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DE CHINH THUC THI HSG QUOC GIA NAM 2021 ,
.s6 PHACH Thai gian: 180 phut (kh6ng ki thoi gian giao de)
Ngay thi: 21/09/2020
E>e thi c6 16 trang ··
Thi sinh khong QU(YC SU d,;ng tai liiu, Id ca tit aiin.
Gitim tht khong giai thich gi them:

Luu y: Thi sinh lam bai tren ai thi

I. LISTENING (50/ 200 POINTS)
HUONG DAN PHAN THI NGHE IDEU
• Bai nghe g6m 4 ph&n; m6i ph&n GU(YC nghe 2 !&n, mJi Mn each nhau 05 giay; ma a&u va kit thuc
m6i ph&n nghe co tin hiiu.
• Ma a&u va kit thuc bai nghe co tin hiiu nhc;zc. Thi sinh co 02 phut ai hoan chinh bai truac tin hiiu
nhc;zc kit thuc bai nghe.
• M9i huong dtin cho thi sinh (bdng tiing Anh) dii co trong bai nghe.
Part 1: For questions 1-5, listen to a radio interview in which a choreographer, Alice Reynold,
discusses a dance programme, and choose the answer A, B, C or D which fits best according to what
you hear. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
1. H?w is the programme designed to help youngsters?
A. by getting them to talk about their feelings
B. by encouraging them to loosen up
C. by enabling them to convey their thoughts
D. by giving them a way to entertain themselves
2. When talking about the nature of communication, Alice reveals that_ _ __
A. teenagers are quick to react to a number of emotions.
B. people who learn how to show how they feel can articulate better.
C. shy youngsters find the programme more useful than others.
D. young p~ople have a lot of pent up negative emotions.
3 . What aspect of the programme encourages teenagers to face their troubles?
A. the social side of dance
B. the freedom of the movement
C. the obligation to interact
D. the release of feelings
4. Alice contrasts professional and amateur dancers in order to_ _ __
A. highlight the usefulness of the programme.
B. emphasise the use of emotions in dance.
C. illustrate the difference between teaching style.
D. explain the ability to recognize feelings
5. What points does Alice make about the study into a person's pe~onality?
A. It found that certain types of people dance better than others.
B. Personality has a bearing on people's willingness to participate.
C. Who people are can be recognized through their movements.
D. It revealed that most people try to hide their true nature.
Your answers:

1 1. 12. I 3.
1
4.
1
5. \
Part 2. For questions 6-12, listen and complete the sentences with A WORD OR A SHORT PHRASE
in each blank. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
What happens in the Amazon has a (6) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _on the planet as a whole.

Page I of 16
 In the 10 years up to 2009, over a thousand (7) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of plants and animals were
discovered.
The plants and animals are in danger because the Amazon's (8) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ are at risk.
The region is using its vital resources to place itself in the (9) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
The (1 0) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ o( allowing even a small percentage of the carbon to escape would
be disastrous
Rapid development, thanks to plans put forward by the government, has resulted m ( 11)

Activities to obtain minerals and other natural resources are also (12) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Your answers:

/ 6. I
Part 3. For questions 13-17, listen to the news about a new type of a currency that will be available
wordwide and answer the questions. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes
provided.
13. What kind of digital money is being created?
··························,····························································································:···
14. What problems do underclass people face up to when doing ,transaction? ,
··························································································································
15. What Facebook currency is .mentioned?
..............................................
' ·" ..........................................................................
16. According to the report, how is bitcoin different form the Facebook currency?
··························································································································
I '

17. What Facebook ·apps can be used in the transaction of this new currency?
··························································································································
Part 4. For questions 18-25, listen io the news about the racial discrimination targeting to Asian-
American students in Ivy League schools and complete the sentences. WRITE NO MORE THAN
THREE WORDS taken from the recording in each blank.
Asian-American communities are going to continue our fight until you totally stop your (18)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ against our children.
The group is now asking the government to investigate (19) - - - - - ~ - - - - at Brown, Yale
and Dartmouth, pointing to a study that concluded Asian-Americans need to score higher than white,
black and Hispanic students on the SAT to get into these colleges.
The nwnber of Asian-American students at these elite colleges still far (20) - - - - - - - - - - ' - - - m
the general population.
Aaron Lewis is a guidance counselor at Newton South High School, and he's checking in with some of
his seniors at a (21) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Lewis says while some families are lol')king for any edge in the college (22) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
he never tells his Asian-American students that they might benefit from not checking the box indicating
their (23) _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Isabella is Chinese Asian-American and says she thinks some Asian-American groups get too · (24)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ on the idea of discrimination at big-name schools.
I'm pretty sure it does happen, but I think they're going a little too (25) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with it.
Your answers:
18. 19.
20. 21.
22. 23.
II. LEXICO-GRAMMAR (25/ 200 POINTS) .
Part 1. For questions 26-40, choose the correct answer A, B, C, or D to each of the followmg
questions. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
26. To become a psychologist would have meant _ _ _ _ for another four years.
A. to study B. study C. studying D. to studying
27. It's not unusual for yoga students _____ uncomfortable the first time they meditate.
A. feeling B. to feel C. having felt D. to have felt
28. She was very fortunate to _ _ _ _an excellent private tutor to help her with her study.
A. think through B. seek out C. pick up D. light u~n .
29. I went to see the boss about a pay rise and he _ _ _ _ with a weak excuse about a business dmner
and left me standing there.
A. brushed me aside B. brushed me up C. brushed me off D. brushed me down
30. Ifhe has a great job but is always broke, it _ _ _ _ the question of where the money is going?
A. pleases B. expects C. begs D. demands
31 . You can't take the children out sailing in this weather! Have you completely taken leave of your
- - - -?
A. mind B. brains C. senses D. logic
32. Current opinion has _ _ _ _ in support of many self-help therapies.
A. reached B. swung C. wavered D. motioned
33. Sue was asked to keep a diary of her day to see if there was acn) _ _ _ _ in her behavior
A. pattern B. outline C. programme D. path
34. As a last _ _ _ _.I turn to the meditation to help reduce my stress.
A. surrogate B. recource C. resort -D. stopgap
35. After the treatment, extra care is required as the patient is highly_ _ _ _to infection.
A. skeptical B. subjectable C. susceptible D. suggestible
.
36. She has written more than three self- help books and continue to _ _ _ _ books to this day.
A. stir up B. work up C. move out D. churn out
37. Pet- assisted therapy is primary _ _ _ _ with assisting in recovery through interaction with a
trained animal.
A. concerned B. understood C. involved D. regarded
38. Our students are unprepared for the workforce, and we are ____ a harvest of lowered standards.
A. earning B. growing C. reaping D. gathering
39. There's nothing to _ _ _ _as it's a general knowledge quiz.
A. come round to B. face up to C. swot up on D. come up with
40. Young children often ask many questions because they are naturally _ _ __
A. intriguing B. inquisitive C. ingenious D. captivating
Your answers:

Part 2. For questions 41-50, write the correct form of each bracketed word in the corresponding
numbered boxes provided. ·-
41. They're making efforts to streamline their normally _ _ _ _ (CUMBER) bureaucracy.
42. They have become___ (RECONCILE), with both sides refusing to compromise any further.
43.He's _ _ _ _ (CENTRE), manipulative, insensitive; classic signs of a personality problem.
44 .. Sometimes a sympathetic friend can be a constant source of discouragement, all
(KNOW) ---

Page 3 of 16
45.Some say he was reborn as a(n) _ _ _ _(DEAD) god, others that he was simply a disembodied
spirit.
46. By 1980 the Republican Party platform had become antiabortion; and a president who pledged to
(LAW) abortion altogether had been elected.
-47___T_h_e_c-ountry's great influence in the world is _ _ _ _ (PROPORTION) to its relatively small
size.
48. In the US, a school _ _ _ _ (INTEND) is in charge of the schools in a particular area.
49. She appeared on television to make a(n) _ _ _ _ (PASSION) plea for help.
50. _ _ _ _ (BRAI.N) on creative tasks has been a major activity in the advertising business where it
began in the 1930s.
Your answers· .
41. 46.
42. 47.
43. " 48.
44. ,I
49.
45. 50.

III. READING (65/ 200 POINTS)

Part 1. For questions 51-60,filli'e~ch qJthefollowing n,umbered blanks with ONE suitable word. Write
your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
, I

NO LOGO
In the luxury goods mar~et, the prominent logos once associated with lavish lifestyles may soon .be a
thing .of th'e (51)' _ _ _ . Amongst all s,orts of brands, there is a growing consensus (52) _ __
anonymity is the key to (53) _ _ _ recognized.In other words, we recognize the brand (54) _ __
its quality and style even if the logo is (55) _ _ _ to be seen. (56) _ _ _ the example of one well-
established luxury brand, known for the timeless elegance of its handbags rather than for bringing (57)
_ _ _ a new style every season. During the last ec;onomic recession, despite the fact that the only logo
is discreetly stamped inside, it seemed to thrive. The explanation for this might of course (58) _ _ _ m
the fact that, facing tighter budgets, customers wanted a bag that would (59) _ _ _ the test of time. But
it could also be that in a world devoid of log~s, it is the product itself (60) _ _ _ accentuates
personality. What's more, the bags still tapped into a desire for admiration, albeit from informed insiders.
Your answers:

I56.
51. 153.
58.
154.
59.
155.
60.

Part 2. For questions 61-70, read the following passage and decide which answer (A, B, C or DJ best
fits each gap. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes.
Disruptive technologies are now dictating our future, as new innovations increasingly (61)
_ _ _ the lines between physical, digital and biological realms. Robots are already in our operating
rooms and fast-food restaurants; we can now use 3D imaging and stem-cell (62) _ _ _ to grow human
bones from a patient's owri cells; and 3D printing is creating a circular economy in which we can use and
then reuse raw materials.
This (63) _ _ _ of technological innovation will continue to (64) _ _ _ change how we live
and work, and how our societies operate. In what is now called the Fourth Industrial Revolution
technologies that are coming of age - including robotics, nanotechnology, virtual reality, 3D printing, the'
Internet of Things, artificial intelligence and advanced biology - will (65) _ _ _ . And as these
technologies continue to be developed and widely adopted, they will bring about (66) _ _ _ shifts in
all disciplines, industries and economies, and in the way that we produce, distribute, consume and dispose
of goods and services. .
· These developments have provoked anxious questions about what role humans will play ~n a
technology-driven world. A 2013 University of Oxford study estimates that (67) _ _ _ half of all J~bs t
in the United States could be lost to automation over the next two decades. On the other hand, economtS S
th th
such as Boston University's James Bessen argue that automation often goes (68) _ _ _ wi e
creation of new jobs. So which is it - new jobs or massive structural unemployment? . . .
At this point, we can be certain that the Fourth Industrial Revolution will have a d1srupt1ve impact
on employment, but no one can yet predict the scale of change. So, before we (69) _ _ _ all the bad
news, we should look at history, which suggests that technological change more often affects the nature
of work, (70) _ _ _ the opportunity to participate in work itself.
(Adapted from "Look to history to prepare for an automated future" by Johan Aurik, the Straits times)
61. A. gloss B. blur C. tamper D. distort
62. A. creation of B. addition to C. introduction to D. extraction to
63. A. bore B. thunder C. tsunami D. quake
64. A. similarly B. thoroughly C. appositely D. profoundly
65. A. converge B. suppose C. disperse D. conclude
66. A. high B. radical C. extreme D. severe
67. A. close to B. proximity to C. near D. verge on
68. A. all in all B. side by side C. hand in hand D. little by little
69. A. perpetual B. swallow C. expel D. regurgitate
70. A. besides B. except C. due to D. rather than
Your answers:
6L 162. 1~63. 164. 165
66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
- -- --L--------'---------''--------'-------_J
Part 3. In the passage below, seven paragraphs have been removed. For questions 71-77, read the
passage and choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap. There is ONE extra
paragraph which you do not need to use. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes
provided.
WELCOME TO ECO-CITY
The world has quietly undergone a major shift in balance. According to UN estimates, 2008 marked the
first year in history when more than half of the world's population lived in cities. There are now around
3.4bn human beings stuffed into every available comer of urban space, and more are set to follow. At a
time when humanity has woken up to its responsibility to the environment, the continuing urban swell
presents an immense challenge. In response, cities all over the world are setting themselves high targets to
reduce carbon emissions and produce clean energy. But if they don't succeed, there is another option:
building new eco-cities entirely from scratch.

I 11. I
Rather than just design a city in the same way we'd done it before, we can focus on how to minimise the
use of resources to show that there is a different way of doing it', says Roger Wood, associate director at
Arup. Wood is one of hundreds of people at Arup, the engineering and architecture giant, hired by
Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation to set out a master plan for the Dongtan eco-city.

[ 72. I . .
When the first demonstrator phase 1s complete, Dongtan will be a modest community of 5000. By 2020,
I
that will balloon to 80,000 and in 2050, the 30km2 site will be home to 500,000. Arup says that every one

Page 5 of 16
 of those people will be no more than seven minutes' walk. from public transport. Only electric vehicles
will be allowed in the city and residents will be discouraged from using even those because each village is
planned so that the need for motorised transport is minimal.
73.
That's a big cornerstone of Arup's design for Dongtan. The aim is that the city will require 66 percent less
energy than a conventional development, with wind turbines and solar panels complementing so~e 40
percent that comes from biological sources. These include human sewage and municipal waste, both of
which will be controlled for energy recovery and composting. Meanwhile, a combined heat and power
plant will bum waste rice husks.
174. I
Work on Dongtan had been scheduled to begin in late 2008 with the first demonstration phase completed
by 2010. Unfortunately, problems resulting from the complicated planning procedures in China have led
to setbacks. Dongtan's rival project in Abu Dhabi has suffered no such hold-ups. Engineers broke ground
on the Masdar eco-city in March 2008. Although it will take a different approach in terms of design, like
Dongtan, the city is planned to be a zero-carbon, uber-efficient showcase for sustainable living.
11s. I
In the blistering desert of the Gulf state, where it's almost too hot to venture outdoors for three or four
months of the year1 the big question for Masdar is how to keep cool without turning on the air-
conditioning. In this equation~ insulation and ventilation suddenly become more important than the
performance of solar panels. To maxi~ise shade, I the city's streets are packed closely together, with
limits of four or five storeys set on the height pf most buildings.

I16· I I
The other major design feature for Masdar is that the whole city is raised on a deck. The pedestrian level
will be fi;ee of vehicles and much of the noisy maintenance that you see in modem cities. Cars are banned
from Masdar entirely, while an underground network of 'podcars' forries people around the city.
111. I
Given that this concern is legitimate, developers of both cities would do well to incorporate both a range
of housing and jobs to make them inclusive to everyone. This will be difficult, obviously, but then just
about everything is difficult when you're completely reinventing the way we build and live in a
metropolis. And supposing these sustainable and super-efficient cities are successful, coulci they even
usher in a new world order?
The missing paragraphs:

A. The city will be built on a comer of Chongming Island in the mouth of the Yangtze River. It will be
made up of three interlinked, mixed-use villages, built one after the other. Each will combine homes,
businesses and recreation, and a bridg6 and tunnel link will connect the population with Shanghai on the
mainland.

B. The skin of each building will be crucial. Thick concrete would only soak up heat and release it
slowly, so instead engineers will use thin walls that react quickly to the sun. A thin metal layer on the
outside will help to reflect heat and stop it from penetrating the building. Density is also critical for
Masdar. The city is arranged in a definite square with a walled border. Beyond this perimeter, fields of
solar panels, a wind farm and a desalination plant will provide clean energy and water, and act as a barrier
to prevent further sprawl.

C. 'If you plan your development so people can live, work and shop very locally, you can quite
significantly reduce the amount of energy that's being used', Wood says. 'Then, not only have you made
the situation easier because you've reduced the energy demand, but it also means that producing it from
renewable sources becomes easier because you don't have to produce quite as much'.

Paee 6 of I 6
D. Arup's integrated, holistic approach to city planning goes furth ·11 L ft h fr th
1 ·n b h er s11 . e over ea1 om e power
P ant e c annelled to homes and businesses. Buildings can be made of thinner materials because the
electnc cars 0 ~ the_ road will be quiet, so there's less noise to drown out. Dongtan will initially see an 83
per cent reduct10n m waste sent to landfill compared to other cities, with the aim to reduce that to nothing
over.time. And more than 60 per cent of the whole site will be parks and farmland, where food is grown
to feed the population.

E. Developers at Masdar and Dongtan are adamant that each city will be somewhere that people want to
live. Critics do not question this but they do, nevertheless, wonder if these cities will be realistic places
for people on a low income. They say that it would be easy for places like these to become a St Tropez or
a Hamptons, where only rich people live.
F. Funded by a 12bn (euro) investment from the government in Abu Dhabi, it has not passed the attention
of many observers that Masdar is being built by one of the world's largest and most profitable producers
of oil. Eveu so, under the guidance of architects as Foster and Partners, the city is just as ambitious as its
Chinese counterpart and also hinges on being able to run on low power.
G. Since cars and other petrol-based vehicles are banned from the city, occupants will share a network of
'podcars' to get around. The 'personal rapid transit system' will comprise 2500 driverless, electric vehicles
that make 150,000 trips a day by following sensors along a track beneath the pedestrian deck. Up to six
passengers will ride in each pod: they just hop in at one of 83 stations around the city and tap in their
destination.

H. ~credibly, this is already happening. Two rival developments, one in China and one in the United
Arab Emirates, are progressing in tandem. Work on Masdar, 17km from Abu Dhabi, began in 2008, while
Dongtan, near Shanghai, will eventually be home to half a million people. The aim for both is to build
sustainable, zero-carbon communities that showcase green technology and demonstrate what smart urban
planning can achieve in the 21st century.
Your answers:
111. 173.
Part 4. For questions 78-91, read the following passage and do the tasks that follow.
.,BOW·DOESbJE
- - - , ,:;~ ., ·' -
BIOLOGICAL
.
€1:iClCK
'',: ~0:Jf ·
TICK?
A.. Our life <span is restricted. Everyone ~ccepts this as 'biologi~~!Y! pbyious. 'Nothing lives forever!'
However, in this .statement, we 'think o( artificially produced, t~chnic~l products which are
subjected to natural wear and tear during use. This leads to the result that at some time or other the object
stops working andis unusable {'death' in .the biological sense). But are the wear and tear and loss of
function .o f technical objects and the death of living organisms really similar or comparable?
,•

B. Our 'dead·' products are 'static', .closecl systems. It is always the basic material which constitutes the
object and which, in the natural course of things, is worn down and becomes 'older'. Ageing in this case,
must occur according to the laws of physical chemistry and of thermodynamics. Although the same law
holds for a living organism, the resultofthis law is not inexorable in the same way. At least as long as a
·biological system has the ability to renew itself it could actu~ly become older without ageing; an
organism is an open, dynamic system through which new material continuously flows. Destruction of old
material and formation of new material are thus in permanent dynamic equilibrium. The material of
which the organism is formed changes continuously. Thus our bodies continuously exchange old
,substance for new, just like a spring which more ·or less maintains its form and movement, but in which
1
1:he water molecules are always different.
C. Thus ageing and death should not be seen as inevitable~ particularly as the organism possesses many
mechanisms for repair; It is not, in principle, necessary for a biological system to age and die.
Page 7 of 16
Nevertheless, a restricted life span, ageing, and then death are basic characteristics of life. The reason for
this is easy to recognise: in nature, the existent organisms either adapt or are regularly replaced by new
types. Because of changes in the genetic material (mutations), these have new characteristics _and in the
course of their individual lives, they are tested for optimal or better adaptation to the environmental
conditions. Immortality would disturb this system - it needs room for new and better life. This is the
basic problem of evolution.
D. Every organism has a life span which is highly characteristic. There are striking differences in life span
between different species, but within one species the parameter is relatively constant. For example, the
average duration of human life has hardly changed in thousands of years. _Although more and more people
attain an advanced age as a result of developments iµ medical care and better nutrition, the characteristic
upper limit for most .remains 80 years. A further arguµient against the simple wear and tear theory is the
observation that the time within which organisms. age lies between a few days (even a few hours for
unicellular organisms) and several thousand years, as ~th mammoth trees.
E. If a life span is a genetically d~termined .biological characteristic, it is logicaUy necessary to propose
the existence of an internal clock, which in :some waY,: me.asures fflid controls the ageing process and
which finally determines death as ·the last step in a 'fixed progrritrtme ..Like the life 'span, the metabolic rate
has for different organisms a fi~ed mathematical:relationship to 'the body mass. In comparison to the life
span this relationship is 'inverted': thelarger the 'o~garusw-, \he 10;werits metabolic rate. Again this
relationship is valid not only for birdsz. but \ils~; aSimi:iarly 6Ii_avera:ge within,lfie systematic unit, for all
other organisms (plants, animals, wticellular organisms).
' : .I• ... · ; . , ...
..,
.. .·,,. . ..

F. Animals which;,behaye ffyu~ally~·•.wi,th.eP:ergy qecome l)prticularly old, for example, crocodiles and
tortoises. Parrots c:inq ,birdsofprey are oft~11h~ld chainecl:up. Thus they are not able to 'experience· life'
and so they attain•a 'blgh ,life.p~ hi.captivity: Aniiri,als which sav~ energy by hibernation orlethargy (e.g.
bats or hedg~hogs) live :rriiich longer than those which ar~ always active; The meta:bolic ,rate of mice can
he,reduc,ed py a very low co~µrn.ption .of food .(hunger diet). They .then may live twice as· long as their
well fed ~dmrade~. Women b,ecotne distinctly (about JO per cent) older than men. ~If you examine the
metabolic rates oft~e two sexes you establish that the higher male metabolicrate roughly accounts for the
lower male life span. That rhearis that they live life 'energetically' - Il)O!e intensively, but not for as
long.
G. It follows from the above that spari~g u~e\of energy reserves sho,uld tend to extend life. Extreme high
performance sports may .1e1;1d Jo oppffiaL ~ardiovascpiar '. p~rformance,. but tpey quite certainly do not
prolong life. Relaxation lowers ,µ:ie4tbolic rate, as ~oes adequate sleep .~ d in general an equable and
balanced personality. Each of 1J~ can 9evelop his or her own 'energy saving programme' with a little self-
observation, critical·self-control and, ~boye' all, logical consistency.. Experience will show that to live in
this way not only'increases tpe lifespanbµt is•also very healthy. T,his final aspect ·should not be forgotten.
' · ''' ' ' ,:: :. :· . '

Questions 78-83. Tliere are sevenparagrtlJi,hs markedA.;i,G·in {*e passage and JO headings. Choose the
correct heading for paragraphs'B:Gfrom thi list of headings below. Write your answers in the
corresponding numbered boxes provided.
List of Headings
i. the biological clock Example answer
ii. Why dying is beneficial Paragraph A _ v _
iii. The ageing·process ,of men and women 78. Paragraph B _ __
iv. Prolonging your life 79. Paragraph C _ _
. -
v. Limitations oflife span 80. Paragraph D _ __
vi. Modes of development ofdifferent species 81. Paragraph E _ __
vii. A stable lifespan despite improvements 82. Paragraph F _ __
viii. Energy consumption 83. Paragraph G
Page 8 of 16
ix. Fundamental differences in ageing of objects and organisms
x. Repair of genetic material
th
Questions 84-87. Complete the notes below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from e
passage for each answer. Write your answers in numbered boxes from 84 to 87.
- Objects age in accordance with principles of (84) _ _ _ _ _ and of (85) _ _ _ _ __
- Through mutations, organisms can (86) _ _ _ _ _ _ better to the enviro~ent.
_ (87),_ _ _ _ _ _ _ would pose a serious problem for the t~eory of evolut10n.
Your answers:
I 85. I 86. I 87. ]
I84.
Questions 88-91. Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage
above? In numbered boxes from 88 to 91 write:
YES ifthe statement agrees with the claims ofthe writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
88. The.wear and tear theory applies to both artificial objects and bidlogical systems.
89. In ~rinciple, it is possible for a biological system to become older without ageing.
90. Within seven years, about 90 per cent of a human body is replaced as new.
91. Cons.ervin:g energy may help to extertda 4u,man's Ffe·
Your answers:
188. · I 89. 190.
' . ~:.,
. ! '> 't-' ' . '

Part 5: You are going to read about the experiences and opinio~s ofjive educators on online courses
and learning. For questions 92-101, choose from the sections (A-E). The sections may be chosen more
than once.
Online studies
A. Educators have known for 30 years that students perform better when given one-on-one tutoring and
mastery learning - working on a subject until it is mastered, not just until a test is scheduled. Success also
requires m~tivation, whether from an inner drive or from parents, mentors or peers. For years my
colleagues and I have given artificial-intelligence courses: we lectured, assigned homework and gave
everyone the same exam at the same time. Each semester just 5 to 10 per cent of students regularly
engaged in deep discussion; the rest were more passive. We felt there had to be a better way, so we
created a free online course, which was completed by only 23,000 participants of an initial 'intake' of
100,000. Our second scheme was more successful as we made learning happen actively. This helped us
increase motivation and keep attention from wavering, both of Jhich led to a much lower dropout rate.
For our class, teachers analysed the data generated by student participation, but an artificial-intelligence
syst~m could perform this function and then make recommendations for what a student could try next to
improve.
B. Today students in most classrooms sit, listen and take notes while a professor lectures. Despite there
being 20 to 300 students in the room, there is little or no human interaction. Exams often offer the first
opportunity to get real information on how well the students digested the knowledge. If the exam
identifies a lack of understanding of a basic concept, the class still moves on to a more advanced concept.
Virtual tools are providing an opportunity to rethink this methodology. If a lecture is available online,
class time can be freed for discussion, peer-tutoring or professor-led exploration. If a lecture is removed
from class time and we have on-demand adaptive exercises and diagnostics, we can enter the realm of
'blended learning'. In the blended learning reality, the professor's role is moved up the value chain. Rather
than spending the bulk of their time lecturing, writing exams and grading them, they can interact with

Page 9 of 16
 their students. Rather than enforcing a sit-and-listen passivity, teachers will mentor and challenge their
students to take control of their rate of learning - the most valuable skill of all.
C. Digital technologies have the potential to transfonn Indian higher education. A new model built
around massive open online courses (MOOCs) that are developed locally and combined with those
provided by top universities abroad could deliver higher education on a scale and at a quality not po~sible
before. India has experimented with online classes before, but their impact has been marginal. A decade
ago, the country began using the Internet to distribute video and Web-based courses under a government-
funded initiative, the National Program on Technology Enhanced Leaming. Developers created over 900
courses, focused mainly on science and engineering with about 40 hours of instruction each. With limited
interactivity and uneven quality, these courses failed to attract a large body of students. Now, though,
MOOCs have given Indian academics a better sense of how a lecture could be restructured into short,
self-contained segments with high interactivity to engage students more effectively. This appears to be a
step in the right direction, but what is really needed is the right model to use MOOCs in an Indian
context. With a decade of experience in this space and a vibrant technology ecosystem, India will most
likely find its way very soon.
D. The rapid evolution of digital resources like video, interactive multimedia and new modes of
assessment challenges us to reimagine what we can and should do when we are face-to-face with our
students. As I develop online courses on cellular metabolism, for instance, I hypothesise that the blend of
animation and appropriate embedded assessments will communicate the intricacies of electron transfer
more effectively than that portion of my traditional lecture. After rebalancing class assignments to include
both reading and online materials, while maintaining the sar11e overall workload, I nonetheless gain time
with my students in the classroom to discuss and critically analyse the metabolic consequences of
experimentally disrupting electron transfer. Underlying this progress is the awareness that
experimentation is the key and that we do not yet know how best to harness the enormous positive
potential of the online revolution for on-campus learning. This is why every course or module should
have an associated research component where student progress is measured.
E. Technology is transforming education for the worse and one of its dubious uses is to grade essays.
Major testing companies are using software to score written test answers as machines can work faster
than teachers. However, they cannot evaluate the imaginative use of language. Thus, students will learn to
write according to the fonnula that the machine responds to best at the expense of accuracy, crt!ativity and
imagination. Worse, the teacher will abandon the important job of reading what the students write and
will be less infonned about how they think. That is a loss for the quality of education. A more worrisome
use of technology is the accumulation and storage of personal, confidential data on a cloud. Who needs all
this personal information and why is it being ,shared? Advocates say that the goal is to create better
products for individual students. Critics believe that the information will be given or sold to vendors, who
will use it to market products to childre~ and their parents.
In which section are the following mentioned? Your answers:
a strategy that helped the learners focus 92.
the reason why more data is required to make the best use of computer-based 93.
learning
digital resources leading to the standardisation of student learning 94.
the necessity to adapt online courses to a specific culture 95.
a claim that information will be used to enhance product quality 96.
personally combining digital and traditional tools to provide a more effective 97.
learning experience
the problem of gaps in students' knowledge not being addressed 98.
humans undertaking a task that machines could carry out 99.
the importance of students progressing at their own pace 100.
Page 10 of 16
L
computer-based courses that attracted a disappointing number of participants 101.

Part 6. For questions 102- 108, read t~e following passage and choose the best answer. Write your
answers in the corresponding numbered boxes.
The craft of perfumery has ·a:n ancient and global heritage. The art flourished in Ancient Rome,
whe~e the emperors were said to bathe in scent. After the fall of Rome, much of the knowledge was lost,
but survived in Islamic civilizations in the Middle Ages. Arab and Persian pharmacists developed
essential oils from the aromatic plants of the Indian peninsula. They developed the processes of
.
distillation and suspension in alcohol, which allowed for smaller amounts of raw materials to be used than
in the ancient process, by which flower petals were soaked in warm oil. This knowledge was carried back
to European monasteries during the Crusades.
At first, the use of fragrances was primarily associated with healing. Aromatic alcoholic waters were
ingested as well as used externally. Fragrances were used to purify the air, both for spiritual and health
purposes. During the Black Death, the bubonic plague was thought to have resulted from a bad
odour whi~h could be averted by inhaling pleasant fragrances such as cinnamon. The Black Death
led to an aversion to using water for washing, and so perfume was commonly used as a cleaning agent.
Later on, the craft of perfume re-entered Europe, and was centred in Venice, chiefly because it was
an important trade route and a centre for glass-making. Having such materials at hand was essential for
the distillation process. In the late seventeenth century, trade soared in France, when Louis XIV brought
in policies of protectionism and patronage which stimulated the purchase of luxury goods. Here,
perfumery was the preserve of glove-makers. The link arose since the tanning of leather required putrid
substances. Consequently, the gloves were scented before they were sold and worn. A glove and perfume
mak~rs' guild had existed here since 1190. Entering it required 7 years of formal training under a master
perfumer.
The trade in perfume flourished during the reign of Louis XV, as the master glove-and-perfume
makers, particularly those trading in Paris, received patronage from the royal court, where it is said that a
different perfume was used each week. The perfumers diversified into other cosmetics including soaps,
powders, white face paints and hair dyes. They were not the sole sellers of beauty products. Mercers,
spicers, vinegar-makers and wig-makers were all cashing in on the popularity of perfumed products. Even
simple shopkeepers were coming up with their own concoctions to sell.
During the eighteenth century, more modern, capitalist perfume industry began to emerge,
particularly in Britain where there was a flourishing consumer society. In France, the revolution initially
disrupted the perfume trade due to its association with aristocracy, however, it regained momentum later
as a wider range of markets were sought both in the domestic and overseas markets. The guild system was
abolished in 1791, allowing new high-end perfumery shops to open in Paris.
Perfume became less associated with health in 1810 with a Napoleonic ordinance which required
perfumers to declare the ingredients of all products for internal consumption. Unwilling to divulge their
secrets, traders concentrated on products for external use. Napoleon affected the industry in other ways
too. With French ports blockaded by the British during the Napoleonic wars, the London perfumers were
able .to dominate the markets for some time.
One of the significant changes in the nineteenth century was the idea of branding. Until then,
trademarks had had little significance in the perfumery where goods were consumed locally, although
they had a long history in other industries. One of the pionee1s in this field was Rimmel who was
nationalized as a British citizen in 1857. He took advantage of the spread of railroads to reach customers
in wider markets. To do this, he built a brand which conveyed prestige and quality, and were worth
paying a premium for. He recognised the role of design in enhancing the value of his products, hiring a
French lithographer to create the labels for his perfume bottles.
Luxury fragrances were strongly associated with the affluent and prestigious cities of London and
Paris. Perfumers elsewhere tended to supply cheaper products and knock-offs of the London and Paris
brands. The United States perfume industry, which developed around the docks in New York where
Page 11 of 16
 . . Am · fi ere founded by immigrants,
French oils were being imported, began m this way. Many encan irms w rfu
. . 6 A hi . C 1 t as chiefly known as ape mery.
such as William Colgate, who arrived !n 180 . t t s time, o ga e w ·
Its Cashmere Bouquet brand had 625 perfume varieties in the early 20th century.
102. The purpose of the text is to_ __
A. compare the perfumes from different countries.
B. describe the history of perfume making.
C. describe the problems faced by perfumers.
D. explain the different uses of perfume over time. . . . .
9
103. Which of the following is NOT true about perfume making m Islamic countnes.
A. They created perfume by soaking flower petals in oil.
B. They dominated perfume making after the fall of the Roman Empire.
c. They took raw materials for their perfumes from India.
D. They created a technique which required fewer plant materials.
104. Why does the writer include this sentence in paragraph 2?
During the Black Death, the bubonic plague was thought to have resulted from a bad odour which
could be averted by inhaling pleasant fragrances such as cinnamon.
A. To explain why washing was not popular during the Black Death.
B. To show how improper use of perfume caused widespread di.sease.
C. To illustrate how perfumes used to qe ingested to treat disease.
D. To give an example of how fragrances were used for health purposes.
105. Why did the perfume industry develop in Paris?
A. Because it was an important trad,e route.
'I ' '

B. Because of the rise in the glove-making industry.

C. Because of the introduction 'ofnew trade laws.
D. Because _o f a new fashion in scented glqves.
106. What does the word "putrid" in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Bad-smeliing B. Rare C. Prestigious D. Numerous
107. In paragraph 4, it is implied that_ __
A. master glove and perfume makers created a new perfume each week.
B. the Royal Court only bought perfume from masters.
C. mercers, spicers and other traders began to call themselves masters.
D. cosmetics were still only popular within the Royal Courts.
108. What is implied about the New York perfume industry?
A. It was the fastest-growing perfume industry in the world at that time.
B. It was primarily developed by immigrants arriving from France.
C. It copied luxury fragrances and sold.them cheaply.
D. There was a wider range of fragrances available here than elsewhere.
Your answers:
/ 102. 1103. 1104. 1105. 1106. 1101. 1108.
IV. WRITING (60/200 points)
Part 1. (25 points)
The charts below show what UK graduate and postgraduate students who did not go into full-time
work did after leaving college in 2008.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.

Paf!e 12 00 6
 l:l!el!lflnat•on o'I U.._ graduates (excluding tulf-tlme wor-k) .2008'
30,QoO

-~
1 26.QOO

29.000

l 1:S,'000

15 10.QOO
E -5~QQO
:2
0
Pa:rt-um e woi-k V o lunta ry work Further study Unernployrnent

De•ttnatlon ot' UK, poatura.d -..m•• (excluding full-time work) 2008

3.000

i 2,500

I
2 ,. 000

~ , 500

i
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Part 2. (35 points)

Write an essay on the following topic:
People nowadays sleep less than they used to in the past What do you think is the reason behind
this? What are the effects on individuals and people around them?
You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples
and relevant evidence. Write at least 250 words.

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