21st Century Literature From The Philippines
21st Century Literature From The Philippines
21st Century Literature From The Philippines
21st Century
Literature from
the Philippines
Quarter 3- Module 1- Lesson 2:
Representative Texts and Authors
from Each Region
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World – Grade 11
Quarter 1 – Module 1-Lesson 2: Representative Texts and Authors from
Each Region
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11
21st Century
Literature from
the Philippines
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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our
dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at
home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and
discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each
lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide
you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson
prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on
lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on
completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or
your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson.
At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to
self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher
are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and
reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based
learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks
on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in
answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions
carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in
answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult
your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
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Let Us Learn!
Welcome!
This module is prepared to help you achieve the required learning outcome
on Geographic, Linguistic, and Ethnic Dimensions of Philippine Literary
history from Pre-colonial to the Contemporary and representative texts and
authors from the region. This will be the source of information that will
enable you to acquire the knowledge, skills and attitudes in this particular
trade independently at your own pace or with minimum supervision or help
from your instructor.
1. Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will both organize the
training of this unit. Read through the learning guide carefully. It is
divided into sections which cover all the skills and knowledge you
need to successfully complete this module.
2. Use the self-check questions at the end of each section to test your
own progress.
3. When you have completed this module (or several modules) and feel
confident that you have had sufficient practice, your trainer will
arrange an appointment with you to assess you. The result of your
assessment will be recorded in your Competency Achievement Record.
Let Us Try!
1. _______ is the most exciting moment in the story when the outcome is
decided.
a. Climax b. Complication c. Conflict d. Resolution
2. It is where and when the story occurs which help initiate the main
backdrop and mood.
a. Climax b. Point of view c. Setting d. Theme
5. This is used to describe the event that make up a story or the main
part of a story. These events relate to each other in pattern or
sequence.
a. Character b. Conflict c. Plot d. Setting
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7. _______________ is a type of character who make up the story.
a. Antagonist b. Flat c. Protagonist d. Round
After reading this SLM, you are expected to identify the different elements of
fiction and will be able to distinguish representative texts and authors from
the region in the sample story presented.
Introduction
What is Fiction?
Historically, the word fiction has been derived from Latin term “fictus,”
which means “to form.” However, in literature, Merriam Webster defines it
as, “literature composed of prose, especially novels, that describes imaginary
events and people.” So, fiction is a product of writer’s imagination. It is one
of the two branches of literature, the other one is non-fiction. Fictional
works consist of stories, novels, and dramas based on made-up and
fabricated stories and characters. Fiction contains certain symbolic and
thematic features known as “literary merits.” In other words, fiction narrates
a story, which aims at something bigger than merely a story. In this
attempt, it comments on something significant related to social, political, or
human related issues.
What is a story?
A story is made up of prose, some are shorter and can be read in just a
single sitting and some are longer and could be considered as novel usually
dealing with a few characters and aiming at unity of effect and often
concentrating on the creation of mood rather than plot. It is a work of fiction
that is categorized by its length. Historically, short stories are typically
between 1,000 and 20,000 words long and can be consumed in a single
reading session. However, as time goes by it is being categorized as literary
pieces evolved. Works longer than a short story but shorter than a novel are
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classified as Novellas and works shorter than 1,000 words are increasing
classified as very short stories, short short stories, or flash fiction.
Despite their brevity, short stories are complete works of fiction generally
exhibiting the common literary devices of; character, setting, plot,
conflict, and theme which also comprised in the elements of fiction with
the other two, namely; point of view and symbol.
Elements of fiction or Story
Elements of fiction plays an important part in creating a story. It is
where the story being anchored. Without the elements of fiction, no story
can be crafted.
1. Plot - Used to describe the events that make up a story or the
main part of a story. These events relate to each other in pattern or a
sequence. It is said to be the foundation of a novel or a story, without
plot, no story can be formed.
Elements of Plot
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1.4 Falling action or the winding up of the story - Events and
complications begin to resolve and the result of actions of the
main characters are put forward.
1.5 Denouement or Resolution - It is the conclusion or end of a
story and ends with either a happy or a tragic ending.
Types of Setting
2.1 Physical - is “where” the story takes place. It talks about the place
2.2 Chronological – is “when” the story takes place. It talks about the time
or the sequence of events in the story. This might also involve dates of
occurrences.
Types of Character
3.1 Protagonist – this is the main character of the story, the star of
the show and most of the action focussed around them.
3.2 Antagonist – this is usually the villain of the story. They are the
ones who made the protagonist star of the show, without them
the story is said to be dull and pointless. Their role is as
important as the role of the protagonist.
Types of Conflict
Example: “The Call of the Wild”, in which the protagonist (in this case, a dog)
is torn between a domesticated self and wild self.
4.2.2 Person vs. Nature or Man vs. Nature - this type of conflict,
humankind comes up against nature, 9 battling for survival against its
unstoppable and indifferent force. The hero may be forced to confront
nature, or the protagonist may be seeking the conflict, trying to exert
dominance over nature.
Example: Life of Pi, The Lost City of Z, 2012, San Andreas, Tsunami
4.2.3 Person vs. Society or Man vs. Society - The person-against- society
conflict follows the storyline of an individual or a group fighting (sometimes
successful, sometimes not) against injustices within their society or
government. It illustrates a story driven by rebellion against a society, as the
characters struggle against a corrupt power structure, create a new society,
and continue to experience struggles within the new society.
6.1 First Person POV - the unfolding of events is told by the main character
of the story, a narrator used the first-person pronoun, I. So, the occurrences
are the firsthand experiences of the author. He is the main character of the
story.
6.2 Second Person POV - is the first-person observer. The author is part of
the story, but he/she is not the main character. The writer may have a close
relationship with the protagonist. He/she may be played the role of a best
friend, confidante, a family, or love interest of the leading character.
6.3 Third Person POV - is not narrated by the character in the story but
rather an “invisible author”, using the third person pronoun (he, she, or it).
The writer is not part of the story.
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Let Us Practice
Self-Check 1.1
DIRECTION: Draw a heart ♥ in column C if the statement in column A
corresponds with column B, and if not, draw a diamond ♦ and write beside it
the correct word/s that best describe the statement.
A B C
1. It is the
chronological sequence of Where
events in the story.
2. He/she is the main character
Protagonist
of the story.
3. It is an example of man vs. Movie entitled “San
nature external conflict. Andreas”
4. The character of Lola Flora in
“Ang Probinsyano” TV series is Round Character
an example of ____________.
5. The resolution or the
conclusion of the story is also Denouement
known as _______________.
6. It is the underlying message
that the author is trying to Resolution
convey in a story.
7. The dynamic type of character
in a story is sometimes the True
protagonist.
8. The unfolding of events is told
by the main character of the Second person POV
story.
9. It is the foundation of a story. Setting
10. It described as the physical
and chronological aspect of the Plot
story.
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Let Us Practice
Self-Check 1.2
DIRECTION: Read the story below entitled “I Am One of the Mountain
People” by Macario D. Tiu and fill in the following needed information:
Exposition:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
Rising Action:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
Climax:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
Falling Action:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
Resolution or Denouement:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
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I Am One of the Mountain People
by Macario D. Tiu
(Dr. Macario Tiu is a Literature professor and the Publications director of Ateneo de
Davao University. He has three Palanca golds for Short Story in Cebuano. He has
also won the Philippine Graphics Fiction award for his writing in English. Dr. Tiu's
publishing track includes Skyrose and Other Stories. He has also published Davao:
Reconstructing History from Text and Memory which won the National Book Award
in the history category in 2005.)
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Ita visited me once every two months. Every time he would visit me,
I’d plead with him to bring me home. But he would refuse. It was not yet
time for me to go home, he would say.
I was terribly homesick. How I wished I could be at Ita's side. I'd plead
with him to be with my own people; to sit by the bonfire and listen to the
weird stories of the long past-of how the early Balangays at the seacoast of
Caraga were attacked by fierce Allah worshippers and how gallantly our
early forebears fought, but were forced to move out to the mountains. I loved
to hear the vaunting of the hunters on how they got the fangs of wild boars
and crocodile teeth that decorated their necks. I wanted to be like them.
The three-storey building in Santa Barbara was indeed tall, but the
trees at Kapalong were much taller. There was nothing glamourous with
those running houses either. They only frightened me as they whizzed by
carrying logs on their backs and screaming infernally at people to keep out
of the road. Food was plenty so were the fruits. But money was needed
before we could get them. At Kapatagan, I could get all the fruits I wanted
for free.
Six years I suffered. Then Ita brought me home for a visit as a gift for
my graduation. How happy I was to home again! I was so happy I didn't
mind the hardships of the trek, I even forgot about the sawa. But with Ita,
really I feared nothing. He was the master of the jungle. He had said once
that he owned the vast tract of land from Caraga to Santa Barbara, but that
some parts of it were stolen by the outsiders.
I expected some jubilation upon my return. But our place was bleak.
Later I learned that my own people now considered me as Christian,
therefore an infidel. Indeed, what was there to be happy about the return of
an infidel? I found them to be indifferent to me, even hostile. Ita told me not
to mind them. They didn't understand what was his design for me, he said,
and the whole tribe.
Bal-og, my younger brother, thought of me as a hero. He said he
envied me. He confessed that he disliked the tattoos he had. How he cursed
the man who pierced his earlobes. It was in one of these talks with Bal-og
that I realized how different I was from them, from my own people. I had no
tattoos. I had no holes in my earlobes. Yet I knew deep inside me I was one
of them. There was a deep pain of being unwanted. The agony I felt.
Constantly I cried: "I am of the mountains. I am one of the mountain
people.” And yet somehow, I was not.
It would still be some four to five years before Bal-og was allowed to go
to Santa Barbara. Therefore, he had a great thirst to know more other
Christian town. I told him many stories about it: my studies, the three-
storey school building, the running houses and the Christians.
"What does Christian mean?'' he asked me once.
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I didn't know too, to be honest. But I told him about the big house
with steeples and a belfry. It was owned by the tall white man who always
wore a white dress. I described it to him: there were big anitos inside it.
Beautiful anitos. Their hands were outstretched as if ready to embrace. l
told him that these anitos were quite different from ours, our anitos grasped
their knees and their eyes were abnormally large and protruding.
"How else do we differ from them?" he became more curious.
"Well, for one thing," I told him, "the Christians do not worship big
trees or the flying wild geese like we do. In fact they cut big trees and shoot
wild geese:'
He muttered a curse upon hearing this, "Then, they would also cut the
Magu? "he asked in disbelief. How naive my brother Is, I thought and I
laughed. The Magu was the biggest tree in the forest. It was said to be abode
of the anitos. We gave offerings to the Magu during the full moon to appease
the anitos,
I learned while in Santa Barbara, however that there was only one
God. Our teacher, Mrs. Martinez, taught us that this God was to be loved by
all, not feared. The mountain people feared the Magu, therefore the Magu
must be a fake God. So I told Bal-og that the "Magu" was just another big
tree, and when finally the place would be accessible to the Christians, they
would cut it. Bal-og ran away from me in horror when I said that.
I did not know what prodded me to go to the Magu one day and make
a dirty mark, a big cross, on its gnarled bark. Perhaps I just wanted to test
the veracity of Mrs. Martinez' teachings. When the elders heard about it,
they immediately went to the Magu to offer sacrifices. I could have been the
one sacrificed; but then I was the son of Datu Magdum. So they burned
instead five chickens, a pig, wild fruits and sack of rice. They danced
hysterically around the Magu. The priest, after the sacrificed offerings shook
his head, and said that surely the anitos would punish me. I wouldn't see
another tomorrow he said, for the anitos would get me in my sleep.
I was afraid of what the priest said. Meanwhile, Ita just kept silent. He
didn't comfort me nor scold me. And that night, I prayed myself to sleep. I
prayed hard to the Blessed Virgin as I never prayed before. I also asked
forgiveness from the Magu, promising not to do a thing like that again. And I
survived to see another tomorrow.
The elders then thought that maybe the anitos were pleased with the
offerings and did not have to punish me. They again went to the Magu and
offered sacrifices. They also scraped off the mark I made.
When the furor over the incident died down, I started going openly to
the bonfire and sat with the younger group and listened to the tales of the
tales of the old men and warriors. The stories usually centered on the
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exploits of our ancestors and the glory of our tribe before the Allah-
worshippers came. How the elders cursed these infidels! Never, never
befriend an infidel of this kind, for the Magu wouldn't like it.
I didn't believe them of course. In Santa Barbara, my only friend was
Abdul. My classmates were afraid to chide and make fun of him because he
had warned them that his grandfather was a baraungan and owned a tame
bee colony that could kill a man at his command. Abdul never went inside
the big house. He said that the pandita told him it was the house of the
devil. See those idols there? He asked. People who worshipped in that house
would be punished by Allah, he said.
I felt awkward, whenever I was with my old friends whom I befriended
again seeing how different I was from them. I just loved their tattoos. I had
none. And my earlobes were desperately unattractive. However, I let myself
forget to brush my teeth and I started chewing betel nut. I let my fingernails
grow, I dirtied my body with charcoal dust. And I enjoyed everything of it. I
loved that kind of life.
Ita, however, didn't like what I was doing. He had tried hard to spare
me the tribal customs of tattooing and boring the earlobes so I could be
presentable to the people of Santa Barbara. Now I must not destroy his
hopes for me, he warned. But everyday, I was drawn closer and closer to the
ways of my own people. Finally, forgetting Ita’s warnings I let Apo Ugpo
carve a tattoo on my chest. When Ita discovered this, he whipped me! You
disobeyed me! His whole body shook with anger as he hit my back with a
lash.
I told him I wanted his kind of life and I pleaded with him to let me
stay forever, but it made him angrier. He told me I was his only hope, his
people's hope. That I must learn from the Christians and discover their
source of power, for they were continually advancing toward the Green Area,
stealing large tracts of our land. He said that I should learn from them so
that our tribe would know how to deal with them when, as the Allah
worshippers did, the Christians would drive us out from our homes. Learn
from them and stay in Santa Barbara to speak for us. Try to love the place,
he said, I told him I tried but that I failed for I still hated Santa Barbara. Try
again, and he left me.
The next morning, Ita sent me back with Isog as my guide. He was as
old as I was. He was being trained as a warrior. On a way, he showed me a
village burned by the Christians at the edge of the Green Area. It was my
uncle's village. He said the Christians killed many of my uncle's people, and
now all the tribes were arming themselves except ours. Your father, Datu
Magdum, wants us to change according to Christians ways, he said, spitting
at the word Christian. We are a great tribe, he added, I say we fight them
when they touch us, like our forefathers did when the Allah worshippers
came. And he looked at me with angry eyes.
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I languished in Santa for another year. What was there to learn? High
School education was worthless. It hadn't done anything good for me nor my
classmate. On the contrary, Berto became a habitual drunkard and was
expelled from school. Elenita became pregnant and was driven away by her
own parents.
As days rolled by, my desire to go home became more intense. It was
getting unbearable. Too, it had been seven years already that I had stayed in
Santa Barbara, but still I was considered an outsider, an outcast. That was
more unbearable. And at night I always prayed to the Blessed Virgin to
make my classmates love me. Then maybe I could like Santa Barbara and
stay there, forever like what Ita wanted. But my prayers were not heard.
Everything was wasted. Not even kneeling for hours and kissing each bead
of the rosary over and over again did much good. The Virgin seemed to have
forgotten me.
The last time Ita visited me, I was surprised to see how he changed He
looked very old. He told me to be patient and to be stronger in my
determination. With him was Isog who took me aside when Ita was talking
with Nana Loling. There was another massacre in Kapatagan, he said. Many
are discontented with your father. He talks of you learning the Christians
magic. They don't have magic, they have guns. That's their source of power,
he said. His eyes burned with hate, and I knew he was mocking me.
I thought of nothing else for days but Isog’s angry words. My people!
My people! They were being slaughtered like pigs while I did nothing but try
to learn something I didn’t want to learn. And I was ashamed of myself.
So, I decided to go home, 1 pierced my earlobes with a needle and
forced sharpened matchsticks into the holes to enlarge them. It hurt, but I
cried silently. Now, I was one of them, and Ita wouldn't be able to do
anything anymore but accept me.
I didn’t let Nana Loling know of my plan because she would object to
it. She would do everything to keep me, even call the police. She knew also
that it was impossible for me to reach our place. Only Ita Magnum and a
selected few knew the way. But I slipped out of the house one night a week
ago, anyway. It was the full moon and I ran and ran. Away from Santa
Barbara.
When daylight came, I knew that I was lost, Yet I walked on and on.
Maybe far ahead was Subangdaku, I amused myself. It was my only hope.
I didn't want to go Santa Barbara but Ita Magdurn forced me to go there.
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Self-Check 1.3
CAUSE AND EFFECT. Direction: The chart below has two columns. The
first column presents major events in the story “I am one of the Mountain
People”. In the second column, write the cause of these events. The first one
is done for you.
EVENT CAUSE
Let Us Remember
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Activity 1.1
DIRECTION. Write your answer in one whole sheet of paper to the following
questions; WHAT, WHO, WHERE, WHEN, WHY and HOW based on the story
entitled “I am one of the Mountain People” by Macario D. Tiu.
Scoring Rubric:
CRITERIA RA T I N G
1.The output provides a clear comprehensive 1 2 3 4 5
summary of the individual’s background and other
relevant information.
2.The output provides a clear opinions and 1 2 3 4 5
reaction to the issues or information discussed.
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Let Us Assess
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Let Us Enhance
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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still there are group of people who need their help especially those who are
less privileged specifically under marginalized sector because the
government could hardly recognize them. Lucky those citizens whose local
government treat their residents equally. However, there are still provinces
in the Philippines that some of their inhabitants were forgotten particularly
those who lived in far-flung areas.
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References
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BOOKS:
Rhodora S. Ranalan, Ph. D. (2016). 21st Century Literature from the
Philippines and the World: Voices in Diversity (Place published: Mega-TEXTS
Philippines, Inc, 2016), pages# 25-29
Zaide, Gregorio F. (1970). Jose Rizal: Life, Works and Writings. Manila:
Villanueva Book Store. Retrieved from
https://www.scribd.com/doc/26364271/Philippine-Literature-Pre-Spanish-
Period.
ONLINE TEXTS:
https://rachelpoli.com/2018/01/10/9-types-of-characters-in-fiction/
https://www.google.com/search?
q=elements+of+short+story&rlz=1C1CHZL_enPH842PH842&sxsrf=ALeKk032
6W1L-
kE4sQmUCbaHq_moCqMflg:1594466875436&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=
X&ved=2ahUKEwj-
rt39i8XqAhXHaN4KHaemCcAQ_AUoAXoECA8QAw&biw=1366&bih=625#im
grc=0Z7oOuZCymAUhM
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sanjacinto-
englishcomp2kscope/chapter/reading-a-short-story/
https://americanliterature.com/all-about-the-short-story
https://literarydevices.net/fiction/
https://blog.reedsy.com/types-of-characters/
https://www.nownovel.com/blog/man-vs-self-story-conflict-types/
https://www.scribendi.com/academy/articles/types_of_conflict_in_literatur
e.en.html
https://www.google.com/search?
q=american+period+in+the+philippines&tbm=isch&ved
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