21st Century Literature

from the Philippines

and the World
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
Historical Overview of Philippine
Literature: Post-colonial Period

CO_Q1_21st Century Lit SHS_ Module 4

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World– Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 4: Historical Overview of Philippine Literature: Post-colonial Period
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Mirasol C. Eugenio, Astrid E. Arevalo

Editor: Marilou S. Syjueco
Reviewers: Nenita J. Rivera, Melibeth D.C. Ruiz, Irene M. Raya, Felisa I. Salud,
Aprilyn G. Reyes, Anna Margarita L. Arcega, Nerissa B. Mendoza,
Ralph Joseph Quiaoit
Layout Artists: Mirasol C. Eugenio, Astrid E. Arevalo, Ana Lisa M. Mesina
Management Team: Malcolm S. Garma
Genia V. Santos
Dennis M. Mendoza
Micah S. Pacheco
Josefina M. Pablo
Dalisay E. Esguerra
Hilda C. Valencia

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – NCR

Office Address: Misamis St., Bago Bantay, Quezon City, Metro Manila
Telefax: (632) 8929-0153
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 21st Century
Literature from
the Philippines
and the World
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
Historical Overview of Philippine
Literature: Post-colonial Period
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

In general, this module aims to encourage the learners to appreciate and

critically study the various dimensions, genres, elements, structures, contexts, and
traditions of the 21st Century Literature from the Philippines. Moreover, the learners
are expected to show understanding and appreciation of 21st Century Philippine
literature from the regions by writing a close analysis and critical interpretation of
literary texts and by doing an adaptation using various multimedia platforms.
Specifically, this module focuses on literature during post-colonial period up to the
present which includes the 21st Century.

The module covers only one topic, that is:

● Lesson 4 –Philippine Literature during Post-colonial Period

After going through this module, you are expected to:

MELC:
Write a close analysis and critical interpretation of literary texts and doing
an adaptation of these require from the learner the ability to identify:
(EN12Lit-Ia)
the geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of Philippine
literary history from pre-colonial to the contemporary
representative texts and authors from each region (e.g. engage in
oral history research with focus on key personalities from the students’
region/province/town)
Compare and contrast the various 21st century literary genres and the ones
from the earlier genres/periods citing their elements, structures and
traditions (EN12Lit-Id-25)

1. identify the geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of Philippine literary

history in the post-colonial up to contemporary period;
2. differentiate/compare and contrast the various 21st century literary genres
and the ones from the earlier genres/periods citing their elements, structures
and traditions;
3. determine representative texts and authors from different regions through oral
history research; and
4. situate selected texts in the current context to enrich understanding.

1 CO_Q1_21st Century Lit SHS_ Module 4

 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. Which term is also associated with the post-colonial period?

A. Apprenticeship period
B. Contemporary period
C. Emergence period
D. Revolutionary period

2. Who assumed the presidency after the death of Manuel Quezon during the
post-colonial period?
A. Diosdado Macapagal
B. Ferdinand Marcos
C. Manuel Roxas
D. Sergio Osmeña Sr.

3. What term associated with Martial Law did Marcos use in stabilizing the
chaotic condition of the Philippines?
A. Edsa Revolution Movement
B. New Society Movement
C. Peaceful Reform Movement
D. Social Reform Movement

4. What refers to the prestigious award given to gifted Filipino writers and their
outstanding literary works and is considered as the counterpart of Pulitzer
Prize in the United States?
A. Gawad Urian Awards
B. National Artists of the Philippines
C. Palanca Awards
D. Premio Zobel

5. Who among the authors does NOT belong to the post-colonial period?
A. Jose Dalisay, Jr.
B. Jose Garcia Villa
C. Nick Joaquin
D. Pedro Paterno

2 CO_Q1_21st Century Lit SHS_ Module 4

6. What is the modern counterpart of Balagtasan?
A. Blogs
B. Fliptop
C. Text Tula
D. Spoken Words

7. Which website contains short articles known as posts?

A. Blog
B. Internet
C. Social Media
D. The Web

8. In which period in history was the short poetry Tanaga first emerged?
A. American Period
B. Japanese Period
C. Pre-colonial Period
D. Spanish Period

9. What greatly influenced the 21st century literary forms?

A. Books
B. Culture
C. Science
D. Technology

10. Which 21st century literary genre addresses issues concerning woman that
is often depicted in humorous or light hearted manner?
A. Chick Lit
B. Flash Fiction
C. Hyperpoetry
D. Text Tula

3 CO_Q1_21st Century Lit SHS_ Module 4

 Lesson
Philippine Literature during
4 Post-colonial Period

As an aftermath of war and a series of foreign invasions in our country, the

term post-colonialism was popularized. The lasting impact of imperialism and
colonialism had been the utmost concern at this period.
American colonial rule already loosened but its influences and control are still
somehow affecting us in terms of social, political and economic aspects of our
country as manifested in the form of literature produced in various genres.

What’s In

Can you name all of the Presidents of the Philippines? List them down and
choose one that you admire the most. Provide a brief description of your chosen
President. Write your answer on a separate sheet.

Notes to the Teacher

Ask the learner on how politics plays a crucial role in the form of
literature being produced as a springboard for the lesson.

4 CO_Q1_21st Century Lit SHS_ Module 4

 What’s New

Literary works of Filipino authors started to be recognized through the

initialization of Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards in 1950 and realization of the need
to grant National Artist Awards in 1972 under the former President Ferdinand
Marcos.
The influences of Spanish and American cultures can be observed. More and
more Filipino writers continued to write more fluently using the English language
since gaining independence from the Japanese occupation in 1945. In fact, many of
the literary works in both Palanca and Order of National Artists were written in
English. Most of these writers were considered as social realists.
Short stories became the most popular form of literary expression and more
novels were published which mostly dealt with freedom from both economic and
political bondage. Social issues such as poverty, survival, gender inequalities, justice
system and domestic conditions have been prevalent themes and subjects in
literature. Moreover, the leaders of the country have to deal with issues concerning
economic stability, new and contrasting ideas, and morality to name a few. The most
significant period that greatly influences many Filipinos is the period of Martial Law
during the Marcos regime.

WHAT'S ON YOUR MIND: The writers' experiences, aspirations, and feelings reflect
the literary works they produce. Nowadays, people are turning into their social media
accounts to express their deep thoughts and feelings. If you were to share something
about the current condition of the Philippines to the World in any of your social
media account, what would be your status about? Use the space provided below for
your answer.
Pinoy Ako
Public + Album

What's on your mind?

5 CO_Q1_21st Century Lit SHS_ Module 4

 What is It

POST-COLONIAL PERIOD (1945-present)

AFTER THE WAR
✔ In 1944, Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr. assumed the presidency upon the death of
Manuel L. Quezon while the Philippine Commonwealth government was
in exile in the U.S.
✔ Manuel A. Roxas defeated Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr. as the President in April 1946
for the Independent Second Republic of the Philippines.
✔ Elpidio R. Quirino assumed the remaining term of Roxas when the latter died
of a heart attack in 1948.
✔ In 1953, Ramon F. Magsaysay was elected as the new president but died in
an airplane crash on March 16, 1957.
✔ Magsaysay's position was assumed by Carlos P. Garcia who was re-elected
and served until 1961.
✔ Diosdado P. Macapagal became the President after Carlos P. Garcia. He
changed the date of Philippine Independence from July 4, 1946 (Liberation
from America) to June 12, 1896 (Liberation from Spanish by the
revolutionists). He also recognized the presidency of Jose P. Laurel.

PHILIPPINES DURING THE MARTIAL LAW PERIOD

✔ Ferdinand E. Marcos took office for presidency in 1965 who got re-elected in
1969 making him the first to win two presidential terms.
✔ He declared Martial Law on September 21, 1972 and led the country into what
he calls "The New Society" against lawlessness which incited a lot of
opposition.
✔ Marcos was forced to hold an election in 1978 and 1981 to stabilize the
country's chaotic condition where he won again.
✔ The death of Benigno Simeon "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. became the beginning of
calling for Marcos' removal.
✔ EDSA People Power Revolution (bloodless revolution) through the initiative of
Maria Corazon C. Aquino and her supporters erupted which marked a
significant national event.
✔ Snap election was conducted in 1986 which seated Corazon Aquino- the
widow of Benigno Simeon "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. as the 11th President of the
Philippines and ended the 21 years of what many claimed as the tyrant rule.
✔ Marcos went on exile in Hawaii, where he died on September 28, 1989.

6 CO_Q1_21st Century Lit SHS_ Module 4

PHILIPPINES AFTER THE MARTIAL LAW PERIOD (5TH REPUBLIC
TO PRESENT)
✔ The political and economic condition of the Philippines during Cory Aquino's
administration was described as chaotic.
✔ Monopolization of the agricultural industry took place after the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) forced the Philippines to pay its debt amounting to 27.2
billion dollars which they claimed to be inherited from Marcos administration.
✔ Fidel V. Ramos (also known as "Centennial President") took office in 1992
where he immediately worked on the country's recovery. He was awarded the
Peace Award by UNESCO in his effort to achieve a Peace Agreement with MILF.
✔ Film actor Joseph Ejercito Estrada won presidency with his pro-poor
campaign in1998 but was ousted in 2001 because of corruption and gambling
issues.
✔ Maria Gloria Macapagal Arroyo assumed office in 1998, got re-elected, and
served until 2010. During her term, many impeachment complaints were filed
against her due to corruption and electoral sabotage where she got hospital
arrest for her spinal surgery.
✔ Former Senator Benigno Simeon C. Aquino III (aka PNoy or Noynoy Aquino)
seated as the next president in 2010.
✔ Next to him is our current President- Rodrigo Roa Duterte who is both a lawyer
and politician.

Dimensions of Philippine Literature

✔ Filipino writers began to develop new themes, styles, and techniques. The first
notable work that appeared right after the second world war under Japanese
occupation in the Philippines is a novel written by Macario Pineda entitled
Ginto sa Makiling which was considered as a narrative of the Philippines’
social, political, and moral aspects (Macansantos, et al, n.d.). It was noted for
its resemblance to the work of Rizal and more on the work of Balagtas in terms
of plot and style.
✔ The rise of English writers began after exposure to American language and
culture, although there were still many Filipino writers observed using the
vernaculars. Sarvia (n.d.) considers the following factors contributory to the
flourishing of Filipino literature: 1) establishment of the University of the
Philippines in 1908 where English was primarily used as the medium of
instruction, 2) the founding of the Philippine Writers’ Association in 1953, and
3) the establishment of the Carlos Palanca Memorial Award in 1955 to name
a few.
✔ According to Macansantos et al (n.d.), among the common literary themes in
novels and short stories were war experiences which can be seen in the works
of Stevan Javellana’s Without Seeing the Dawn (1947) and Edilberto Tiempo’s
Watch in the Night for the English category. While for Filipino literature that
used the vernaculars, the works of Lazaro Francisco were profoundly noted
for his style associated to Rizal’s influence such as Bayaning Nagpatiwakal
(1932), Sugat sa Alaala (1950), Maganda pa ang Daigdig (1956), and Daluyong
(1962). The influence of both Spanish and American styles could be observed
in the work of Nick Joaquin where his flashback technique was highly
appreciated by critics. Some writers attempted to incorporate a taste of folk

7 CO_Q1_21st Century Lit SHS_ Module 4

 tradition especially in poetry such as epic and other oral forms of literature
which still existed like Balagtasan. However, oral tradition became less
popular as people became more interested in short stories.

What’s More

Activity 1: Post-War Philippine Literature in a Nutshell

The rise of fluent writers in English during the post-war period up to the
present shows how flexible, imaginative, and talented Filipinos are. Rizal’s influence
is eminent among the social realist writers. Spanish influences can still be observed
in terms of cultures and languages used in literature by some prominent writers
such as Nick Joaquin. Our experiences during colonial period which stretches up to
the present truly reflected in the most notable Filipino works in the field of literature.

ASSESSMENT 1a: Complete the table below by supplying the necessary information.
You may use another sheet if the space provided is not enough.

Contemporary Language or Dominant Theme/ Some Notable

Historical Medium Literary Subject Writers and
Period Used Forms or their Literary
Genres Works

Third Republic
(1946-1972)

Fourth Republic
(1972-1986)
Martial Law
Period or New
Republic

Fifth Republic
(1986- present)

8 CO_Q1_21st Century Lit SHS_ Module 4

Activity 2: LITERATURE THEN AND NOW

How similar are our preferences and aspirations as a people then and now as
reflected in our literature? How do the current literary genres fare in comparison with
their earlier counterparts? Do they mirror each other albeit in different contexts and
audiences? Do we see continuing traditions or has the recent advancement in
technology and lifestyle created totally different literary forms?
Try making a connection between the literature of your grandparents and the
literature of your generation. Match earlier works with those of current writers which
you can find in the Internet.
The 21st century literature (sometimes called "contemporary literature") is
viewed as the literature of the new generation. Specifically, this refers to literary piece
or diverse postmillennial texts that have been produced since 2000 or 2001 up to the
present. The shift from paper to the screen first took place in this type of literature
and the use of technology for human expression such as e-book, blog, digi-fiction,
etc. has been very common.
✔ CHARACTERISTICS OF 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE:
-written by contemporary authors within the last decade
-deals with current issues and themes
-reflects technological culture
-literature of emerging genres
-often breaks traditional writing

How the novel gave way to short stories as life became busier and more fast-
paced after the Industrial Revolution in the Western World would also explain the
emergence of new genres which complemented dependence on the internet and the
gadgets required to access them. The 21st century learners were born with the
computer already as part of the daily life essential. Some literary genres which the
computer and internet helped create are the following:

Genre Definition
Blog This is also known as web log or a website containing short
articles called posts that are changed regularly. Some blogs
are written by one person containing their own opinions,
interests and experiences, while others are written by many
different people.
Chick Lit This genre fiction addresses issues of modern womanhood,
often humorously and light-heartedly. The genre became
popular in the late 1990s, with chick lit titles topping best
seller lists and the creation of imprints devoted entirely to
chick lit.
Creative Also known as literary nonfiction or narrative nonfiction, it
Nonfiction is a genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques
to create factually accurate narratives. Creative nonfiction
contrasts with other nonfiction, such as technical writing or
journalism, which is also rooted in accurate fact, but is not
primarily written in service to its craft. As a genre, creative
nonfiction is still relatively young, and is only beginning to
be scrutinized with the same critical analysis given to fiction
and poetry.

9 CO_Q1_21st Century Lit SHS_ Module 4

 Flash Fiction This is characterized with a style of fictional literature or
fiction of extreme brevity. There is no widely accepted
definition of the length of the category. Some self-described
markets for flash fiction impose caps as low as three
hundred words, while others consider stories as long as a
thousand words to be flash fiction.
Hyperpoetry It is a form of digital poetry that uses links using hypertext
mark-up. It is a very visual form, and is related to hypertext
fiction and visual arts. The links mean that a hypertext
poem has no set order, the poem moving or being generated
in response to the links that the reader/user chooses. It can
either involve set words, phrases, lines, etc. that are
presented in variable order but sit on the page much as
traditional poetry does, or it can contain parts of the poem
that move and / or mutate.
Mobile Phone Text A particular example of this poem is a tanaga, a type of
Tula Filipino poem, consisting of four lines with seven syllables
each with the same rhyme at the end of each line - that is
to say a 7-7-7-7 syllabic verse, with an AABB rhyme
scheme. The modern Tanaga still uses the 7777 syllable
count, but rhymes range from dual rhyme forms: AABB,
ABAB, ABBA; to freestyle forms such as AAAB, BAAA, or
ABCD.

Speculative This is an umbrella term encompassing the more fantastical

Fiction fiction genres, specifically science fiction, fantasy, horror,
weird fiction, supernatural fiction, superhero fiction,
utopian and dystopian fiction, apocalyptic and post-
apocalyptic fiction, and alternate history in literature as well
as related static, motion, and virtual arts.
(Source: Glossary of 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Curriculum Guide)

ASSESSMENT 2a: The Kundiman- is the traditional Filipino love song which became
popular in the late 19th century and well into many decades of the 20th century. The
King and Queen of Kundiman were Ruben Tagalog and Sylvia La Torre respectively.
Here are samples of lyrics from kundiman songs. Can you find similar Filipino
compositions from the present? Write their lyrics next to those of the given
Kundiman.

Kundiman Filipino love song from the present

O, Ilaw (By Ruben tagalog)

O. ilaw
Sa gabing malamig
Wangis mo'y
Bituin sa langit
O, tanglaw
Sa gabing tahimik
Larawan mo, Neneng
Nagbigay pasakit

10 CO_Q1_21st Century Lit SHS_ Module 4

 Ayy...
Gising at magbangon
Sa pagkagupiling
Sa pagkakatulog
Na lubhang mahimbing
Buksan ang bintana
At ako'y dungawin
Nang mapagtanto mo
Ang tunay kong pagdaing

Ibong Sawi (by Sylvia La Torre)

Ako'y isang ibong sawi

Na hindi na makalipad
At sa puso'y may sugat
wala pang luminga
Isang saglit ng hating gabi
sa madilim na paglipad
saan ngayon ang aking pugad
sa mata mo'y may isang
langit ng pangarap
sa puso mo'y mayron kang
pugad ng paglingat
kung ako'y mamamatay
sa kapighatian.
Sa puso mo lamang
muli kang mabubuhay.

ASSESSMENT 2b: Have you watched a Balagtasan? It is a verbal joust named after
18th century literary great Francisco Balagtas, author of the Florante at Laura. Look
up examples of the Balagtasan from popular video-sharing sites. Does your
generation have a counterpart for it? What is it called? Contrast the Balagtasan with
present-day form of verbal jousting. How do their elements (language, theme,
participants, setting, rules) differ. Answer this on a separate sheet.

ASSESSMENT 2c: Those 21st century literary genres are very much complemented
by if not dependent on technology. Instead of the printed “pocketbooks” that your
elders used to buy from the sidewalks at the University Belt or from a popular
bookstore, your generation just download or read an e-book online. Instead of buying
vinyl records of your grandparents' favorite Kundiman singers, your peer would just
log-on to music-sharing sites and listen to a variety of music at a click of a gadget.
Themes have also adjusted to the moods, whims, and preferences of present-day
youth. The manner by which friendship was forged and courtship was conducted in
the olden days would not appeal to you and your contemporaries. Lyrics of present-
day love songs will reflect that as well as scenes from films that depict present-day

11 CO_Q1_21st Century Lit SHS_ Module 4

ways of life. Consider the Tanaga of old. Its younger counterpart would be the Text
Tula (see definition above) which became a trend when everyone started getting a
mobile phone device. How would you write a few lines of poetry of your own? How
would they differ from the rhyme, sound, density, and theme of the old? Write your
own Text Tula on a drawing of a mobile phone screen on your paper.

What I Have Learned

DIRECTIONS: Complete the crossword puzzle below.

Across Down

1. Modern "Balagtasan" 2. Prevalent in 21st century literature

4. Occurring or existing after the colonial 3. Shortest short story
period 5. Literary form that greatly flourished
6. Also known as web log after the colonial period
9. ________________ poetry or digital poetry
7. Fantastical form of fiction
10. Another term for 21st century literature
8. Favorite theme or subject among
contemporary authors

NOTE: Include space for those answers consisting of two words.

12 CO_Q1_21st Century Lit SHS_ Module 4

 What I Can Do

A. REMEMBERING THE GREATNESS OF OUR FILIPINO WRITERS: Search for

some of the prestigious literary awards and competitions in the Philippines
during the contemporary period. Choose one awardee in literature and write an
editorial to commemorate his/ her significant contribution to our nation's
literary identity. Use a separate sheet for this activity. Refer to the rubric in
writing an editorial by One World Education, Inc. which you can access through
its website www.oneworldeducation.org.

Assessment

Multiple Choices. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on
a separate sheet of paper.
1. What subject or theme is the most common during the contemporary period?
A. Educational issues
B. Psychological issues
C. Social issues
D. Spiritual issues

2. Post-colonialism is a broad term that can also be used to study literature.

What is the utmost concern of this term?
A. Impact of imperialism and colonialism
B. Establishment of own governance
C. Threat of another colonizers
D. Welfare of the writers

3. Why do a lot of Filipino thinkers say that the Philippines remains a neocolony
of the U.S.A?
A. Because our country's economy and foreign policy are both dependent
on American government
B. Because Philippines is directly governed by American government
C. Because we love Western cultures only
D. This belief is not true.

4. Which phrase best describes the first Edsa Revolution in our country?
A. Bloody Revolution
B. Bloodless Revolution
C. Corrupted Mind
D. The New Society

13 CO_Q1_21st Century Lit SHS_ Module 4

5. Modern literature comprises both contemporary and 21st century literature.
How does contemporary literature differ with 21st century literature?
A. It is stricter in terms of the convention and mechanics in writing.
B. Technology is commonly embedded in contemporary literature.
C. Contemporary literature is better in quality.
D. It is commonly written in English language.

6. What does 21st century literature mean?

A. It is any type literary text produced roughly from 2001 up to the
present.
B. It is the type of literary that only uses technology.
C. This is the literature of emerging genres.
D. Both A and C.

7. Which literary text only existed during 21st century literature?

A. Acrostic Poems
B. Chic Lit
C. Essay
D. Proverbs

8. Which literary text only existed during 21st century literature?

A. Comedia
B. Haiku
C. Myth
D. Speculative Fiction

9. Which among the poems only existed during 21st century literature?
A. Concrete Poem
B. Lyrical Poetry
C. Hyper Poetry
D. Sonnet

10. Which best characterizes 21st century literature as compared to the other
periods?
A. The use of technology is embedded in the creation of this type of
literature.
B. This is a literature written by contemporary authors within the last
decade.
C. This literature often breaks traditional writing.
D. All of the above.

14 CO_Q1_21st Century Lit SHS_ Module 4

 Additional Activities

FLASH FICTION WRITING: Let’s try your talent at fiction-writing. Gadgets and apps
have forced brevity onto the way we communicate and tell our stories. The following
are examples of six-word-stories. Can you see all the elements of a story in them?
How do you know they tell a story?
1. Hello, goodbye, all in a hurry.

2. Looked down, challenged, persevered, proven, hailed.

3. The silent moments were our loudest.

4. Superhero fails to play role well.

Be ready to tell a story that will reflect our experiences in three periods of our history.
Choose one of the micro-plots above and add details to make it longer but still short
enough to qualify as flash fiction (Word Limit: 200). Ask a peer to read your work and
comment on its flow and other elements. Revise if needed before submitting to your
teacher.

Time Flash Fiction

Pre-colonial
Period

Colonial
Period

Post-colonial
Period

15 CO_Q1_21st Century Lit SHS_ Module 4

Answer Key

16 CO_Q1_21st Century Lit SHS_ Module 4

References
Hebar, R. (2017). Filipino American Literature. Retrieved from
https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/post-colonialstudies/2014/06/20/filipino-
american-literature/

Godinez-Ortega, C. (n.d.). The Literary Forms in Philippine Literature. Retrieved

from
http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Literature/literary_forms_in_philippine
_lit.htm

Literary Terms, Techniques, and Elements. Retrieved from

http://literarydevices.com/

Macansantos, F. & Macansantos, P. (n.d.). Philippine Literature in the Post War

and Contemporary Period. Retrieved from https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-
3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/literary-
arts/philippine-literature-in-the-post-war-and-contemporary-period/

Sarvia, I. (n.d.). Post-War Philippine Fiction in English. Retrieved from

https://www.bl.uk/eblj/1997articles/pdf/article3.pdf

17 CO_Q1_21st Century Lit SHS_ Module 4

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]