Design Rules: Chapter 7 Adapted by Dr. Kristina Lapin, Vilnius University

Design rules
Chapter 7 adapted by
Dr. Kristina Lapin,
Vilnius University
design rules
Designing for maximum usability

– the goal of interaction design
• Principles of usability
– general understanding
• Standards and guidelines

– direction for design
• Design patterns
– capture and reuse design knowledge
types of design rules
• principles
– abstract design rules
– low authority
– high generality Guideline s
increasing g enerality
increasing generality
• standards
– specific design rules
– high authority
– limited application
Standards
• guidelines
– lower authority increasing authority
increasing a uthority
– more general application
Principles to support usability
Learnability
the ease with which new users can begin effective
interaction and achieve maximal performance
Flexibility
the multiplicity of ways the user and system exchange
information
Robustness
the level of support provided the user in determining
successful achievement and assessment of goal-
directed behaviour
•Predictability
•Synthezability
Learnability •Familiarity
•Generalizability
•Consistency
Principles of learnability
Predictability
– determining effect of future actions based on
past interaction history
– operation visibility
Predictability
http://www.webbyawards.com/
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Principles of learnability
Synthesizability
– assessing the effect of past actions
– immediate vs. eventual honesty
Synthesizability
1.
2. 3.
9
Principles of learnability (ctd)
Familiarity
– how prior knowledge applies to new system
– guessability; affordance
Generalizability
– extending specific interaction knowledge to new
situations
Consistency
– likeness in input/output behaviour arising from similar
situations or task objectives
•Predictability
•Synthesability
Learnability •Familiarity
•Generalizability
•Consistency
•Dialogue initiative
•Multithreading
Flexibility •Task migratability
•Substitutivity
•Customizability
Principles of flexibility
Dialogue initiative
– freedom from system imposed constraints on input
dialogue
– system vs. user pre-emptiveness
Multithreading
– ability of system to support user interaction for more
than one task at a time
– concurrent vs. interleaving; multimodality
Task migratability
– passing responsibility for task execution between user
and system
Principles of flexibility (ctd)
Substitutivity
– allowing equivalent values of input and
output to be substituted for each other
– representation multiplicity; equal opportunity
Customizability
– modifiability of the user interface by user
(adaptability) or system (adaptivity)
Dialogue initiative
– freedom from system imposed constraints on input
dialogue
– system vs. user pre-emptiveness
Multithreading
– ability of system to support user interaction for more
than one task at a time
– concurrent vs. interleaving; multimodality
Task migratability
– passing responsibility for task execution between user
and system
Substitutivity
– allowing equivalent values of input and output to
be substituted for each other
– representation multiplicity; equal opportunity
Customizability
Customizability
Customizability
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•Dialogue initiative
•Multithreading
Flexibility •Task migratability
•Substitutivity
•Customizability
•Observability
•Recoverability
Robustness
•Responsiveness
•Task conformance
Principles of robustness
Observability
– ability of user to evaluate the internal state of the system
from its perceivable representation
– browsability; defaults; reachability; persistence;
operation visibility
browsability;
reachability
Observability
Observability
List 2 Work Area
Item 1
Item 2
Item 3
• Observability
Acrobat Reader
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3. Robastiškumas
Observability
 Navigation
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Principles of robustness (ctd)
Observability
– Slider
• Part of
• 5 page of 12
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Observability
–Minimalistist design
– pavyzdys iš tiltų projektavimo
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Recoverability
– ability of user to take corrective action once an error
has been recognized
– reachability; forward/backward recovery;
commensurate effort
Responsiveness
– how the user perceives the rate of
communication with the system
– Stability
Task conformance
– degree to which system services support all
of the user's tasks
– task completeness; task adequacy
Using design rules
Guideline s
increasing generality
increasing g enerality
Design rules
Standards
• suggest how to increase usability
• differ in generality and authority
increasing authority
increasing a uthority
Standards
• set by national or international bodies to

ensure compliance by a large community of
designers standards require sound underlying
theory and slowly changing technology
• hardware standards more common than

software high authority and low level of detail
• ISO 9241 defines usability as effectiveness,

efficiency and satisfaction with which users
accomplish tasks
Guidelines
• more suggestive and general

• many textbooks and reports full of guidelines
• abstract guidelines (principles) applicable
during early life cycle activities
• detailed guidelines (style guides) applicable
during later life cycle activities
• understanding justification for guidelines aids
in resolving conflicts
Golden rules and heuristics
• “Broad brush” design rules

• Useful check list for good design
• Better design using these than using nothing!
• Different collections e.g.
– Nielsen’s 10 Heuristics (see Chapter 9)
– Shneiderman’s 8 Golden Rules
– Norman’s 7 Principles
Shneiderman’s 8 Golden Rules
1. Strive for consistency

2. Enable frequent users to use shortcuts
3. Offer informative feedback
4. Design dialogs to yield closure
5. Offer error prevention and simple error
handling
6. Permit easy reversal of actions
7. Support internal locus of control
8. Reduce short-term memory load
Norman’s 7 Principles
1. Use both knowledge in the world and

knowledge in the head.
2. Simplify the structure of tasks.
3. Make things visible: bridge the gulfs of
Execution and Evaluation.
4. Get the mappings right.
5. Exploit the power of constraints, both natural
and artificial.
6. Design for error.
7. When all else fails, standardize.
HCI design patterns
• An approach to reusing knowledge about

successful design solutions
• Originated in architecture: Alexander
• A pattern is an invariant solution to a
recurrent problem within a specific context.
• Examples
– Light on Two Sides of Every Room (architecture)
– Go back to a safe place (HCI)
• Patterns do not exist in isolation but are linked
to other patterns in languages which enable
complete designs to be generated
HCI design patterns (cont.)
• Characteristics of patterns
– capture design practice not theory
– capture the essential common properties of good examples
of design
– represent design knowledge at varying levels: social,
organisational, conceptual, detailed
– embody values and can express what is humane in
interface design
– are intuitive and readable and can therefore be used for
communication between all stakeholders
– a pattern language should be generative and assist in the
development of complete designs.
Summary
Principles for usability

– repeatable design for usability relies on maximizing
benefit of one good design by abstracting out the
general properties which can direct purposeful design
– The success of designing for usability requires both
creative insight (new paradigms) and purposeful
principled practice
Using design rules

– standards and guidelines to direct design activity

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Design rules

Designing for maximum usability

• Standards and guidelines

List 2 Work Area

• set by national or international bodies to

• hardware standards more common than

• ISO 9241 defines usability as effectiveness,

• more suggestive and general

• “Broad brush” design rules

1. Strive for consistency

1. Use both knowledge in the world and

• An approach to reusing knowledge about

Principles for usability

Using design rules

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