Derivation 

is the process of creating new words. The technical term derivational

morphology is the study of the formation of new words. Here are some examples of words
which are built up from smaller parts:

 black + bird combine to form blackbird

 dis- + connect combine to form disconnect
 predict + -able combine to form predictable

Combination processes are also used to form brand-new words which add to the English
vocabulary. Some examples from recent years are speed-dating and smartphone.

We can make a more complex word from a simpler one by adding a short element at the
beginning or end. Suppose we start from the word kind. We could add the element un- to from
unkind:

 un- + kind → unkind

These two parts are of different types:

 Kind can be used as a word on its own. It acts as a root word or lexical base to which we
can add other elements.
 We can’t use un- as a word by itself. It has to be attached to a lexical base like kind.

Elements like un- which are attached at the beginning of a root word are called prefixes. The
prefix un- can be added to many different lexical bases, such as happy, pleasant, wise (to give
unhappy, unpleasant, unwise, and so on).

Again starting with kind as our lexical base, we could instead add the element -ness to form
unkindness:

 kind + -ness → kindness

The element -ness is a suffix. It is not used as a word on its own, but has to be attached at the end
of a lexical base. For example, it can also be added to rude or blind to give rudeness, blindness.

Adding a prefix or suffix can change the meaning of a word. For example, unhappy means ‘not
happy’, so the meaning change is quite important! There are regular patterns to these meaning
changes: unpleasant means ‘not pleasant’, unwise means ‘not wise’, and so on.

Adding a suffix can also change the word class: that is, produce a different type of word which
behaves differently when it combines with other words in sentences. For example:

 Kind is an adjective that fits into combinations like a kind friend.

 Adding -ness creates a noun, kindness, that fits into patterns like a great kindness.
We can also combine more than one word (or lexical base) to form a more complex word called
a compound:

 head + ache → headache

 camera + shy → camera-shy
 dry + clean→ dry-clean

Compounds can be written in different ways: as a single word, with a hyphen, or even as two
separate words (e.g. swimming pool). Often there are variant ways of writing the same item (e.g.
bus stop, bus-stop).

Another word-forming process is conversion, where a word is shifted to a different word class
without adding any elements. This means it is used as a different type of word. For example:

 Eye is usually a noun: it is found in combinations like an eye, blue eyes to refer to a thing
or things.
 But, through conversion, it can also be used as a verb to indicate an action: She eyed
them suspiciously.

Another example is hopeful:

 This is usually an adjective which indicates a property of something or someone (e.g. a

hopeful sign).
 But by conversion it has also come to be used as a noun, as in these Olympic hopefuls,
which refers to a group of people (who are hoping for Olympic success).

Other processes for forming words include the following:

 clipping, where words are shortened by removing syllables, e.g. laboratory

→ lab; Christopher → Chris
 blending, where two lexical bases are blended together, e.g. breakfast + lunch →
brunch; gigantic + enormous → ginormous
 initialisms, made up of the first letters of a series of words: frequently asked question →
FAQ; laughing out loud → LOL

Some initialisms are pronounced as sequences of letters, e.g. VIP (from very important person).
Others are pronounced as ordinary words: for example, NATO (from North Atlantic Treaty
Organization) rhymes with the name Plato. Initialisms of this second type are called acronyms.
Onomatopoeia[note 1] (also onomatopeia in American English), is the process of creating a word
that phonetically imitates, resembles, or suggests the sound that it describes. Such a word itself is
also called an onomatopoeia. Common onomatopoeias include animal noises such as oink, meow
(or miaow), roar, and chirp. Onomatopoeia can differ between languages: it conforms to some
extent to the broader linguistic system;[6][7] hence the sound of a clock may be expressed as tick
tock in English, tic tac in Spanish and Italian (shown in the picture), dī dā in Mandarin, katchin
katchin in Japanese, or tik-tik in Hindi.

In linguistics. A key component of language is its arbitrariness and what a word can represent,
[clarification needed]
as a word is a sound created by humans with attached meaning to said sound.[14] No
one can determine the meaning of a word purely by how it sounds. However, in onomatopoeic
words, these sounds are much less arbitrary; they are connected in their imitation of other objects
or sounds in nature. Vocal sounds in the imitation of natural sounds doesn't necessarily gain
meaning, but can gain symbolic meaning.[clarification needed][15] An example of this sound symbolism in
the English language is the use of words starting with sn-. Some of these words symbolize
concepts related to the nose (sneeze, snot, snore). This does not mean that all words with that
sound relate to the nose, but at some level we recognize a sort of symbolism associated with the
sound itself. Onomatopoeia, while a facet of language, is also in a sense outside of the confines
of language.[16]

In linguistics, onomatopoeia is described as the connection, or symbolism, of a sound that is

interpreted and reproduced within the context of a language, usually out of mimicry of a sound.
[17]
It is a figure of speech, in a sense. Considered a vague term on its own, there are a few
varying defining factors in classifying onomatopoeia. In one manner, it is defined simply as the
imitation of some kind of non-vocal sound using the vocal sounds of a language, like the hum of
a bee being imitated with a "buzz" sound. In another sense, it is described as the phenomena of
making a new word entirely.

Onomatopoeia works in the sense of symbolizing an idea in a phonological context, not

necessarily constituting a direct meaningful word in the process.[18] The symbolic properties of a
sound in a word, or a phoneme, is related to a sound in an environment, and are restricted in part
by a language's own phonetic inventory, hence why many languages can have distinct
onomatopoeia for the same natural sound. Depending on a language's connection to a sound's
meaning, that language's onomatopoeia inventory can differ proportionally. For example, a
language like English generally holds little symbolic representation when it comes to sounds,
which is the reason English tends to have a smaller representation of sound mimicry then a
language like Japanese that overall has a much higher amount of symbolism related to the sounds
of the language.
Double Word-Formation Process

Double word-formation process is how to combine two derivational processes into a word. In the
findings, the double word-formation processes found are: (i) Folk Etymology+Compounding
The new words can be created by folk etymology+compounding process. It means that there are
two processes which are folk etymology and compounding. For example, historiosophy. It is
coming from historio (from Greek) +sophy (from Greek). It can be seen that those word are
coming from Greek and it combines into a word. (ii) Compounding+Affixation The new words
can be created by compounding+affixation. It means that the new words are created by two
processes. For example, live-blogging, oversighting, beatboxer, dayworker, hardrocker, etc. For
detailed data, see appendix 1. The word ‘live-blogging’ is coming from live+blog+ing. The word
‘oversighting’ is coming from over+sight+ing. The word ‘beatboxer’ is coming from
beat+box+er. The word ‘dayworker’ is coming from day+work+er. The word ‘hardrocker’ is
coming from hard+rock+er. (iii) Blending+Affixation Furthermore, the new words can also be
created by blending+affixation. For example, syntagmatics. It is coming from
syntax+pragmatic+s. The word ‘syntax+pragmatic’ is created by blending. Then, it is added by
‘s’ as the suffix affixation. (iv) Clipping+Blending Then, clipping+blending process can also
create a new word. For example, the word ‘d-line’. It is coming from defensive line. It can be
seen that the word defensive stands for ‘d’. It can be seen that it is clipping process, then it
blends with word ‘line’.

Multiple Processes

Multiple process is a word formation process which is happened by combining more than one
word formation processes to create a word (Yule, 2010: 60). This process could be Borrowing
followed by Derivation, Borrowing followed by Clipping, etc. For example, in ‘dengan
caramelized’, the word ‘caramel’ is formed by borrowing an English word and hold Derivation
word formation process by adding suffix ‘ized’.
7617-Article Text-20250-1-10-20190201.pdf
--1416564596-7.Humanity-A Practical Approach to World Formation Processes in English.pdf
Morphological_Process_of_English_Terms_in_Beverage_Product_Name.pdf
https://www.english-academy.id/blog/belajar-tentang-word-formation-process-dalam-
morphology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomatopoeia
https://www.pustaka.ut.ac.id/reader/index.php?subfolder=PBIS4326/&doc=M2.pdf
http://www.englicious.org/lesson/word-structure/word-structure-derivation