a step.) Our
adaptability works in two directions. Because we are so adaptable, points out Professor Sonja Lyubomirsky of the
University of California, we quickly get used to many of the accomplishments we strive for in life, such as landing the
big job or getting married. Soon after we reach a milestone, we start to feel that something is missing. We begin
coveting another worldly possession or eyeing a social advancement. But such an approach keeps us tethered to a
treadmill where happiness is always just out of reach, one toy or one step away. It’s possible to get off the treadmill
entirely by focusing on activities that are dynamic surprising, and attention- absorbing, and thus less likely to bore us
than, say, acquiring shiny new toys.
Moreover, happiness is not a reward for escaping pain. Russ Harris, the author of The Happiness Trap, calls popular
conceptions of happiness dangerous because they set people up for a “struggle against reality”. They don’t
acknowledge that real life is full of disappointments, loss, and inconveniences. “If you’re going to live a rich and
meaningful life,” Harris says, “you’re going to feel a full range of emotions.” Action toward goals other than happiness
makes people happy. It is not crossing the finish line that is most rewarding, it is anticipating achieving the goal.
University of Wisconsin neuroscientist Richard Davidson has found that working hard toward a goal, and making
progress to the point of expecting a goal to be realized, not only activates positive feelings but also suppresses
negative emotions such as fear and depression.
We are constantly making decisions, ranging from what clothes to put on, to whom we should marry, not to mention
all those flavours of ice cream. We base many of our decisions on whether we think a particular preference will
increase our well-being. Intuitively, we seem convinced that the more choices we have, the better off we will
ultimately be. But our world of unlimited opportunity imprisons us more than it makes us happy. In what Swarthmore
psychologist Barry Schwartz calls “the paradox of choice,” facing many possibilities leaves us stressed out – and less
satisfied with whatever we do decide. Having too many choices keeps us wondering about all the opportunities
missed.
Besides, not everyone can put on a happy face. Barbara Held, a professor of psychology at Bowdoin College, rails
against “the tyranny of the positive attitude”. “Looking on the bright side isn’t possible for some people and is even
counterproductive” she insists. “When you put pressure on people to cope in a way that doesn’t fit them, it not only
doesn’t work, it makes them feel like a failure on top of already feeling bad.” The one-size-fits-all approach to
managing emotional life is misguided, agrees Professor Julie Norem, author of The Positive Power of Negative
Thinking. In her research, she has shown that the defensive pessimism that anxious people feel can be harnessed to
help them get things done, which in turn makes them happier. A naturally pessimistic architect, for example, can set
low expectations for an upcoming presentation and review all of the bad outcomes that she’s imagining so that she
can prepare carefully and increase her chances of success.
By contrast, an individual who is not living according to their values, will not be happy, no matter how much they
achieve. Some people, however, are not sure what their values are. In that case, Harris has a great question:
“Imagine I could wave a magic wand to ensure that you would have the approval and admiration of everyone on the
planet, forever. What, in that case, would you choose to do with your life?” Once this has been answered honestly,
you can start taking steps toward your ideal vision of yourself. The actual answer is unimportant, as long as you’re
living consciously. The state of happiness is not really a state at all. It’s an ongoing personal experiment.
Questions 1-6
Reading Passage has six paragraphs, A–F.
Which paragraph mentions the following?
Write the correct letter, A–F, in boxes 1–6 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1. the need for individuals to understand what really matters to them

2. tension resulting from a wide variety of alternatives
3. the hope of success as a means of overcoming unhappy feelings
4. people who call themselves specialists
5. human beings’ capacity for coping with change
6. doing things which are interesting in themselves
Questions 7-8
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 7 and 8 on your answer sheet
Which TWO of the following people argue against aiming for constant happiness?
1. Martin Seligman
2. Eric Wilson
3. Sonja Lyubomirsky
4. Russ Harris
5. Barry Schwartz
Questions 9-10
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 9 and 10.
Which TWO of the following beliefs are identified as mistaken in the text?
1. Inherited wealth brings less happiness than earned wealth.

2. Social status affects our perception of how happy we are.
3. An optimistic outlook ensures success.
4. Unhappiness can and should be avoided.
5. Extremes of emotion are normal in the young.
Questions 11-13
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.
11. In order to have a complete understanding of how people’s minds work, Martin Seligman suggested that
research should examine our most positive …………………. as closely as it does our psychological
problems.
11. Soon after arriving at a …………………… in their lives, people become accustomed to what they have
achieved and have a sense that they are lacking something.
11. People who are …………………… by nature are more likely to succeed if they make a thorough preparation
for a presentation.
Reading Passage 2
Bio-mimetic Design
What has fins like a whale, skin like a lizard, and eyes like a moth? The future of engineering. Andrew Parker, an
evolutionary biologist, knelt in the baking red sand of the Australian outback just south of Alice Springs and eased the
right hind leg of a thorny devil into a dish of water.
“Its back is completely drenched!” Sure enough, after 30 seconds, water from the dish had picked up the lizard’s leg
and was glistening all over its prickly hide. In a few seconds, more the water reached its mouth, and the lizard began
to smack its jaws with evident satisfaction. It was, in essence, drinking through its foot. Given more time, the thorny
devil can perform this same conjuring trick on a patch of damp sand – a vital competitive advantage in the desert.
Parker had come here to discover precisely how it does this, not from purely biological interest, but with a concrete
purpose in mind: to make a thorny-devil-inspired device that will help people collect lifesaving water in the desert.
“The water’s spreading out incredibly fast!” he said, as drops from his eyedropper fell onto the lizard’s back and
vanished, like magic. “Its skin is far more hydrophobic than I thought. There may well be hidden capillaries,
channelling the water into the mouth.”
Parker’s work is only a small part of an increasingly vigorous, global biomimetics movement. Engineers in Bath,
England, and West Chester, Pennsylvania, are pondering the bumps on the leading edges of humpback whale flukes
to learn how to make aeroplane wings for more agile flight. In Berlin, Germany, the fingerlike primary feathers of
raptors are inspiring engineers to develop wings that change shape aloft to reduce drag and increase fuel efficiency.
Architects in Zimbabwe are studying how termites regulate temperature, humidity, and airflow in their mounds in
order to build more comfortable buildings, while Japanese medical researchers are reducing the pain of an injection
by using hypodermic needles edged with tiny serrations, like those on a mosquito’s proboscis, minimizing nerve
stimulation.
Ronald Fearing, a professor of electrical engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, has taken on one of the
biggest challenges of all: to create a miniature robotic fly that is swift, small, and manoeuvrable enough for use in
surveillance or search-and-rescue operations. Fearing made his own, one of which he held up with tweezers for me
to see, a gossamer wand some 11 millimetres long and not much thicker than a cat’s whisker. Fearing has been
forced to manufacture many of the other minute components of his fly in the same way, using a micromachining laser
and a rapid prototyping system that allows him to design his minuscule parts in a computer, automatically cut and
cure them overnight, and assemble them by hand the next day under a microscope.
With the microlaser, he cuts the fly’s wings out of a two-micron polyester sheet so delicate that it crumples if you
breathe on it and must be reinforced with carbon-fibre spars. The wings on his current model flap at 275 times per
second – faster than the insect’s own wings – and make the blowfly’s signature buzz. “Carbon fibre outperforms fly
chitin,” he said, with a trace of self-satisfaction. He pointed out a protective plastic box on the lab bench, which
contained the fly-bot itself, a delicate, origami-like framework of black carbon-fibre struts and hairlike wires that, not
surprisingly, looks nothing like a real fly. A month later it achieved liftoff in a controlled flight on a boom. Fearing
expects the fly-bot to hover in two or three years, and eventually to bank and dive with fly like virtuosity.
Stanford University roboticist Mark Cutkosky designed a gecko-insured climber that he christened Stickybot. In
reality, gecko feet aren’t sticky – they’re dry and smooth to the touch – and owe their remarkable adhesion to some
two billion spatula-tipped filaments per square centimetre on their toe pads, each filament only a hundred nanometers
thick. These filaments are so small, in fact, that they interact at the molecular level with the surface on which the
gecko walks, tapping into the low-level van der Waals forces generated by molecules’ fleeting positive and negative
charges, which pull any two adjacent objects together. To make the toe pads for Stickybot, Cutkosky and doctoral
student Sangbae Kim, the robot’s lead designer, produced a urethane fabric with tiny bristles that end in 30-
micrometre points. Though not as flexible or adherent as the gecko itself, they hold the 500-gram robot on a vertical
surface.
Cutkosky endowed his robot with seven-segmented toes that drag and release just like the lizard’s, and a gecko-like
stride that snugs it to the wall. He also crafted Stickybot’s legs and feet with a process he calls shape deposition
manufacturing (SDM), which combines a range of metals, polymers, and fabrics to create the same smooth gradation
from stiff to flexible that is present in the lizard’s limbs and absent in most man-made materials. SDM also allows him
to embed actuators, sensors, and other specialized structures that make Stickybot climb better. Then he noticed in a
paper on gecko anatomy that the lizard had to branch tendons to distribute its weight evenly across the entire surface
of its toes. Eureka.”When I saw that, I thought, wow, that’s great!” He subsequently embedded a branching polyester
cloth “tendon” in his robot’s limbs to distribute its load in the same way.
Stickybot now walks up vertical surfaces of glass, plastic, and glazed ceramic tile, though it will be some time before it
can keep up with a gecko. For the moment it can walk only on smooth surfaces, at a mere four centimetres per
second, a fraction of the speed of its biological role model. The dry adhesive on Stickybot ‘s toes isn’t self-cleaning like
the lizard’s either, so it rapidly clogs with dirt. “There are a lot of things about the gecko that we simply had to ignore,”
Cutkosky says. Still, a number of real-world applications are in the offing. The Department of Defense’s Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which funds the project, has it in mind for surveillance: an automaton
that could slink up a building and perch there for hours or days, monitoring the terrain below. Cutkosky hypothesizes
a range of civilian uses. “I’m trying to get robots to go places where they’ve never gone before,” he told me. “I would
like to see Stickybot have a real-world function, whether it’s a toy or another application. Sure, it would be great if it
eventually has lifesaving or humanitarian role…”
For all the power of the biomimetics paradigm, and the brilliant people who practice it, bio-inspiration has led to
surprisingly few mass-produced products and arguably only one household word – Velcro, which was invented in
1948 by Swiss chemist George de Mestral, by copying the way cockleburs clung to his dog’s coat. In addition to
Cutkosky‘s lab, five other high-powered research teams are currently trying to mimic gecko adhesion, and so far none
has come close to matching the lizard’s strong, directional, self-cleaning grip. Likewise, scientists have yet to
meaningfully re-create the abalone nanostructure that accounts for the strength of its shell, and several well-funded
biotech companies have gone bankrupt trying to make artificial spider silk.
Questions 14-20
14. Andrew Parker failed to make an effective water device that can be used in the desert.
14. The skin of lizard is easy to get wet when it contacts water.
14. Scientists apply inspiration from nature into many artificial engineering.
14. Tiny and thin hair under gecko’s feet allows it to stick to the surface of the object.
14. When gecko climbs downward, its feet release a certain kind of chemical to make them adhesive.
14. Famous cases stimulate a large number of successful products of biomimetics in real life.
14. Velcro is well-known for its bionics design.
Questions 21-23
Filling the blanks below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each question of the robot
below.
Ronald Fearing was required to fabricate tiny components for his robotic fly 21……………………by specialized
techniques.
The robotic fly’s main structure outside is made of 22 …………………… and long and thin wires which make it unlike
fly at all.
Cutkosky applied an artificial material in Stickybot’s 23 …………………… as a tendon to split pressure as a lizard
does.
Questions 24-25
Fill the blanks below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer about facts of
stickybot.
24. Stickybot’s feet don’t have …………………… function which makes it only be able to walk on a smooth
surface.
24. DARPA is planning to use stickybot for ……………………..
24. Cutkosky assumes that stickybot finally has potential in …………………… or other human-related activities.
Reading Passage 3
Bright children
By the time Laszlo Polgar’s first baby was born in 1969 he already had firm views on child-rearing. An eccentric
citizen of communist Hungary, he had written a book called “Bring up Genius!” and one of his favourite sayings was
“Geniuses are made, not born”. An expert on the theory of chess, he proceeded to teach little Zsuzsa at home,
spending up to ten hours a day on the game. Two more daughters were similarly hot-housed. All three obliged their
father by becoming world-class players. The youngest, Judit, is currently ranked 13th in the world and is by far the
best female chess player of all time. Would the experiment have succeeded with a different trio of children? If any
child can be turned into a star, then a lot of time and money are being wasted world wide on trying to pick winners.
America has long held “talent searches”, using test results and teacher recommendations to select children for
advanced school courses, summer schools, and other extra tuition. This provision is set to grow. In his state-of-the-
union address in 2006, President George Bush announced the “American Competitiveness Initiative”, which, among
much else, would train 70,000 high-school teachers to lead advanced courses for selected pupils in mathematics and
science. Just as the superpowers’ space race made Congress put money into science education, the thought of
China and India turning out hundreds of thousands of engineers and scientists is scaring America into prodding its
brightest to do their best.
The philosophy behind this talent search is that ability is innate; that it can be diagnosed with considerable accuracy;
and that it is worth cultivating. In America, bright children are ranked as “moderately”, “highly”, “exceptionally” and
“profoundly” gifted. The only chance to influence innate ability is thought to be in the womb or the first couple of years
of life. Hence the fad for “teaching aids” such as videos and flashcards for newborns, and “whale sounds” on tape
which a pregnant mother can strap to her belly.
In Britain, there is a broadly similar belief in the existence of innate talent, but also an egalitarian sentiment which
makes people queasy about the idea of investing resources in grooming intelligence. Teachers are often opposed to
separate provisions for the best-performing children, saying any extra help should go to stragglers. In 2002, in a bid
to help the able while leaving intact the ban on most selection by ability in state schools, the government set up the
National Academy for Gifted and Talented Youth. This outfit runs summer schools and master classes for children
nominated by their schools. To date, though, only seven in ten secondary schools have nominated even a single
child. Last year all schools were told they must supply the names of their top 10%.
Picking winners is also the order of the day in ex-communist states, a hangover from the times when talented
individuals were plucked from their homes and ruthlessly trained for the glory of the nation. But in many other
countries, opposition to the idea of singling out talent and grooming it runs deep. In Scandinavia, a belief in virtues
like modesty and social solidarity makes people flinch from the idea of treating brainy children differently.
And in Japan, there is a widespread belief that all children are born with the same innate abilities – and should,
therefore, be treated alike. All are taught together, covering the same syllabus at the same rate until they finish
compulsory schooling. Those who learn quickest are expected then to teach their classmates. In China, extra
teaching is provided, but to a self-selected bunch. “Children’s palaces” in big cities offer a huge range of after-school
classes. Anyone can sign up; all that is asked is excellent attendance.
Statistics give little clue as to which system is best. The performance of the most-able is heavily affected by factors
other than state provision. Most state education in Britain is nominally non-selective, but middle-class parents try to
live near the best schools. Ambitious Japanese parents have made private, out-of-school tuition a thriving business.
And Scandinavia’s egalitarianism might work less well in places with more diverse populations and less competent
teachers. For what it’s worth, the data suggest that some countries – like Japan and Finland, see table – can eschew
selection and still thrive. But that does not mean that any country can ditch selection and do as well.
Mr.Polgar thought any child could be a prodigy given the right teaching, an early start, and enough practice. At one
point he planned to prove it by adopting three baby boys from a poor country and trying his methods on them. (His
wife vetoed the scheme.) Some say the key to success is simply hard graft. Judit, the youngest of the Polgar sisters,
was the most driven, and the most successful; Zsofia, the middle one, was regarded as the most talented, but she
was the only one who did not achieve the status of grandmaster. “Everything came easiest to her,” said her older
sister. “But she was lazy.”
Questions 27-32
YES if the statement agrees with the view of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the view of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
27. America has a long history of selecting talented students into different categories.
27. Teachers and schools in Britain held a welcome attitude towards the government’s selection of gifted
students.
27. Some parents agree to move to reputable schools in Britain.
27. Middle-class parents participate in their children’s education.
27. Japan and Finland comply with selected student’s policies.
27. Avoiding-selection-policy only works in a specific environment.
Questions 33-34
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
33. What’s Laszlo Polgar’s point of view towards geniuses of children

1. Chess is the best way to train geniuses.
2. Genius tends to happen on the first child.
3. Geniuses can be educated later on.
4. Geniuses are born naturally.
34. What is the purpose of citing Zsofia’s example in the last paragraph
1. Practice makes a genius.

2. Girls are not good at chess.
3. She was an adopted child.
4. A Middle child is always the most talented.
Questions 35-39
Use the information in the passage to match the countries (listed A-E) with correct connection below.
Write the appropriate letters, A-E, in boxes 35-39 on your answer sheet.
35. Less gifted children get help from other classmates
35. Attending extra teaching is open to anyone
35. People are reluctant to favour gifted children due to social characteristics
35. Both views of innate and egalitarian co-existed
35. The craze of audio and video teaching for pregnant women.
A Scandinavia
B Japan D China
E America
C Britain
Reading Passage 1
Keep a Watchful Eye on the Bridges
A. Most road and rail bridges are only inspected visually, if at all. Every few months, engineers have to clamber over
the structure in an attempt to find problems before the bridge shows obvious signs of damage. Technologies
developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, and Texas A&M University may replace these surveys
with microwave sensors that constantly monitor the condition of bridges.
B. “The device uses microwaves to measure the distance between the sensor and the bridge, much like radar does,”
says Albert Migliori, a Los Alamos physicist “Any load on the bridge – such as traffic induces displacements, which
change that distance as the bridge moves up and down.” By monitoring these movements over several minutes, the
researchers can find out how the bridge resonates. Changes in its behaviour can give an early warning of damage.
C. The Interstate 40 bridge over the Rio Grande river in Albuquerque provided the researchers with a rare opportunity
to test their ideas. Chuck Farrar, an engineer at Los Alamos, explains: “The New Mexico authorities decided to raze
this bridge and replace it. We were able to mount instruments on it, test it under various load conditions and even
inflict damage just before it was demolished.” In the 1960s and 1970s, 2500 similar bridges were built in the US. They
have two steel girders supporting the load in each section. Highway experts know that this design is “fracture critical”
because a failure in either girder would cause the bridge to fail.
D. After setting up the microwave dish on the ground below the bridge, the Los Alamos team installed conventional
accelerometers at several points along the span to measure its motion. They then tested the bridge while traffic
roared across it and while subjecting it to pounding from a “shaker”, which delivered precise punches to a specific
point on the road.
E. “We then created damage that we hoped would simulate fatigue cracks that can occur in steel girders,” says
Farrar. They first cut a slot about 60 centimetres long in the middle of one girder. They then extended the cut until it
reached the bottom of the girder and finally they cut across the flange – the bottom of the girder’s “I” shape.
F. The initial, crude analysis of the bridge’s behaviour, based on the frequency at which the bridge resonates, did not
indicate that anything was wrong until the flange was damaged. But later the data were reanalysed with algorithms
that took into account changes in the mode shapes of the structure – shapes that the structure takes on when excited
at a particular frequency. These more sophisticated algorithms, which were developed by Norris Stubbs at Texas
A&M University, successfully identified and located the damage caused by the initial cut.
G. “When any structure vibrates, the energy is distributed throughout with some points not moving, while others
vibrate strongly at various frequencies,” says Stubbs. “My algorithms use pattern recognition to detect changes in the
distribution of this energy.” NASA already uses Stubbs’ method to check the behaviour of the body flap that slows
space shuttles down after they land.
H. A commercial system based on the Los Alamos hardware is now available, complete with the Stubbs algorithms,
from the Quatro Corporation in Albuquerque for about $100,000. Tim Darling, another Los Alamos physicist working
on the microwave interferometer with Migliori, says that as the electronics become cheaper, a microwave inspection
system will eventually be applied to most large bridges in the US. “In a decade I would like to see a battery or solar-
powered package mounted under each bridge, scanning it every day to detect changes,” he says.
Questions 1-4
1. How did the traditional way to prevent damage to the bridges before the invention of the new monitoring
system
A. Bridges have to be tested in every movement on two points.

B. Bridges have to be closely monitored by microwave devices.
C. Bridges have already been monitored by sensors.
D. Bridges have to be frequently inspected by professional workers with naked eyes.
2. How does the new microwave monitors find out the problems of bridges
A. by changeling the distance between the positions of devices
B. by controlling the traffic flow on the bridges
C. by monitoring the distance caused by traffic between two points
D. by displacement of the several critical parts in the bridges
3. Why did the expert believe there is a problem for the design called “fracture critical”
A. Engineers failed to apply the newly developed construction materials.
B. There was not enough finance to repair the bridges.
C. The supporting parts of the bridges may crack and cause the bridge to fail.
D. There were bigger traffic load conditions than the designers had anticipated.
4. The defect was not recognized by a basic method in the beginning
A. until the mid of faces of bridges has fractured.
B. until the damage appears along and down to the flanges.
C. until the points on the road have been punched.
D. until the frequency of resonates appears disordered.
Questions 5-8
Filling the blanks in the diagram labels.

Write the correct answer in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.
Questions 9-13
The reading Passage has eight paragraphs, A–H.
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
9. how is the pressure that they have many a great chance to test bridges
10. a ten-year positive change for microwave device
11. the chance they get an honourable contract
12. explanation of the mechanism for the new microwave monitoring to work
13. how is the damage deliberately created by the researchers

Reading Passage 2
Activities for Children
A. Twenty-five years ago, children in London walked to school and played in parks and playing fields after school and
at the weekend. Today they are usually driven to school by parents anxious about safety and spend hours glued to
television screens or computer games. Meanwhile, community playing fields are being sold off to property developers
at an alarming rate. ‘This change in lifestyle has, sadly, meant greater restrictions on children,’ says Neil Armstrong,
Professor of Health and Exercise Science at the University of Exeter. ‘If children continue to be this inactive, they’ll be
storing up big problems for the future.’
B. In 1985, Professor Armstrong headed a five-year research project into children’s fitness. The results, published in
1990, were alarming. The survey, which monitored 700 11-16-year-olds, found that 48 per cent of girls and 41 per
cent of boys already exceeded safe cholesterol levels set for children by the American Heart Foundation. Armstrong
adds, “heart is a muscle and need exercise, or it loses its strength.” It also found that 13 per cent of boys and 10 per
cent of girls were overweight. More disturbingly, the survey found that over a four-day period, half the girls and one-
third of the boys did less exercise than the equivalent of a brisk 10-minute walk. High levels of cholesterol, excess
body fat and inactivity are believed to increase the risk of coronary heart disease.
C. Physical education is under pressure in the UK – most schools devote little more than 100 minutes a week to it in
curriculum time, which is less than many other European countries. Three European countries are giving children a
head start in PE, France, Austria and Switzerland – offer at least two hours in primary and secondary schools. These
findings, from the European Union of Physical Education Associations, prompted specialists in children’s physiology
to call on European governments to give youngsters a daily PE programme. The survey shows that the UK ranks
13th out of the 25 countries, with Ireland’s bottom, averaging under an hour a week for PE. From age six to 18, British
children received, on average, 106 minutes of PE a week. Professor Armstrong, who presented the findings at the
meeting, noted that since the introduction of the national curriculum there had been a marked fall in the time devoted
to PE in UK schools, with only a minority of pupils getting two hours a week.
D. As a former junior football international, Professor Armstrong is a passionate advocate for the sport. Although the
Government has poured millions into beefing up the sport in the community, there is less commitment to it as part of
the crammed school curriculum. This means that many children never acquire the necessary skills to thrive in team
games. If they are no good at them, they lose interest and establish an inactive pattern of behaviour. When this is
coupled with a poor diet, it will lead inevitably to weight gain. Seventy per cent of British children give up all sport
when they leave school, compared with only 20 per cent of French teenagers. Professor Armstrong believes that
there is far too great an emphasis on team games at school. “We need to look at the time devoted to PE and balance
it between individual and pair activities, such as aerobics and badminton, as well as team sports.” He added that
children need to have the opportunity to take part in a wide variety of individual, partner and team sports.
E. The good news, however, is that a few small companies and children’s activity groups have reacted positively and
creatively to the problem. ‘Take That,’ shouts Gloria Thomas, striking a disco pose astride her mini-space hopper.
‘Take That,’ echo a flock of toddlers, adopting outrageous postures astride their space hoppers. ‘Michael Jackson,’
she shouts, and they all do a spoof fan-crazed shriek. During the wild and chaotic hopper race across the studio floor,
commands like this are issued and responded to with untrammelled glee. The sight of 15 bouncing seven-year-olds
who seem about to launch into orbit at every bounce brings tears to the eyes. Uncoordinated, loud, excited and
emotional, children provide raw comedy.
F. Any cardiovascular exercise is a good option, and it doesn’t necessarily have to be high intensity. It can be
anything that gets your heart rate up: such as walking the dog, swimming, running skipping, hiking. “Even walking
through the grocery store can be exercise,” Samis-Smith said. What they don’t know is that they’re at a Fit Kids class
and that the fun is a disguise for the serious exercise plan they’re covertly being taken through. Fit Kids trains parents
to run fitness classes for children. ‘Ninety per cent of children don’t like team sports,’ says company director, Gillian
Gale.
G. A Prevention survey found that children whose parents keep in shape are much more likely to have healthy body
weights themselves. “There’s nothing worse than telling a child what he needs to do and not doing it yourself,” says
Elizabeth Ward, R.D., a Boston nutritional consultant and author of Healthy Foods, Healthy Kids. “Set a good
example and get your nutritional house in order first.” In the 1930s and ’40s, kids expended 800 calories a day just
walking, carrying water, and doing other chores,’ notes Fima Lifshitz, M.D., a pediatric endocrinologist in Santa
Barbara. “Now, kids in obese families are expending only 200 calories a day in physical activity,” says Lifshitz,
“incorporate more movement in your family’s life – park farther away from the stores at the mall, take stairs instead of
the elevator, and walk to nearby friends’ houses instead of driving.”
Questions 14-17
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A–G.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
14. health and living condition of children
15. health organization monitored physical activity
16. comparison of exercise time between the UK and other countries
17. wrong approach for school activity
Questions 18-21
18. According to the American Heart Foundation, cholesterol levels of boys are higher than girls’.
19. British children generally do less exercise than some other European countries.
20. Skipping becomes more and more popular in schools in the UK.
21. According to Healthy Kids, the first task is for parents to encourage their children to keep the same healthy body
weight.
Questions 22-26
22. According to paragraph A, what does Professor Neil Armstrong concern about
A. Spending more time on TV affect the academic level
B. Parents have less time to stay with their children
C. The future health of British children
D. Increasing speed of property’s development
23. What does Armstrong indicate in Paragraph B
A. We need to take a 10-minute walk every day.
B. We should do more activity to exercise heart.
C. Girls’ situation is better than boys.
D. Exercise can cure many diseases.
24. What is the aim of First Kids’ training
A. Make profit by running several sessions.
B. Only concentrate on one activity for each child.
C. To guide parents on how to organize activities for children.
D. Spread the idea that team sport is better.
25. What did Lifshitz suggest at the end of this passage
A. Create opportunities to exercise your body.
B. Taking the elevator saves your time.
C. Kids should spend more than 200 calories each day.
D. We should never drive but walk.
26. What is the main idea of this passage
A. health of the children who are overweight is at risk in the future
B. children in the UK need proper exercises
C. government mistaken approach for children
D. parents play the most important role in children’s activity
Reading Passage 3
Roller coaster
A. 600 years ago, roller coaster pioneers never would have imagined the advancements that have been made to
create the roller coasters of today. The tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world is the Kingda Ka, a coaster in
New Jersey that launches its passengers from zero to 128 miles per hour in 3.5 seconds (most sports cars take over
four seconds to get to just 60 miles per hour). It then heaves its riders skyward at a 90-degree angle (straight up) until
it reaches a height of 456 feet, over one and a half football fields, above the ground, before dropping another 418 feet
(Coaster Grotto “Kingda Ka”). With that said, roller coasters are about more than just speed and height, they are
about the creativity of the designers that build them, each coaster having its own unique way of producing intense
thrills at a lesser risk than the average car ride. Roller coasters have evolved drastically over the years, from their
primitive beginnings as Russian ice slides, to the metal monsters of today. Their combination of creativity and
structural elements make them one of the purest forms of architecture.
B. At first glance, a roller coaster is something like a passenger train. It consists of a series of connected cars that
move on tracks. But unlike a passenger train, a roller coaster has no engine or power source of its own. For most of
the ride, the train is moved by gravity and momentum. To build up this momentum, you need to get the train to the top
of the first hill or give it a powerful launch. The traditional lifting mechanism is a long length of chain running up the hill
under the track. The chain is fastened in a loop, which is wound around a gear at the top of the hill and another one
at the bottom of the hill. The gear at the bottom of the hill is turned by a simple motor. This turns the chain loop so
that it continually moves up the hill like a long conveyer belt. The coaster cars grip onto the chain with several chain
dogs, sturdy hinged hooks. When the train rolls to the bottom of the hill, the dogs catch onto the chain links. Once the
chain dog is hooked, the chain simply pulls the train to the top of the hill. At the summit, the chain dog is released and
the train starts its descent down the hill.
C. Roller coasters have a long, fascinating history. The direct ancestors of roller coasters were monumental ice slides
– long, steep wooden slides covered in ice, some as high as 70 feet – that were popular in Russia in the 16th and
17th centuries. Riders shot down the slope in sledges made out of wood or blocks of ice, crash-landing in a sand pile.
Coaster historians diverge on the exact evolution of these ice slides into actual rolling carts. The most widespread
account is that a few entrepreneurial Frenchmen imported the ice slide idea to France. The warmer climate of France
tended to melt the ice, so the French started building waxed slides instead, eventually adding wheels to the sledges.
In 1817, the Russes a Belleville (Russian Mountains of Belleville) became the first roller coaster where the train was
attached to the track (in this case, the train axle fit into a carved groove). The French continued to expand on this
idea, coming up with more complex track layouts, with multiple cars and all sorts of twists and turns.
D. In comparison to the world’s first roller coaster, there is perhaps an even greater debate over what was America’s
first true coaster. Many will say that it is Pennsylvania’s own Maunch Chunk-Summit Hill and Switch Back Railroad.
The Maunch Chunk-Summit Hill and Switch Back Railroad was originally America’s second railroad and
considered by many to be the greatest coaster of all time. Located in the Lehigh Valley, it was originally used to
transport coal from the top of Mount Pisgah to the bottom of Mount Jefferson, until Josiah White, a mining
entrepreneur, had the idea of turning it into a part-time thrill ride. Because of its immediate popularity, it soon became
strictly a passenger train. A steam engine would haul passengers to the top of the mountain, before letting them coast
back down, with speeds rumoured to reach 100 miles per hour! The reason that it was called a switchback railroad, a
switch backtrack was located at the top – where the steam engine would let the riders coast back down. This type of
track featured a dead end where the steam engine would detach its cars, allowing riders to coast down backwards.
The railway went through a couple of minor track changes and name changes over the years but managed to last
from 1829 to 1937, over 100 years.
E. The coaster craze in America was just starting to build. The creation of the SwitchBack Railway, by La Marcus
Thompson, gave roller coasters national attention. Originally built at New York’s Coney Island in 1884, Switch Back
Railways began popping up all over the country. The popularity of these rides may puzzle the modern-day thrill-
seeker, due to the mild ride they gave in comparison to the modern-day roller coaster. Guests would pay a nickel to
wait in line up to five hours just to go down a pair of side-by-side tracks with gradual hills that vehicles coasted down
at top speed around six miles per hour. Regardless, Switchback Railways were very popular, and sparked many
people, including Thompson, to design coasters that were bigger and better.
F. The 1910s and 1920s were probably the best decades that the roller coaster has ever seen. The new wave of
technology, such as the “unstop wheels”, an arrangement that kept a coaster’s wheels to its tracks by resisted high
gravitational forces, showed coasters a realm of possibilities that have never been seen before. In 1919, North
America alone had about 1,500 roller coasters, a number that was rising rampantly. Then, the Great Depression gave
a crushing blow to amusement parks all over America. As bad as it was, amusement parks had an optimistic look at
the future in the late 1930s. But, in 1942 roller coasters could already feel the effects of World War Two, as they were
forced into a shadow of neglect. Most, nearly all of America’s roller coasters were shut down. To this very day, the
number of the roller coaster in America is just a very tiny fraction of the amount of roller coasters in the 1920s.
Questions 27 – 30
A diagram that explains the mechanism and working principles of the roller coaster.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Traditional lifting mechanism

Questions 31 – 36
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using NO MORE THAN TWO

The first roller coaster was perhaps originated from Russia which is wrapped up by 31……………………, which was
introduced into France, and it was modified to 32…………………… because the temperature there would
33……………………the ice. This time 34…………………… were installed on the board. In America, the first roller
coaster was said to appear in Pennsylvania, it was actually a railroad which was designed to send
35…………………… between two mountains. Josiah White turned it into a thrill ride, it was also called switch
backtrack and a 36…………………… there allowed riders to slide down back again.
Questions 37 – 40
YES, if the statement agrees with the view of the writer
NO, if the statement contradicts the view of the writer
NOT GIVEN, if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
37. The most exciting roller coaster in the world is in New Jersey.
38. French added more innovation on Russian ice slide including both cars and trucks.
39. Switch Back Railways began to gain popularity since its first construction in New York.
40. The Great Depression affected amusement parks yet did not shake the significant role of US roller coasters in the
world.
Reading Passage 1
Foot Pedal Irrigation
A. Until now, governments and development agencies have tried to tackle the problem through large-scale projects:
gigantic dams, sprawling, irrigation canals and vast new fields of high-yield crops introduced during the Green
Revolution, the famous campaign to increase grain harvests in developing nations. Traditional irrigation, however,
has degraded the soil in many areas, and the reservoirs behind dams can quickly fill up with silt, reducing their
storage capacity and depriving downstream farmers of fertile sediments. Furthermore, although the Green Revolution
has greatly expanded worldwide farm production since 1950, poverty stubbornly persists in Africa, Asia and Latin
America. Continued improvements in the productivity of large farms may play the main role in boosting food supply,
but local efforts to provide cheap, individual irrigation systems to small farms may offer a better way to lift people out
of poverty.
B. The Green Revolution was designed to increase the overall food supply, not to raise the incomes of the rural poor,
so it should be no surprise that it did not eradicate poverty or hunger. India, for example, has been self-sufficient in
food for 15 years, and its granaries are full, but more than 200 million Indians – one-fifth of the country’s population –
are malnourished because they cannot afford the food they need and because the country’s safety nets are deficient.
In 2000, 189 nations committed to the Millennium Development Goals, which called for cutting world poverty in half
by 2015. With business as usual, however, we have little hope of achieving most of the Millennium goals, no matter
how much money rich countries contribute to poor ones.
C. The supply-driven strategies of the Green Revolution, however, may not help subsistence farmers, who must play
to their strengths to compete in the global marketplace. The average size of a family farm is less than four acres in
India, 1.8 acres in Bangladesh and about half an acre in China. Combines and other modern farming tools are too
expensive to be used in such small areas. An Indian farmer selling surplus wheat grown on his one-acre plot could
not possibly compete with the highly efficient and subsidized Canadian wheat farms that typically stretch over
thousands of acres. Instead, subsistence farmers should exploit the fact that their labour costs are the lowest in the
world, giving them a comparative advantage in growing and selling high-value, intensely farmed crops.
D. Paul Polak saw firsthand the need for a small-scale strategy in 1981 when he met Abdul Rahman, a farmer in the
Noakhali district of Bangladesh. From his three-quarter-acre plots of rain-fed rice fields, Abdul could grow only 700
kilograms of rice each year – 300 kilograms less than what he needed to feed his family. During the three months
before the October rice harvest came in, Abdul and his wife had to watch silently while their three children survived
on one meal a day or less. As Polak walked with him through the scattered fields he had inherited from his father,
Polak asked what he needed to move out of poverty. “Control of water for my crops,” he said, “at a price, I can
afford.”
E. Soon Polak learned about a simple device that could help Abdul achieve his goal: the treadle pump. Developed in
the late 1970s by Norwegian engineer Gunnar Barnes, the pump is operated by a person walking in place on a pair of
treadles and two handle arms made of bamboo. Properly adjusted and maintained, it can be operated several hours
a day without tiring the users. Each treadle pump has two cylinders which are made of engineering plastic. The
diameter of a cylinder is 100.5mm and the height is 280mm. The pump is capable of working up to a maximum depth
of 7 meters. Operation beyond 7 meters is not recommended to preserve the integrity of the rubber components. The
pump mechanism has piston and foot valve assemblies. The treadle action creates alternate strokes in the two
pistons that lift the water in pulses.
F. The human-powered pump can irrigate half an acre of vegetables and costs only $25 (including the expense of
drilling a tube well down to the groundwater). Abdul heard about the treadle pump from a cousin and was one of the
first farmers in Bangladesh to buy one. He borrowed the $25 from an uncle and easily repaid the loan four months
later. During the five-month dry season, when Bangladeshis typically farm very little, Abdul used the treadle pump to
grow a quarter-acre of chilli peppers, tomatoes, cabbage and eggplants. He also improved the yield of one of his rice
plots by irrigating it. His family ate some of the vegetables and sold the rest at the village market, earning a net profit
of $100. With his new income, Abdul was able to buy rice for his family to eat, keep his two sons in school until they
were 16 and set aside a little money for his daughter’s dowry. When Polak visited him again in 1984, he had doubled
the size of his vegetable plot and replaced the thatched roof on his house with corrugated tin. His family was raising a
calf and some chickens. He told me that the treadle pump was a gift from God.
G. Bangladesh is particularly well suited for the treadle pump because a huge reservoir of groundwater lies just a few
meters below the farmers’ feet. In the early 1980s, IDE initiated a campaign to market the pump, encouraging 75
small private-sector companies to manufacture the devices and several thousand village dealers and tube-well
drillers to sell and install them. Over the next 12 years, one and a half million farm families purchased treadle pumps,
which increased the farmers’ net income by a total of $150 million a year. The cost of IDE’s market-creation activities
was only $12 million, leveraged by the investment of $37.5 million from the farmers themselves. In contrast, the
expense of building a conventional dam and canal system to irrigate an equivalent area of farmland would be in the
range of $2,000 per acre, or $1.5 billion.
Questions 1 – 6
TRUE if the statement agrees with the view of the writer
FALSE if the statement contradicts the view of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1. It is more effective to resolve poverty or food problem in large scale rather than in small scale.
2. Construction of gigantic dams costs more time in developing countries.
3. Green revolution foiled to increase global crop production from the mid of 20th century.
4. Agricultural production in Bangladesh declined in the last decade.
5. Farmer Abdul Rahman knew how to increase production himself.
6. Small pump spread into a big project in Bangladesh in the past decade.
Questions 7 – 10
Filling the blanks in the diagram of treadle pump’s each part.
Questions 11 – 13

11 How large area can a treadle pump irrigate the field at a low level of expense?
12 What is Abdul’s new roof made of?
13 How much did Bangladesh farmers invest by IDE’s stimulation?
Reading Passage 2
Learning By Examples
A. Learning theory is rooted in the work of Ivan Pavlov, the famous scientist who discover and document the
principles governing how animals (humans included) learn in the 1900s. Two basic kinds of learning or conditioning
occur, one of which is famously known as the classical condition. Classical conditioning happens when an animal
learns to associate a neutral stimulus (signal) with a stimulus that has intrinsic meaning based on how closely in time
the two stimuli are presented. The classic example of classical conditioning is a dog’s ability to associate the sound of
a bell (something that originally has no meaning to the dog) with the presentation of food (something that has a lot of
meaning for the dog) a few moments later. Dogs are able to learn the association between bell and food and will
salivate immediately after hearing the bell once this connection has been made. Years of learning research have led
to the creation of a highly precise learning theory that can be used to understand and predict how and under what
circumstances most any animal will learn, including human beings, and eventually help people figure out how to
change their behaviours.
B. Role models are a popular notion for guiding child development, but in recent years very interesting research has
been done on learning by example in other animals. If the subject of animal learning is taught very much in terms of
classical or operant conditioning, it places too much emphasis on how we allow animals to learn and not enough on
how they are equipped to learn. To teach a course of mine I have been dipping profitably into a very interesting and
accessible compilation of papers on social learning in mammals, including chimps and human children, edited by
Heyes and Galef.
C. The research reported in one paper started with a school field trip to Israel to a pine forest where many pine cones
were discovered, stripped to the central core. So the investigation started with no weighty theoretical intent but was
directed at finding out what was eating the nutritious pine seeds and how they managed to get them out of the cones.
The culprit proved to be the versatile and athletic black rat (Rattus) and the technique was to bite each cone scale off
at its base, in sequence from base to tip following the spiral growth pattern of the cone.
D. Urban black rats were found to lack the skill and were unable to learn it even if housed with experiences cone
strippers. However, infants of urban mothers cross-fostered to stripper mothers acquired the skill, whereas infants of
stripper mothers fostered by an urban mother could not. Clearly the skill had to be learned from the mother. Further
elegant experiments showed that naive adults could develop the skill if they were provided with cones from which the
first complete spiral of scales had been removed, rather like our new photocopier which you can work out how to use
once someone has shown you how to switch it on. In the case of rats, the youngsters take cones away from the
mother when she is still feeding on them, allowing them to acquire the complete stripping skill.
E. A good example of adaptive bearing we might conclude, but let’s see the economies. This was determined by
measuring oxygen uptake of a rat stripping a cone in a metabolic chamber to calculate the energetic cost and
comparing it with the benefit of the pine seeds measured by the calorimeter. The cost proved to be less than 10% of
the energetic value of the cone. An acceptable profit margin.
F. A paper in 1996 Animal Behavior by Bednekoff and Balda provides a different view of the adaptiveness of social
learning. It concerns the seed caching behaviour of Clark’s nutcracker (Nucifraga Columbiana) and the Mexican jay
(Aphelocoma ultramarine). The former is a specialist, catching 30,000 or so seeds in scattered locations that it will
recover over the months of winter, the Mexican jay will also cache food but is much less dependent upon this than the
nutcracker. The two species also differ in their social structure, the nutcracker being rather solitary while the jay
forages in social groups.
G. The experiment is to discover not just whether a bird can remember where it hid a seed but also if it can remember
where it saw another bird hide a seed. The design is slightly comical with a cacher bird wandering about a room with
lots of holes in the floor hiding food in some of the holes, while watched by an observer bird perched in a cage. Two
days later cachers and observers are tested for their discovery rate against an estimated random performance. In the
role of cacher, not only nutcracker but also the less specialized jay performed above chance; more surprisingly,
however, jay observers were as successful as jay cachers whereas nutcracker observers did no better than chance.
It seems that, whereas the nutcracker is highly adapted at remembering where it hid its own seeds, the social living
Mexican jay is more adept at remembering, and so exploiting, the caches of others.
Questions 14 – 17
Reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A – G.
Write the correct letter, A – G, in boxes 1 – 4 on your answer sheet.
14 a comparison between rats，learning and human learning
15 a reference to the earliest study in animal learning
16 the discovery of who stripped the pine cone
17 a description of a cost-effectiveness experiment
Questions 18 – 21
In boxes 18 – 21 on your answer sheet write
18. The field trip to Israel was to investigate how black rats learn to strip pine cones.
19. The pine cones were stripped from bottom to top by black rats.
20. It can be learned from other relevant experiences to use a photocopier.
21. Stripping the pine cones is an instinct of the black rats.
Questions 22 – 26
Complete the summary below using words from the box.
While the Nutcracker is more able to cache see, the Jay relies 22……………………on upon caching food and is thus
less specialized in this ability, but more 23……………………. To study their behaviour of caching and finding their
caches, an experiment was designed and carried out to test these two birds for their ability to remember where they
hid the seeds.
In the experiment, the cacher bird hid seeds in the ground while the other 24……………………. As a result, the
Nutcracker and the Mexican Jay showed different performance in the role of 25…………………… at finding the seeds
—the observing 26…………………… didn’t do as well as its counterpart.
A less B more C solitary D social
E cacher F observer G remembered H watched
I Jay J Nutcracker
Reading Passage 3
Eco-Resort Management
A. Ecotourism is often regarded as a form of nature-based tourism and has become an important alternative source
of tourists. In addition to providing the traditional resort-leisure product, it has been argued that ecotourism resort
management should have a particular focus on best-practice environmental management, and educational and
interpretive component, and direct and indirect contributions to the conservation of the natural and cultural
environment (Ayala, 1996).
B. Couran Cove Island Resort is a large integrated ecotourism-based resort located south of Brisbane on the Gold
Coast, Queensland, Australia. As the world’s population becomes increasingly urbanised, the demand for tourist
attractions which are environmentally friendly, serene and offer amenities of a unique nature, has grown rapidly.
Couran Cove Resort, which is one such tourist attractions, is located on South Stradbroke Island, occupying
approximately 150 hectares of the island. South Stradbroke Island is separated from the mainland by the Broadwater,
a stretch of sea 3 kilometres wide. More than a century ago, there was only one Stradbroke Island, and there were at
least four aboriginal tribes living and hunting on the island. Regrettably, most of the original island dwellers were
eventually killed by diseases such as tuberculosis, smallpox and influenza by the end of the 19 th The second
shipwreck on the island in 1894, and the subsequent destruction of the ship (the Cambus Wallace) because it
contained dynamite, caused a large crater in the sandhills on Stradbroke Island. Eventually, the ocean broke through
the weakened landform and Stradbroke became two islands. Couran Cove Island Resort is built on one of the world’s
few naturally-occurring sand lands, which is home to a wide range of plant communities and one of the largest
remaining remnants of the rare Livistona rainforest left on the Gold Coast. Many mangrove and rainforest areas, and
Melaleuca Wetlands on South Stradbroke Island (and in Queensland), have been cleared, drained or filled for
residential, industrial, agricultural or urban development in the first half of the 20th century. Farmer and graziers
finally abandoned South Stradbroke Island in 1939 because the vegetation and the soil conditions there were not
suitable for agricultural activities.
SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES OF COURANT COVE RESORT
Being located on an offshore island, the resort is only accessible by means of water transportation. The resort
provides hourly ferry service from the marina on the mainland to and from the island. Within the resort, transport
modes include walking trails, bicycle tracks and the beach train. The reception area is the counter of the shop which
has not changed in 8 years at least. The accommodation is an octagonal “Bure”. These are large rooms that are
clean but! The equipment is tired and in some cases just working. Our ceiling fan only worked on high speed for
example. Beds are hard but clean, there are a television, radio, an old air conditioner and a small fridge. These
“Bures” are right on top of each other and night noises do carry so be careful what you say and do. The only thing is
the mosquitos but if you forget to bring mosquito repellant they sell some on the island.
As an ecotourism-based resort, most of the planning and development of the attraction has been concentrated on the
need to co-exist with the fragile natural environment of South Stradbroke Island to achieve sustainable development.
WATER AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT
C. South Stradbroke Island has groundwater at the centre of the island, which has a maximum height of 3 metres
above sea level. The water supply is recharged by rainfall and is commonly known as an unconfined freshwater
aquifer. Couran Cove Island Resort obtains its water supply by tapping into this aquifer and extracting it via a bore
system. Some of the problems which have threatened the island’s freshwater supply include pollution, contamination
and over-consumption. In order to minimise some of these problems, all laundry activities are carried out on the
mainland. The resort considers washing machines as onerous to the island’s freshwater supply, and that the
detergents contain a high level of phosphates which are a major source of water pollution. The resort uses LPG-
power generation rather than a diesel-powered plant for its energy supply, supplemented by the wind turbine, which
has reduced greenhouse emissions by 70% of diesel-equivalent generation methods. Excess heat recovered from
the generator is used to heat the swimming pool. Hot water in the eco-cabins and for some of the resort’s vehicles
are solar-powered. Water-efficient fittings are also installed in showers and toilets. However, not all the appliances
used by the resort are energy efficient, such as refrigerators. Visitors who stay at the resort are encouraged to
monitor their water and energy usage via the in-house television system and are rewarded with prizes (such as a free
return trip to the resort) accordingly if their usage level is low.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
D. We examined a case study of good management practice and a pro-active sustainable tourism stance of an eco-
resort. In three years of operation, Couran Cove Island Resort has won 23 international and national awards,
including the 2001 Australian Tourism Award in the 4-Star Accommodation category. The resort has embraced and
has effectively implemented contemporary environmental management practices. It has been argued that the
successful implementation of the principles of sustainability should promote long-term social, economic and
environmental benefits while ensuring and enhancing the prospects of continued viability for the tourism enterprise.
Couran Cove Island Resort does not conform to the characteristics of the ResortDevelopmentSpectrum, as proposed
by Prideaux (2000). According to Prideaux, the resort should be at least at Phase 3 of the model (the National
tourism phase), which describes an integrated resort providing 3-4 star hotel-type accommodation. The primary
tourist market in Phase 3 of the model consists mainly of interstate visitors. However, the number of interstate and
international tourists visiting the resort is small, with the principal visitor markets comprising locals and residents from
nearby towns and the Gold Coast region. The carrying capacity of Couran Cove does not seem to be of any concern
to the Resort management. Given that it is a private commercial ecotourist enterprise, regulating the number of
visitors to the resort to minimize the damage done to the natural environment on South Stradbroke Island is not a
binding constraint. However, the Resort’s growth will eventually be constrained by its carrying capacity, and quantity
control should be incorporated into the management strategy of the resort.
Questions 27-31
Write your answers in boxes 27-31 on your answers sheet.
27. The Stradbroke became two islands
A. by intended destruction of the ship of the Cambus Wallace

B. by an explosion of dynamite on a ship and following nature erosion
C. by the movement sandhills on Stradbroke Island
D. by the volcanic eruption on the island
28. Why are laundry activities for the resort carried out on the mainland
A. In order to obtain its water supply via a bore system

B. In order to preserve the water and anti-pollution
C. In order to save the cost of installing onerous washing machines
D. In order to reduce the level of phosphates in the water around
29. What is the major water supplier in South Stradbroke Island is by
A. desalinizing the seawater

B. collecting the rainfall
C. transporting from the mainland
D. boring groundwater
30. What is applied for heating water on Couran Cove Island Resort
A. the LPG-power
B. a diesel-powered plant
C. the wind power
D. the solar-power
31. What does, as the managers of resorts believe, the prospective future focus on
A. more awards for the resort’s accommodation

B. sustainable administration and development in the long run
C. Economic and environmental benefits for the tourism enterprise
D. successful implementation of the Resort Development Spectrum
Questions 32-36
Complete the following summary of the Reading Passage, using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
Reading Passage for each answer.
Being located away from the mainland, tourists can attain the resort only by 32…………………… in regular service.
Within the resort, transports include trails for walking or tracks for both 33…………………… and the beach train. The
on-island equipment is old-fashioned which is barely working such as the 34…………………… overhead. There is a
television, radio, an old 35…………………… and a small fridge. And you can buy the repellant
for 36…………………… if you forget to bring some.
Questions 37-39
Choose THREE correct letters among, A-E.

What is true as to the contemporary situation of Couran Cove Island R in the last paragraph
A. Couran Cove Island Resort goes for more eco-friendly practices.
B. The accommodation standard only conforms to the Resort Development Spectrum of Phase 3.
C. Couran Cove Island Resort should raise the accommodation standard and build more facilities.
D. The principal group visiting the resort is international tourists.
E. Its carrying capacity will restrict the future business’ expansion.

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Reading Passage 1

HOT AIR BALLOONING

TRUE, if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE, if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN, if there is no information on this

Write your answers in boxes 5- 7 on your answer sheet.

5. Who accompanied the entrepreneur on the longest balloon flight?

Write your answers in boxes 8- 11 on your answer sheet.

The reading passage has eight paragraphs, A-H.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Type the correct letter A-H in boxes 12-16.

12. The disparity between fines and costs

12. The potential costs of piracy to the defendant

12. The number of songs illegally obtained from the internet

12. Ambivalence towards the problem

12. A reprieve for illegal downloaders

Write your answers in boxes 17 – 20 on your answer sheet.

In boxes 21-23 on your answer sheet write

TRUE, if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE, if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN, if there is no information on this

21. Illegal downloading can be difficult to monitor and control.

In boxes 24-30 on your answer sheet write

FALSE, if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN, if there is no information on this

24. Our reactions are at their slowest at sunset.

Write your answers in boxes 31 – 36 on your answer sheet

Complete the summary below.

Write your answers in boxes 1- 3 on your answer sheet

NB. Your answers may be given in any order

Which THREE of the following statements are true of Reiki?

1. Principles for self-healing differ from those used on others.

Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs A-G.

4. A scientific explanation of why Reiki may have positive effects.

4. An overview of the practicalities of how Reiki is performed.

4. The pre-requisite required to experience Reiki benefits.

4. The immediate effects that can be experienced by recipients.

4. The safety of conducting therapy for practitioners.

According to the information in Reading Passage 1,

1. The Institute of Neurological Studies

10. The groups’ comfort and quality of life appeared to improve.

10. No apparent links were identified.

10. Recollection ability seemed to be enhanced.

REGIONAL AFRICAN ART

Region Style Additional Information

Subjects similar to the 18.

Artwork representing human &

Often more difficult to recognise due to the

Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs A-H.

Write the correct number i to ix in boxes 28 – 32 on your answer sheet.

In boxes 33 – 36 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE, if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE, if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN, if there is no information on this

Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D

Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

37. Why has recreational genealogy become more popular?

1. Because it is now a fashionable hobby.

1. Because it cannot easily be attributed to a particular individual.