Your Guide To

UNDERSTANDING
CARBON DIOXIDE
CO2
An analysis of carbon dioxide
across multiple industries
TABLE OF CONTENTS
04 Who is CO2Meter?

06 The Science of Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

08 Why #CO2SafetyMatters

09 Top CO2 Hazard Points

10 Industry Codes & Workplace Safety Regulations

12 Why All the PPM Talk?

16 Application: Breweries

18 Application: Restaurants & Venues

20 Application: Wineries

21 Application: Agriculture

24 Application: Livestock

25 Application: Scientific Discovery &

University Research

26 Application: Medical & Life Science

28 Application: Indoor Air Quality

30 Application: Modified Atmosphere Packaging

32 Application: Welding & Industrial

34 Application: Fire Suppression

36 Installing a CO2 Safety Monitor

37 CO2 Calibration

38 Frequently Asked Questions

41 Glossary
CO2Meter.com 5

CO2Meter stays true to its mission of

providing quality, unique, and cost-effective
gas detection, analysis, and safety solutions
for our customers. We have grown to
understand that CO2Meter has become
the “leading source” of education, insight
and quality devices for our customers. We
have earned that reputation because our
business, especially our employees, continue
to evolve, learn, and grow to better serve our
customers. Many companies just sell devices
but CO2Meter offers advanced technological
solutions that we fully support.

Customer and partner input have also

been extremely influential in adapting
new technologies and improving existing
devices. By incorporating our customers’
needs it has given us tremendous insight
in dozens of industries, while cementing
CO2Meter as the leader in these spaces.
Whether in agriculture, brewing, restaurants,
laboratories, fire protection, safety or in
gas distribution, CO2Meter is regarded as
providing outstanding devices, unparalleled
support, and true customer responsiveness.

Our success is a direct result of our

partnerships and customer loyalty. With
the ever-increasing number of inert gas-
driven applications like CO2, CO2Meter
is uniquely positioned to continue to
innovate and offer solutions for partners
and customers worldwide.

a note from
Travis Lenander, CEO
 This book, Your Guide to Understanding
Carbon Dioxide (CO2), was written to
provide key insights into the various
applications and industries in which our
gas detectors, analyzers, and monitors
play a vital role. It also provides
beneficial information on the science
of carbon dioxide (CO2) as well as its
importance and uses across different
industries and applications.
CO2Meter.com continues to research
and recognize the ever-evolving
needs for gas detection, analyzation,
and monitoring across all industries.
We continue to improve our current
devices and develop new ones to
provide cutting-edge solutions to our
customers. CO2Meter’s continued
product evolution will meet the demand
of customers, worldwide.
We hope you enjoy this informative
guide and would be happy to provide
you with additional education. Please
visit our website www.co2meter.com.

© CO2Meter, 2020. All rights reserved.

6 CO2Meter.com

THE SCIENCE OF
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
and other abundant gases

L
Life as we know it, would not exist without Carbon Dioxide
(CO2). This inert gas is essential to human, animal, and plant
life, as well as our biosphere. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is created
through both natural and man-made processes. Natural CO2
comes from decomposing plants or animals, human and
animal respiration, and geothermic activity. Man-made CO2
is generated from internal combustion engines,
fermentation, and other industrial processes. In most
applications, the concentration of CO2 used is quite
safe. However, in some cases, the gas can reach
Other titles
for Carbon Dioxide,
concentrations that are hazardous to your health.
include carbon
Carbon Dioxide (iv) oxide, carbonic
Formula: CO2 anhydride and
Molecular Mass: 44.01 g/mol carbon oxide.
Boiling Point: -109.2°F (-78.46°C)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is a chemical compound composed – National Institute of
of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. It is often referred to Standards and Technology
as CO2 and is the fourth most abundant gas in the Earth’s
atmosphere. Average measurements in outdoor air are
around 400ppm. CO2 only changes properties when placed
under pressure or at low temperatures. For example, CO2 can turn from
a gas into a liquid and from a liquid into a solid.
CO2Meter.com 7

Oxygen Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen

Periodic Symbol: O Formula: CO Periodic Symbol: H
Atomic Mass: 15.999 u Molecular Mass: 28.01 g/mol Atomic Mass: 1.00784 u
Atomic Number: 8 Boiling Point: −312.7 °F (−191.5 °C) Atomic Number: 1
The 2nd most abundant gas in Not normally found in Boiling Point: -423.182°F
Earth’s atmosphere. Like carbon Earth’s atmosphere. The vast (-252.879°C)
dioxide, O2 is odorless, colorless, majority of Carbon Monoxide The most abundant chemical
and tasteless. O2 concentrations is produced by combustion substance in the universe
at sea level are approximately engines. Carbon Monoxide is comprising nearly 75% of all
20.9% compared to O2 an odorless, colorless, tasteless, known objects. Hydrogen also has
concentrations at the top of Mt. and flammable gas. CO is toxic the distinction of holding the 1st
Everest (28,000+ feet) which are to animals with hemoglobin position in the periodic table. Often
approximately 6% O2. (both invertebrates and used in food production, to produce
vertebrates) when encountered in ammonia, and as an energy source.
concentrations above 35ppm. When burned, Hydrogen produces
no emissions while producing water
as its byproduct.

Nitrogen Argon Helium

Periodic Symbol: N Periodic Symbol: Ar Periodic Symbol: He
Atomic Mass: 14.0067 u Atomic Mass: 39.948 u Atomic Mass: 4.002602 u
Atomic Number: 7 Atomic Number: 18 Atomic Number: 2
Boiling Point: -302.431°F Boiling Point: -302.5°F (-185.8°C) Boiling Point: -452.1°F (-268.9°C)
(-195.795°C) The 3rd most abundant gas in Helium exists in the Earth’s
Nitrogen is the most abundant Earth’s atmosphere – normally atmosphere at about 5 ppm.
gas in Earth’s atmosphere – around .94%. Argon is one of the The gas is the second lightest,
normally around 78%. Like Noble Gases. It is also an inert gas after Hydrogen. It is also the
CO2 and others, nitrogen is that only changes its properties only gas that cannot be turned
an inert gas that is odorless, when used at high temperatures. in to a solid – it turns to liquid at
colorless, and tasteless. Its approximately -450 F.
name comes from the Greek
word πνίγειν, or “to choke.” This
directly references nitrogen’s
asphyxiating properties.
WHAT IS CO2?
and why #CO2SafetyMatters

C
Carbon Dioxide, also known reduced the number
as CO2, is the odorless. of incidents that
colorless, and tasteless gas occur globally.
that humans exhale. For
this reason, it is often hard Continuous CO2
to grasp how dangerous monitoring is
this inert gas actually critical for ensuring
is. But, inhaling CO2 at a safe working
elevated levels can be environment where
deadly. Accidents occurring CO2 is stored or
in restaurants, breweries, created. Anyone
agriculture facilities, and who works near
stadiums have created the created or stored
need for carbon dioxide carbon dioxide
regulations. The National Fire should be protected
Protection Association, The by a safety device.
National Board Inspection
Code, and International Why? Because even healthy adults can
Fire Code utilized pass out in seconds when carbon dioxide is
recommendations from the present at higher concentrations. At lower
Occupational Safety Hazard concentrations, a person can also begin to
Administration experience shortness of breath, fatigue,
and the dizziness, or nausea. Preventing these
“Breathing National negative health effects and serious injuries
concentrations Institute of from occurring is the main goal of carbon
of 30% CO2, Occupational dioxide monitoring and analysis.
even with 70% Safety & Health
Oxygen can lead to to establish Safety monitors alert the user that an area
unconsciousness in exposure has an unsafe level of CO2. Additionally,
just 30 seconds” limits and some monitoring systems provide a two-
requirements for part monitor: one part inside the space
– International Journal of carbon dioxide to measure and warn AND a second part
Emergency Medicine monitoring. outside the space to warn you not to enter
These the space if it is hazardous.
regulations have
CO2Meter.com 9

TOP CO2
HAZARD POINTS
Whether your industry produces, stores, analyzes or uses
CO2, you should always be aware of potential leak points in
your system. Understanding these potential carbon dioxide
leak points allows individuals to prioritize their analysis
on a regular schedule, as well as properly identify the best
locations for installing carbon dioxide safety monitors.

OSHA Confined Locations Near Locations with Locations CO2 is Locations CO2
Space the Floor Restricted Given Off From is Collected or
Ventilation Process Discharged
Including those And low-lying areas
around any CO2 (basements or Keg Coolers BIB pumps, Fire suppression
tank or cylinders. underground storage). fermentation tanks, testing.
mash tanks, drains
 10 CO2Meter.com

INDUSTRY CODES a n d WORKPLACE

SAFETY REGULATIONS

O
Oversight of workplace safety to which gases are harmful. Visit OSHA to
and hazards are overseen learn more about the half short term exposure,
by the Occupational Safety short term exposure, and immediately
Hazard Administration dangerous to life and health limits.
(OSHA). In conjunction
with the National Institute Since 2012, additional resources have begun
of Occupational Safety to identify serious incidents involving CO2
and Health (NIOSH), the overexposure that have resulted in severe
two agencies have worked injuries and even fatalities. In an effort to
together to research and eliminate these incidents from occurring,
develop guidelines detailing several associations have worked to codify
the specifications of inert specific requirements pertaining to CO2
gases like CO2, their safety and monitoring, while referencing the
properties, and the standard OSHA and NIOSH standards.
CO2Meter.com 11

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

The National Fire Protection Association, headquartered
in Quincy, MA, is a non-profit organization founded in
1896 with the express purpose of eliminating death, injury,
property and economic loss due to fire, electrical and
related hazards. The NFPA has more than 50,000 members
worldwide working to create and enforce more than 300
codes and standards.

National Board of Boiler and Pressure

Vessels Inspectors (NBBI)
The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessels
Inspectors overseas the National Board Inspection Code.
The NBBI, headquartered in Columbus, OH, is a non-profit
organization founded in 1919 with the purpose to promote
greater safety to life and property through uniformity in
the construction, installation, repair, maintenance, and
inspection of pressure equipment. Nearly each state, as
well as some large cities, utilize their NBBI membership for
continual training on updated and new information covered
in the NBIC.

International Fire Code (IFC)

The International Fire Code is created and administered by
the International Code Council. The ICC, headquartered in
Washington D.C, was established in 1994 with the purpose
of protecting the health, safety and welfare of people by
creating safe buildings and communities.
12 CO2Meter.com

WHY ALL THE

PPM TALK?
Understanding Carbon Dioxide and PPM
Levels based on Industries & Applications

Gas is measured in parts per million (ppm) or parts per

billion (ppb). Every 10,000 ppm equals 1% in concentration
(50,000 ppm = 5%). Understanding the measurement ranges
is important because each application detects and monitors
for gases at different concentrations. Below are examples of
expected ppm levels in different applications.

Fire Suppression Testing

In fire suppression, one of the NFPA 12 requirements for a
system is that the concentration reaches 100% CO2.
(1 million parts per million of CO2 and nothing else).

Life Science
In life science applications, CO2 incubators are used to
grow and maintain cell cultures performing tissue or cell
cultivation. CO2 is a critical component in the incubator
to maintain the pH of the cultures and mediums. Typical
incubators run between 7-10% CO2
CO2Meter.com 13

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

Homes, offices, classrooms, and commercial buildings easily
trap carbon dioxide (CO2) from individuals’ exhaled breath.
This buildup of CO2 can make inhabitants drowsy or lose
focus. Typical IAQ monitoring is between 800-1,500 ppm.
OSHA has set a Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Carbon
Dioxide in work environments at 5,000ppm averaged over an
8-hour work day and a 30,000 ppm of CO2 as a Short-Term
Exposure Limit (15 minute -STEL).

Beverage Dispensing Systems

Dispensed soda and beer utilize CO2 for its “bubbles”. To put
CO2 in your favorite beverages the facility stores large amounts
of CO2. Recent incidents have occurred where faulty/leaky
dispense systems have injured or killed employees or customers.
Typical hazardous emissions of CO2 are above 5% CO2.

Agriculture
Growing plants indoors often involves the
use of CO2 for growth enhancement (aka
enrichment). Injecting CO2 into a grow
room is one component of making plants
grow faster and fuller. Grow rooms are
typically kept between 800-1,500 ppm at
all times. Additional environments include
greenhouses, grow rooms, cultivation
facilities and mushroom farms.

Upper left: The IAQ Max Indoor CO2 Monitor and Data Logger right: The Tongdy Wifi
Indoor Air Quality Monitor
CARBON
DIOXIDE APPLICATIONS
16 Application Overview CO2Meter.com

BREWERIES

C
Carbon Dioxide in breweries is two separate tanks. Your
both stored for use and created. brewery’s production output is
a good indication of how much
Stored Carbon Dioxide CO2 you will need.
Stored CO2 in breweries serves
many purposes. The primary Large craft breweries can use
use is to carbonate the beer. more than two tons of CO2
Other uses are in the packaging per day when creating beer.
(cans, bottles, and kegs) as well Depending on where the
as in taproom beer dispensing. CO2 is needed, distribution
For these lines are run
uses, the throughout
brewery's the brewery.
CO2 supplier Larger craft Some older
will select a breweries can use breweries
CO2 storage more than two tons who have
tank that is of CO2 per day. grown over
sized to meet time may have
a brewers’ - Joshua Pringle, VP of a "maze" of
needs. The Business Development CO2 lines as
supplier their system
may provide has grown to
one tank for production and meet production requirements.
dispensing, or they may offer New breweries are often
CO2Meter.com Application Overview 17

designed with these components laid out first. This minimizes the
length of tubing and exposure of carbon dioxide lines.

Carbon Dioxide Production

During production, brewers create massive amounts of gas
through the fermentation process. The first step involves adding
yeast to the mash. This yeast begins to consume the sugars.
This process creates two separate products: alcohol and CO2.

Carbon dioxide is also critical during the carbonation process.

The area around the brite tanks can become overwhelmed with
carbon dioxide that is released once the beer is fully carbonated.

Carbon Dioxide & Packaging

In packaging, the stations each utilize CO2 to finish the
packing process. The carbon dioxide ensures the lack of
oxygen inside cans, bottles, and kegs. Driving out the oxygen
prevents oxidation in the beer during transport and storage.
This process eliminates “skunky” beer.

Upper left to right: 1: Draft cooler lines installed by Liquid Logistics. 2: Remote CO2 Storage Safety
3 Alarm installed at Laguanitas. 3: Copper Kettle Brewing CO. using the CO2 Leak Detector

CO2Meter Recommendations:

RAD-0102-6 | CM-7000 | CO2 SAN-11| Personal SAN-13| CO2

Remote CO2 Storage Multi Sensor System 5% CO2 Monitor & Leak Detector
Safety 3 Alarm Data Logger
 RESTAURANTS
and VENUES
Beverage Dispensing:
Soda & Draught Beer
Carbon dioxide is a key component in the
creation and dispensing of soda and draught
beer. Teams at Coca-Cola, The Boston Beer
Company, and Bells Brewing to name a few,
all conduct regular training seminars detailing
the design, installation, and maintenance
of dispensing systems. The Craft Brewers
Association and the International Beverage
Dispensing Equipment Association both host
annual hands-on trainings for installers and
service technicians to properly train and up-skill
these valuable associates on proper procedures.

Soda Systems
Great soda or pop is created by mixing three
key components: carbon dioxide, water
and soda syrup. Precise portions of each
are required to make the perfect soda. The
soda system uses a carbonator to combine
these ingredients in the precise portions.
The carbonator is just one of several key
components of a carbonated beverage system.
The system also includes: CO2 tank or cylinder,
liquid CO2, BIB (bag in box syrup), BIB pumps,
water purification mechanism, clean water,
carbonator, dispense mechanism (fountain or
gun), and all the associated lines and parts.

Like line cleaners for breweries, proper

cleaning of your soda systems is also critical
to its correct operation as well as perfect
soda. Resources like the IBDEA as well as
the International Society of Beverage
CO2Meter.com Application Overview 19

Technologists regularly update and publish CO2 Safety Tips for

standards for cleaning and service. Restaurants & Venues
Draught Beer 1. Dispensing systems
Beer is created by the brewer with a specific should be installed by a
amount of carbonation (CO2) in the beer. reputable contractor
Different styles of beer (lager, ale, porter, 2. Install CO2 monitors in
etc.) have different amounts/volumes of susceptible areas – draft
dissolved CO2 in them. Cans and bottles coolers, BIB racks, and
hold that CO2 level constant until the tanks/cylinders are key
package is opened. Kegged beers “recipe”
can start to come apart if the kegs are 3. Install CO2 safety
not kept at the correct temperature and signage in accordance with
pressure to maintain the brewers intentions. regulations
4. Ask your beverage
While the draught beer dispense system is equipment company or local
similar to the dispensed soda system, several technician to annually inspect
key components are different like the faucet your system
or tavern head, shanks, keg couplers, and
regulators to name a few key components. 5. Follow Brewers
Properly installed systems will allow the Association guidelines for
draught beer systems (either direct or long draught line cleaning timing
draw) to use gaseous CO2 or mixed or and procedures
blended gases to displace the beer in the
keg under pressure allowing the beer to 6. Create, adopt, and
flow through the faucet, into glassware, and continuously train
finally to your mouth. employees on hazards
and standard operating
Additionally, draught beer is stored in its procedures
own “keg cooler,” creating its own, confined
space hazard. The cooler is designed to seal
in the cold air circulating in
the cooler. However, this
seal also “traps” any leaking CO2Meter Recommendations:
CO2 inside the cooler. Much
like inside the keg, the CO2
will displace everything else
(oxygen and other gases) in
the cooler creating a deadly
environment.
RAD-0102-6 | Remote CM-7000 | CO2 SAN-13| CO2
CO2 Storage Safety 3 Alarm Multi Sensor System Leak Detector
20 Application Overview CO2Meter.com

WINERIES

M
Much like CO2 in breweries, our winery only 249 worldwide wine
partners can both store and create CO2. professionals, certified by the
court of master sommeliers.
Wineries have five key areas of concern for As a true professional, Miliotes
CO2 concentration build-up. These include knows all the places CO2 is
the fermentation areas, storage tanks, pits, used or created in the wine
barrel cellars, and bottling areas. Carbon making process; and also
dioxide levels can accumulate and increase clearly understands that the
quickly in these areas, creating a health risk. installation of CO2Meter’s
RAD-0102-6 provides the
Like beer production, the fermentation entire team a level of safety
process is a key cause of CO2 build-up. preventing CO2 incidents,”
Again, tanks and vessels are highly hazardous states Director of Marketing,
areas. Lock-out/tag-out, as well as confined Morgan Morris.
space entry procedures, should be strictly
adhered to in these areas.

“George
Miliotes, CO2Meter Recommendations:
a Master
Sommelier
and owner
of Wine
Bar George
in Disney
Springs, RAD-0102-6 | CM-7000 | CO2 SAN-11| Personal SAN-13| CO2
Remote CO2 Storage Multi Sensor System 5% CO2 Monitor & Leak Detector
is one of Safety 3 Alarm Data Logger
CO2Meter.com Application Overview 21

AGRICULTURE

T
The use of carbon dioxide CO2 is used for two main reasons: enrichment
in agricultural applications and extraction.
is abundant. The breadth
of detection, monitoring, CO2 Enrichment
and analytical equipment Enrichment is the process of purposely
runs the gamut from growth “enriching” an indoor grow space with carbon
enrichment, exhausting for air dioxide. This process accelerates the growth
quality, storage monitoring, of the plants. This technique is not specific to
and analysis for quality. CO2 the cannabis market either. Peppers, tomatoes,
is widely used in agriculture. leafy greens, and many others benefit from the
enrichment process. Enrichment using CO2
One of the fastest-growing also has no negative effects on the plant or on
markets in the US is cannabis. the consumers who use the plant.
Over half of the United States
has legalized cannabis for Enrichment involves delivering precise
either medical or recreational amounts of CO2 into a room. That room is
use within the last five years. intentionally held between 800-1,500 ppm;
This has created an enormous this range is the “sweet spot” for enrichment.
surge in the production and The plants absorb the CO2 during their
extraction of cannabis. For photosynthetic process and that “enrichment
the production of cannabis, of the plant” induces an accelerated growth
22 Application Overview CO2Meter.com

in CO2 concentration, and

signals the enrichment
system when too little or too
much CO2 is in the space.
That signal drives the system
to discharge the correct
amount of carbon dioxide,
bringing the concentration
back to the ideal enrichment
level. As photosynthesis
occurs the plants soak up
the CO2 and grow. As they
Mushroom grow and absorb the CO2
Growers the concentration in the
room gradually falls. Once
Unlike many enriched spaces the low CO2 set point on the
in agriculture, mushroom
growers focus on monitoring
controller is reached, a signal
the excess CO2 in their tells the system to release
facilities. As mushrooms grow, pattern. Enriched plants grow carbon dioxide into the room,
they expel CO2. While each 20-30% faster than non- starting the cycle again.
mushroom expels minuscule enriched plants. In fact, many
amounts of CO2 the
accumulation of a room full of our cultivator and extractor Grow facilities use massive
of CO2 expelling mushrooms, customers have said, “For a amounts of CO2 to produce
could drive CO2 above majority of cannabis crops, net these higher yields. Large
acceptable levels. Mushroom
growers use CO2 monitors
photosynthesis increases as facilities use tons of gas a
to measure CO2 in the rooms CO2 levels increase from 340 - week for enrichment. The
and to turn on exhaust 1,000 ppm (parts-per-million). amount of CO2 used in large,
systems, expelling CO2. We have seen on hand; crop high-volume grow facilities is
Additionally, some growers yields maximize at an average of magnitudes more than your
use CO2 to “blanket” rooms. 20-30% upwards.” average fast-food restaurant
This “stunts” the growth of uses to make soda.
mushrooms, limiting the
The equipment to enrich a
amount of product ready for
market at any one time. grow space is similar to the Extracting
equipment used to dispense In the cannabis market,
soda. A bulk storage vessel, some facilities also use CO2
lines, fittings, flow regulators, solenoid valves, to extract the essential oils
and enrichment/dispersal heads are just the from the plant. This extract
beginning components of an enrichment can then be used in other
system. One key addition though, is a grow products like medicines,
controller. This device constantly monitors oils, and edibles. The CO2
the air in the grow space, detects changes extraction process requires
CO2Meter.com Application Overview 23

a complicated set of devices enriched space, causing

that pressurize carbon adverse health effects,
dioxide to over 1,000 psi. This or even death. Safety
extracts the phytochemicals Recommendations:
from the plant. In cannabis, Controlled
these extracts are the Atmosphere
cannabinoids, terpenes, and Storage
essential oils. Each of these Producers of grain,
extracts is used directly or as produce, and vegetables
ingredients in other products. monitor CO2 in storage CM-7000 | CO2 RAD-0102-6 |
as a critical component Multi Sensor System Remote CO2 Storage
It is critical that these facilities in their process. Rising Safety 3 Alarm
install carbon dioxide safety levels of CO2 can indicate
monitors for many reasons. microbial activity - an
First of all, these facilities indication of product loss.
store and use massive Producers allow CO2
amounts of CO2. This carbon monitors to measure
dioxide is oftentimes piped and trigger exhaust or
SAN-11 | Personal
throughout the facility to run ventilation systems to SAN-13 | CO2
Leak Detector
5% CO2 Monitor &
these extraction processes. mitigate the activity. Data Logger
Any room that stores,
enriches, or extracts should Some of these
have a CO2 safety alarm. producers also use CO2 Grow Control
as a fumigant to kill Recommendations:
Agricultural facilities use the any bugs or microbial
identical CO2 that breweries, activity in the product.
bars, and restaurants do. You Containers are loaded
should know the hazards with products and
associated with the gas are sealed. A level of 50%
the same. Any employee or more of carbon
working in these spaces dioxide is then injected RAD-0501 | Day/ RAD-0501A |
could be exposed to an over- into the container. Night CO2 Monitor CO2 Controller for
The container stays and Controller for Mushroom Farms
Greenhouses and Growers
at this level for seven
Store & Ship or more days. This
The last agricultural process ensures
application to note is the the asphyxiation of
monitoring of CO2 during anything in the product.
shipping and storage. Please This technique can
see the Modified Atmosphere
Packaging application section be seen in the grain, GFX-CO2 | CM-501 | GasLab®
for more information. potato, grape, raisin, GrowFlux CO2 Plus Carbon Dioxide
and apple industries. Microclimate Sensor (CO2) Handheld
Gas Detector
 24 Application Overview CO2Meter.com

LIVESTOCK and POULTRY FARMING

C
Carbon Dioxide is often measured in For instance, our partners at Jason Yordy
livestock applications (poultry and swine Enterprises utilize the Cozir Ambient 10,000
especially) as an indicator of animal health. ppm CO2 Sensor with R/H and Temp. inside
Much like Indoor Air Quality measurements their TurkeyTrac product which monitors bird
are to humans, these same air quality health in barns.
measurements are critical to understanding
the overall health and welfare of the animals. In addition, carbon dioxide is becoming the
most commonly accepted method for animal
In poultry barns, CO2 can run in parallel euthanasia. The goal everyone shares, from
to the existence of ammonia. Elevated farmers to scientists, is to make euthanasia
ammonia concentrations, above 5-10 ppm, as painless as possible for the animal.
can indicate unclean conditions in the barns. Results from this process have shown it to
These conditions can cause negative health humane and effective, in both livestock and
effects for the birds. poultry applications.

Some barns use cross ventilation to keep

CO2 and ammonia levels low.
Many also install mechanical
ventilation (heating & cooling) CO2Meter Recommendations:
to alter the temperature and
circulate air. Much like the
information you can read in
the Indoor Air Quality section,
negative health effects can
be reduced through learning,
understanding, and acting CM-501 | GasLab® CM-506 | GasLab® CM-507 | GasLab® CM-510 | GasLab®
upon data from sensors. Plus Carbon Plus Ammonia Plus CO2 + Plus Multi Gas
Dioxide Handheld Handheld Gas Ammonia Multi Gas Handheld Detector
Gas Detector Detector Handheld Detector
CO2Meter.com Application Overview 25

SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY
and UNIVERSITY RESEARCH

T
Thousands of researchers in the US examine Key Examples
aspects of CO2 and other gases daily. They The National
build on current information or complete University
new research on a variety of topics. Capstone Project
Researchers are working diligently to expand did research in
their knowledge. For instance, some are capnography. The
testing off-gassing in composted material, experiment studied
indoor air quality, and even soil fluxing! the importance
of carbon dioxide
Who is Researching and oxygen
This research takes place at all levels of concentrations
education. We’ve seen experiments from within an F-35
primary, secondary, and university students, Fighter Pilot’s mask.
as well as within the private sector.
The team used our
Multi-national corporations like Battelle and 0-25% UV Flux
Linde are conducting research with their Oxygen Smart
customers on innovative programs. Colleges Sensor and the K30
and universities continue to expand both lab FS Fast Response
and field-based research on air quality, life 10,000ppm CO2 Sensor in their study. By
sciences, and capnography. Even high school using both sensors together, the researchers
science fair projects are being recognized were able to gain key data analysis. This data
for their innovation and results. then confirmed the specific conditions of
hypoxia in the fighter pilots.

CO2Meter Recommendations: above: Luke from Saint Martin de Porres

School used our Probe 1% and 30% CO2
USB Data Logger in his winning science
fair project.

CM-0120 | OX-0055 | UV Flux CM-1000 |

CozIR®-A 10,000 25% Oxygen Smart Flow Multi Gas Sampling
ppm CO2 Sensor Through Sensor Data Logger
26 Application Overview CO2Meter.com

MEDICAL
and L I F E
SCIENCE

L
Long ago are the days of certified gases suitable for
big pharma with huge R&D laboratories and incubation
budgets capable of developing clinics. With the use of gas,
the latest over the counter comes the need for proper
or pharmacy medications. gas detection, incubator
Not anymore. Large sensors, and safety solutions.
pharmaceutical companies As this field is always
have given way to smaller changing, scientists will
biopharmaceutical companies. always need to monitor and
Each one developing its control gas concentrations.
own research and
development, tests, and Sensor Research
marketing. And each Researchers from a
one is hoping to bring California University earned
the latest cancer or a government grant which
Alzheimer’s drug to the utilized one of our
market. Hospitals and best-in-class sensing
medical entities have solutions, the SprintIR-
also gotten into the 6S 20% CO2 Sensor.
market, developing their The medical team at
own resources to drive the university furthered
innovation in the lab. No their research with
matter the funding source the CO2 sensor in
or marketing budget one a rare brain imaging
thing holds true for this application. This study was
entire sector, everyone uses dedicated to understanding
precise gases to create, grow, the structure, function, and
study, and bring to market the direct effect of carbon dioxide
latest life-saving drugs. and cerebral blood flow.

Advances in the medical and

life science fields have only
right: SprintIR 6S 20% CO2 Sensor
driven the demand for quality,
CO2Meter.com Application Overview 27

CO2 Incubation in are: cryopreservation

An IVF laboratory in Georgia, of medicine, surgical
who uses the Incubator IR procedures, neuroscience,
CO2 Sensor to monitor and dermatology, lasers, and
detect CO2 levels in its cell even CO2 capture.
incubators. This helps the
laboratory manage ideal cell Regardless of the
and tissue growth. advancements in medical
and life science applications,
Future Sensing CO2Meter is proud to offer
in Medical high quality, state-of-the-art,
CO2Meter projects much sensing technologies and
more research in which solutions that customers
CO2 plays a critical role. stand by and can continue to
Some of the fields we utilize for the advancement
see the most promise of future discovery.

CO2Meter Recommendations:

MH-100 | SE-0117 | CM-1000 |

Incubator IR K30 Fast Response Multi Gas Sampling
CO2 Sensor 10,000 ppm CO2 Sensor Data Logger
 INDOOR AIR
QUALITY and HVAC
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is often overlooked
when designing new or remodeled work and
living spaces. Temperature and humidity are
always considered but the quality of the air is
often forgotten.

The first concept to consider is in the name

of the systems themselves – Heating and Air
Conditioning. Everyone understands what
the “heat” and “air” potions of the system
do. But the “conditioning” of the air is the
misunderstood factor. Conditioned air refers
to adjusting the temperature and humidity
of the air that passes through the system.
Systems are rarely designed or asked to
account for particulate matter (dust) or for
the buildup of CO2. Dust is often referred
to as a Volatile Organic Compound (VOC).

Humans generate the CO2 found in offices,

conference rooms, theaters, and homes.
Adult humans exhale 1 liter of CO2 with
each breath. Over time the carbon dioxide
builds up causing the following: lack of
focus, fatigue, dizziness, narrowed field of
vision, headaches and nausea. Have you
ever grabbed a soda or candy bar at 3:00
p.m.? You’re likely are not tired. The cause is
likely the buildup of CO2 in your workspace
causing these effects. It is well known
that classrooms have sleepy students in
the afternoons. Students are likely feeling
the effects of dozens, if not hundreds, of
students’ exhaled CO2.
CO2Meter.com Application Overview 29

The easiest way to counteract For example, our IAQ MAX

these effects is to bring fresh CO2 Desktop Monitor and
air into the area. Balancing Data Logger is used in
fresh air versus cooling or universities and corporate
heating that air is a priority. office buildings. It features
Modern HVAC and HVACR a sleek modern design
systems have built-in CO2 and has the unique ability
sensing modules that measure to provide a color-coded
and account for changes in indication of CO2 levels.
carbon dioxide concentrations.
Retrofit spaces above: One of our desktop Indoor Air
can utilize wall Quality devices, the IAQ Mini
Adult humans mounted CO2
exhale one monitors that
liter of CO2 can measure CO2Meter
with each
as well as Recommendations:
control the
breath. HVAC system.
These devices
look similar to modern
thermostats and can control
an array of devices.
IAQ MAX | IAQ SE-0035 | tSense
MAX CO2 Monitor Touchscreen CO2,
While CO2Meter offers a Temp, & R/H Controller
and Data Logger
variety of fixed systems
for Indoor Air Quality or
HVAC applications, many
of our customers rely on
portable or desktop IAQ
solutions. These provide
easy, on-the-go analysis in TON-0028C CM-501 | GasLab®
homes, offices, classrooms, | Tongdy WiFi Plus Carbon Dioxide
Controller (CO2) Handheld
or commercial settings.
Gas Detector
30 Application Overview CO2Meter.com

MODIFIED
ATMOSPHERE
PACKAGING (MAP)

H
Have you ever wondered about the moment you open a carbonated
how that bag of lettuce beverage. Right after the bottle or can is filled
on the shelf at the grocery and right before sealing, a drop of CO2 is
store can stay fresh and released on top of the beverage. This liquid
tasty for so long? It’s called quickly turns in to a gas and expands by
Modified Atmosphere approximately 8.75 times its volume. This quick
Packaging. In MAP expansion combined with the molecular weight
applications an inert gas, of CO2, drives the oxygen in the container
usually carbon dioxide out almost instantly, slightly pressurizing the
or nitrogen, drives out container. After a quick seal, the container is
oxygen from the package ready to keep oxygen out and CO2 in. When
before sealing. In doing so, you open the beverage, that spritz you hear,
the inside of the package is the release of the drop of CO2 from under
now has less opportunity pressure. It is also the final moment before
to convert oxygen into that beverage begins to oxidize. This is why a
oxidation on the product. soda that’s been open for a few hours has no
carbonation and tastes funny or flat.
Foods in MAP
Applications for MAP Another example is fruit packaging and
processes in food production shipping. When it comes to packaging,
are the most well-known. studies of produce have found that the
Meat, fruit, vegetables, and ideal balance of gases in a package is 1-5%
carbonated beverages are oxygen, 2-15% carbon dioxide, and 80-95%
the easiest to visualize. Think nitrogen. Some companies developed sealed
CO2Meter.com Application Overview 31

containers for their produce. These bins can processes to seal sterilized devices such as needles
hold specific gas concentrations, prolonging and surgical instruments. Over-the-counter
the life of the produce. medications use MAP processes to ensure the
quality of the product for the consumer.
Bananas are the easiest to understand. Once
a bunch is cut from the tree and cleaned it Customer Use
is then placed in large shipping or storage One of our customers achieved much higher
boxes. The boxes are then placed in a performance on the production line and in
shipping container, sealed, and a precise gas testing, by using the SprintIR-W 100% CO2
concentration is achieved and maintains the Sensor. This sensor provides twenty readings
proper environment, halting further growth of per second and requires very little power.
the banana. Once at its final destination, the
containers get trucked to ripening facilities. Not only is properly measuring your MAP
These facilities place the bananas in a sealed gases important but so is utilizing proper gas
room with specific temperature and humidity detection and monitoring in your facility.
levels for approximately 5 days. During
this time the room is slowly enriched with #GasSafetyMatters
ethylene gas. The ethylene encourages the MAP requires the storage of massive
bananas to grow and ripen. Have you ever amounts of gas. Like other applications,
gotten a banana that won’t ripen on your these stored gases can leak and create
counter and turns grey in color? You have a potentially life-threatening situations.
banana that didn’t get enough ethylene.

In addition, dried foods such as potato

chips, crackers, and nuts use 100% CO2Meter Recommendations:
Nitrogen in their packaging to improve
shelf-life and overall appearance.

Spot Checking
To test the accuracy of MAP equipment,
a probe is inserted into the packaging.
This tests the concentration of oxygen TS-200 | TecPen SAN-13| CO2 SAN-11| Personal
within the package. Some devices use a MAP Oxygen Leak Detector 5% CO2 Monitor &
resealable septum to pierce the packaging Analyzer Data Logger
so as not to spoil the product. In beverage,
the instrument pierces the can or plastic
bottle. However, these containers are often
discarded after testing.

Pharmaceutical in MAP RAD-0002 | Remote SAN-20| Personal

Oxygen Depletion O2 Safety Monitor
Pharmaceutical applications use MAP CM-7000 | CO2
Multi Sensor System Safety Alarm
32 Application Overview CO2Meter.com

WELDING and INDUSTRIAL

Welding is a field that is material. Most shield gases are inert because
immensely vast and complex. they remain stable throughout the welding
We will attempt to provide a process. Proper inert shield gases can also
general overview of welding improve the weld itself. Improvements
gases in this section. include a more fluid molten metal, deeper
penetration of the weld, and a cleaner
Forms of Gases finished surface.
Shield Gases
These prevent impurities Purging Gases
like air, particulate matter, or These keep the backside of the weld clean;
other gases from impacting opposite the arc itself. Purging gases can
the quality of the weld. be identical to or completely different from
Without a shield gas bubbles the shield gases utilized. However, they
will appear in the molten are supplied separately. Purging gases are
metal, weakening the weld. commonly found in stainless steel welding.
Not to mention creating a
very unsightly product. Blanketing Gases
These are used to protect the weld after the
MIG and TIG welding are process is complete. These blankets keep
impossible without a shield the weld free of impurities like dust or air
gas; unless you use flux- until the weld is completely set, insuring a
cored or flux-coated filler stronger weld.
CO2Meter.com Application Overview 33

Inert v Reactive Nitrogen (N)

Inert gases do not change when in contact Nitrogen is often used by itself as a shield
with surfaces or based on temperature. Inert gas in plasma cutting and laser welding.
gases allow for a weld that does not weaken While often mixed with other shield gases,
or distort the welded surface. Nitrogen is not suitable for welding carbon
steel. Nitrogen is also used as a blanket gas
Reactive gases do change in different because of its stability and low temperature.
circumstances and will create a change in
the substance they come in contact with. Hydrogen (H)
Reactive gases create a change in the welded Sometimes used in shield gases when
material, improving its fusing. mixed with Argon and CO2. Also, Atomic
Hydrogen Welding uses Hydrogen in 100%
Gases in Welding concentration to produce an arc at more than
Argon (Ar) 6,100° F to weld Tungsten. Hydrogen welding
Argon is the most commonly used gas. It is used can be dangerous as it is an explosive gas.
as a shielding gas to keep air and impurities out
of the welding arc. It is used both in direct and When used in standard welding applications,
to purge the backside of the weld joint. Hydrogen is actually a very safe gas. While
some complain that the addition of Hydrogen
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) can cause cracking of the weld others prefer
Carbon Dioxide is used as a shield gas. CO2 it because of the extremely high heat it
is also far less expensive than Argon although creates causing deeper penetrating welds.
it lacks the quality that Argon provides. CO2
can cause splattering at the weld. CO2 is Acetylene
most commonly used in mixed gas welding. When Acetylene and O2 are combined they
form an effective gas for Oxy cutting or
Oxygen (O2) welding. More expensive than other gases,
Oxygen is mixed in to welding gases to about 25% of the worlds Acetylene supply is
provide some fluidity to the molten metal. used in welding applications.
This fluidity tends to increase the speed of the
process. When mixed with a fuel for welding
or cutting, like acetylene, it can weld metal. CO2Meter Recommendations:
Helium (He)
Helium is used as a shield gas in its pure form
as well as in mixed gases for MIG and TIG
welding. Those wanting deeper penetrating
welds often rely on helium as it allows for
higher heat input to the weld. In aluminum
TS-300| TecWeld 0-2,000 ppm CM-650| Weld
welding, a mix of Ar and He is used to keep O2 Sensor Gas Analyzer
both high temperature and consistent arc.
FIRE
SUPPRESSION
When you picture "putting out a fire"
what comes to mind? Fire extinguishers?
Sprinkler systems? Both of these options
will successfully suppress a fire, but may not
be the best method in every application.
Take the sprinkler system for instance.
This method uses water to put out a fire.
However, water would cause significant
damage to rooms with mechanical systems,
machinery, or computer hardware. Instead,
carbon dioxide is used as a suppression agent
to deprive the fire of oxygen.

CO2 suppression systems force thousands

of pounds of carbon dioxide into a room
at very high pressure and rate. The CO2
displaces the oxygen in the room and starves
the fire of its "oxygen fuel.”

These fire suppression systems are complex

from both a design and safety standpoint.
They are a complex matrix of cylinders, pipes,
and dispersion points. This intricate matrix
precisely disperses carbon dioxide to suppress
any potential fires. Additionally, these systems
include several fail-safe mechanisms. This
ensures no human is present during activation
as the level of carbon dioxide would
asphyxiate the inhabitant.

CO2 suppression systems almost always use

dozens of high-pressure cylinders to store
the CO2. Just like in other applications, these
cylinders can be prone to leaks and should
be monitored or checked regularly.
CO2Meter.com Application Overview 35

Each state has jurisdiction over the testing CM-1000 GasLab® Pro
of CO2 suppression systems. Some require (100% CO2) Multi-Gas
an annual certification test to demonstrate Sampling Data Logger.
the effectiveness of the system. The NFPA Users should understand
12 lists the testing criteria for these systems. that if they purchase a
In short, a system must emit enough CO2 to single unit they will need
suppress the fire within a set time period. to conduct three dump
tests to complete the NFPA
NFPA 12 requires testing 12 requirements. CO2Meter
a low, medium, and offers a discount when
high points within the purchasing three devices so
space AND that CO2 that three points in the space
concentrations must reach can be measured during a
and be held at certain single dump test.
levels over a given period
of time.
Right: CM-1000 GasLab® Pro
(100% CO2) Multi-Gas Sampling
CO2Meter designed one of the only devices Data Logger
that meet the requirements prescribed in NFPA
12. We recommend utilizing the
36 CO2Meter.com

INSTALLING A CO2
SAFETY MONITOR

T
The installation of fixed safety monitors is relatively simple.
Some manufacturers design devices that require their
installation and installation fee. However, CO2Meter believes
in, and designs devices that can be self-installed.

Each device should come with a detailed set of written

instructions for its operation and installation. CO2Meter
also provides video tutorials for installation. Follow your
manufacturers’ recommended instructions for the best
results. Manufacturers should also provide you with the
means to contact them directly for support.

Above: Left: Remote CO2 Storage Safety 3 Alarm installed at U.S.. Bank Stadium.
Right: Remote CO2 Storage Safety 3 Alarm installed at Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse.

Where Should a CO2 Monitor be Installed?

12 in

As close to the 12 inches above Displays should Near a source for

source or potential the floor. This be mounted electrical power.
leak point. is because CO2 outside the
collects at the hazard area for
floor first. easy inspection.
CO2Meter.com 37

Multiple Sensors
While many individuals are required to install fixed safety
monitors, several of our customers have begun installing the
CM-7000 CO2 Multi Sensor System. This is due to its many
unique capabilities and functions. This device exceeds all
national, state, and jurisdictional codes around CO2 safety
monitoring. In addition, the fixed-wall mount sensor system
provides customers in restaurants, breweries, agriculture,
and safety facilities the ability to monitor up to twelve
sensors from an 8” touchscreen control panel.

Installation of the CM-7000 was conceived to be as easy and

time efficient as possible. Brackets for the tablet and sensors
are identical, allowing for interchangeability. The tablet can
be powered with the wall plug provided or directly with
24V DC. Standard CAT5E or greater can be used to connect
sensors and horn strobes up to 300 feet from the tablet.
Relays can be used to activate 3rd party systems like exhaust
fans or the fire panel. Total set up time for a standard two
sensor system is less than 30 minutes.
 Remote CO2 Storage Safety 3 Alarm - C…
C…

38 CO2Meter.com

CO2 CALIBRATION

D
Devices from CO2Meter come pre-calibrated from our facility.
Calibration should not need to be conducted upon arrival.

Some organizations require regular testing and calibration.

This should be done to the manufacturer’s specifications. Each
device will have its own calibration instructions; please follow
those written specifically for your device.

Most devices will come with instructions Important Note

or videos demonstrating “field calibration” Some devices have Automatic
methods. These allow the end-user to calibrate Background Calibration (ABC)
the device quickly and effectively on-site. built-in. The ABC is not a
calibration function. It is an
Some devices or applications may require a algorithm built into the sensor
more precise or factory certified calibration. that moves the set point of the
Your device may allow for these more stringent sensor based on the learned
calibrations in the field. Our devices can be readings from the space.
returned to the factory to be factory-certified, Safety devices should NEVER
for a nominal fee. have ABC built-in as the device
will never provide true gas
How Often Should I Calibrate? concentration readings.
The timing of your calibration often depends
on the application. Applications requiring more oversight
and analytical data may require more frequent calibration.
A greenhouse controller or indoor air quality monitor needs
less frequent calibration. We recommend placing your device
on the same calibration cycle as your other equipment. We
also recommend purchasing back-up devices for critical
applications. This is because the factory-certified calibration
process can take several weeks.
CO2Meter.com 39

FREQUENTLY
ASKED QUESTIONS
What is the most What range of CO2 Measurement is best for
widely used sensing my application?
technique for real-time
measurement of CO2? We get this question quite frequently and it is important
to understand that carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors
Two main sensor types can measure from 0 ppm all the way to 1,000,000
are used to measure ppm. Selecting the sensor or device that will measure
gases – electrochemical accurately for you depends on many factors including:
(EC) and non-dispersive application, expected temperature and humidity,
infrared (NDIR). other gases present, required rate of measurement,
CO2Meter only uses and others. For example: IAQ applications deeply
NDIR sensors for carbon need a sensor that measures below 2,000 ppm, Fire
dioxide measurement Suppression applications need a sensor that can
for two reasons: the measure at 100% CO2, and incubation applications
accuracy of the sensor typically need a sensor that measures in the 7-10%
and its extremely long range. For help in selecting the right sensor for your
life. By utilizing NDIR application please contact our technical sales team.
sensing technologies
CO2 can be measured
by the absorbance of an
infrared light source at a What is the Difference between CO2 vs. CO?
specified wavelength.
One of the most common questions we get asked is
CO2Meter devices “what is the difference between CO2 vs. CO?” Many
incorporate the latest people believe the two gases are the same, but they
in NDIR technology are very different. CO2 is naturally occurring and
from a variety of is formed in processes such as fermentation, the
extremely reliable sensor burning of fossil fuels, and human respiration. CO, on
manufacturers from the other hand, is entirely man-made - often due to
around the world. incomplete combustion of fossil fuels (gasoline, oil,
and coal). For more information click here.
40 CO2Meter.com

Why does it feel like inspectors are all over CO2 monitoring, right now?

The inclusion of CO2 monitoring into the codes mentioned above only occurred in the
last few years as incidents became more prevalent and understood. Inspectors are now
being trained on these code updates and as such, are inspecting.

Why should I What are the triggers that would require a

understand what business to install a CO2 Safety Monitor?
type of CO2 grade
I am using? Are you using, storing, or creating CO2 in your
business? What inspectors are typically looking at
The biggest difference are cylinders at or around 50 pounds or bulk tanks.
between the grades of Now to be clear, something like the IFC gives the
CO2 are the amounts ability to permanently monitor or ventilate the space.
and kinds of impurities Nobody chooses ventilation as it is very expensive
that are allowable and far more cost effective to install a proper CO2
in the CO2. Just like safety monitor.
CO2 food, beverage,
industrial or medical
applications all have
specific grades that What is involved in CO2 Monitor Installation?
are detrimental and
important to their Properly placing carbon dioxide gas monitors during
specified application. installation cannot be underestimated. Serious thought
CO2Meter.com should be put into planning the placement, electrical
recommends you wiring, careful protection of devices, as well as how
contact your gas to properly train employees and staff on what to do
supplier and ask – what if they go off. It is important to note that different
grade/purity of gas applications allow for different coverage areas and
are you delivering and CO2Meter.com provides a variety of installation product
furthermore if they videos to immediately assist you and ensure proper
can provide you with a installation and safety for yourself, and your employees
certificate that states or establishment.
the purity.
CO2Meter.com 41

Why must we How do you know What should the

continue to if your office or average customer
educate on CO2 home is getting know about CO2
safety once we enough fresh air? Safety Code
have already Requirements?
taken a hazard We always recommend
assessment or utilizing a CO2 indoor There are three main
training course? air quality monitor codes in the US, and it
or data logger. It can depends on where you
Although you may immediately inform you are located for which
have completed a CO2 if the ventilation system code is applied or used.
safety training, it is has failed or is not able There is the National
always recommended to adequately supply Board Inspection Codes
to maintain trainings enough fresh air for – Boiler and Pressure
during team meetings the number of people Vessel Inspectors. About
and continue to have in the room. When the 50% of states have these
a plan in place. The CO2 level goes over codes. There is also the
truth is every business 1,000ppm, our IAQ National Fire Protection
owner knows that well devices will alert the Association Code which
trained staff members individual with audible/ covers about 50% of
are their most valuable visual alarms warning states and their fire code
asset. Why not ensure the occupants that requirements. Finally
that they are properly ventilation is needed. there is the International
protected and up to date Fire Code. Most states
on proper co2 safety use all or part of the IFC
protocol, confined space code. Depending on
markings and SOP’s? where you are located
you should ask your
local fire inspector about
which code is being
What additional steps should industries applied and a written
be proactively taking to ensure safety for clarification of the code
our staff? in your jurisdiction.

Besides installing CO2 safety monitors, supervisors Local jurisdictions often

need to be continuously educating staff on the hazards make amendments to
of CO2 and ensuring employees know what to do the codes so getting
when CO2 safety monitors go off to mitigate the risk of precise clarification
potential CO2 exposure. locally is ideal.
42 CO2Meter.com

GLOSSARY
Alarm Set Point - The point set inside the firmware and
software of a device that triggers the device to alarm, notify,
or trigger relays.

Ambient Air - Normal, outside air. Concentrations of gases

will vary in ambient air depending on where you are located
geographically. We utilize 400 ppm as the normal CO2 level in
ambient air.

Asphyxiant - Any gas that may cause a human to receive less

than adequate oxygen to breathe.

Bump Check - The process of supplying a known gas to a device

in an effort to understand if the device is working correctly.

Calibration - The process by which a sensor or device is

tested to ensure that is measuring correctly. Normally
done to “factory specifications” as no two manufacturer’s
processes for calibration are identical.

Calibration Gas - The gases utilized to properly calibrate a

device to factory specifications.

Span Gas - A known gas at a specific concentration that is shown

to a device during calibration to establish a clear set point.

Combustible Gas - Any gas that can ignite.

Combustion - The point at which a substance ignites.

Confined Space - OSHA defines a confined space as being

made up of 3 main parts: 1) being large enough for an
employee to enter and perform work; 2) has limited or
restricted means for entry or exit; and 3) is not designed for
continuous occupancy.

Cross Sensitivity - Any element that may interfere with or

damage your specific gas sensors and readings.
CO2Meter.com 43

Diffusion – Allowing the gas to pass through the sensor on its own.

Electrochemical “EC” Sensor - Electrochemical gas sensors

measure the concentration of a target gas by oxidizing or
reducing the target gas at an electrode and measuring the
resulting current.

Explosive - A substance which can be made to explode,

especially any of those used in bombs or shells.

Gas - One of the four fundamental states of matter.

Hazardous Atmosphere - An atmosphere that may expose

employees to the risk of death, incapacitation, impairment,
or injury.

Humidity - The concentration of water vapor in the air.

Monitor - an instrument or device used for observing, checking,

or keeping a continuous record of process or quantity.

NIOSH - National Institute of Occupational Safety and

Health, an agency which conducts research and makes
recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury.

Non Dispersive Infrared Sensor - A simple spectroscopic

sensor often used as a gas detector. It is non-dispersive in the
fact that no dispersive element is used to separate out the
broadband light into a narrow spectrum suitable for gas sensing.

OSHA - Occupational Safety Hazard Administration, an

agency assuring safe and healthful working conditions by
setting and enforcing codes.

Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere - Any environment where

oxygen concentrations fall below 20.9% O2.

Oxygen Enriched Atmosphere - Any environment where

oxygen concentrations rise above 20.9% O2.

Permanent Gas Monitor (or Fixed) - A device that is

permanently attached to a structure for the purpose of
constantly monitor gas concentrations.
 44 CO2Meter.com

Parts per Million (ppm) - The concentration of the gas across a

range from 0 to 1 million

Relative Humidity - the ratio of partial pressure of water

vapor to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at a given
temperature.

Sensor - a device which detects or measures a physical

property and records, indicates, or otherwise responds to it.

Span Check - a portable instrument designed for field

calibration of toxic gas analyzers, area monitors, and detectors.

STEL (Short Term Exposure Limit) - the STEL is the limit and
time at which OSHA allows for a human to be inside a space
deemed hazardous

TWA (Time Weighted Average) - the average of all the

measurements taken from a device over an 8 hour period

Zero Calibration - a necessary procedure used to make the

near infrared sensor display values to match the lab values
within the limitations of accuracy and sample handling.

Your Turn!
Spread the word on Gas Detection, Compliance, and Safety in
your workplace! Use #CO2SafetyMatters for the chance to be
recognized across our platforms!

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

MBAA Toolbox Carbon Dioxide NFPA Code IFC Standard National Board CO2Meter
Health Hazard Requirements Development Inspection YouTube
Information Guide Process Code Resource
Sheet
CO2Meter.com 45

REFERENCES
Brewers Association. (2020, April). Guidelines for Economical Use of Carbon
Dioxide in the Brewery. Retrieved May 2020, from Brewers Association.
Castro M. Control of breathing. In: Physiology, Berne RM, Levy MN
(eds), 4th edition, Mosby, St. Louis, 1998.
Dong Sun Lee. Carbon dioxide absorbers for food packaging applications,
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungnam University,
Volume 57, Part A, June 2016.
Health and Safety Executive. (2000). General Hazards of Carbon
Dioxide. Retrieved May 2020, from Health and Safety Executive.
International Fire Code. (2018). 2018 IFC Update. Retrieved May 21,
2020, from International Code Council.
International Journal of Emergency Medicine. (2017). Carbon dioxide
poisoning: a literature review of an often forgotten cause of intoxication
in the emergency department. Retrieved May 19, 2020, from National
Center for Biotechnology Information.
National Board Inspection Code. (2020). Carbon Dioxide. Retrieved May
18, 2020, from The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors.
National Fire Protection Association. (2019). List of NFPA Codes & Standards.
Retrieved May 20, 2020, from National Fire Protection Association.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (1989).
Carbon Dioxide. Retrieved May 21, 2020, from Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention.
National Library of Medicine. (2019). Compound Summary – Carbon
Dioxide. Retrieved May 20, 2020, from PubChem.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (1987). Carbon Dioxide
in Workplace Atmospheres. Retrieved May 2020, from OSHA.gov.
OHS Online. (2016, April). Carbon Dioxide Detection and Indoor Air
Quality Control. Retrieved May 2020 from Occupational Health & Safety.
Science daily. (2018). Carbon Dioxide Reference. Retrieved May 2020,
from Science Daily.
Stanford University (2006, March). Can improvement in photosynthesis
increase crop yields? Retrieved May 19, 2020, from Wiley Online Library.
Wikipedia. (2020). Periodic Table. Retrieved May 26, 2020 from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table.
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