Jericho I.

Hidalgo Sheet Metal

AETC -1103 November 4, 2021

1. Lead
Description
- Lead is a chemical element with the symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic
number 82. It is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead
is soft and malleable, and also has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut, lead is
silvery with a hint of blue; it tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to air. Lead has the
highest atomic number of any stable element and three of its isotopes are endpoints of major
nuclear decay chains of heavier elements.
- Lead is a relatively unreactive post-transition metal. Its weak metallic character is illustrated
by its amphoteric nature; lead and lead oxides react with acids and bases, and it tends to
form covalent bonds. Compounds of lead are usually found in the +2 oxidation state rather
than the +4 state common with lighter members of the carbon group. Exceptions are mostly
limited to organolead compounds. Like the lighter members of the group, lead tends to bond
with itself; it can form chains and polyhedral structures.
- Since lead is easily extracted from its ores, prehistoric people in the Near East were aware of
it. Galena is a principal ore of lead which often bears silver. Interest in silver helped initiate
widespread extraction and use of lead in ancient Rome. Lead production declined after
the fall of Rome and did not reach comparable levels until the Industrial Revolution. In 2014,
the annual global production of lead was about ten million tonnes, over half of which was
from recycling. Lead's high density, low melting point, ductility and relative inertness
to oxidation make it useful. These properties, combined with its relative abundance and low
cost, resulted in its extensive use in construction, plumbing, batteries, bullets and shot,
weights, solders, pewters, fusible alloys, white paints, leaded gasoline, and radiation
shielding.

Uses
- This easily worked and corrosion-resistant metal has been used for pipes, pewter and
paint since Roman times. It has also been used in lead glazes for pottery and, in this
century, insecticides, hair dyes and as an anti-knocking additive for petrol. All these uses
have now been banned, replaced or discouraged as lead is known to be detrimental to
health, particularly that of children.

- Lead is still widely used for car batteries, pigments, ammunition, cable sheathing,
weights for lifting, weight belts for diving, lead crystal glass, radiation protection and in
some solders.

- It is often used to store corrosive liquids. It is also sometimes used in architecture, for
roofing and in stained glass windows.
Importance in our daily lifes
- Image result for lead metal importance to daily life
It is important for a business to generate leads. Without leads, most businesses will lack the
sales and customer base needed to grow. Companies can't rely on their intuition; they need
developed strategies for the types of customers they are trying to attract.

2. Antimony
Description
- Antimony is a chemical element with the symbol Sb (from Latin: stibium) and atomic
number 51. A lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide
mineral stibnite (Sb2S3). Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and
were powdered for use as medicine and cosmetics, often known by the Arabic name kohl.
[5]
 Metallic antimony was also known, but it was erroneously identified as lead upon its
discovery. The earliest known description of the metal in the West was written in 1540
by Vannoccio Biringuccio.
- China is the largest producer of antimony and its compounds, with most production coming
from the Xikuangshan Mine in Hunan. The industrial methods for refining antimony are
roasting and reduction with carbon or direct reduction of stibnite with iron.
- The largest applications for metallic antimony are an alloy with lead and tin and the lead
antimony plates in lead–acid batteries. Alloys of lead and tin with antimony have improved
properties for solders, bullets, and plain bearings. Antimony compounds are prominent
additives for chlorine and bromine-containing fire retardants found in many commercial and
domestic products. An emerging application is the use of antimony in microelectronics.

Uses
- Antimony is used to increase the hardness of alloys, with lead alloys for batteries, with
lead/copper/tin alloys for machine bearings.

- It is also used in automotive clutch and brake parts.

- The other major use is as antimony trioxide which is used for the production of flame
retardant chemicals.

- Antimony is used in the semi-conducter industry for certain silicone wafer, diode and
infra-red detector productions.

- Small amounts are used in production of safety matches.

 Importance in our daily lifes

Antimony is important in daily life because he is a metal used together with alloys to
create batteries for storing grid power. It is silvery gray and is found in its pure form in
nature, an unusual characteristic.

3. Babbit
Description
- Babbitt metal or bearing metal, is any of several alloys used for the bearing surface in
a plain bearing.
- The original Babbitt alloy was invented in 1839 by Isaac
Babbitt in Taunton, Massachusetts, United States. He disclosed one of his alloy recipes but
kept others as trade secrets. Other formulations were developed later. Like other terms
whose eponymous origin is long since deemphasized (such as diesel engine or eustachian
tube), the term babbitt metal is frequently styled in lowercase. It is preferred over the term
"white metal", because the latter term may refer to various bearing alloys, lead- or tin-based
alloys, or zinc die-casting metal.
- Babbitt metal is most commonly used as a thin surface layer in a complex, multi-metal
structure, but its original use was as a cast-in-place bulk bearing material. Babbitt metal
is characterized by its resistance to galling. Babbitt metal is soft and easily damaged,
which suggests that it might be unsuitable for a bearing surface. However, its structure is
made up of small hard crystals dispersed in a softer metal, which makes it a metal matrix
composite. As the bearing wears, the softer metal erodes somewhat, creating paths for
lubricant between the hard high spots that provide the actual bearing surface. When tin
is used as the softer metal, friction causes the tin to melt and function as a lubricant,
protecting the bearing from wear when other lubricants are absent.
Internal combustion engines use Babbitt metal which is primarily tin-based because it can
withstand cyclic loading
Uses
- Babbitt metal is used as the lining for bearing shells of cast iron, steel and bronze. The
Babbitt lining prevents friction and wear that is common when a lubricant is not able to
prevent the bearing’s moving parts from welding together. The Babbitt therefore extends
the life of the bearing. 
- Users of Babbitt ingot melt the metal in iron kettles from which they can ladle or pump
the molten alloy. The bearing shell or backing is pre-coated with tin for tin-base bearings
or with lead/tin for lead-base bearings. While the coating is still molten, the white metal is
cast onto the backing and allowed to solidify from the bond inward. This prevents
contraction cavities at the bond and restricts the growth of intermetallic compounds at
the interface between the bearing shell and the Babbitt. The lining is then machined to a
mirror-bright finish and specified thickness. Babbitt can also be sprayed onto the bearing
shell with the use of a flame arc gun and Babbitt wire.
 ● High-tin Babbitt is used for high unit load and high operating temperatures
● Displays excellent corrosion resistance, easy bonding, and less tendency for
segregation and welding
● Preferred for use under steady load conditions in steam and gas turbines,
electricmotors, blowers, and pumps
● AIM manufactures high-purity lead-free and lead and tin-based alloys to any
specifications.

Importance in our daily lifes

Babbit is important on a daily basis because it is a soft, white non-ferrous alloy used to
provide a bearing surface. Bearings are used in machines to support moving mechanical
parts and protect them from frictional degradation. Babbitt metal also has properties that
help reduce friction making it a good material for use in a plain bearing.

4.Tungsten
Description
- Tungsten, or wolfram, is a chemical element with the symbol W and atomic number 74.
Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively as compounds with
other elements. It was identified as a new element in 1781 and first isolated as a metal in
1783. Its important ores include scheelite and wolframite, the latter lending the element its
alternate name.
- The free element is remarkable for its robustness, especially the fact that it has the
highest melting point of all the elements discovered except carbon (which sublimes at
normal pressure), melting at 3,422 °C (6,192 °F; 3,695 K). It also has the highest boiling
point, at 5,930 °C (10,710 °F; 6,200 K). Its density is 19.25 grams per cubic centimetre,
comparable with that of uranium and gold, and much higher (about 1.7 times) than that
of lead. Polycrystalline tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material (under standard
conditions, when uncombined), making it difficult to work. However, pure single-crystalline
tungsten is more ductile and can be cut with a hard-steel hacksaw.
- Tungsten occurs in many alloys, which have numerous applications, including
incandescent light bulb filaments, X-ray tubes, electrodes in gas tungsten arc
welding, superalloys, and radiation shielding. Tungsten's hardness and high density make it
suitable for military applications in penetrating projectiles. Tungsten compounds are often
used as industrial catalysts.
- Tungsten is the only metal in the third transition series that is known to occur
in biomolecules, being found in a few species of bacteria and archaea. However, tungsten
interferes with molybdenum and copper metabolism and is somewhat toxic to most forms of
animal life.
Uses
- Tungsten was used extensively for the filaments of old-style incandescent light bulbs, but
these have been phased out in many countries. This is because they are not very energy
efficient; they produce much more heat than light.
- Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals and is alloyed with other metals to
strengthen them. Tungsten and its alloys are used in many high-temperature applications,
such as arc-welding electrodes and heating elements in high-temperature furnaces.
- Tungsten carbide is immensely hard and is very important to the metal-working, mining
and petroleum industries. It is made by mixing tungsten powder and carbon powder and
heating to 2200°C. It makes excellent cutting and drilling tools, including a new ‘painless’
dental drill which spins at ultra-high speeds.
- Calcium and magnesium tungstates are widely used in fluorescent lighting

Importance in our daily lifes

Tungsten is a very important in daily life due to its significant use in wear -resistant materials
mainly used in the metalworking, mining and construction sectors.

5. Titanium
Description
- Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22. Its atomic weight
is 47.867 measured in daltons. It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density,
and high strength, resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine.
- Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, by William Gregor in 1791 and was
named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth after the Titans of Greek mythology. The element occurs
within a number of mineral deposits, principally rutile and ilmenite, which are widely
distributed in the Earth's crust and lithosphere; it is found in almost all living things, as well as
bodies of water, rocks, and soils. The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores by
the Kroll and Hunter processes. The most common compound, titanium dioxide, is a
popular photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of white pigments. Other compounds
include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl) a component of smoke screens and catalysts;
and titanium trichloride (TiCl), which is used as a catalyst in the production of polypropylene.
- Titanium can be alloyed with iron, aluminium, vanadium, and molybdenum, among other
elements, to produce strong, lightweight alloys for aerospace (jet engines, missiles,
and spacecraft), military, industrial processes (chemicals and petrochemicals, desalination
plants, pulp, and paper), automotive, agriculture (farming), medical prostheses,
orthopedic implants, dental and endodontic instruments and files, dental implants, sporting
goods, jewelry, mobile phones, and other applications.
- The two most useful properties of the metal are corrosion resistance and strength-to-density
ratio, the highest of any metallic element. In its unalloyed condition, titanium is as strong as
some steels, but less dense There are two allotropic forms and five naturally
occurring isotopes of this element, Ti through Ti, with Ti being the
most abundant (73.8%).Although titanium and zirconium have the same number of valence
electrons and are in the same group in the periodic table, they differ in many chemical and
physical properties.

Uses
- Titanium is a familiar metal. Many people know that it is used in jewelry, prosthetics, tennis
rackets, goalie masks, scissors, bicycle frames, surgical tools, mobile phones and other
high-performance products. Titanium is as strong as steel but weights about half as much. It
is twice as strong as aluminum but only about 60% heavier.
- Titanium combines with iron, aluminum, vanadium, nickel, molybdenum and other metals
to produce high-performance alloys. Jet engines, spacecraft, military equipment, bearings,
body armor, and other high-tech products need parts made with these alloys.

Importance in our daily lifes

Titanium is as strong as steel but much less dense. It is therefore important as an alloying
agent with many metals including aluminium, molybdenum and iron. These alloys are mainly
used in aircraft, spacecraft and missiles because of their low density and ability to withstand
extremes of temperature.

6. Magnesium
Description
- Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg and atomic number 12. It is a shiny
gray solid which bears a close physical resemblance to the other five elements in the second
column (group 2, or alkaline earth metals) of the periodic table: all group 2 elements have
the same electron configuration in the outer electron shell and a similar crystal structure.
- This element is produced in large, aging stars from the sequential addition of three helium
nuclei to a carbon nucleus. When such stars explode as supernovas, much of the
magnesium is expelled into the interstellar medium where it may recycle into new star
systems. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust[and the fourth
most common element in the Earth (after iron, oxygen and silicon), making up 13% of the
planet's mass and a large fraction of the planet's mantle. It is the third most abundant
element dissolved in seawater, after sodium and chlorine.
- Magnesium occurs naturally only in combination with other elements, where it invariably has
a +2 oxidation state. The free element (metal) can be produced artificially, and is highly
reactive (though in the atmosphere it is soon coated in a thin layer of oxide that partly inhibits
reactivity – see passivation). The free metal burns with a characteristic brilliant-white light.
The metal is now obtained mainly by electrolysis of magnesium salts obtained from brine,
 and is used primarily as a component in aluminium-magnesium alloys, sometimes
called magnalium or magnelium. Magnesium is less dense than aluminium, and the alloy is
prized for its combination of lightness and strength.
- This element is the eleventh most abundant element by mass in the human body and is
essential to all cells and some 300 enzymes.Magnesium ions interact
with polyphosphate compounds such as ATP, DNA, and RNA. Hundreds of enzymes require
magnesium ions to function. Magnesium compounds are used medicinally as
common laxatives, antacids (e.g., milk of magnesia), and to stabilize abnormal nerve
excitation or blood vessel spasm in such conditions as eclampsia.

Uses
- Magnesium is one-third less dense than aluminium. It improves the mechanical,
fabrication and welding characteristics of aluminium when used as an alloying agent.
These alloys are useful in aeroplane and car construction.
-
- Magnesium is used in products that benefit from being lightweight, such as car seats,
luggage, laptops, cameras and power tools. It is also added to molten iron and steel to
remove sulfur.
-
- As magnesium ignites easily in air and burns with a bright light, it’s used in flares,
fireworks and sparklers.
-
- Magnesium sulfate is sometimes used as a mordant for dyes. Magnesium hydroxide is
added to plastics to make them fire retardant. Magnesium oxide is used to make heat-
resistant bricks for fireplaces and furnaces. It is also added to cattle feed and fertilisers.
Magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia), sulfate (Epsom salts), chloride and citrate are
all used in medicine.
-
- Grignard reagents are organic magnesium compounds that are important for the
chemical industry.

Importance in our daily lifes

Magnesium burns a very bright white, so it is used to add white sparks or improve the
overall brilliance of a firework. Oxygen – Fireworks include oxidizers, which are
substances that produce oxygen in order for burning to occur
 7. Carbon

Description
- Carbon can be defined as a chemical element that is the most common, having the
symbol C with atomic number 6. In the periodic table, this element is a member of group
14.
- The name carbon has derived from the Latin word “carbo,” which is meant by coal. The
crust of Earth is the 15th most abundant element and the 4th most abundant element
after helium, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- In this article, you will get to discuss more on the importance of the carbon element.

- When Carbon atoms are bonded together in various forms, they are referred to as
allotropes of carbon. A few of the best-known allotropes are graphite, amorphous
carbon, and diamond. Graphite is one of the known substances for its softness, and
diamond is known for its hardness. The physical properties of carbon may vary from the
allotropic form. 

- For Example, Diamond is transparent, and Graphite is opaque. It bonds with the other
small atoms, including other carbon atoms, and it can develop multiple stable covalent
bonds.

- Carbon is Non-metallic, and it has a Tetravalent bond.

- Naturally, it has 3 occurring isotopes( 12C, 13C - stable, and 14C - radioactive)

- It also has various allotropes, and the best known can be given as diamond, amorphous
carbon, and graphite.

- It holds a high melting point and can combine easily with oxygen at elevated
temperatures.

- This element acts as an excellent hardener for iron and yields different steel alloys.

- The radioactive isotope of carbon can be given as C-14, used to date the ancient objects
of organic origin.

Uses
 It makes up for 18% of the human body. Sugar, glucose, proteins etc are all made of it.
The food we eat contains an important source of energy which we call carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates are nothing but elements of carbon itself.
 Carbon in its diamond form is used in jewellery. But diamonds are also used for
industrial purposes. It is the hardest substance known to man and so has many uses in
manufacturing processes.
 Amorphous carbon is used to make inks and paints. It is also used in batteries.
 Graphite is used as the lead in your pencils. It is also used in the production of steel.
 One of the most important uses is carbon dating. We can actually use carbon to
measure the age of things. Scientists use a rare form of carbon called Carbon-14 to
measure the age of fossils, bones etc. The release of this carbon-14 is recorded to
estimate the life of the said organic substance. This is how scientists find the age and
period of dinosaur bones and fossils!
Importance in our daily lifes
 Carbon is more important for every known living system, and life could not exist without
this element. It can be available in hydrocarbons form other than food and wood, such
as methane gas, crude oil, and fossil fuel. Carbon fibres contain multiple uses because
they have the attributes as, yet lightweight, strong, and durable material These fibres
can be used in making fishing rods, tennis rackets, even rockets, and airplanes.
Industrial diamonds are used for cutting and drilling rocks