10 English

Learning Activity Sheet

Quarter 4: Week 5
 ENGLISH 10
QUARTER 4: WEEK 5
Lesson 1: IDENTIFYING RESEARCH TOPIC
Name of Learner ___________________________________________________
Section: __________________________________________ Date: ___________

Background Information:

You must have been heard the term "research," which is commonly referred to by
others as thesis (in college/masters' level) or dissertation (in doctorate level). Sooner or
later, you will also be conducting your research as you are about to pursue a higher
learning level in the coming years.

To prepare you for this, it is essential that you learn how to conduct a research
report. Hence, in this lesson, we shall focus on conducting a research report which
focuses on relevant social issues as your topics.

To better understand how to conduct a research report on relevant social issues,

it is essential to understand a social problem clearly.

What is a social issue?

A social issue, also referred to as a social problem, is a condition or behavior that

negatively impacts society. These social issues are also considered problems because
they are raised or recognized by legitimate or advocacy groups. These groups may be
from news media, non-government organizations, influential individuals, and the like.

Two Components of Social Problem

Objective Component Subjective Component

It has negative consequences for a large It is raised and hotly debated by citizens,
number of people. policymakers, or other parties.

It is supported by data – usually from Advocacy movements by the socio-civic

academic researchers, government groups call it.
agencies, and other sources.

Based on the components of a social problem, one cannot be always be

considered an issue without a clear basis or evidence. This basis or proof can be either
objective or subjective. However, as reality shows, one can be accepted as a problem or
not. So, it is crucial to conduct a research report on a relevant social issue for it to be
explained or addressed. Hence, as you go on the conduct of your research report, this
one can lead to the objective of your study, which is to provide data or proof that an issue
is a problem or not.

Social issues as your sources of research topics may range from various themes.
In the Philippines, some of the themes include the following (Garcia 1994):

Poverty Deprivation of Basic Services

Unemployment and Underemployment Street Children
Crime Graft and Corruption
Prostitution Drugs
Rapid Population Growth Environmental Degradation
Education Health

You must remember that these themes are broad, which means they need to be
narrowed down to become researchable. Usually, when you narrow down a topic, you
follow these steps:

• Determine where you will derive your topic, usually from the research agenda or
themes.
• From the theme, narrow down your topic.
• Identify the main ideas or terms (others refers to them as a variable)
• List down your thoughts related to your chosen topic by following (Who, What,
Where, When, How, and Why).
Note you do not necessarily have to fill out all WH questions.

Example:

Theme Education
Topic Online distance learning
Main ideas or terms Online learning
List of Ideas/Thoughts regarding the Chosen Topic
Who Elementary, junior high school, senior high school, teachers
What MS Teams, Google Meet, Messenger
Where Online, daily life, school
When Pandemic, new normal
How Perceptions, attitude
Why Cause, effect

Once you have already followed the steps and listed your thoughts, it is now time
for you to choose and combine your ideas. Create a general statement of your problem
or question. This step could eventually lead to your research title and research
question/statement of the problem.
Example:

Theme Education
Topic Online distance learning
Main ideas or terms Online learning
List of Ideas/Thoughts regarding the Chosen Topic
Who Elementary, junior high school, senior high school, teachers
What MS Teams, Google Meet, Messenger
Where Online, daily life, school
When Pandemic, new normal
How Perceptions, attitude
Why Cause, effect

Question: What is the perception of junior high school students in using Google Meet as
a platform in online learning?

Competency with code:

• Compose a research report on a relevant social issue (ENSS-IVe-2.3).

Activity 1: Modified True or False

Direction: Write True if the statement is correct; otherwise, underline the word or phrase
that makes it False and write the right word or phrase on the space provided.

________1. A social issue is a behavior or condition that negatively affects a large

number of people.
________2. Social problems have two components: the objective and executive
components.
________3. The objective component of a social problem means the opinion of people
support it.
________4. The subjective component of a social problem means groups such as news
media, policymakers, and other influential individuals call for it.
________5. Data that recognizes an issue as a social problem comes from researchers,
government agencies, and other official data sources.
________6. All problems experience by a person can be considered a social issue.
________7. In choosing your topic, it should be derived from themes of social issues.
________8. Once you have chosen your topic, you can start collecting data.
________9. Main ideas or terms of your topic as also referred to as variables.
________10. It is essential to list down your thoughts or ideas to narrow down a topic.
Activity 2: Form a group of 3 to 5 members. Brainstorm and choose your Research
topic.

Direction: Review the example shown in this activity sheet and select the topic you wish
to research. Follow the template below.

Theme

Topic

Main ideas or terms

List of Ideas/Thoughts regarding the Chosen Topic

Who

What

Where

When

How

Why

Note: Please retain your groupings throughout the conduct of your research.
Prepared:

ADRIAN P. TAMAYO
Master Teacher I

ELVIRA M. PINEDA
Secondary School Teacher I
Answer Key

Activity 1: Modified True or False

1. True
2. subjective/executive
3. data/opinion of people
4. True
5. True
6. Not all/all
7. True
8. Narrow it down/start collecting data
9. True
10. True

Activity 2: Choose your Research Topic

Answer may vary

References:

Garcia, Manuel B. 1994. Social Problem in the Philippine Context. National Book Store.

Grand Valley State University. 2019. "Brainstorming Strategy: Narrowing a Topic."

GrandValleyStateUniversity - Knowledge Market. 2019. https://bit.ly/3cJHyIv

University of Minnesota. 2016. "What Is a Social Problem?" Social Problems. University

of Minnesota Libraries Publishing Edition https://bit.ly/2PwUEzY
 ENGLISH 10
QUARTER 4: WEEK 5
Lesson 2: Understanding Research Report
Name of Learner ___________________________________________________
Section: __________________________________________ Date: ___________

Background Information:

Previously you have learned what a social issue is. You learned that not all issues
could be considered a social problem. A social issue to be considered a problem should
pass the components of the problem, which is the objective and subjective component of
a social issue. Most importantly, you have learned that your conduct of research report
will focus on relevant social issues in which you already identified your research topic.

Now that you already have a brief understanding of social issues, it is now vital for
you to understand how a research report is conducted. Basically, you must understand
each of the following aspects of research: (a) What is research? (b) What are its parts?
and (c) What is its format? Learning all those will guide you on how to write your research
report in the coming days. So, let us begin.

What is research?

It is the systematic studies natural or social phenomena. It also investigates

materials, sources, and existing conditions of the society to identify facts or obtain new
information regarding a study of interest (Kabir, 2016). In the context of social issues,
research should create a new understanding or knowledge of the problem or innovation
that leads to addressing it. When you hear the term "systematic," it refers to research as
being specific, measurable, data-based or factual, and replicable.

Specific

Measurable
/Observable

Systematic
Data-based/
Factual

Replicable
 General Types of Research Report
Tell or educate – current information
details of events, activities, or conditions
Informational are presented to the readers
No analysis of the situation, no
conclusion, no recommendations.
Conducted to address problems
Information is analyzed
Analytical
Conclusions are drawn and
recommendations are made
It sells an idea, a service, or product
usually needed to address problems or
Persuasive
issues.
Proposals are the most common type.

In your case, you will be doing an analytical research report that involves collecting
data, drawing conclusions, and making recommendations on your chosen social problem.

Anatomy of a Research Report

Scientific papers provide a method to researchers to communicate with other

researchers regarding the findings of their study. Hence, there is a standard format that
one must follow, which should be presented in an orderly and logical manner. The trend
in writing your articles follows what we call the IMRAD format, which stands for
Introduction, Method, Result, and Discussion. Along those, your paper must also
include the title, abstract, and references section.

Title • This section is an integral part of your paper.

• It is the part that is first read.
• It summarizes the main idea(s) or objective of your paper.
• It should contain the fewest words (usually a maximum of
12 content words) that adequately describe your paper's
content or purpose.

(University of South Carolina n.d.)

Example: The Influence of Facebook in the Social Issue Awareness of

Junior High School Students
Abstract • The summary of your research usually around 250-300
words.
• In your abstract, you should present the gist of your paper.
 • It should contain the method, result, and recommendation
in some cases.

(University of Wisconsin-Madison, n.d.)

Example:

"This paper examines the impact of Facebook usage on students'

academic performance. In addition, it also analyse whether Socialization
influences Facebook usage. Empirical data was collected from 1165
Malaysian university students using a questionnaire survey. It was found
that the construct Socially Accepted influences Facebook usage while
Acculturation does not have any significant relationship with usage. The
results also illustrated that there is a positive relationship between
students' Academic Performance and Facebook usage i.e. the higher the
usage the better they perceived they perform."

Source: Ainin et. al. 2015, Facebook Usage, Socialization, and Academic Performance
Introduction • Usually, your introduction includes the following elements:
(a) brief background [descriptive information] of the problem
generally coming from existing reports or data. This part of
your paper should not be opinionated. Instead, you should
review data or reports such as surveys or findings that could
qualify your topic as a valid one. Descriptive information
should present either international, national, or local context
followed by the rationale which justifies the conduct of your
study in a particular topic.

• Another paragraph should also present literature and

related studies review, including definitions of your main
ideas or terms (literature review) and existing studies
conducted in your topic of interest. After writing your
literature and study review, you must include a synthesis
that will further justify the conduct of your paper. It should
present the similarities and differences of your paper to the
review papers. After which, you have to highlight why your
paper is unique as compared to the existing ones.

• Another paragraph should also emphasize the research

questions or objectives of your paper. This will set the
direction on what your readers will expect from your paper.
Method • This section of your paper includes what type of research
design you will use in answering the questions of your
paper.
• It includes the methods of data collection and analysis.
 Result and • This section is where you present your findings and
Discussion interpretation of your collected data. You usually present
them in a table together with the interpretation and
discussion (in paragraph form).
• In this section, your conclusions and recommendations
after presenting your findings are also included.
References • This is where you cite all the references that you have used.
• Having this section means you have consulted other
research or scholarly papers to support your paper further.
• It follows a referencing format. In your case, you will have
to follow APA 6th Edition.

If you notice, the discussion in the IMRAD section was brief and abstract. In the
coming lessons, each section will be further discussed for you to be guided in the
completion of your research report.

Competency with code:

• Compose a research report on a relevant social issue (ENSS-IVe-2.3).

Activity 1: Identification. Write your answers in the space provided.

________1. In this part of your paper, you will see the data collection and analysis
technique.
________2. This part of the paper is significant because it shows all the articles or
resources you have consulted to complete your research report.
________3. This part of the paper summarizes the main objective or gist of your paper.
________4. This part of the research report serves as the summary of your paper.
________5. This part of your paper serves as the source of findings and discussion
regarding your research questions.
________6. This refers to the systematic process of collecting data that produces new
knowledge or innovation to address problems.
________7. This research report involves drawing conclusions and making
recommendations based on the first-hand collection of data.
________8. This section of your paper provides the background, justification, and
research questions of your study.
________9. This type of research report focuses on selling ideas, products, or ideas.
________10. This type of research report only focuses on describing or educating readers
with current information but does not involve drawing conclusions or making
recommendations.
Activity 2. Formulate your Working Title

If you could still remember in your lesson 1, you were asked to narrow down your
topic and formulate your general question by combining the main ideas or terms that you
have identified. It was also mentioned that general questions usually lead to the
formulation of your research title. Hence, in this activity, you have to turn that general
question into a working title and possibly formulate research (sub) questions that your
research would like to study. You may create a minimum of 2 or 3 questions for your
paper. Please use the template below.

Example:

General Question (Topic) What is the perception of junior high school

students in using Google Meet as a platform
in online learning?
Working Title Junior High Schools Students' Perception in
the Use of Google Meet as a Platform in
Online Learning
1. How may the access of students to ICT be
described in terms of:

1.1 Type of Devices Used

1.2 Type of Internet Connection

2. How may the students describe their

competence in the use of Google Meet?
Research Questions
3. How may the students describe the
competence of their teacher in the use of
Google Meet?

4. How do students perceived the use of

Google Meet as a platform for their online
learning?

Prepared:

ADRIAN P. TAMAYO
Master Teacher I
ACNHS-Senior High
Answer Key

Activity 1. Identification
1. Method
2. References
3. Title
4. Abstract
5. Result and Discussion
6. Research
7. Analytical Research Report
8. Introduction
9. Persuasive Research Report
10. Informative Research

Activity 2. Formulate your Working Title

Answer may vary

References

Ainin, Sulaiman, M. Muzamil Naqshbandi, Sedigheh Moghavvemi, and Noor Ismawati

Jaafar. 2015. "Facebook Usage, Socialization and Academic
Performance." Computers & Education 83: 64–73. https://bit.ly/3rNP4q2.

Kabir, Syed Muhammad S. 2016. "Chapter13: Writing a Research Report." Essay.

In Basic Guidelines for Research: An Introductory Approach for All Disciplines,
First, 500–518. Chittagong-4203, Bangladesh: Book Zone Publication.
https://bit.ly/3rKs63d

University of South Carolina. n.d. "Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper:
Choosing a Title." n.d. Research Guides. Accessed April 2, 2021.
https://bit.ly/3cLkeKx

University of Wisconsin – Madison. n.d. "Writing an Abstract for Your Research Paper."
The Writing Center. Accessed April 2, 2021. https://bit.ly/3fBQB0c
 ENGLISH 10
QUARTER 4: WEEK 5
Lesson 3: Writing Introduction for Research Report
Name of Learner ___________________________________________________
Section: __________________________________________ Date: ___________

Now that you already have a better grasp of social issues, and a research report
and a working title, and research questions of your own, let us begin writing your
introduction.

Writing your Introduction

Your introduction tells the reader the problem, questions you will answer, and the
rationale for answering the questions. It should also integrate some literature review. It
includes defining the variables or concepts of your research and related studies that have
been conducted in your field of interest.

Remember that once your readers look into your introduction, they should see the
following elements:

• Descriptive background of your topic (particularly the issues or problems)

• Literature Review (Content and Related Studies)
• Proposed solution or approach (if applicable)
• Rationale or justification in conducting your study

For you to have a better perspective, The Writing Center of George Mason University
(GMU) explained general moves on how to go about your introduction. There are three
moves but are always subject to your paper's discipline, journal, or purpose. The
movements are as follows:

Move Sub-Moves Sample Language1

Move 1: a) Show that the research a) Evidence suggests that X is

Establishing a area is important, among the most important
Research problematic, or relevant in factors for …
Territory some way
 Existing research recognizes
the critical role played by …
Describes the
current state of b) Introduce and review b) Data from several studies
knowledge and previous research in the field suggest that
research on the
topic. Extensive research has shown …

Move 2: One or more of these are

included:
Establishing a
Niche
a) Claim something is wrong a) Smith's analysis does not take
with the previous research into account …

Establishes b) Highlight a gap in the field b) Previous studies on X have

motivation for the not dealt with …
study. Usually, this
move is short and c) Raise a question where c) Research on the subject has
can be addressed research in field is unclear been unable to specify whether
in just one or …
several sentences.
d) Contribute something d) This study seeks to obtain
additional to the field data which will help to address
these research gaps.

Move 3: One or more of these are

included:
Occupying the
Niche
a) Outline your purposes and a) The purpose of this
state the nature of your investigation is to explore the
research relationship between…
Shows how your
research fills the b) State your hypothesis or b) We investigate the following
niche and brings research question you seek research question: …
new perspectives to answer
to the field.

c) Share your findings c) This study provides new

insights into...
 d) Elaborate on the value of d) The present research
your research explores, for the first time, the
effects of …

e) Outline the structure that e) This paper has been divided

the research paper will follow into four parts. The first part
deals with …

Adopted from: The Writing Center – George Mason University

Example:

"Electronic cigarettes (also known as vapes, vaporizers, or vape pens) were introduced
into the US market in 2007. They are generally battery-powered products that heat liquid
into an aerosol that is inhaled by the user. These devices are designed to deliver nicotine
Establishing
Research
and flavors; they also contain chemicals such as propylene glycol, glycerin, and many other
Territory constituents. Use of e-cigarettes has dramatically increased over the past 4 years, tripling
among high school students from a rate of 4.5% in 2011 to 27.4% in 2014 (CDC, 2015,
2016). Further, 27.4% of adolescents in the U.S. have ever used e-cigarettes (CDC, 2015),
with 30% of California youth reporting ever using an e-cigarette (California Department of
Public Health, 2015)…

The literature on e-cigarette attitudes thus far has predominantly focused on harm
perceptions and general acceptability of and attitudes towards e-cigarettes and cigarettes.
To our knowledge, there are few studies that have more comprehensively examined
adolescents' specific attitudes towards and knowledge about e-cigarettes, and/or whether
such attitudes differ between those who have and have not used e-cigarettes or other
tobacco...
Establishing
the niche
We thus examined a broad array of adolescents' knowledge and attitudes regarding
e-cigarette ingredients, addictive properties, safety, cessation, perceived
prevalence, accessibility, price, and regulation. We also examined whether these
attitudes differ between adolescents who have and have not used cigarettes and/or
e-cigarettes. Based on the small body of literature on e-cigarette attitudes, the larger
set of literature on adolescents' attitudes towards cigarettes, and the relationship
between such attitudes and tobacco use (e.g., Halpern-Felsher et al., 2004; Krosnick
Occupying et al., 2006; Song et al., 2009; Roditis et al., 2016), we hypothesized that: (1)
the niche
adolescents will believe that a greater number of parents, siblings, and peers are
using e-cigarettes compared to cigarettes; (2)..."

Adopted from: Gorukanti et. al. 2017. Adolescents Attitudes towards e-Cigarette Ingredients,
Safety, Addictive Properties, Social Norms, and Regulation

As you write your introduction, it will be inevitable to consult other sources.

Ethically and as a standard, it is important to document or cite them properly. Citation is
a way of saying that you acknowledge the ideas or works of authors you used to support
your claims or ideas in your paper.

To do this, there is a citation format that you must follow, which is APA 6th Edition.
In citation, we have what we call the in-text or end-of-text (Reference) citation.

The in-text citation may be in three forms: Author-focused, Idea-focused

(parenthetical citation), and Chronology-focused.

Example:

Goshgarian (2016) defined critical reading as an active process of discovery.

– Author-focused

Hypertext writing is a useful method to improve the quality of academic essays of

students (Tamayo, 2019). – Idea-focused

In 2019, Tamayo introduced the concept of hypertext writing as a method to

improve the quality of academic essays of senior high students. – Chronology-
focused

More about In-Text Citation

If you have… You do this… Sample Citation

1st: Pineda, David, and Tamayo
(2019) claimed…

Subsequent: Pineda et. al.

(2019) asserted that…

Cite all authors' last name in first 1st: Researchers (Pineda, David
One source 3 or 5 authors… citation; use et. al. for & Tamayo, 2019) revealed that…
subsequent citations.
Subsequent: Researchers
(Pineda et. al., 2019) asserted
that…

Note: for parenthetical citations

use "&" instead of "and".
Cite the first few words (usually The site seemed to indicate
the title) support for homeopathic drugs
("Medical Miracles," 2009).
No identified author
Use double quotation marks
around the title of an article,
chapter, or Web page. Italicize
 the title of a periodical, book, The brochure argues for
brochure, or report. homeschooling (Education
Reform, 2007).

Several studies (Jones &

Powell, 1993; Peterson, 1995,
Two or more sources in Separate each works with ";"
1998; Smith, 1990) suggest
parenthetical citation semi-colon
that...

The painting was assumed to be

by Matisse (Powell, 1989,
Specific parts of a source Include page or chapter number Chapter 6), but later analysis
showed it to be a forgery
(Murphy, 1999, p. 85).
Schwartz (2013) noted, "The
term 'cloud' comes from the
traditional representation of the
Internet in network diagrams" (p.
1626).

Griffith (2013) stated, "In the

simplest terms, cloud computing
Incorporate it in your text and means storing and accessing
Direct Quotation (40 Words) use quotation marks, then data and programs over the
include specific page. Internet instead of your
computer's hard drive" (para. 2).

"The term 'cloud' comes from

the traditional representation of
the Internet in network
diagrams" (Schwartz, 2013, p.
1626).
Jones's (1998) study found the
following:

Students often had

More than 40 words, make the difficulty using APA style,
Direct Quotation (More than 40 quotation free-standing indented especially when it was
their first-time citing
Words) block of text and do not use
sources. This difficulty
quotation marks. could be attributed to the
fact that many students
failed to purchase a style
manual or to ask their
teacher for help. (p. 199)

Source: Tamayo, 2018. Documenting Your Sources Using APA Style

End-of-Text Citation (Referencing)

Generally, the following elements should be present in your references:

• Author name
• Publication
• Date
• Title
• Publication information
• Issue Number for Paginated Journal
• Online/Electronic resources (DOI)

Type of Source Sample Entry

Book Calmorin, E. A., & Calmorin, A. (2007). Research methods and thesis writing.
Manila, Philippines: Rex Bookstore. Inc.

Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to Design and Evaluate
Research in Education (8th ed.). N.Y., U.S.A.: McGraw-Hill.

Chapter of a Serviss, G. P. (1911). A trip of terror. In a Columbus of space (pp. 17-32). New
Book York, NY: Appleton.

Journal Article Becker, L. J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome to the energy crisis. Journal of
Social Issues, 37(2), 1-7.

Without DOI Hamfi, A. G. (1981). The funny nature of dogs. E-journal of Applied Psychology,
2(2), 38-48. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/fdo.

With DOI Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the mind's eye. Memory &
Cognition Journal, 3, 635-647. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

Other Examples Visit this link if you have connection

https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/website/
Source: Tamayo, 2018. Documenting Your Sources Using APA Style

Competency with code:

• Compose a research report on a relevant social issue (ENSS-IVe-2.3).
Activity 1: Write your Introduction.

Since you already have a title and research questions, you may now start writing your
introduction. In writing your introduction write legibly. If you have access to a laptop or
computer, please observe the following mechanics:

• Font style - Arial

• Font Size - 12pt.
• Margin - 1 inch all sides
• Spacing - Single Space
• Paragraph Ruling - Justified

Content: Title, Introduction (incorporate your research questions in the introduction)

Activity 2. Please format your sources immediately following APA 6th Edition. Have
a separate page for your references following the mechanics provided above.

Criteria 15-20 Points 8-14 Points 1-7 Points

Sentences are well-
Sentences are well- Errors in sentence
phrased, and there is
phrased and vary in structure are frequent
Sentence some variety in length and
length and structure. enough to be a major
Structure structure. The flow from
They flow smoothly distraction to the
sentence to sentence is
from one to another. reader.
generally smooth.
Choice of words are
generally good. The writer
Choice of words are Many words are
often goes beyond the
Word Choice consistently precise misused, confusing to
generic word to find one
and accurate. the reader.
that is more precise and
effective.
There are occasional There are so many
Grammar,
errors, but they do not errors that meaning is
writing, The writing is free or
represent a significant obscured, and the
spelling, almost free of errors.
distraction or obscure content becomes
mechanics
meaning. confusing.
Compelling evidence Professionally legitimate
from sources is given sources that support
Use of to support claims. claims are generally References are
References Attribution is present; an attribution is, seldom cited.
straightforward and for the most part, clear
fairly represented. and fairly represented.
Although most of the
All required and required and relevant The required and
Content relevant elements or elements or content are relevant elements are
content are presented. presented, the writer did not presented.
not present some of them.
 Prepared:

ADRIAN P. TAMAYO
Master Teacher I
ACNHS-SHS

Answer Key

Activity 1. Writing your Introduction Activity 2. Document your Sources

Answer may vary Answer may vary
References

George Mason University. n.d. "Introduction Sections in Scientific Research Reports

(IMRaD)." The Writing Center. Accessed April 3, 2021.
https://writingcenter.gmu.edu/guides/imrad-reports-introductions.

Gorukanti, Anuradha, Kevin Delucchi, Pamela Ling, Raymond Fisher-Travis, and Bonnie
Halpern-Felsher. 2017. "Adolescents Attitudes towards e-Cigarette Ingredients,
Safety, Addictive Properties, Social Norms, and Regulation." Preventive
Medicine 94: 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.10.019.

Kabir, Syed Muhammad S. 2016. "Chapter13: Writing a Research Report." Essay.

In Basic Guidelines for Research: An Introductory Approach for All Disciplines,
First, 500–518. Chittagong-4203, Bangladesh: Book Zone Publication.
https://bit.ly/3rKs63d

Tamayo, Adrian P. 2018. Documenting Your Sources Using APA Style [PPT]. Presented
during the Seminar on Qualitative Reesarch at Sta. Teresita Elementary School.
SDO, Angeles
 ENGLISH 10
QUARTER 4: WEEK 5
Lesson 4: Writing the Methods Section of Research Report
Name of Learner ___________________________________________________
Section: __________________________________________ Date: ___________

Now that you already have a better grasp on how to write your introduction, let us
now move on to the writing your methods section.

Remember in analytical research you are to collect first-hand data from your
sources. Your sources may include people who are pertinent to the topic of your study.
In the method section, you must state the technique that will be used to collect data as
well as how you will analyze them. It should also present a step-by-step procedure on
how you will collect your data. Therefore, in writing your methods section, the following
elements should be observed.

• Data Collection Method

• Sources of your Data
• Data Analysis Method
• Data Gathering Procedure

I. Data Collection Method

If you are familiar with the forms or questionnaires (Enrollment form, biodata, tests
etc.) that you are filling out or interviews that you might have participated, those were just
some of the techniques in collecting data. Data that you may collect may be in the form
of quantitative (numerical) or qualitative (words – characteristics, attributes, etc.).

Example:

Qualitative Quantitative
Gender Test scores (IQ, Aptitude Test)
Grade Level Temperature
Educational Attainment Allowance
Open-ended responses to questions Salary

The mentioned examples of data are just some of the many data you may
encounter when you conduct a full-blown research in your higher learning level in the
future. Just remember, the type of data that you have will always depend on how you
approach them in your study. For example, gender may be considered qualitative but may
also be used in quantitative studies depending on how you analyze them.
In collecting these data, you must look for the appropriate method to use in collecting
them. Some of the data collection methods include the use of surveys, questionnaires,
direct interviews, and the like. There are existing instruments made by other researchers
which you may adopt, or you may also design your own research instrument. Just
remember that if you adopt or adapt a questionnaire from other research, it is crucial that
you ask permission either through email or a letter.

Since you are a beginner researcher, I recommend you focus first on using survey
questionnaires because quantitative analysis is more manageable than qualitative.
However, you should follow or ask your teacher's instructions. This will always depend on
their capacity to provide you an instructional support as you go through your analysis.

Example of Survey Questionnaire:

 Source: Balbalosa, J. (2002). Factors Affecting Mathematics Performance of Laboratory
High School Students at Laguna State Polytechnic University

II. Sources of your Data

This section shows who or what will be the source of your data. In social research,
we usually deal with people who are referred to as either respondents or participants. You
must determine how many and what criteria you will set to qualify in participating as a
respondent. This task is complex but for you to have a baseline. I recommend limiting
your respondents to 30 people (if you use surveys) or ten people (if you use interviews).
Again, this will always depend on the instruction of your teachers. So always consult them.

Example:
"The respondents of this study will be the 30 junior high school students from
Angeles City National High School. The 30 students will be randomly selected by
ensuring that each grade levels have a representative."
III. Data Analysis

As you remember, there are two types of data (qualitative and quantitative).
Depending on the data you collected, you will use a specific data analysis method –
Statistics (quantitative), Thematic Analysis (Qualitative).

Statistics include the use of descriptive statistics such as mean (the average), mode (the
frequency counts), and the median (which is locating the middle score).

There are also other statistics such as the t-test, z-test, Pearson's r, Chi-square and the
like, which you may not be needed in your research since you are just beginning.

If you have taken your statistics in junior high, you may consult your math teachers to
help you in analyzing your data. Like what I advised you, it is better to consult your teacher
in doing your research report.

Example:
"This research report will employ mean, frequency distribution, and percentage in
the analysis of data collected. "

IV. Data Gathering Procedure

This section presents the narrative format of your procedure in the collection and
analysis of data. It will basically cover everything from asking permission, the orientation
of respondents, data analysis, and so forth.

Example:
"In the implementation of this study, a letter of request seeking permission in the
conduct of the survey will be sent to the principal's office. As soon as the person-
in-charge allows the researchers to proceed, the respondents will be oriented and
requested to sign a consent and assent stating that any data collected from them
will be treated with utmost confidentiality and privacy. In like manner, the
researchers will orient them on the objectives and content of the study to ensure
that the respondents understand everything they need to know. After which, the
collection of data shall begin.

After the data collection, data analysis shall begin by consulting the statistician and
your teacher to ensure that the interpretation will be valid. After the analysis, the
writing of the result and discussion shall take place to report the findings of the
study."

Note: Remember that the method section is written for replication purposes. It is essential you
clearly write your method so that other researchers will be able to follow the step-by-step procedure
on the conduct of your study.
Competency with code:
• Compose a research report on a relevant social issue (ENSS-IVe-2.3).

Activity 1. Writing your Method Section

Now that you already have your title and introduction. Let us now continue writing
your method section. Remember that in writing your method, you must fill in the part with
the following elements:
Data Collection Method
Respondents
Data Collection Analysis
Data Gathering
Procedure

Note: As soon as you are done with your method section and have received approval to collect data, you
should start collecting them for you to write your result and discussion. Consult your teachers in this matter.

Rubric

Criteria 15-20 Points 8-14 Points 1-7 Points

Sentences are well-
Sentences are well- Errors in sentence
phrased, and there is
phrased and vary in structure are frequent
Sentence some variety in length and
length and structure. enough to be a major
Structure structure. The flow from
They flow smoothly distraction to the
sentence to sentence is
from one to another. reader.
generally smooth.
Choice of words are
generally good. The writer
Choice of words are Many words are
often goes beyond the
Word Choice consistently precise misused, confusing to
generic word to find one
and accurate. the reader.
that is more precise and
effective.
There are occasional There are so many
Grammar,
errors, but they do not errors that meaning is
writing, The writing is free or
represent a significant obscured, and the
spelling, almost free of errors.
distraction or obscure content becomes
mechanics
meaning. confusing.
Compelling evidence Professionally legitimate
from sources is given sources that support
Use of to support claims. claims are generally References are
References Attribution is present; an attribution is, seldom cited.
straightforward and for the most part, clear
fairly represented. and fairly represented.
Although most of the
All required and required and relevant The required and
Content relevant elements or elements or content are relevant elements are
content are presented. presented, the writer did not presented.
not present some of them.
 Prepared:

ADRIAN P. TAMAYO
Master Teacher I
ACNHS-SHS
Reference:

Kabir, Syed Muhammad S. 2016. "Chapter13: Writing a Research Report." Essay.

In Basic Guidelines for Research: An Introductory Approach for All Disciplines,
First, 500–518. Chittagong-4203, Bangladesh: Book Zone Publication.
https://bit.ly/3rKs63d

Balbalosa, Jennifer. 2002. "Factors Affecting Mathematics Performance of Laboratory

High School Students at Laguna State Polytechnic University." PhD diss., Master's
Thesis, Laguna Polytechnic University
 ENGLISH 10
QUARTER 4: WEEK 5
Lesson 4: Writing the Result and Discussion
Name of Learner ___________________________________________________
Section: __________________________________________ Date: ___________

After collecting and analyzing your data, you may now present your findings in your
paper through the Result and Discussion part. Remember in that part, you should
present the findings in accordance with the sequence of the research questions or
statement of the problem.

The result and discussion should be supported by related studies that will further
substantiate and strengthen the interpretation of your findings.

Example:

Let us say your research question is:

"What is the quality of academic essays of the students in terms of content after using
hypertext writing?"

You should present your answer or findings to the question this way:

"Content refers to the relevance of the message of the essay to the subject matter
presented in the writing task. The students were expected to be knowledgeable,
substantive, and thorough in the development of thesis during the writing of their academic
essays.
Introductory
paragraph Table 4
Content of the Essays

Descriptor Score f %
Summary Excellent 27.00 - 30.00 5 9.62
Table of the
Analyzed Average 22.00 - 26.99 28 53.85
Data Fair 17.00 - 21.99 19 36.54
Total 52 100
Mean 22.69 (Average)
Verbalization
of the Table
by Table 4 shows the score of the students in terms of the content. As a group, the
presenting students had a mean score of 22.69 which means they are considered Average in terms
the result. of content. Twenty-eight (28) or 53.85% of them scored ranging from 22.00 to 26.99
(Average) while five (5) or 9.62% only scored ranging from 27.00 to 30.00 (Excellent).
Nineteen (19) or 36.54% of the students scored ranging from 17.00 to 21.99 (Fair).
 The result revealed that the majority of the students have an Average score in
terms of content. This may be attributed to the method of accomplishing their essay which
was hypertext writing. During the hypertext writing, the students were connected to the
internet which gave them access to different materials such as news articles, video
materials, books, magazines, and other scholarly articles. This allowed the students to
support and increase the content of their essay (Graham, 2008). Hamel (2015) claimed
that word processing programs had a positive influence on writing assignments. Word
processing or simply hypertext writing is thought to have a positive influence in improving
the text quality or content of the essays of the students. Moreover, it allowed more insight
Interpretation into the writing process itself. Hence, the method of hypertext writing might have
(Discussion) contributed to the content of the essays of the students to obtain the average level."
of the result
supported by
Source: Tamayo (2019) Hypertext Writing Skills and Quality of Academic of Essays of
related
Selected Senior High School Students
studies.

After presenting your findings by answering all your research questions or

statement of the problem, you should be able to draw conclusions and recommendations,
which is the outcome of your paper. You should be able to draw conclusions and
recommendations for every research question.

Remember that conclusion and recommendation should only be based on your

results. Do not exaggerate.

Example:

Conclusion and Recommendation

1. From the presented findings, the researcher concluded that the students' overall quality
of academic essays in terms of content is average because of hypertext writing.
Therefore, writing teachers should consider employing hypertext writing as a pedagogy
because it helps in enriching the content of their essays by making them connected to
various sources online.

Adapted from: Tamayo (2019) Hypertext Writing Skills and Quality of Academic of Essays
of Selected Senior High School Students

Competency with code:

• Compose a research report on a relevant social issue (ENSS-IVe-2.3).
Activity 1. Writing your Result and Discussion

You may now begin writing your result and discussion part if you are done
collecting and analyzing your data. Make sure you follow the template below to
ensure that your result and discussion is in accordance with your research
questions.

Research Question Result and Discussion

In your result and discussion part, you should also ensure that the
following elements appear:

• Introductory Paragraph
• Summary Table (from the analysis of your data)
• Result (Present your findings by verbalizing your table)
• Discussion (Interpret your findings with the support of related studies)

Activity 2. Bring all the Research Parts together

Now that you have completed the parts of your research report, you may
now bring them together as one output. Please observe the following mechanics
(if you have access to a laptop or computer), write legibly if otherwise:

• Font style - Arial

• Font Size - 12pt.
• Paper Size - 8.5 x 11 (Letter Size/Short)
• Margin - 1 inch all sides
• Spacing - Single Space
• Paragraph Ruling - Justified

The content of your research report should include the following:

Title
Abstract
Introduction (Please include your research questions here)
Method
Result and Discussion (Please include your conclusions and recommendations)
References
Appendices (research instrument, letters, raw data/statistical computation if any)
Rubric

Criteria 15-20 Points 8-14 Points 1-7 Points

Sentences are well-
Sentences are well- Errors in sentence
phrased, and there is
phrased and vary in structure are frequent
Sentence some variety in length and
length and structure. enough to be a major
Structure structure. The flow from
They flow smoothly distraction to the
sentence to sentence is
from one to another. reader.
generally smooth.
Choice of words are
generally good. The writer
Choice of words are Many words are
often goes beyond the
Word Choice consistently precise misused, confusing to
generic word to find one
and accurate. the reader.
that is more precise and
effective.
There are occasional There are so many
Grammar,
errors, but they do not errors that meaning is
writing, The writing is free or
represent a significant obscured, and the
spelling, almost free of errors.
distraction or obscure content becomes
mechanics
meaning. confusing.
Compelling evidence Professionally legitimate
from sources is given sources that support
Use of to support claims. claims are generally References are
References Attribution is present; an attribution is, seldom cited.
straightforward and for the most part, clear
fairly represented. and fairly represented.
Although most of the
All required and required and relevant The required and
Content relevant elements or elements or content are relevant elements are
content are presented. presented, the writer did not presented.
not present some of them.

Prepared:

ADRIAN P. TAMAYO
Master Teacher I
ACNHS-SHS

References:

Tamayo, Adrian P. 2019. "Hypertext Writing Skills and the Quality of Academic Essays of
Selected Senior High Schools Students [Thesis]. Tarlac State University, Tarlac
City