LITERATURE

Literature
 Derived from the Latin word “litera” meaning letter.
 It is a faithful reproduction of man’s various experiences blended into one
harmonious expression.
 This is an expression of man’s loves, griefs, thoughts, dreams and aspirations
communicated in beautiful language.

Types of Literature:
1. Poetry
a) Lyric- expresses emotions and feelings of the poet. This is usually easy to
understand and short literatures.
Sonnet 14 line poem dealing with emotions, feelings or
ideas
Elegy Poem for the dead
Psalms Songs praising God and containing a
philosophy of life
Awit This is sung and it is realistic
Florante at Laura 12 syllables per line
Corrido Recited and with elements of fantasy
Ibong Adarna Composed of 8 syllables
Folksongs Short poems intended to be sung
(Awiting bayan) Love, despair, grief, doubt, joy, hope and
sorrow are common themes
Ode Poem of a noble feeling, expressed with dignity
on a certain object

b) Narrative
Tales Stories about supernatural being
Ballad Sort poems adapted for singing, simple plot
and metrical structure
Epic Extended narrative about heroic exploits often
 Biag ni Lam-ang under supernatural control
(Ilokos)
 Ybalon (Bicol)
 Bidasari (Mindanao)
 Hudhud at Alim (Igorot)
 Beowulf (England)
 Iliad and Odyssey
(Greece)

c) Dramatic Comedy
Comedy Derived from the Greek word “komos” which
means festivity or revelry.
Its purpose is for amusement or happy ending.
Force An exaggerated comedy which seeks to arouse
mirth by laughable lines.
Situations are too ridiculus to be true
Melodrama Arouses immediate and intense emotion and I
usually sad but a happy ending is set for the
principal character.
Tragedy Involves the hero who struggles mighty
(Ex. Hamlet) against dynamic forces until he meets death.

d) PROSE
Legends Fictions, narratives which are usually about
origins
Anecdotes Creation of the writer’s imagination and the
main is to bring out lessons to the reader
 Short story A narration involving one or more characters in
one plot and on single impression.
Essay Expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the
writer about a particular problem or event
Biography Deals with the life of a person which maybe
about himself or that of others
Novel Long narration divided into chapters. The
events are taken from true to life stories and
spans a long period of time
Plays Presented on stage divided into acts and each
act has many scenes
Fables Sttories about animals and inanimate things
that speak and act like people and their
purpose is to enlighten the minds of children
to events that can mold their ways and
attitudes.

Introduction to fiction

FICTION
Fiction is prose imaginative composition which may or may not be based on history or
fact.

The different type of fiction are the following:

 Short story – a relatively brief prose fictional compoaition based on a single
main incident which is designed to produce a single dominal impression.
 Novel – a prose fictional work of considerable length that deals with a series of
complications involving characters in a particular setting.
 Drama – a composition in prose or verse designed for stage performance
through mime and dialogue
 Allegory – a symbolic fictional account conveying meaning/s beyond the literal

Elements of Fcition

Plot
The plot is a series of events knit together following the principles of cause and effect.
It is also deemed to be an arrangement of incidents, the narrative structure, the
organization of a narrative, and the logical sequence of actions. A plot can be arranged
and organized in two ways, the first one is through chronology – which means that the
events are arranged according to time and space, and the second one is through
Climax – which means that the events are organized according to order of suspense.

There are also two types of plot. The first one is called organic, which means the story
sprouted from just one conflict; and the second one is episodic, which means there are
two or more sources of conflicts.

Conflict
Conflict is considered as the soul of the plot, and it is the tension between opposing
forces in the story. It can be external, which means the conflict is from outside forces;
or internal, which means he conflict resides with the main character.

Here are the type of conflicts:

- physical – man vs. nature
- social – man vs man
- psychological – man vs self
- cosmic – man vs God

Character
Characters in the story are the moral agents of actions. They are the invented
personages in fiction.
There are two types of characters, namely major and minor. Under major characters,
we have the protagonist, who is the central characters around whom the story
revolves; and the antagonist, who prevents the protagonist from solving the conflict.
Under minor characters, who have foil, who has the opposite traits of the main
protagonist, confidant, who serves as the friend of the protagonist and the background
characters, who are not closely related with the protagonist.

We also have two kinds of character. The first one is round, which means the
character was able to undergo change the second is flat, which means there was no
change in the outlook and action of the character.

Setting
Setting serves as the background of the story, may it be physical, mental, or spiritual.
It serves as the backdrop and sets the mood of the characters. There are three element
of setting. The first one is time, which sets the duration of the events; next is place,
which talks about the locality; and the third one is atmosphere, which is the emotion
or the mood.

Theme
Theme is considered as the central message of the story. It is the universal truth
expressed in the text.

Point of View
This pertains to the vantage point whre the story is narrated. Below are the different
types:
 FIRST person – a principal character in the story is the one narrating it.
 SECOND person – an indirect disclosure of the narrating self for
characterization and analysis
 THIRD person (unlimited) – also known as omniscient point of view, where the
narrator is an all-knowing maker.
 THIRD person (limited) – also know as the central intelligence point of view;
the author chooses a character from whose consciousness the entire story is
told.
 CAMERA EYE – presents the dialogues, and the incidents of a narrative like a
mechanical recording device
 REVOLVING – characterized by a narrative shift from one point of view to
another.
 COMPOSITE point of view – gives a comprehensive view of the events and
incidents – in the story through the different angles adapted by several
narrating characters.

Figurative Language
1. Synecdoche – an association of some important part with the whole it
represents.
Example: The face who lauched a thousand ships.
2. Simile – an incident association using “like or “as”
Example: She is like a flower.
3. Personification – giving human attributed=s to an inanimate object (animal,
idea, etc.)
Example: The sun is looking down on me.
4. Oxymoron – a self-contrasting statement
Example: Loud silence.
5. Metonymy – an association I which the name of something is substituted by
something that represents it.
Example: Toothpaste is sometimes called Colgate.
6. Metaphor – a direct comparison that disregard the use of “like” or “as”
Example: You are the sunshine of my lfe.
7. Irony – The contrast between what was expected and what actually happened.
Example: No smoking suring a cigarette break
8. Hyperbole – an exaggeration
 Example: Cry me a river.
9. Euphemism – creating a positive connotation out of something negative
Example: Loved child (illegitimate child)
10. Ellipsis – omission of words in a sentence
Example: She walked away snd so the world turns…
11. Asyndeton – not putting any correctors (conjunctions or prepositions)
Example: No retreat, no surrender.
12. Apostrophe – a direct address to an abstract things or a person who passed
away already.
Example: Love, please come and take me!

WORLD LITERATURES
AUTHORS WORKS
LEQI – UNNINNI, Scribe (700 BCE) The Epic of Gilgamesh
HOMER (800 BCE) Iliad
Odyssey
CONFUCIUS (551 – 479 BCE) The Analects
AESCHYLUS (525 – 456 BCE) The Oresleia
Agamemnon
SOPHOCLES (496 – 406 BCE) Theban Plays
Oedipus Rex
Oedipus at Colonus
Antigone
EURIPEDES (484 – 406 BCE) Alcestis
Medea
Hippolytus
The Trojan Women
Electra
HERODOTUS (484 – 425 BCE) The Histories
THUCYDIDES (470 – 400 BCE) The History of Peloponnesian War
SUN-TZU (450-380 BCE) The Art of War
ARISTOPHANES (448 – 388 BCE) Lysistrata
The Clouds
The Birds
PLATO (428-348 BCE) The Republic
ARISTOTLE (384 – 322 BCE) Ethics
Politics
Poetics
MENCIUS (400-320 BCE) The Book of Mencius
VALMIKI (300 BCE) The Ramayana
Anonymous (200 bce) The Bhagavad Gita
SSU-MA CH’IEN (145 – 86 BCE) Records of the Grand Historian
LUCRETIUS (100 – 50 BCE) Of the Naure of Things
VIRGIL (0 – 19 BCE) The Aeneid
AURELIUS, MARCUS (121 – 180) Meditations
SAINT AUGUSTINE (354 – 430) The Confessions
KALIDASA (400) The Cloud Messenger
Sakantula/Shakantula
MUHAMMAD (650) The Koran
HUI-NENG (636 – 713) The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch
FIRDAUSI (940 – 1020) Shah Nameh
SEI SHONAGON (965-1035) The Pillow Book)
MURASAKI, Lady Shikibu (976 – 1015) The Tale of Genji (First Novel in the
Wrold)
KHAYYAM, Omar (1048 - ?) The Rubaiyat
KUAN-CHUNG, Luo (1330 – 1400) The Romans of the Three Kingdom
ALIGHIERI, Dante (1265 – 1321) The Devine Comedy
CHAUCER, Geoffrey (1342 – 1400) The Canterbury Tales
Anonymous (1500) 1001 Nights/ Arabian Nights
MACHIAVELLI, Niccolo (1469 – 1527) Th Prince
RABELAIS, Francois (1483 – 1553) Garguantua and Pantagruel
WU CH’ENG – EN (1500 – 1582) Journey to the West
MONTAIGNE, Michel (1533 – 1592) Essays – Apology for Raymond Sebond
SAAVEDRA, Miguel de Cervantes (1547 Don Quixote
– 1616)
SHAKESPEARE, William (1564 – 1616) Rome and Juliet
Much Ado About Nothing
Twelf Knight
Hamlet
Merchani of Venice
DONNE, John (1573 – 1631) Devotions
Sermons
First and Second Anniversaries
GALELI, Galileo (1574 – 1642) Dialogue Concerning The Two Chief
World Systems
HOBBES, Thomas (1588 – 1679) Leviathan
DESCARTES, Rene (1596 – 1650) Discourse on Method
MILTON, John (1608 – 1674) Paradise Lost
Lucidas
Areopagitica
MOLIERE (1622 -1673) The School of Wives
Tartuffe
The Would – Be Gentleman
PASCUAL, Blaise (1623 – 1662) Thoughts
BUNYAN, John (1628 – 1688) Pilgrim’s Progress
DICKENS, Charles (1812 – 1870) Pickwick Papers
The Tale of Two Cities
A Christmas Carol
David Copperfed
Great Expectations
BRONTE, Chariotte (1816 – 1855) Jane Eyre
BRONTE, Emily (1818-1848) Wuthering Heights
THOREAD, Henry David (1817 – 1862) Walden
Civil Disobedience
TURGENEV, Ivan (1818-1883) Fathers and Sons
MARX, Karl (1818 – 1883) The Communist Manifesto
MELVILLE, Herman (1819-1891) Moby Dick
ELIOT, George (1819-1880) The Mill on the Floss
Middlemarch
Sitas Marner
WHITMAN, Walt(1819 – 1892) Leaves of Grass
FLAUVERT, Gustave (1821-1880) Madame Bovary
DOSTOYEVSKY, Fyodor (1821 – 1881) Crime and Punishment
Brothers Karamazov
TOLSTOY, Leo (1828 – 1910) War and Peace
Annakarenina
DICKENSON, Emily (1830 – 1886) The Soul Selects Her Society
A dimple in the Tomb
TWAIN, Mark (1835-1910) Huckleberry Finn
Tom Sowyer
HARDY, Thomas (1840-1928) The Mayor of Casterbridge
FREUD, Sigmund (1856 – 1939) The Interpretations of Dreams
CHEKOV, Anton (1860 – 1904) Uncle Vanya
Three Sisters
The Cherry Orchard
WHARTON, Edithe (1862 – 1937) The Age of Innocence
The House of Mirth
FROST, Robert (1874-1963) The Road Not Taken
Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy
Evening
 FORSTER, E. M. (1879 – 1970)` A Passage to India
JOYCE, James (1882-1941) Ulysses
WOOLF, Virginia (1882-1941) Mrs. Dalloway
To the Lighthouse
Orlando
LAWRENCE, David Herbert (1885 – Sons and Lovers
1930) Lady Chatterley’s Lover
The Fox
O’NEIL, Eugene (1888 – 1953) A Long Day’s Journey into the Night
Mourning Becomes Electra
ELIOT, T.S. (1888 – 1965) Waste Land
HUXLEY, Aldous (1894 – 1963) Brave New World
FAULKNER, William (1897 – 1962) The Sound and the Fury
A Rose for Emily
HEMINGWAY, Ernest (1899-1961) Old Man and the Sea
ORWELL, George (1903 – 1950) 1984
Animal Farm
NARAYAN, R.K. The English Teacher
BECKETT, Samuel (1906 – 1989) Waiting for Godot
MARQUEZ, Gabriel Garcia (1928 - __) One hundred years of Solitude
Love in the Time of Cholera
ACHEBE, Chinua (1930 - ____) Things Fall Apart
No Longer At Ease
MORRISSON (1931 - ____) Sufa
The Beloved
Jazz
Song of Solomon

FILIPINO AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS

AUTHORS WORKS
ALFON, Estrella Magnificence and Other Stories
ANGELES, Carlos The Knifed Horizon
The Stun of Jewels
ARGUILLA, Manuel How My Brother Leon Brought Home a
Wife and Other Stories
AYALA, Tita Lacambra Sunflower Poems
BAUTISTA, Cirilo The Archipelago
Telex Moon
Sunlight on Broken Songs
BENITEZ, Francisco What is an educated Filipino?
BENITEZ, Paz Marquez Dead Stars
Stepping Stone
Half a Life
BRILLANTES, Gregorio The Living and the Dead
A wind Over the Earth
Distance to Andromeda
BULOSAN, Carlos America is in the Heart (Autobiograpical)
The Laughter of My Father
The Voice of Bataan
The Power of the People
CORDERO-FERNANDO, Gilda People in the War
The Visitation of the Gods
The Butcher, The Baker, and the
Candlestick Maker
DAGUIO, Amador The Wedding Dance
DEMETILLO, Ricardo No Certain Weather
Barter in Panay
Daedalus and Other Poems
Masks and Signatures
ENRIQUEZ, Egmidio Alvarez The Devil Flower
House of Images
FERNANDEZ, Doreen Palabas: Essays in Philippine Theater
FLORENTINO, Leona Poems in Spanish and Ilocano
FORD, Aida Rivera Now and at the Hour
GAMALINDA, Eric Fire poem/Rain Poem
Popular Delusions
Planel Waves
GLORIA, Angela Manalang Poems
GONZALES, N.V.M. The Winds of April
A Season of Grace
Seven Hills Away
Children of the Ash-Covered Loam
The Bamboo Dancers
GUERRERO, Amadis Ma. Children of the City
HAGEDORN, Jessica Dogeaters
Gangster of Love
IGLORIA, Maria Luisa Encanto
Blood Sacrifice
JALANDONI, Magdalena Juanita Crus
Ang Dalaga sa Tindahan
JOSE, Francisco Sionil Ermita
Poon
My Brother, My Executioner
JOAQUIN, Nick The Woman Who Had Two Navels
Summer Solstice
May Day Eve
LATORENA, Paz Small Key
Desire
Sunset
LOPEZ, Salvador Literature and Society
LUMBERA, Bienvenido Revolution
Abot-Tanaw
NAKPIL, Carmen Guerrero My Humble Opinion
Women Enough
POLOTAN – TUVERA, Kerima The Virgin
The Hand of the Enemy
RAMOS, Maximo The Creatures of Philippine Lower
Mythology
ROTOR, Arturo Zita
The Wound and the Scar
SANTOS, Bienvenido The Volcano
The Man Who (Thought He) Looked Like
Robert Taylor
The Day the Dancers Came
Scent of Apples
SOTTO, Juan Crisostomo Lidia
TIEMPO, Edith His Native Coast
The Tracks of Babylon
Blade of Fern
TINIO, Rolando Valediction sa Hillcrest
Claudia and Her Mother
VILLA, Jose Garcia Man Songs
Footnote to Youth
ZULUETA DA COSTA, Rafael Like the Molave
ZAFRA, Jessica Twisted

IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
EXPRESSION MEANING
Come hell or high water I am by your side come hell or high water.

This means the speaker would not leave

the one he/she is speaking with no matter
what happens.
Put your finger in the pie. To finish the task at a much earlier tome,
everyone must put his/her finger in the
pie.

It means they must do their share in a

particular time.
Be in the timelight The soprano did her best to be in the
timelight.

It means to be at the center of everybody’s

attention.
Flogging a dead horse Rallies and mass demonstrations against
the RH law are like flogging a dead horse.

It means that the work being done is

futile.
Bring home the bacon The speech coach cheered his
contestants. He said, “Bring home the
bacon!”

It means that he wants the team to win.

Between the devil and the deep blue sea This situation is hopeless! It is like the
devil and the deep blue sea.

The situation is at its worst, and the

resolution is seem to be unpleasant.
In your face The debater was criticizes straight in her
face.

To state something in an aggressive

manner
Under the weather She did not attend her class. She said
that she feels under the weather.

The person is sick.

Back to square one Her efforts are wasted since she is back to
square one.

The person has to start again from the

beginning.
Tickled pink The news tickled her pink.

Made one very happy.

Hold your horses The commandant reminds his team to
hold their horses until the right time
comes.

Be patient.
When pigs fly There is no chance for us being husband
and wife, unless pigs fly.

Impossible to happen.
At the pink of health She looks beautiful and well rested. I
assume she is at the pink of health.
 Good health.

Phrasal Verbs Meaning

Add up Add
Bring about Cause to happen
Bring up Raise
Call off Cancel
Carry on Continue
Back up Support
Bring off Accomplish
Carry out Complete
Count in Include
Cut down Reduce
Fill out Complete (printed form)
Fill up Complet (container)
Hang up Suspend
Hold up Rob
Pay off To complete payment
Touch up Repair
Turn down Refuse
Threw ever Reject
Save up Accumulate
Put off Postpone
Down play Diminish
Figure out Understand
Breakdown To analyze