ࠅ ۡ ˧ȔҟǪ̴̋ ̻Ƕ̸˒ȇ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ

ːˈ˲ˣ˕̤Դ۫ ̶߼ǪȅȔ˅̙ȅ˅̀˧ ҡȓǪˇ ̤˅̎߆ ̢̬̤ȇ|˅̶˷˅̜̀ȇǫȓ˅‫˧ ̇د‬Ҡ ̢̪̬؈˼ ʿ˅˾ ˬǭ˰̊ Ȃ˅̵̰Ǚː̾ʿǪ̸˻ ̉ːˈ˲֗ߘ ߆
ࠃ ǪȔ˅̸̪̻̬̀̽˰̙Ǫ̸̤Ǫ̬ˁԴ˴̤Ǫdz˰̊ ː˷Ǫǵdz˅̢̰̲؈̴̭˅Ȕ̙ȉǵ˅̞֗ ̰ˈ̣ ޶ Ȁ ȇ˲̇ ̤˅̲˖˷Ǫǵdz߆ ǙҠ ˜߂|ː̰̾̋ ̪ː̾˽ ˅˭ࠄ ̊ ˴̟‫˷ٸ‬
ࠃ ǪȔǵȇ˲߼Ǫː̻˅̎ࠃ ǪȔȅ̸ˈ˴̤Ǫǵ˅̇ ˕̭ȔǪˑ ̜ȇǙȄ̸̤̾Ǫ߆ ː̊ dz̸߼Ǫ̌ ̤˅ˋ߼ǪǙ˲̶˺ǭ˰̪ȃҠ ˭˅̸̪̻̀ːˈ̸˩˸ ߼Ǫ̌ ̤˅ˋ߼ǪǙ̞ ̰ˋ̤Ǫ
ː̭̾Զ̬̪˰˕؈˰̜ˑ ̸̜̤ǪǪ˱̵ȅȔ˅̙ǵ˅̇ ˕̭ҟȔǪˑ ̜ȇȃ̸˧Է‫˔˲̟ڂ‬ȅߐǪǴȔ˅̙Ǚ˅̶˷˅̜̀ȇ˅‫˧ ̇د‬Ҡ ̢̪̬؈˼ ʿ˅˾ ˬ˅̶ߚǙȂ˅ˋ̑˻ ̤Ǫ
Ȁ ˰̵̸֣˰̻˰˸ ˖̤Ǫːˈ˲̺̙֗̚Ǚ۸ ̋ ̪dz˰̋ ˈ˅̶̄ ˈǵ̢̬؈ː̾ʿǪ̸˻ ̉ːˈ˲֗Ի˅˕̭̬̪ːˤ̀˖̭ߘ |Ҡ ˞̪ː̊ ˅˷̘ ˾ ̭ࠃ ǪȔǭ˰˨Ǫȇ
߆ ǵ˅̇ ˕̭ҟȔǪˑ ̸̜̙|Ȁ ˰̶̤Ǫːˈ˅˽ ǪȔȄ˰̊ ߦ˅˨߆ 0߁ǵȇȀ ˰̶̤Ǫːˈ˅˽ ǪȔːˤ̀˖̰̤Ǫˑ ̭ߐǪǴȔǪ1ːؒ ̝̤ǪǤ˅̄ ̉ȔǪ˅̢̰̲؈̴̭˅Ȕ̙۸ ̋ ̪
ȅ ǫȓ˘ ̀˧ː̾ʿǪ̸˻ ̉ːˈ˲ˣ˕ˈː̄ ˋ˒˲̪˅‫؟‬ҡȓː̾ʿǪ̸˻ ̉Ǯ Ǫ‫̤˜˅ م ̮ ˸̫ز˅̪˗̏ٸ‬Ǫȃ ˅˜߼Ǫ߆ Ȁ ˰̶̤Ǫːˈ˅˽ ǪȔǮ Ǫ˲̪dz˰̊ ȇȃȇҡȓǪȃ˅˜߼Ǫ
̳˱̶̤ː̻dz˰̋ ̤ǪߦǪ߱Ǫࠃ ǪȔː̀ˌ̻˲ˣ˕̤ǪԻ˅˕̰̤Ǫ̬̪ȃ˅̝˕̭ҟȔԴ˅̰̤˦̫˸ ̼‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬ǪȄ̸̶̚߂|˅̝ˋ̑˸ ̪˅‫ؙ‬Ȅ˴߫Ǫ̢̬؈ҟԻ˅˕̰̤Ǫ
. ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﰀ‬
: ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ‬
‫ ߱ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﺎء اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪد‬ːˤ̀˖̭ߘ ̂ ˈ˲˔ Ω“ࠅ ۡ ˧ȔҟǪǤ˅́ ̤̚Ǫ”ː̰̾̋ ̤ǪǤ˅́ ̙߆ ː̙˲̋ ̪ߦǪdz̸̵X ‫اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ‬
ܺ ‫׷‬Ω՜ ܺሺ߱ሻൌ ‫ ˧̀ ˘{ݔ‬x̺̝̝̀˧

‫ ﻧﻌﺮف‬. Ω = {ܲܲǡܲ‫ܨ‬ǡ‫ܲܨ‬ǡ‫̵̸{}ܨܨ‬ː̾ʿǪ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫːˈ˲ˣ˕̤Ǫ̳˱̶̤ː̰̾̋ ̤ǪǤ˅́ ̙|۸ ˕̻˰̝̭۸ ˕̋ ̄ ̜ࠒ ˲ˊȄ̸̝̭ : 1ȃ˅˞̪

̣ ˞̪ː̢̲̫߼ǪԻ˅˕̰̤Ǫː̊ ̸ࠈ ̬̪ːˤ̀˖̭࠘ ߱ ȇǭǵ̸˾ ̤Ǫǵ̸̶̆ Ǯ Ǫ˲̪dz˰̊ ݊˘ ̀˧ ܺሺ߱ሻൌ ݊ : X ‫اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ‬
: ‫ ﱔ‬X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ˅̵˱˭ȓ̻ܱ̂ ̤Ǫ‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ| FP
Ͳ߱ ൌ ܲܲ
ܺ(߱) ൌ ൝ͳ߱ ൌ ሺܲ‫ܨ‬ǡ‫ܲܨ‬ሻ
ʹ߱ ൌ ‫ܨܨ‬

‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ|Ȁ ˰̶̤Ǫːˈ˅˽ ǪȔǮ Ǫ˲̪dz˰̊ { X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬ǪȀ ˲̋ ̭|ǭ˰˨Ǫȇǭ˲̪۸ ̋ ̪Ȁ ˰̵̸֣˰̻˰˸ ˖̤Ǫːˈ˲֗߆ : 2ȃ˅˞̪
.‫ ﻫﻮ إﺻﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻬﺪف‬A ‫ ﻟﯿﻜﻦ اﳊﺪث‬. 0ȇǫȓ1࠘ ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬ǪǪ˱̵˅̵˱˭ȓ̻ܱ̂ ̤Ǫ
ܺ(߱) ൌ ൜0 ߱ൌ‫ܣ‬
1 ߱ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ഥ
Ǯ Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ̳˱̵˅̵˱˭ȓ̂˒ܱ ̤Ǫː̻dz˰̋ ̤Ǫ‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫȇ X , Y , Zǭ‫̢̤ˍٸ‬ǪȀ ȇ˲߬Դ˅̶̤˴̪˲̯ː̾ʿǪ̸˻ ̋ ̤ǪǮ Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫȅ ǫȓࠃ ǪȔǭǵ˅˺ ҟȔǪǵ˰֗
‫ݔ ﱔ اﻟﻘﳰﺔ اﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬ȅ ǫȓܳ ̋ ̻Ǫ˱̵ ܺ(߱) = ‫̢̯˗ ˇݔ‬۸ ޽Ǚࠅ Ǫ̸˕̤Ǫࠄ ̊ x , y , z ǭ‫̤ ˾̏ٸ‬ǪȀ ȇ˲߬Դ˅̶̤˴̪˲̯
. X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬ǪȃҠ ˭̬̪ ߱ ːˤ̀˖̰̤Դ
|̣ ˾ ˗̪ȇǫṛ̑ ˾ ̲̪̚ࠃ ǪȔ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ̘ ̰̾˾ ˒˅̢̰̲؈̴̭˅Ȕ̙ Ǚ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ˅̵˱˭ȓ̻ܱ̂ ̤Ǫː̻dz˰̋ ̤Ǫ‫˒ˋ ̋˅̥ ̧̝ ۮ‬ȇ
: ‫اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ اﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬
|˰̋ ̧ ̥̣ ˈ˅̜˅‫̢̤ر‬ȇdzȇ˰ࠌ‫̜ ̴ؒ̎ٸ‬dz˰̊ ȅ̸̢̽˰̜ȇǫȓǪdzȇ˰ࠌ̴ؒ ̜dz˰̊ ȅߐǪǴȔǪ̣ ˾ ̴̲̪̭̚ǫȓ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̉‫̬̪̉˗̏ٸ‬ȃ̸̝̭
ܺ∶Ω →R

ܺ(߱) = ‫ݔ‬ ,
‫ݔ = ݔ‬ଵ , ‫ݔ‬ଶ , ‫ݔ‬ଷ , … . . , ‫ݔ‬௡ ‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ̴̬̪˕̲̪dz˰̊
‫ݔ = ݔ‬ଵ , ‫ݔ‬ଶ , ‫ݔ‬ଷ , … ˰̋ ̧ ̥ߧˈ˅̝̤Ǫ‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ̴̬̪˕̲̪‫̎ٸ‬dz˰̊
ː̀̚˒˅̶̤Ǫǻ ̸̄ ߭Ǫdz˰̊ { X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬ǪȀ ˲̋ ̭Ǚː̰̾̋ ̪ː̝̄ ̲̪̬ާ ̺̚˒˅̵̂ ˬ 1000Ǯ ҟ˅˾ ˒ȔǪː̟‫ ݾ‬Ȉ ߱ {ȃ˅˞̪
ȉȇ˅˸ ̴̼˕̲̪dz˰̊ ̸̵ X˅̵˱˭ȓ̻ܱ̂ ̤Ǫ‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ‫ ﻓﻌﺪد‬. 1000 ...... ، 1 ، 0‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ˱˭ȓ̻̂ȅ ǫȓ̢̬؈ X|Ȅ̸̤̾Ǫ߆ ߦ̸̏˻ ߼Ǫ
‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬ǪԷ‫̉˕ ٴ‬ǪǪǴȔǪ˅̪ǫȓ|Ǫ˱̵̢ȇ 4 ‫ ﰒ اﻟﻘﳰﺔ‬3 ‫ ﺗﻠﳱﺎ اﻟﻘﳰﺔ‬2ːؒ ̝̤˅̙ߧ˾ ̲̪̚‫̤̝ ۮ ̜࠘ ۮ‬Ǫ̳˱̵ȇǙː̻dz˰̊ ːؒ ̜ 1001
˅‫̢̤ر‬ȇǭdzȇ˰ࠌ‫ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻘﲓ̎ٸ‬. ∞ ........... ، 2 ، 1 ، 0‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ˱˭ȓ̻̂ȅ ǫȓ̢̬؈‫߼˕̏ٸ‬ǪǪ˱̵ȅȔ˅̙Ȅ̸̤̾Ǫ߆ Ǯ ˅߼ߑ ߼Ǫdz˰̊ { Y
|˰̋ ̧ ̥ߧˈ˅̜

{̣ ˾ ̰̚߼Ǫ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫˧ ۡ ࠅ̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ȔҟǪ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤Ǫ

‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ːˋ̑˸ ̱ ̤Դ|‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ‫ ̊ ࠄࠍ˕ ̧ ̘̜ ۮ‬Ǯ ҟۡ ˧ȔҟǪǽǶ̸˕˒̘ ̠̾۸ ˋ̻‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̉‫˧ ۡ ࠅ߼˕̏ٸ‬ȔҟǪ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤Ǫ
Ǫǵ˅˾ ˗ˬ ǪȔȇ(ܲ‫ ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑܨݏݏܽ ܯ ݕݐ݈ܾܾ݅݅ܽ݋ݎ‬: ‫ )݂ ݉݌‬ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߧ˕̟ߦǪ˰ˈȀ ˲̋ ̻ࠅ ۡ ˧ȔҟǪ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪȅȔ˅̙Ǚ X‫اﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬
|ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdz˅‫̮ ˸̫ز‬
، 0‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ˱˭ȓ̻̂ȅ ǫȓ̢̬؈ X|ǭ˲̵˅̇ ̤Ǫ̴ˡȇҡȓǪdz˰̊ { X ‫ ﻧﻌﺮف اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ‬،‫ ﰲ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ رﱊ ﺛﻼث ﻗﻄﻊ ﻧﻘﺪﯾﺔ‬: 1ȃ˅˞̪
{ࠆ ̻ࠇ̴̟ˈ˅˸ ˧̢̬؈‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ̳˱̵̬̪ːؒ ̜ߙ ˊ̂ ˋ˒˲߼Ǫȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪ| 3 ، 2 ، 1
{߆ ̣ ˜؏˔ܱ ̤Ǫȇ 8̸̵ː̰̾̋ ̤ǪǤ˅́ ̙‫̰̉˅ ޜ‬dz˰̊ ȅ ǫȓȉ ǫȓ 2ଷ = 8 ̸̵ːˈ˲ˣ˕̤Ǫ̳˱̶̤ː̢̲̫߼ǪԻ˅˕̰̤Ǫdz˰̊
Ω = {ܲܲܲ, ܲܲ‫ܨ‬, ܲ‫ܲܨ‬, ܲ‫ܨܨ‬, ‫ܲܲܨ‬, ‫ܨܲܨ‬, ‫ܲܨܨ‬, ‫}ܨܨܨ‬

X(PPP)=0 , X(PPF)=1 , X(PFP)=1 , X(PFF)=2 , : ‫ ﻛﲈ ﯾﲇ‬3 ، 2 ، 1 ، 0‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ˱˭ȓ̂˒Ի˅˕̰̤Ǫ̳˱̵

X(FPP)=1 , X(FPF)=2 , X(FFP)=2 , X(FFF)=3 .
 {ࠅ ˅˕̤ߐȅ̸̢˔‫ؙ˱̳̤ˋ̝ ۮ‬ː̄ ˋ˒˲߼ǪǮ ҟۡ ˧ȔҟǪȅȔ˅̙ࠅ ˅˕̤Դȇ
P(X=0) = P(PPP) = 1/8
P(X=1) = P(PPF , PFP , FPP ) = 3/8
P(X=2) = P(PFF , FPF , FFP ) = 3/8
P(X=3) = P(FFF) = 1/8
{ࠆ ̻ࠇ̟ȃȇ˰ˡ߆ ˅̶˾ ˮ̧ ̭Ǯ ҟۡ ˧ȔҟǪ̳˱̵
‫ݔ‬௜ 0 1 2 3
ܲ(ܺ = ‫ݔ‬௜) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8

|ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdẓ ˜؅ ܲ(ܺ = ‫ݔ‬௜)˘ ̀˧Ǚ X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫˧ ۡ ࠅ̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ȔҟǪ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤Ǫ̣ ˜؈ȃȇ˰߫ǪǪ˱̵
{ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߧ˕̟ߦǪdz̘ ̻˲̋ ˒
{ࠆ ̻ࠇ̟ː̙˲̋ ̪ߦǪdz࠘ ݂(‫)ݔ‬ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdzȇǫȓȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߧ˕̟ߦǪdzǙ X‫ﻟﯿﻜﻦ اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ اﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬
{ǿˈ‫˔؏ڂ‬ȇ ݂௑ : ܺ(Ω) ⟶ [0 , 1]
1. ݂(‫ݔ‬௜) = ܲ(ܺ = ‫ݔ‬௜)

2. ݂(‫ݔ‬௜) ≥ 0 , ∀ ‫(ܺ ∈ ݔ‬Ω)

3. ∑௡௜ୀଵ ݂(‫ = )݅ݔ‬1

Ǚːˍˠ̸̪Ǯ ҟۡ ˧ȔҟǪ‫̜ ۮ‬ȅ ǫȓ˘ ̀˧ː̝̝ࠌȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdzǻ ȇ‫ ݾ‬ȅȔ˅̙Ǚː̻˰̝̭̈ ̄ ̜ǯ Ҡ ˙ࠒ ˲ˊ̛ ̧ ̋ ˕߼Ǫ̛ ˈ˅˸ ̤Ǫȃ˅˜߼Ǫ߆
. (1/8+2/8+2/8+1/8) = 1Ǯ ҟۡ ˧ȔҟǪǽ̸ࠈȇ
. ‫ݔ‬௜ ‫ اﻟﻘﳰﺔ‬X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ˱˭ȓ̻̂ȅ ǫȓȃۡ ˧ ǪȔ{ܳ ̋ ˒ ܲ(ܺ = ‫ݔ‬௜)ːˈ˅˗̢̤Ǫȅ ǫȓࠃ ǪȔǭǵ˅˺ ҟȔǪǵ˰֗

‫߼˕̏ٸ‬ǪȀ ˲̋ ̭|۸ ˕̻˲̠ǭdz˅̊ ǪȔȅȇ˰ˈȇ˅̾ʿǪ̸˻ ̉ˇ ˩˸ ̮ |ǤǪdz̸˷Ǯ Թ˲̠3 ‫ و‬Ǥ˅́ ̾ˈǮ Թ˲̠4ࠄ ̊ ȁȇ˰̰˽ ȉ̸˕֤ : 2ȃ˅˞̪
. Xǿǿ̤ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdz˰ˡȇǫȓ|ːˈ̸˩˸ ߼ǪǤ˅́ ̾ˋ̤ǪǮ Թ˲̢̤Ǫdz˰̊ { X ‫اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ‬
. 2 ، 1 ، 0 ‫ وﱔ‬X‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ˅̵˱˭ȓ̻̂ȅ ǫȓ̢̬؈ܱ ̤Ǫ‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫҟȇǫȓdz˰֣
: ‫̵̪̬˱ﻩ اﻟﻘﲓ ﻛﲈ ﯾﲇ‬ːؒ ̜ߘ ȃۡ ˧ ǪȔˇ ˸ ֣‫׼‬
 ‫ܥ‬ଶଷ 1
ܲ(ܺ = 0) = ଻= 7
‫ܥ‬ଶ

‫ܥ‬ଵସ‫ܥ‬ଵଷ 4
ܲ(ܺ = 1) = ଻ = 7
‫ܥ‬ଶ

‫ܥ‬ଶସ 2
ܲ(ܺ = 2) = ଻= 7
‫ܥ‬ଶ

: ‫ ﳕﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ اﳉﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdz

‫ݔ‬௜ 0 1 2

݂(‫ݔ‬௜ ) = ܲ(ܺ = ‫ݔ‬௜) 1/7 4/7 2/7

. 1 ‫ و‬0۸ ˈǭǵ̸˾ ࠌȇːˍˠ̸̪‫ ߚ̶˅̜ ۮ‬2/7 ، 4/7 ، 1/7 ‫ اﻟﻘﲓ‬: ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdzǻ ȇ‫ݾ‬
ଵ ସ ଶ
∑ ݂(‫ = )ݔ‬+ + = 1
଻ ଻ ଻

ࠆ ̻ۤ ̙ȇ|˅̭̾˅̾ˈߕ ˺ȇǫȓː̾̀ Թǵː̏̾˽ ߙ ˺߆ ˅‫̤˕ ̋ˋٸ̉ر‬Ǫ̢̬؈ǴȔǪࠅ ȇ˰߫Ǫ̣ ̾˜؏̦Ǫࠄ ̊ ‫̻̝˗ ޠ‬ҟȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdẓ ̾˜؅
|̣ ˾ ̰̚߼Ǫ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdz̬̉‫˒ ̋ ٴ‬ȅ ǫȓ˅‫̢ر‬؈ܱ ̤Ǫː̭̾˅̾ˋ̤Ǫȃߑ ˺ ҡȓǪ̘ ̧ ˕ࠍ
{ࠅ ˅˕̤Ǫߙ ˻ ̤Դȅ̸̢̽ȅ ǫȓ̢̬؈ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪ߱‫̤ˋ̾˅ م‬Ǫ̣ ̾˜؏̦ǪǙ 2 ‫ﰲ اﳌﺜﺎل‬
 {ࠆ ̻ࠇ̟ࠅ ۡ ˧ ǪȔǰǵ˰̪ߙ ˺ࠄ ̊ ˅́ ̻ǫȓࠁ̾˜؅̢̬؈ȇ
X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫˧ ۡ ࠅ̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ȔҟǪǰǵ˰߼Ǫ

x۸ ̋ ̪˰˨Ƕȇ˅ˤ˕̻ҟ Xȅ̸̠ȃۡ ˧ ǪȔǬ ˅˸ ˧ࠃ ǪȔǰ˅˕֣˅̰̭˅Ȕ̙Ǚ X‫̪̬̜ ۮ‬ːؒ ̜ߘ ȃۡ ˧ ǪȔǬ ˅˸ ˧ ࠃ ǪȔ˅̰˗ˠ˅˨ࠃ ǪȔː̙˅̀ ǪȔ
|̺ߞǪ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤Դ̹̫˸ ̼ː˕ˈԶːؒ ̜ȉȇ˅˸ ̼ȇǫṛ̑ ̜ǫȓ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫȅ̸̢̽ȅ ǫȓȃۡ ˧ ǪȔ|
: CDF̺ߞǪ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪdz
ːؒ ̜ȉȇ˅˸ ˓ȇȓǫ̣ ̜ǫȓۤ ̜‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ˱˭ȓ̻̂ȅ ǫȓȃۡ ˧ ǪȔ˅‫؟‬ȓ̂ˈܺ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫ߞ̺)ݔ(ܨ̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪdzȀ ˲̋ ˒
{ˇ ˗̢̯ȇ Rː̝̝̀̀߬ǪdzǪ˰̊ ҡȓǪː̊ ̸ࠈ ̬̪ː̰̾̋ ̪
‫ܨ‬௑ : ܴ ⟶ [0 , 1]

‫ = )ݔ ≤ ܺ(ܲ = )ݔ(ܨ‬෍ ݂(‫ݔ‬௜) , −∞ < ‫∞ <ݔ‬

௫೔ஸ௫

|ː̝̝̀̀߬ǪdzǪ˰̊ ҡȓǪː̊ ̸ࠈ ࠄ ̊ ː̙˲̋ ̪࠘ ȇ|̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪ˰ˈ̺ߞǪ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪdz̺̫˸ ̮ Ǫǵ˅˾ ˗ˬǪȇ
{ː̤̾˅˕̤Ǫ˼ ʿ˅˾ ߭Ǫ̛ ̝֡ߦǪ߱Ǫ‫وﻫﺬﻩ‬
1. 0 ≤ ‫ ≤ )ݔ(ܨ‬1

2. ‫ݔ(ܨ‬ଵ) ≤ ‫ݔ(ܨ‬ଶ ) : ‫ݔ ﻓﺎٕن‬ଵ ≤ ‫ݔ‬ଶ : ‫إذا ﰷن‬

3. ݈݅݉ ௫→ିஶ ‫ = )ݔ(ܨ‬0

4. ݈݅݉ ௫→ାஶ ‫ = )ݔ(ܨ‬1

‫ اﳋﺎﺻﯿﺔ‬. 1 ‫ و‬0۸ ˕ؒ ̝̤Ǫ۸ ˈǭǵ̸˾ ࠌǭǵȇ‫̤ ޢ‬Դ̶̺̖̙̺ߞǪ˲˔ȃۡ ˧ ǪȔ˅̵ǵ˅ˋ˕̉Դ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪdzȅ ǫȓࠃ ǪȔ‫ ࠃ˓ ˻ٸ‬ȇҡȓǪː̾˽ ˅߭Ǫ
̬̪̣ ̜ҡȓǪX‫ߞ̺̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪȅ ǫȓܳ ̋ ˒ː˜̤˅˜̤Ǫː̾˽ ˅߭Ǫ| x߆ ǭ˰̻Ǫ‫ߦ̪ٿ‬Ǫdz࠘ ̺ߞǪ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪdzȅ ǫȓܳ ̋ ˒ː̱̀ ˙ҟǪ
 ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ ≤ ݔ‬−∞ ‫ ﻓﺎﳊﺪث‬. ‫(ܨ‬−∞) = ܲ(ܺ ≤ −∞) = 0 ، 0ǭǵȇ‫̤ ޢ‬Դȉ ȇ˅˸ ̼ −∞ ‫ﻗﳰﺔ ﺗﺆول إﱃ‬
+∞ࠃ ǪȔȃȇʼ ˒ːؒ ̜̬̪̣ ̜ҡȓǪX‫ߞ̺̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪȅ ǫȓࠃ ǪȔ‫˓ ˻ٸ‬ː̋ ˈǪ˲̤Ǫː̾˽ ˅߭ǪȅȔ˅̙Ụ̈̌ ˈ˅̝߼Դ |̣ ̾˩˕̑˸ ̪ǯ ˰˨
ȓ ˰˨̸̵ ܺ ≤ +∞ ‫ اﳊﺪث‬. ‫(ܨ‬+∞) = ܲ(ܺ ≤ +∞) = 1 ، 1ǭǵȇ‫̤ ޢ‬Դȉȇ˅˸ ̼
|˰̠̾ǫǯ
ȃ˅ࠋࠃ ǪȔ̺؏̱˒ xːؒ ̝̤Ǫȅ̸̢˔ȅ ǫȓȃۡ ˧ ǪȔǬ ˅˸ ˧˅̢̰̲؈ȅȔ˅̙Ǚ x߆ ǭ˰̻Ǫ‫ߞ̺̪ٿ‬Ǫ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪdzȅ̸̠̬̪˅̜Ҡ ̄ ̭Ǫȇ
: ‫ ܽ[ ˧̀ ˘ܽ > ܾ ﻛﲈ ﯾﲇ‬, ܾ]
‫ )ܾ ≤ ܺ(ܲ = )ܾ ≤ ݔ ≤ ܽ(ܨ‬− ܲ(ܺ ≤ ܽ) = ‫ )ܾ(ܨ‬− ‫)ܽ(ܨ‬

̬̪ǭdz˰ࠌː̊ ̸ࠈ ߆ ː̙˲̋ ̪ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdzۣ ̿ˈǙː̝̝̀̀߬ǪdzǪ˰̊ ҡȓǪː̊ ̸ࠈ ࠄ ̊ ː̙˲̋ ̪ǭ˰̻Ǫ‫ߦ̪ٿ‬Ǫdz࠘ ̺ߞǪ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪdz
.‫ﻗﲓ اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ‬

: ‫ ﻓﻀﺎء اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬.‫ ﻧﻌﺘﱪ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ رﱊ ﺛﻼث ﻗﻄﻊ ﻧﻘﺪﯾﺔ‬: 1ȃ˅˞̪

Ω = {ܲܲܲ, ܲܲ‫ܨ‬, ܲ‫ܲܨ‬, ܲ‫ܨܨ‬, ‫ܲܲܨ‬, ‫ܨܲܨ‬, ‫ܲܨܨ‬, ‫}ܨܨܨ‬
|̴ˡ̸̤Ǫǵ̸̶̆ Ǯ Ǫ˲̪dz˰̊ { X ‫ﻟﯿﻜﻦ اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ‬
. X‫̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdz˰ˡȇǫȓ|1
. X‫ߞ̺̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪdz˰ˡȇǫȓ|2
. ܲ(ܺ ≥ 1) ، ܲ(ܺ > 2) ، ܲ(ܺ < 3)ˇ ˸ ˧ȓǫ|3

: ‫اﳉﻮاب‬
{ࠅ ˅˕̤Ǫȃȇ˰߫Ǫ߆ ǭ˅̄ ̋ ̪࠘ ȇǙȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪ˰ˈ̛ ̧ ̋ ˕߼Ǫ̛ ˈ˅˸ ̤Ǫȃ˅˜߼Ǫ߆ ȃǪʼ ˸ ̤ǪǪ˱̵̣ ˨̛ ˋ̑˷ |1
‫ݔ‬௜ 0 1 2 3
ܲ(ܺ = ‫ݔ‬௜) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8
{ࠅ ˅˕̤ߐȅ̸̢̽ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪ߱‫̤ˋ̾˅ م‬Ǫ̣ ̾˜؏̦Ǫ
 X̣ ˾ ̰̚߼Ǫ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߧ˕̟ߦǪ߱‫̤ˋ̾˅ م‬Ǫ̣ ̾˜؏̦Ǫ

{ࠆ ̻ࠇ̟ȅ̸̢̽X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫ߞ̺̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪdzdz˅֚ ǪȔ|2

‫(ܨ‬0) = ܲ(ܺ ≤ 0) = ෍ ݂(‫ݔ‬௜) = ݂(0) = 1/8
௫೔ஸ଴

1 3
‫(ܨ‬1) = ܲ(ܺ ≤ 1) = ෍ ݂(0) + ݂(1) = + = 1/2
8 8
௫೔ஸଵ

1 3 3
‫(ܨ‬2) = ܲ(ܺ ≤ 2) = ෍ ݂(0) + ݂(1) + ݂(2) = + + = 7/8
8 8 8
௫೔ஸଶ

1 3 3 1
‫(ܨ‬3) = ܲ(ܺ ≤ 3) = ෍ ݂(0) + ݂(1) + ݂(2) + ݂(3) = + + + =1
8 8 8 8
௫೔ஸଷ

{ࠆ ̻ࠇ̟ȅ̸̢̺̽ߞǪ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪ߱ ࠅ ȇ˰߫Ǫ̣ ̾˜؏̦Ǫ

‫ݔ‬ 0 1 2 3
‫)ݔ ≤ ܺ(ܲ = )ݔ(ܨ‬ 1/8 4/8 7/8 1

{ː̤̾˅˕̤Ǫː̏̾˾ ̤Դ˅́ ̻ǫȓ˅‫̢̲̰˅̟˕˅ˊد‬؈

0 ‫ <ݔ‬0
⎧ 1/8 0 ≤ ‫ <ݔ‬1
⎪
‫ = )ݔ(ܨ‬4/8 1 ≤ ‫ <ݔ‬2
⎨7/8 2 ≤ ‫ <ݔ‬3
⎪
⎩1 ‫ ≥ݔ‬3
 {ː̤̾˅˕̤ǪǮ ҟۡ ˧ȔҟǪǬ ˅˸ ˧|3
ܲ(ܺ < 3) = ܲ(ܺ ≤ 2) = ‫(ܨ‬2) = 7/8
7
ܲ(ܺ > 2) = 1 − ܲ(ܺ ≤ 2) = 1 − ‫(ܨ‬2) = 1 − = 1/8
8
1
ܲ(ܺ ≥ 1) = 1 − ܲ(ܺ < 1) = 1 − ܲ(ܺ = 0) = 1 − = 7/8
8

{ࠅ ˅˕̤Ǫߙ ˻ ̤Դȅ̸̢̽̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪ߱‫̤ˋ̾˅ م‬Ǫ̣ ̾˜؏̦Ǫ

X̣ ˾ ̰̚߼Ǫ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫ߞ̺̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪ߱‫̤ˋ̾˅ م‬Ǫ̣ ̾˜؏̦Ǫ

: 2ȃ˅˞̪
: ‫ ﻛﲈ ﯾﲇ‬X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫ߞ̺̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪdz˅̢̰̻̬߱˕̤
0 ‫ < ݔ‬−2
⎧
⎪0.2 − 2 ≤ ‫ < ݔ‬0
‫ = )ݔ(ܨ‬0.7 0 ≤ ‫ <ݔ‬2
⎨1 ‫ ≥ݔ‬2
⎪
⎩
|ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߧ˕̟ߦǪdz˰ˡȇǫȓ|1
. 2 ‫ و‬0 ، 2-{ː̤̾˅˕̤Ǫ‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ˱˭ȓ̻̂X ، ‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ اﳌﻌﻄﯿﺎت‬
‫(ܨ‬−2) = 0.2 − 2 ≤ ‫ < ݔ‬0 ⇒ ݂(−2) = ܲ(ܺ = −2) = 0.2

‫(ܨ‬0) = 0.7 0 ≤ ‫ <ݔ‬2 ⟹ ‫(ܨ‬−2) − ‫(ܨ‬0) = ݂(0) = ܲ(ܺ = 0) = 0.7 − 0.2 = 0.5

‫(ܨ‬2) = 1 ‫ ≥ݔ‬2 ⟹ ‫(ܨ‬2) − ‫(ܨ‬0) = ݂(2) = ܲ(ܺ = 2) = 1 − 0.7 = 0.3

 {ࠅ ˅˕̤Ǫȃȇ˰߫Ǫ߆ ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdz˼ ˮ̧ ̭
‫ݔ‬ -2 0 2

݂(‫)ݔ = ܺ(ܲ = ) ݔ‬ 0.2 0.5 0.3

X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߧ˕̟ߦǪ߱‫̤ˋ̾˅ م‬Ǫ̣ ̾˜؏̦Ǫ X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫ߞ̺̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪ߱‫̤ˋ̾˅ م‬Ǫ̣ ̾˜؏̦Ǫ

{̣ ˾ ̰̚߼Ǫ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ̬̽˅ˋ˒ȇ̈ ̸̜˒

‫̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ː̄ ˷̸˕߼Ǫːؒ ̝̤Ǫ̈ ̸̜˕̤Ǫ˶ ̝̻̿˘ ̀˧|‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ̬̽˅ˋ˒ȇ̈ ̸̜˒̸̵ ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪː̻˲̇ ̭߆ ҟࠇ̋ ˕̑˷ ǪȔ‫̟ ٶ‬ȓҡǪ‫߼̚˅̵ ۮ‬Ǫ̬̪
̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤Ǫȅ˅˾ ˮ̧ ̻ȅ˅˷˅̝̀߼ǪȅǪ˱̵|̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪǮ Ǫ‫˒̏ٸ‬ȇǫȓˑ ˖˻ ˖̤Ǫ̬̽˅ˋ˕̤Ǫ˶ ̝̻ۣ̿ ̿ˈǙࠅ ۡ ˧ȔҟǪ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤Ǫ̂ ˷̸˗̪ȇǫȓ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ
|‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫˧ ۡ ࠅ̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ȔҟǪ
:‫ ޫ̧̥ﻤﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ اﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬Թ˲̤Ǫ‫اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬
(Xǿǿ̤ː̋ ̸̜˕߼Ǫːؒ ̝̤Ǫȇǫȓ” X ‫ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ‬. f(x)ࠅ ۡ ˧ȔҟǪ̴̋ ̻Ƕ̸˒ߦǪdzǙ X ‫ ﻟﯿﻜﻦ اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ‬: ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬
{ː̤̾˅˕̤Ǫː̏̾˾ ̤Դ̹̄ ̋ ̻
ߤ = ‫ = )ܺ(ܧ‬෍ ‫ݔ‬. ܲ(ܺ = ‫ = )ݔ‬෍ ‫ݔ‬. ݂(‫)ݔ‬
௫ ௫

‫̤̝ ۮ|˒ ̋ ٴ‬Ǫ̳˱̵Ǯ ҟۡ ˧ ǪȔȉȇ˅˸ ˓˦̀ˠ˲˔Ǯ Ҡ ̪˅̋ ؄‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ‫߼˲ ݍ߿˕ ̧ ̘̜ ۮ‬Ǫ̂ ˷̸̤Ǫ̸̵‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̉‫˒̸̜ ̪̈˗̏ٸ‬
̂ ˷̸˗̴̸̪̭̠̬̉Ǫ‫̤˲̪˴ߤ ˒ ̋ˋٸ‬Դࠀ˴̪˲̯ȇ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫˧ ۡ ࠅ̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ȔҟǪ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤Ǫ˴̟˲̪̬̉‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ː̋ ̸̜˕߼Ǫːؒ ̝̤Ǫ
.(3Ǥ˅˾ ˧ȔҟǪȃ̸˾ ̙߆ ࠀȇ˅̲˖̰̑˷ ȉ ߳Ǫː̰̾̋ ̤Ǫ̂ ˷̸˗̪̣ ˈ˅̝̪߆ ” X ‫̤ ̋ ˻̸اﰄ‬Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬ǪǮ ˅˷˅̝̤̀‫˧ ˾˅ف‬ȔҟǪ̈ ؏߽ Ǫ
 Ǚdz˲̯ː̋ ̄ ̜ࠒ ǵːˈ˲֗ȃ˅˞̪ : 1ȃ˅˞̪
଺
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7
‫ = )ܺ(ܧ‬෍ ‫ݔ‬. ൬ ൰ = 1. + 2. + 3. + 4. + 5. + 6. = = 3.5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2
௫ୀଵ

: ‫ ﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﰣ ﰲ اﳉﺪول‬X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫˧ ۡ ࠅ̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ȔҟǪ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤Ǫ˅̰̻߱˘ ̀˧Ǚː̻˰̝̭̈ ̄ ̜ǯ Ҡ ˙ࠒ ǵːˈ˲֗ : 2ȃ˅˞̪
‫ݔ‬௜ 0 1 2 3
ܲ(ܺ = ‫ݔ‬௜) = ݂(‫ݔ‬௜) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8

1 3 3 1 3
‫ = )ܺ(ܧ‬෍ ‫ݔ‬. ݂(‫ = )ݔ‬0. + 1. + 2. + 3. = = 1.5
8 8 8 8 2
௫

Ȉ ˰߼Ǫࠄ ̊ ̴ˡ̸̤Ǫǵ̸̶̆ Ǯ Ǫ˲̪dz˰̊ ̂ ˷̸˗̪ȇǫȓ̴ˡ̸̤Ǫǵ̸̶̆ Ǯ Ǫ˲̪dz˰̋ ̤̣ ̸̻̄ ̤ǪȈ ˰߼Ǫࠄ ̊ ː̋ ̸̜˕߼Ǫːؒ ̝̤Ǫ̣ ˜؅ 1.5 ‫اﻟﻘﳰﺔ‬
. 1500̸̵̴ˡ̸̤Ǫǵ̸̶̆ Ǯ Ǫ˲̪dz˰̊ ̂ ˷̸˗̪ȅȔ˅̙Ҡ ˞̪ǭ˲̪ 1000ː̻˰̝̭̈ ̄ ̜ǯ Ҡ ˙ࠒ ǵːˈ˲֗ǵ˲̢̯˅߼̴̭ǫȓȉ ǫȓỤ̈̌ ̸̻̄ ̤Ǫ
߆ ۸ ˍ̸̵̪ࠇ̟̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤Ǫ̂ ˷̸˕˒ 1.5ː̄ ̝̰̤Ǫȅ ǫȓԷ˰ˡ̸̤ːˈ˲ˣ˕̤Ǫ̳˱̶̤ࠅ ۡ ˧ȔҟǪ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̧ ̥ࠅ ۡ ˧ȔҟǪǰǵ˰߼Ǫࠃ ǪȔԷ˲̇ ̸̭̤ȇ
: ‫اﻟﺸﲁ اﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫˧ ۡ ࠅ̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ȔҟǪǰǵ˰߼Ǫ

‫ = )ܺ(ܧ‬1,5

{̣ ˾ ̲̪̚‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̉‫˒ˋ˅̬̪̽˗̏ٸ‬
‫ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻘﳰﺔ اﳌﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﳌﺮﺑﻊ إﳓﺮاف‬X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ̬̽˅ˋ˒ . ‫̴̋ߤ = )ܺ(ܧ‬ ̸̜˒Ụ̈̌ ˾ ̲̪̚‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̉‫ ̪˗̏ٸ‬X ‫ﻟﯿﻜﻦ‬
{ȅ ǫȓȉ ǫȓǙ̴̄ ˷̸˗̪̬̉‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ
 ܸ(ܺ) = ߪଶ = ‫ ܺ(ܧ‬− ߤ)ଶ = ෍ (‫ ݔ‬− ߤ)ଶ . ݂(‫)ݔ‬
௫

(ܺ − ߤ)ଶ = ܺ ଶ − 2ܺߤ + ߤଶ

ܸ(ܺ) = ‫ ܺ(ܧ‬ଶ − 2ܺߤ + ߤଶ) = ‫ ܺ(ܧ‬ଶ) − 2‫ )ߤܺ(ܧ‬+ ‫ߤ(ܧ‬ଶ)

= ‫ ܺ(ܧ‬ଶ) − 2ߤ‫ )ܺ(ܧ‬+ ߤଶ = ‫ ܺ(ܧ‬ଶ) − 2ߤଶ + ߤଶ = ‫ ܺ(ܧ‬ଶ) − ߤଶ = ‫ ܺ(ܧ‬ଶ) − [‫])ܺ(ܧ‬ଶ

= ෍ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ݂(‫ )ݔ‬− ߤଶ
௫

ܸ(ܺ) = ‫ ܺ(ܧ‬− ߤ)ଶ = ෍ (‫ ݔ‬− ߤ)ଶ . ݂(‫ ܺ(ܧ = )ݔ‬ଶ) − [‫])ܺ(ܧ‬ଶ = ෍ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ݂(‫ )ݔ‬− [‫])ܺ(ܧ‬ଶ
௫ ௫

{̬̽˅ˋ˕̧ ̥̺̋ ̾ˈ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫǵ˱߫Ǫ̸̵‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̉‫߼˕̏ٸ‬ȉǵ˅̾̋ ߼ǪȀ Ǫ˲֣ȔҟǪ

ߪ = ඥܸ(ܺ) = ඥ‫ ܺ(ܧ‬ଶ) − [‫])ܺ(ܧ‬ଶ