15.

6 Triple Integrals

[교재] Calculus: Early Transcendentals, 9th edition (Metric

Version) by James Stewart, Daniel Clegg, Saleem Watson
■ Triple Integrals over Rectangular Boxes
𝐵= 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑, 𝑟 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑠

𝑏−𝑎
The interval [𝑎, 𝑏] into 𝑙 subintervals [𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ] of equal width ∆𝑥 =
𝑙

𝑑−𝑐
The interval [𝑐, 𝑑] into 𝑚 subintervals [𝑦𝑗−1 , 𝑦𝑗 ] of equal width ∆𝑦 = 𝑚
𝑠−𝑟
The interval [𝑟, 𝑠] into 𝑛 subintervals [𝑧𝑘−1 , 𝑧𝑘 ] of equal width ∆𝑧 = 𝑛
 𝐵𝑖𝑗𝑘 = 𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 × 𝑦𝑗−1 , 𝑦𝑗 × 𝑧𝑘−1 , 𝑧𝑘

∆𝑉 = ∆𝑥∆𝑦∆𝑧

The triple Riemann sum

𝑙 𝑚 𝑛
∗ ∗ ∗
෍ ෍ ෍ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖𝑗𝑘 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗𝑘 , 𝑧𝑖𝑗𝑘 ) ∆𝑉
𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑘=1

where the sample point (𝑥𝑖𝑗𝑘

∗ ∗
, 𝑦𝑖𝑗𝑘 ∗
, 𝑧𝑖𝑗𝑘 )
is in 𝐵𝑖𝑗𝑘 .
Definition The triple integral of 𝑓 over the box 𝐵 is
𝑙 𝑚 𝑛
∗ ∗ ∗
ම 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉 = lim ෍ ෍ ෍ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖𝑗𝑘 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗𝑘 , 𝑧𝑖𝑗𝑘 ) ∆𝑉
𝑙,𝑚,𝑛→∞
𝐵 𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑘=1

if this limit exists.

If 𝑓 is continuous, the triple integral always exists.

If we choose the sample point to be (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑗 , 𝑧𝑘 ), we get

𝑙 𝑚 𝑛

ම 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉 = lim ෍ ෍ ෍ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑗 , 𝑧𝑘 ) ∆𝑉

𝑙,𝑚,𝑛→∞
𝐵 𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑘=1
Fubini’s Theorem for Triple Integrals If 𝑓 is continuous on the
rectangular box 𝐵 = 𝑎, 𝑏 × 𝑐, 𝑑 × [𝑟, 𝑠]
𝑠 𝑑 𝑏
⟹ ම 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉 = න න න 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑟 𝑐 𝑎
𝐵

𝑑 𝑠 𝑏
= න න න 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
𝑐 𝑟 𝑎
𝑠 𝑏 𝑑
= න න න 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑟 𝑎 𝑐
𝑏 𝑠 𝑑
= න න න 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑟 𝑐
𝑑 𝑏 𝑠
= න න න 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑐 𝑎 𝑟
𝑏 𝑑 𝑠
= න න න 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑐 𝑟
Example 1 Evaluate the triple integral ‫ 𝑧𝑦𝑥 𝐵׮‬2 𝑑𝑉, where 𝐵 is the
rectangular box given by
𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)|0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, −1, ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2,0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 3}
Sol.)
3 2 1
ම 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑑𝑉 = න න න 𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝐵 0 −1 0

3 2 2 𝑥=1
2𝑥
= ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬−1 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑥=0
3 2 1 2
= ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬−1 2
𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

𝑦=2
3 1 2 𝑦2
= ‫׬‬0 2 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
𝑦=−1
3 3 2
= ‫׬‬0 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
4
3
3 𝑧3
= ⋅
4 3 0
27
= 4
■ Triple Integrals over General Regions
A solid region 𝐸 is said to be of type 1
𝐸 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)| 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐷, 𝑢1 𝑥, 𝑦 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑢2 (𝑥, 𝑦)}
𝑢2 (𝑥,𝑦)
ම 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉 = ඵ න 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝐴
𝑢1 (𝑥,𝑦)
𝐸 𝐷
A solid region 𝐸 is said to be of type 2
𝐸 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)| 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝐷, 𝑢1 𝑦, 𝑧 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑢2 (𝑦, 𝑧)}
𝑢2 (𝑦,𝑧)
ම 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉 = ඵ න 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝐴
𝑢1 (𝑦,𝑧)
𝐸 𝐷
A solid region 𝐸 is said to be of type 3
𝐸 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)| 𝑥, 𝑧 ∈ 𝐷, 𝑢1 𝑥, 𝑧 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑢2 (𝑥, 𝑧)}
𝑢2 (𝑥,𝑧)
ම 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉 = ඵ න 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝐴
𝑢1 (𝑥,𝑧)
𝐸 𝐷
𝐸 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)|𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑔1 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑔2 (𝑥), 𝑢1 𝑥, 𝑦 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑢2 (𝑥, 𝑦)}

𝑏 𝑔2 𝑥 𝑢2 𝑥,𝑦
ම 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉 = න න න 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑔1 𝑥 𝑢1 𝑥,𝑦
𝐸
𝐸 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)|𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑, ℎ1 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ ℎ2 (𝑦), 𝑢1 𝑥, 𝑦 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑢2 (𝑥, 𝑦)}

𝑑 ℎ2 𝑦 𝑢2 𝑥,𝑦
ම 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉 = න න න 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑐 ℎ1 𝑦 𝑢1 𝑥,𝑦
𝐸
Example 2 Evaluate‫𝑉𝑑 𝑧 𝐸׮‬, where 𝐸 is the solid in the first octant
bounded by the surface 𝑧 = 12𝑥𝑦 and the planes 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑥 = 1.
Sol.)

𝐸= 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 12𝑥𝑦
1 𝑥 12𝑥𝑦
ම 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = න න න 𝑧 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝐸 0 0 0
 1 𝑥 12𝑥𝑦
ම 𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = න න න 𝑧 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝐸 0 0 0

1 𝑥 𝑧=12𝑥𝑦
𝑧2
=න න 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0 2 𝑧=0

1 𝑥
= න න (72𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0

1
𝑦=𝑥
= න 24𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑦=0 𝑑𝑥
0

1
= න 24𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥
0

1
= 4𝑥 6 0

=4
Example 3 Evaluate ‫ 𝑥 𝐸׮‬2 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑉, where 𝐸 is the region bounded by the
paraboloid 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 and the plane 𝑦 = 4.
Sol.)

𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑧2 ⟹ 𝑧 = ± 𝑦 − 𝑥2
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 and 𝑧 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 4 ⟹ 𝑥 = ±2
𝐸 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)| − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, 𝑥 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4, − 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑦 − 𝑥 2}
2 4 𝑦−𝑥 2
ම 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑉 = න න න 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝐸 −2 𝑥 2 − 𝑦−𝑥 2
Example 3 Evaluate‫ 𝑥 𝐸׮‬2 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑉, where 𝐸 is the region bounded by the
paraboloid 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 and the plane 𝑦 = 4.
Sol.)

𝐷3 = {(𝑥, 𝑧)|0 ≤ 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 ≤ 4}
𝐸 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)| 𝑥, 𝑧 ∈ 𝐷3 , 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4}
4
ම 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑉 = ඵ න 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝐴
𝐸 𝐷3 𝑥 2 +𝑧 2
𝑦=4
=ඵ 𝑥2 + 𝑧 2𝑦 𝑑𝐴
𝐷3 𝑦=𝑥 2 +𝑧 2
 = ඵ 4 − 𝑥2 + 𝑧2 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝐴
𝐷3

𝐷3 = 𝑥, 𝑧 0 ≤ 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 ≤ 4
= 𝑟, 𝜙 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 2,0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 2𝜋
𝑟2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑧2
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜙
𝑧 = 𝑟 sin 𝜙
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜙
2𝜋 2
‫ 𝐷׭‬4 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝐴 = ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 4 − 𝑟 2 𝑟 2 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜙
3
2𝜋 2
= ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 4𝑟 2 − 𝑟 4 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜙
2
2𝜋 4𝑟 3 𝑟5
= ‫׬‬0 − 5 𝑑𝜙
3 0
32 32
= 2𝜋 3
− 5
128
= 15
𝜋
 1 𝑥2 𝑦
Example 4 Express the iterated integral as a
‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
triple integral and then rewrite it as an iterated integral in the following
orders.
(a) Integrating first with respect to 𝑥, then 𝑧, and then 𝑦.
(b) Integrating first with respect to 𝑦, then 𝑥, and then 𝑧.
1 𝑥2 𝑦
Sol.) ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ‫𝑥(𝑓 𝐸׮‬, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉

𝐸 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)|0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1,0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑦}

 𝐸= 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐷1 , 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑦

= {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)| 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝐷2 , 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1}

= {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)| 𝑥, 𝑧 ∈ 𝐷3 , 𝑧 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 2 }

𝐷1 = 𝑥, 𝑦 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1,0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 2 𝐷3 = 𝑥, 𝑧 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1,0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑥 2
= {(𝑥, 𝑦)|0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1, 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1} = {(𝑥, 𝑧)|0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1, 𝑧 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1}

𝐷2 = 𝑦, 𝑧 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1,0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑦
= {(𝑦, 𝑧)|0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1, 𝑧 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1}
 1 𝑥2 𝑦
Example 4 Express the iterated integral as a
‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
triple integral and then rewrite it as an iterated integral in the following
orders.
(a) Integrating first with respect to 𝑥, then 𝑧, and then 𝑦.
(b) Integrating first with respect to 𝑦, then 𝑥, and then 𝑧.
Sol. a) 𝐸 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)|0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1,0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑦, 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1}

1 𝑦 1
ම 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉 = න න න 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
𝐸 0 0 𝑦

b) 𝐸 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)|0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1, 𝑧 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 𝑧 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 2 }

1 1 𝑥2
ම 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉 = න න න 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝐸 0 𝑧 𝑧
■ Applications of Triple Integrals

𝑉 𝐸 = ම 𝑑𝑉
𝐸

For example, 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 1

𝑢2 (𝑥,𝑦)
ම 𝑑𝑉 = ඵ න 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝐴
𝐸 𝐷 𝑢1 (𝑥,𝑦)

= ඵ 𝑢2 𝑥, 𝑦 − 𝑢1 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝐴
𝐷
Example 5 Use a triple integral to find the volume of the tetrahedron 𝑇
bounded by the planes 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2, 𝑥 = 2𝑦, 𝑥 = 0, and 𝑧 = 0.
Sol.)

𝑥 𝑥
𝑇= 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 − 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦

𝑉 𝑇 = ‫𝑉𝑑 𝑇׮‬
1 1−𝑥/2 2−𝑥−2𝑦
=න න න 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥/2 0
1 1−𝑥/2
=න න (2 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥/2
= 1/3
■ Applications of Triple Integrals

If the density function of a solid object that occupies the region

𝐸 is 𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧), in units of mass per unit volume, at any given
point 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 , then its mass is

𝑙 𝑚 𝑛
∗ ∗ ∗
𝑚= lim ෍ ෍ ෍ 𝜌(𝑥𝑖𝑗𝑘 , 𝑦𝑖𝑗𝑘 , 𝑧𝑖𝑗𝑘 ) ∆𝑉
𝑙,𝑚,𝑛→∞
𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑘=1

= ම 𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉
𝐸
Similarly, the moments about the three coordinate planes are

𝑀𝑦𝑧 = ම 𝑥𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉 𝑀𝑥𝑧 = ම 𝑦𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉

𝐸 𝐸

𝑀𝑥𝑦 = ම 𝑧𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉
𝐸
The center of mass is located at the point (𝑥,ҧ 𝑦, ҧ where
ത 𝑧),
𝑀𝑦𝑧 𝑀𝑥𝑧 𝑀𝑥𝑦
𝑥ҧ = 𝑦ത = 𝑧ҧ =
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
If the density is constant, the center of mass of the solid is called the
centroid of 𝐸.
The moments of inertia about the three coordinate axes are

𝐼𝑥 = ම (𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉
𝐸

𝐼𝑦 = ම (𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 )𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉
𝐸

𝐼𝑧 = ම (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉
𝐸
The total electric charge on a solid object occupying a region 𝐸 and
having charge density 𝜎(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is

𝑄 = ම 𝜎(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑉
𝐸
If we have three continuous random variables 𝑋, 𝑌, and 𝑍, their joint
density function is a function of three variables such that the
probability that (𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍) lies in 𝐸 is

𝑃 𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍 ∈ 𝐸 = ම 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑉
𝐸
𝑏 𝑑 𝑠
𝑃 𝑎 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑐 ≤ 𝑌 ≤ 𝑑, 𝑟 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 𝑠 = න න න 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑐 𝑟
∞ ∞ ∞
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ≥ 0 න න න 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 1
−∞ −∞ −∞
Example 6 Find the center of mass of a solid of constant density that is
bounded by the parabolic cylinder 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 , and the planes 𝑥 = 𝑧, 𝑧 = 0, and
𝑥 = 1.
Sol.) 𝐸 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)| − 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1, 𝑦 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1,0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑥}
Put 𝜌 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝜌 : a constant.
Then
𝑚 = ‫𝑉𝑑 𝜌 𝐸׮‬
1 1 𝑥
= ‫׬‬−1 ‫ 𝑦׬‬2 ‫׬‬0 𝜌 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1 1
= ‫׬‬−1 ‫ 𝑦׬‬2 𝜌𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑥=1
1 𝑥2
= ‫׬‬−1 𝜌2 𝑑𝑦
𝑥=𝑦 2
1 𝜌
= ‫׬‬−1 2 (1 − 𝑦 4 ) 𝑑𝑦
1
𝜌 𝑦5
= 𝑦−
2 5 −1
4𝜌
= 5
‫𝑉𝑑 𝜌𝑥 𝐸׮ = 𝑧𝑦𝑀‬ ‫𝑉𝑑 𝜌𝑧 𝐸׮ = 𝑦𝑥𝑀‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫𝑥‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫𝑥‬
‫𝑦𝑑 𝑥𝑑 𝑧𝑑 𝜌𝑥 ‪0‬׬ ‪𝑦 2‬׬ ‪−1‬׬ =‬ ‫𝑦𝑑 𝑥𝑑 𝑧𝑑 𝜌𝑧 ‪0‬׬ ‪𝑦 2‬׬ ‪−1‬׬ =‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫𝑥=𝑧‬
‫𝑦𝑑 𝑥𝑑 ‪𝑦 2 𝜌𝑥 2‬׬ ‪−1‬׬ =‬ ‫‪1 1‬‬ ‫‪𝑧2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪𝑦 2‬׬ ‪−1‬׬‬ ‫‪𝜌2‬‬ ‫𝑦𝑑 𝑥𝑑‬
‫‪𝑧=0‬‬
‫‪𝑥=1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪𝑥3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪𝜌 2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪−1‬׬‬ ‫‪𝜌3‬‬ ‫𝑦𝑑‬ ‫‪𝑦 2‬׬ ‪−1‬׬ =‬ ‫𝑥‬ ‫𝑦𝑑 𝑥𝑑‬
‫‪𝑥=𝑦 2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫𝜌 ‪1‬‬
‫𝑦𝑑 ) ‪−1 3 (1 − 𝑦 6‬׬ =‬ ‫‪1 𝜌 3 𝑥=1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫𝑥 ‪−1 6‬׬‬ ‫𝑦𝑑‬
‫‪𝑥=𝑦 2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫𝜌‬ ‫‪𝑦7‬‬ ‫𝜌 ‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪𝑦−‬‬ ‫𝑦𝑑 ) ‪−1 (1 − 𝑦 6‬׬ =‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪7 −1‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫𝜌‪4‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫𝜌‬ ‫‪𝑦7‬‬ ‫𝑉𝑑 𝜌𝑦 𝐸׮ = 𝑧𝑥𝑀‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪𝑦−‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7 −1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫𝑥‬
‫𝜌‪2‬‬
‫𝑦𝑑 𝑥𝑑 𝑧𝑑 𝜌𝑦 ‪0‬׬ ‪𝑦 2‬׬ ‪−1‬׬ =‬
‫=‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫𝑦𝑑 𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝑦𝜌 ‪𝑦 2‬׬ ‪−1‬׬ =‬
‫𝑦𝑥𝑀 𝑧𝑥𝑀 𝑧𝑦𝑀‬
‫∴‬ ‫‪𝑥,ҧ 𝑦,‬‬
‫= ‪ത 𝑧ҧ‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪𝑥2‬‬
‫‪𝑥=1‬‬
‫𝑚 𝑚 𝑚‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪−1‬׬‬ ‫‪𝜌𝑦 2‬‬ ‫𝑦𝑑‬
‫‪𝑥=𝑦 2‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪, 0,‬‬ ‫𝜌 ‪1‬‬
‫𝑦𝑑 ) ‪−1 2 (𝑦 − 𝑦 5‬׬ =‬
‫‪7 14‬‬
‫‪=0‬‬