0.

10
1. moles methane = 16 = 6.25 × 10–3 (1)
kJ evolved = 6.25 × 10–3 × 890 = 5.56 (1)
5.56 × 103 joules = (mc)T (1)
5.56  10 3
T = 120 = 46.4 K (1) 4
[4]

2. C6H11OH + 8½O2  6CO2 + 6H2O/double or multiple equation (1)

[1]

3. (a) by definition (1) 1

1 1
(b) Li(s) + 2 O2(g) + 2 H2(g)  LiOH(s) equation (1)
ss (1) 2
1
(c) Li(s) + H2O(l)  Li+(aq) + OH–(aq) + 2 H2(g) equation (1)
ss (1) 2
(d) H = H (LiOH(aq)) – H (H2O(l)) or cycle (1)
= – 487 – 21 – (–286) (1)
= – 222 (kJ mol–1) (1)
(allow (1) for – 201)
reactivity increases (1)
Relationship between H and reactivity none (1)
Reason reactivity governed by rate ( or Ea) (1) 3
[8]

4. (a) enthalpy (or energy) to break (or dissociate) a bond; 1

averaged over different molecules (environments); 1
enthalpy (or heat energy) change when one mole of a compound; 1
is formed from its elements; 1
in their standard states; 1
(b) enthalpy change = (bonds broken) –(bonds formed) or cycle; 1
= 4 × 388 +163 + 2 × 146 +4 × 463 -(944 + 8 × 463); 1
(or similar)
= –789 ; 1
(+ 789 scores 1 only)
(c) (i) zero; 1
(ii) AH = Σ (enthalpies of formation of products)
–(enthalpies of formation of reactants) 1
= 4 × –242-(75 + 2 × –133); 1
= -777; 1
( + 777 scores one only)
(d) mean bond enthalpies are not exact 1
 (or indication that actual values are different from
real values)
[13]

5. (a) (i) enthalpy change when 1 mol of a substance (or compound) (QL mark) 1
is (completely) burned in oxygen (or reacted in excess oxygen)1
at 298 K and 100 kPa (or under standard conditions) 1

(ii) heat produced = mass of water × Sp heat capacity xT (or mcT) 1
= 150×4.18×64 (note if mass = 2.12 lose first 2 marks then conseq)
= 40100 J or = 40.1 kJ (allow 39.9-40.2 must have correct units)1
moles methanol = mass/Mr = 2.12/32 (1) 1
= 0.0663
H = – 40.1/0.0663 = – 605 kJ (mol–1) 1
(allow –602 to –608 or answer in J)
(note allow conseq marking after all mistakes but
note use of 2.12 g loses 2 marks

(b) H = Hcο(reactants) – Hcο (products) (or correct cycle) 1

Hcο (CH3OH) = Hcο(CO) + 2 × Hcο(H2) – H 1
= (–283) + (2 × –286) – (–91) (mark for previous equation or this)
= –764 (kJ mol–1) ( units not essential but lose mark if units wrong) 1
(note + 764 scores 1/3)
[10]

6. (a) (i) enthalpy (or heat or heat energy) change when 3

1 mol of a substance (1) (QL mark) is formed from its elements (1)
all substances in their standard states (1) (or normal states at 298K,
100 kPa or std condits)
not STP, NTP
(b) enthalpy change (or enthalpy of reaction) is independent of route (1)
H = Hf prods - Hf reactants (or cycle) (1)
minimum correct cycle is:
M gO + 2H C l M g C l2 + H 2 O

1
M g + C l2 + H 2 + 2 O 2

H = -642 – 286 – (–602 + 2 × –92) (1)

= –142 (kJ mol–1) (1) 4
penalise this mark for wrong units
+142 scores 1 mark out of the last three
 (c) H = mcT (1) (or mcT)
= 50 × 4.2 × 32 = 6720 J = 6.72J (1)
mark is for 6720 J or 6.72 kJ
vol 50
moles HCl = 1000 × conc = 1000 × 3 (1)
= 0.15 (1)
if error here mark on conseq.
Therefore moles of MgO reacted = moles HCl/2 (1) (mark is for/2, CE if
not/2)
= 0.15/2 = 0.075
Therefore H = 6.72/0.075 (1) 8
= –90 kJ (mol–1)
kJ must be given, allow 89 to 91
value (1)
sign (1); this mark can be given despite CE for /2
Note various combinations of answers to part (c) score as follows:
–89 to –91 kJ (8) (or –89000 to 91000J)
no units (7)
+89 to +91 kJ (7) (or + 89000 to +91000J)
no units (6)
–44 to –46 kJ (5) (or -44000 to -46000J)
no units (4) if units after 6.72 or 6720 (5)
+44 to +46 kJ (4) (or +44000 to + 46000)
if no units and
if no units after 6.72 or 6720 (3)
otherwise check, could be (4)
[15]

7. (a) Enthalpy (Energy) to break a (covalent) bond (1) OR dissociation energy

Varies between compounds so average value used (1) QL mark
OR average of dissociation energies in a single molecule / e.g. CH 4
Do not allow mention of energy to form bonds
nd
but with this case can allow second mark otherwise 2 mark
consequential on first

2
(b) (i) 1/2 N2 + 3/2 H2  NH3 (1)
Ignore s s

(ii) H = ()bonds broken – ()bonds formed (1)

= 1/2 × 944 + 3/2 × 436 – 3 × 388 (1)
= –38 kJ mol–1 (1)
Ignore no units, penalise wrong units
Score 2/3 for -76
 1/3 for +38
Allow 1/3 for +76

4
(c) 4 (C–H) + (C=C) + (H–H) – (6 (C–H) + (C–C)) = –136 (1)
(C=C) + (H–H) – ((C–C) + 2 (C–H)) = –136
2 (C–H) = 836 (1)
(C–H) = 418 (kJ mol–1) (1)
Note: allow (1) for –836
another (1) for –418

3
[9]

8. (a) C3H6 + 4O2  3CO2 + 3H2O (1) (or multiple) 1

1.45
(b) (i) 58 (1) = 0.0250 (1)
allow 0.025
allow conseq on wrong Mr
1.45
1.45/100, CE; 58.1 C.E.
(ii) heat released = mcT
= 100 × 4.18 × 58.1 (1)
if 1.45 used in place of 100 CE = 0
= 24300 J (1) (or 24.3kJ)
allow 24200 to 24300
ignore decimal places
units tied to answer
If use 0.1 × 4.18 × 51.8 allow ½ for 24.3 with no units
24.3
(iii) 0.0250 = –972 (kJ mol–1) (1) 5
allow –968 to –973
allow +972
allow conseq
allow no units
penalise wrong units
(c) (i) Heat loss (1) or energy loss
do not allow incomplete combustion
(ii) Difference: more negative (1) (or more exothermic)
QoL mark
Explanation: heat (or energy) released when water vapour
condenses (1) 3
or heat/energy required to vaporise water
or water molecules have more energy in the gaseous state
(d) H = Hreactants – Hproducts (1)
 2C + 3H 2 + S C 2H 5SH

–H c C 2 H 5S H
(or cycle C O 2 H 2O SO 2 )
= (2 × –394) + (3 × –286) + (–297) – (–1170) (1) = –773 (1) 3
ignore units even if wrong
Allow 1/3 for +773
[12]
9. (a) {heat {molecule
{enthalpy change for formation of 1 mol of a {substance (1)
{compound
from its elements (1)
in their standard states * (at 298 K, 100 kPa) (1)
(*) or natural/normal states at 298 K, 100 kPa
must have 2nd mark to score third 3

3 1
(b) C(s) + 2 H2(g) + 2 N2(g) + O2(g)  CH3NO2(l)
equation (1)
not × 2
state symbols (1)
can score for unbalanced equation or × 2 2

(c) Hess’s law (1)

or 1st Law or conservation of energy 1
1 1
(d) H refers to 2 H2(g) + C(s) + 2 N2(g)  HCN(g) (1)
1 1
H = 2 H (H2) + H (c) + 2 H (N2) – H (HCN) (1)

= –121 –394 + 34 – (–611) (1)

= + 130 (kJmol–1) (1)
(for wrong answers allow )
( –130 (2) )
( +260 (3) )
( –260 (1) ) 4
[10]

10. (a) (Energy required) to break a given covalent bond (1)

averaged over a range of compounds (1)
Penalise first mark if ‘energy’ / ‘enthalpy’ evolved

2
 (b) (i) 4 × C-H = 4 × 413 = +1652
1 × C-C = 1 × 347 = 347
1 × C=O = 1 × 736 = 736
2½ × O=O = 2.5 × 498 = 1245 (1)
= 2735 + 1245 = +3980 (1)
first mark for 4 : 1: 1 or 2735 ignore sign

(ii) 4 × H-O = -4 × 464 = –1856

4 × C-O = -4 × 736 = –2944 (1)
= –4800 (1)
First mark for 4 : 4

(iii) HR = Bonds broken - Bonds made

= +3980 - 4800 = -820 (1)
Conseq Mark for incorrect answers in (i) and (ii) as
(i) Answer + (ii) Answer =

5
[7]

11. (a) (Enthalpy change) when 1 mol (1) of a compound is formed

from its constituent elements (1) in their standard states (1)
Allow energy or heat, Ignore evolved or absorbed
Mark each point independently

3
(b) (The enthalpy change for a reaction is) independent of the route (1) 1
(c) HR =  Hf products -  Hf reactants (1)
= [(3 × -286) + (3 × -394)] - (-248) (1)
= -1792 (1) (kJ mol–1)
Deduct one mark for each error to zero

3
[7]

12. (a) standard enthalpy of formation (1)

allow enthalpy of formation under standard conditions
1 mol of a compound produced (1)
from elements under standard conditions (1)
reactants and products in standard states (1)
allow normal or most stable states under standard conditions
correct explanation not linked to correct name 4
 5
(b) (i) NO + 2 H2  NH3 + H2O or doubled (1)
allow two equations, single and doubled
mark on from wrong moles of H2 (for which Hf is zero)
1 1
(ii) NO 2 N2 + 2 O2 H = –91 kJ mol–1
1 3
2 N2 + 2 H2 NH3 H = –46 kJ mol–1
1
2 O2 + H2 H2O H = –242 kJ mol–1
correct equations or cycle (1)
 H = –91 –46 –242 (1) = –379 kJ mol–1 (1)
minus 1 for each wrong sign
if eqn in (i) and value in (ii) do not match, then MAX 2 ex 3
H =   Hprod –   Hreact (shown) gets 1 if zero otherwise 4
[8]

13. (a) H++OH–  H2O or H3O++OH–  2H2O (1)

Ignore state symbols; ignore ‘spectator’ ions 1

(b) Mol H+ = 500×100/1000 = 5×10–2 (1) 1

(c) Heat energy evolved = MCT/MS  or in words (1)
= 100 × 418 × 65 = 2717 Allow 2700 –2717 (1)
or = 0.1 × 418 × 65 = 2717 Allow 27–2717 (1)
or = 0.1 × 42 × 65 = 2730 (or 2730) if 42 used for ‘c’
Ignore units in part (c)

2
(d) Molar enthalpy change = –2717/500 × 10–2 (1)
= –543 kJ mol–1 (1)
Allow conseq to answers in (b) and (c)
Mark CE if this inverted

2
[6]

14. (a) (The enthalpy/heat change) when one mole (1) is completely
burned/combusted in oxygen/air (1)
under standard conditions or 100K Pa/lbar/latm/760mm Hg (1) and 298K
or STP
Penalise first mark if heat adsorped. Penalise first mask if “energy change”
 stated

(b) HR = H products – H reactants or cycle or

HR = HCO2+2HH2O – HCH4 (1)
= (–394) +2 (–286) – (–75) (1)
= –891 (kJ mol–1)
Allow +891 [max 1]

3
(c) (i) Enthalpy (Do not allow energy) required to break a covalent bond (1)
Allow second mark separately
averaged over (many) compounds (1)
(ii) Ha =  Bonds broken –  Bonds made or cycle (1)
C (g ) + 4 H (g )

A llo w – 4 1 5 to – 4 1 6 C (g ) + 2 H 2 (g ) 2H B E H 2
M a x (2 )
C (s) + 2 H 2(g ) H B E C 4 B E (C – H )

A llo w 1 6 6 2 M a x (1 ) H FC H 4 C H 4 (g )

715 2(436) – (–75)

BE (C–H)= 4 (1) = 4155 (kJ mol–1) (1)
Allow 415–416
(iii) 4020 = 2BE (C–C) + 8 BE (C–H) (1)
CE if 3BE(C–C) used

4020 – 8(415  5)
BE (C–C) + 2 = 348 (kJmol–1) (1) Allow 346–350 7
Mark conseq
Note: Using 390, the given answer, BE (C–C) = 450 [2]
The common wrong answer in C(ii) is 378 this gives BE(C–C) as 498 conseq
[2]
[13]

15. (a) enthalpy change when 1 mol of a compound (1)

is completely burned in oxygen (1)
under standard conditions (1) 3
(b) CH3 SH + 3O2  CO2 + 2H2O + SO2 1
(c) enthalpies of combustion of C, H2, S
one correct (1)
three correct (2)
 (or enthalpies of formation of CO2, H2O, SO2)
one correct (1)
three correct (2) 2
(d) H= –H(CS2) + H (CO2) + 2H (SO2) (1)
or cycle with the same information
= –88 – 394 – 594 (1)
= –1076 kJ mol–1 (1)
+1076 scores one, –900 scores 1 cycle mark 3
[9]

16. (a) enthalpy change (1)

independent of reaction route (1) 2
(b) enthalpy change for 1 mol (1)
completely burned in oxygen (1)
under standard condition (1) 3
(c) (i) Equation for formation of CS2 C(s) + 2S(s)  CS2(l) (1)
Equation for combustion of CS2 CS2(l) + 3O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2SO2(g)
(1)
(ii) H = H(C) + 2H(S) – H(CS2) (1)
(or correct cycle)
= –394 + 2(–297) –88 (1)
= –1076 kJ mol–1 (1) 5
(d) H = H(CO) + 2H(SO2) – (H(CS2) + 5H(NO)) (1)
(or correct cycle)
= –111 + 2(–297) – (88 + 5 × 90) (1)
= –1243 kJ mol–1 (1) 3
[13]

17. (a) (i) N2 + 2H2  N2H4 (1)

(ii) N2H4 + O2  N2 + 2H2O (1)
N 2H 4 (g )

 H fN 2H 4
N 2 (g ) + 2 H 2 (g )
H c = –568
 H f H 2 O (g )
N 2 (g ) + 2 H 2 O (g ) = 2× –242
(iii)
Hf = – 484 + 568 = + 84 kJ mol–1 (1)
[OR Hf = 2Hf H2O(g) – Hc N2H4 (1) = 84 kJ mol–1 (1)] 4
(b) Enthalpy or heat required to break a covalent bond (1)
Average over a range of compounds 2
 N 2H 4 (g )

 H fN 2H 4
N 2 (g ) + 2 H 2 (g )
H c = –568
 H f H 2 O (g )
N 2 (g ) + 2 H 2 O (g ) = 2× –242
(c)
Hence (N–N) = 872 + 945 – 84 – 1556 (1) = 177 kJ mol–1 (1)
Note:– Mark consequentially to HfN2H4 from a(iii) 3

(d) The N–H bond enthalpies used in the calculation were mean values or
depend on environment (1) 1
[10]

18. (a) enthalpy change for one mole of compound (1)

formed from its elements (1)
in their standard states (1) 3
(b) by definition (1) 1
(c) H = 2 × H (CF4) + 6 × H (HF) – H (C2H6) (1)
= 2 × –680 + 6 × – 269 – (–85) (1)
= –2889 (1) (kJ mol–1) 3
(d) (i) bond energies (enthalpies) vary between compounds (1)
an average value is used (1)
(ii) First step in the reaction F–F bond breaks (1)
Reason weakest bond (1) 4
[11]

19. (a) Standard enthalpy of formation The enthalpy change when one mole of a
compound
(1) is formed from its consistuent element (1) in their normal or standard
state (1) under standard conditions
Standard enthalpy of combustion The enthalpy change when one mole of
a compound
(1) is completely burnt in oxygen (1) under standard condition or at 298K
and 100kPa (1)
6
(b) H = Hf products – Hf reactants or cycle (1)
= 3HfCO2 + 4Hf H2O – Hf C3 H7OH (1)
= –2022 kJ mol–1 (1) 3
 (c) (i) Enthalpy = 200 × 4.2 × 15 (1)
= 12.6 kJ (1)
(ii) Moles C3H7OH = 0.90/60 (1)
12.6 kJ (1)
(iii) Enthalpy of combustion = –12.6/0.015 (1)
= –840 kJ mol–1 (1)
(iv) Reason 1 Incomplete combustion
Heat lost to surroundings
Reason 2 Heat capacity of the apparatus
Any two (2) 8
[17]

20. (a) H =  Hf products –  Hf reactants or cycle (1)

= [(3 × –393) + (3 × – 242)] – [+53] (1)
= –1905 – 53
= –1958 kJ mol–1 (1) 3
(b) The enthalpy required to break a covalent bond (1)
average over a wide range of compounds (1) 2
(c) In; 3 × C–C; 3 × 347 = +1041
6 × C–H; 6 × 413 = +2478
4.5 × 0 = 0; 4.5 × 498 = + 2241
Total in + 5760 (1)
Out; 6 × C=O; 6 × –805 = –4830
6 × O–H; 6 × –464 = –2784
Total out –7614 (1)
–1
Enthalpy change = 5760 – 7614 = –1854 kJ mol (1) 3
(d) Cyclopropane has a strained ring structure (1)
Bonds in cyclopropane are weaker OR
Bond enthalpies depend on environment OR
Mean bond enthalpies used in the calculation (1) 2
[10]