APUSH Exam Review

Exploration and Colonization, 1492 – 1763

Key Terms and Concepts

• Mesoamerica • Salem witch trials • Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
-Mexican highlands, a -The Salem witch trials were a series of (1639)
civilization with hearings before county court trials to -Reverend Thomas Hooker was
impressive small cities prosecute people accused influential in the drafting
-Corn was domesticated of witchcraft in the counties -A sort of constitution creating a
in Mesoamerica by of Essex, Suffolk, government for the valley towns, in
planting seeds of the and Middlesex in colonial 1639
largest and hardiest plants Massachusetts, between February 1692 -Resembled the Massachusetts
• Great Biological and May 1693. system, except that they did not limit
Exchange -Despite being generally known as voting to church members
-Many crops and food the Salem witch trials, the preliminary • Dominion of New England
plants (maize, beans, hearings in 1692 were conducted in a -The Dominion of New England in
potatoes, peanuts, variety of towns across the America (1686–89) was an
pumpkins, and avocados) province: Salem administrative union
were first introduced to Village (now Danvers), Ipswich, Ando of English colonies in the New
Europe from the Western ver and Salem Town. England region of North America.
Hemisphere • Roger Williams -The dominion was ultimately a
• Line of Demarcation -An English Protestant theologian who failure because the area it
-North/South line of was an early proponent of religious encompassed was too large for a
longitude through the freedom and the separation of church single governor to manage
Atlantic Ocean dividing and state. • John Peter Zenger
lands in the Americas - In 1636, he began the colony -Victory for freedom of the press
claimed by Spain and of Providence Plantation, which -“Truth is not libel”
Portugal provided a refuge for religious • Jonathan Edwards
• Treaty of Tordesillas minorities. -The revival began with Jonathan
-Divided S. America in -Williams started the first Baptist Edwards, the leading American
half church in America, the First Baptist theologian of the colonial era and a
-Gave half to Spain and Church of Providence, before leaving Congregationalist minister in
the other half to Portugal to become a Seeker. Massachusetts.
-Pope Alexander VI -He was a student of Native American -Edwards came
demarcated the line that languages and an advocate for fair from Puritan, Calvinist roots, but
divides Latin America dealings with Native Americans. emphasized the importance and
• Lost colony of Roanoke • Thomas Hooker power of immediate, personal
-England’s first attempt to -A prominent Puritan religious and religious experience.
settle N. America with Sir colonial leader -Edwards was said to be 'solemn,
Walter Raleigh -Founded the Colony of Connecticut with a distinct and careful
-Sponsored a settlement after dissenting with Puritan leaders in enunciation, and a slow cadence.
on Roanoke Island (part Massachusetts. - Nevertheless, his sermons were
of N. Carolina) - He was known as an outstanding powerful and attracted a large
-By 1590 the colony had speaker and a leader of universal following.
disappeared which is why Christian suffrage. -"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry
it became known as the • Pequot War God," is his most famous sermon.
Lost Colony An armed conflict in 1634-1638 • George Whitefield
• Virginia Company between the Pequot tribe against an -The arrival of the young Anglican
-Jamestown was funded alliance of the Massachusetts Bay and preacher George Whitefield probably
by a joint-stock company Plymouth colonies with American sparked the religious conflagration. –
( a goup of investors who Indian allies -Whitefield, whose reputation as a
bought the right to est. (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes). great pulpit and open-air orator had
New World plantations Hundreds were killed; hundreds more preceded his visit, traveled through
from the king were captured and sold into slavery to the colonies in 1739 and 1740.
-The company became the West Indies. - Everywhere he attracted large and
known as the VA • King Philip’s War emotional crowds, eliciting countless
company after the virgin -Sometimes called Metacom's War conversions as well as considerable
Queen Elizabeth -Was an armed conflict between Native controversy. –
• Virginia House of American inhabitants of present-day -The English minister George
Burgesses southern New England and English Whitefield who declared the whole
 -In 1619, a rudimentary colonists and their Native American world his "parish" sparked the Great
form of self gov’t was allies in 1675–1676. Awakening.
instituted -The war is named after the main leader • Leisler’s Rebellion
-Consisted of delegates of the Native American -An uprising in late 17th
chosen in each district, side, Metacomet, known to the English century colonial New York, in
met at Jamestown to as "King Philip". which German American merchant
advise the governor on and militia captain Jacob
local problems • Bacon’s Rebellion Leisler seized control of lower New
• William Bradford -Bacon's Rebellion was an uprising in York, and ruled it from 1689 to 1691.
-Leader of the Pilgrims 1676 in the Virginia Colony in North -The uprising took place in the
(first governor) America, led by a 29-year- aftermath of Britain's Glorious
-The story of the first 30 old planter Nathaniel Bacon. Revolution and a revolt in
years of the Pilgrims’ -About a thousand Virginians rose the Dominion of New England, and
colony has been preserved because they resented Virginia reflected colonial resentment against
in Of Plymouth Governor William Berkeley's friendly the policies of the deposed
Plantation, written by policies towards the Native Americans. King James II.
Bradford -When Berkeley refused to retaliate for • Albany Plan of Union
• Mayflower Compact a series of Indian attacks on frontier -Was proposed by Benjamin
-Important because it settlements, others took matters into Franklin at the Albany Congress in
created the legal authority their own hands, attacking Indians, 1754 in Albany, New York.
and assembly chasing Berkeley from Jamestown, -It was an early attempt at forming a
-Also asserted that the Virginia, and torching the capitol. union of the colonies "under one
government’s power government as far as might be
derives from the governed • New Amsterdam necessary for defense and other
and not from God -A 17th-century Dutch general important purposes" during
• John Winthrop colonial settlement that served as the the French and Indian War.
-Led the “Great Puritan capital of New Netherland. It later -Franklin's plan of union was one of
Migration” 1629-1642 became New York City several put forth by various delegates
•
-Governor of the Massachusetts “Peaceable Kingdom” of the Albany Congress.
Bay Colony which was est. by -William Penn established • Benjamin Franklin
Congregationalists (Puritans who Pennsylvania in 1682 as a "holy -By the time Franklin arrived in
wanted to reform the Anglican experiment" in which Europeans and Philadelphia on May 5, 1775,
church from within) Indians could live together in harmony. the American Revolution had begun
• “City on a Hill” • Society of Friends with fighting at Lexington and
-Winthrop, while aboard -The Religious Society of Concord. The New
the Arabella, delivered Friends comprises a range of religious England militia had trapped the main
sermon urging the organizations which trace their origins British army in Boston.
colonists to be a “city to a Christian movement in mid-17th • Treaty of Paris (1763)
upon a hill” or a model century England and Wales with a -The Treaty of Paris, often called
for others to look up to central focus on ordinary individuals' the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of
direct experience of the eternal Christ. 1763, was signed on 10 February
-The names Quaker or Friends 1763, by the kingdoms of Great
Church are used by some of these Britain, France and Spain,
organizations. with Portugal in agreement.
-There is no single Religious Society of -It ended the French and Indian
Friends with universal juridical War/Seven Years' War.
authority as each national or regional -The treaty marked the beginning of
organization an extensive period of British
• Maryland Toleration Act (1649) dominance outside Europe
-The Maryland Toleration Act, also
known as the Act Concerning Religion,
was a law mandating religious
tolerance for Trinitarian Christians.
-Passed on April 21, 1649 by the
assembly of the Maryland colony, it
was the second law requiring religious
tolerance in the British North American
colonies and created the first legal
limitations on hate speech in the world.
• Restoration Colonies
-The Restoration of the monarchy
 began in 1660 when
the English, Scottish and Irish
monarchies were all restored
under Charles II after the republic that
followed the Wars of the Three
Kingdoms.
-The term Restoration may apply both
to the actual event by which the
monarchy was restored, and to the
period immediately following the
event.

The American Revolution, 1763 - 1787

Key Terms and Concepts

• Pontiac’s Rebellion • Committees of Correspondence • Benedict Arnold
-Tribes organize against -The Committees of -Was a general during
British movement Correspondence were shadow the American
• Proclamation Line of 1763 governments organized by the Revolutionary War.
-Restricts settlement west Patriot leaders of the Thirteen -He began the war in
of the Appalachians Colonies on the eve of American the Continental
• Paxton Boys Revolution. Army but
-Dissatisfied about frontier -They coordinated responses to later defected to
protection in Pennsylvania Britain and shared their plans; by the British Army.
• North and South Carolina 1773 they had emerged as shadow -While a general on the
governments, superseding the American side he
Regulators
colonial legislature and royal obtained command of
-Designation for two
officials. – the fort at West
groups, one in South
-The Maryland Committee of Point, New York, and
Carolina, the other in North
Correspondence was instrumental plotted to surrender it to
Carolina, that tried to effect
in setting up the First Continental the British forces. -After
governmental changes in
Congress, which met in the plot was exposed in
the 1760s.
Philadelphia. September 1780, he was
-In South Carolina, the
-These served an important role in commissioned into the
Regulator movement was
the Revolution, by disseminating British Army as a
an organized effort by
the colonial interpretation of British brigadier general.
backcountry settlers to
restore law and order and
actions between the colonies and to • Saratoga
foreign governments. The Battles of
establish institutions of
local government. • Thomas Jefferson Saratoga, sometimes
-Was the third President of the referred to as
• Letters of a Farmer in PA
United States (1801–1809) and the the Battle of
-In a series of fourteen
principal author of the Declaration Saratoga (September
letters widely published in
of Independence. 19 and October 7,
late 1767 and early 1768,
-An influential Founding Father, 1777) conclusively
John Dickinson counsels
Jefferson envisioned America as a decided the fate
leaders on both sides of the
great "Empire of Liberty" that of British General Joh
Atlantic Ocean on the
would promote republicanism n Burgoyne's army in
economic folly and
• Patrick Henry the American
unconstitutionality of new
–Was an orator and politician who Revolutionary
British revenue laws that
led the movement for independence War (known outside
ignore the rights of
in Virginia in the 1770s. the US as the
Englishmen living in the
-A Founding Father, he served as American War of
American Colonies.
the first and sixth post- Independence) and
• Samuel Adams are generally regarded
colonial Governor of Virginia from
-Samuel Adams was as a turning point in
1776 to 1779 and subsequently,
an American statesman, the war.
from 1784 to 1786.
political philosopher, and -The battles were
-Henry led the opposition to the
one of the Founding fought eighteen days
Fathers of the United Stamp Act of 1765 and is well
remembered for his "Give me apart on the same
States.
 -As a politician Liberty, or give me Death!" speech. ground, 9 miles
in colonial -Along with Samuel (14 km) south
Massachusetts, Adams Adams and Thomas Paine, he is of Saratoga, New
was a leader of the remembered as one of the most York.
movement that became influential exponents • Treaty of Alliance
the American of Republicanism, promoters of the (1778)
Revolution, and was one American Revolution and -The Treaty of Alliance,
of the architects of the Independence, especially in his also called The Treaty of
principles of American denunciations of corruption in Alliance with France,
republicanism that government officials and his was a defensive alliance
shaped the political defense of historic rights. between France and the
culture of the United • Continental Association United States of
States. -The Continental Association, often America, formed in the
-He was a second known simply as the "Association", midst of the American
cousin to President John was a system created by the First Revolutionary War,
Adams. Continental Congress in 1774 for which promised military
• Sons of Liberty implementing a support in case of attack
-The Sons of Liberty was a trade boycott with Great Britain. by British forces
political group made up -Congress hoped that by indefinitely into the
of American patriots that imposing economic sanctions, Great future
originated in the pre- Britain would be pressured to • Savannah
independence North redress the grievances of the -Savannah fell to them
American British colonies. colonies, and in particular repeal late in 1778, and most of
-The group was formed to the Intolerable Acts passed by the settled parts of GA
protect the rights of the the British Parliament. were overrun during
colonists from the -The Association aimed to alter 1779
usurpations by the British Britain's policies towards the • Yorktown
government after 1766. colonies without -The Siege of
-They are best known for severing allegiance. Yorktown, Battle of
undertaking the Boston Tea • Lexington and Concord Yorktown, or Surrender
Party in 1773, which led to -The Battles of Lexington and of Yorktown in 1781 was
the Intolerable Acts and a Concord were the first military a decisive victory by a
counter-mobilization by the engagements of the American combined assault of
Patriots that led directly to Revolutionary War. American forces led by
the American Revolution in -They were fought on April 19, General George
1775. 1775, in Middlesex Washington and French
• Gaspee incident County, Province of Massachusetts forces led by the Comte
-The Gaspée Affair was a Bay, within the towns de Rochambeau over a
significant event in the of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, British
lead-up to the American and Cambridge, near Boston. Army commanded by
Revolution. - -The battles marked the outbreak of Lieutenant General Lord
-In a notorious act of open armed conflict between Cornwallis.
defiance, a group of men the Kingdom of Great Britain and -The culmination of
led by Abraham its thirteen colonies in the mainland the Yorktown campaign,
Whipple and John of British North America. it proved to be the last
Brown attacked, • Ticonderoga major land battle of
boarded, looted, and -The Battle of Carillon, also known the American
torched the ship as the 1758 Battle of Ticonderoga, Revolutionary War in
• Boston Massacre was fought on July 8, 1758, during North America, as the
-The Boston Massacre, also the French and Indian War (which surrender of Cornwallis'
known as the Boston riot was part of the global Seven Years army prompted the
was an incident on March War). British government
5, 1770, in which British -It was fought near Fort Carillon eventually to negotiate an
redcoats killed five civilian (now known as Fort Ticonderoga) end to the conflict.
men. on the shore of Lake Champlain in • General Cornwallis
-It helped spark the the frontier area between the British -Charles Cornwallis, 1st
rebellion in some of colony of New York and the French Marquess
the British American colony of Canada. Cornwallis KG,
colonies, which culminated • Olive Branch Petition styled Viscount
in the American -The Olive Branch Petition was Brome between 1753
Revolutionary War. adopted by the Continental and 1762 and known
 -The British increase in Congress in July 1775 in an attempt as The Earl
troops in Boston led to a to avoid a full-blown war Cornwallis between
tense situation that erupted with Great Britain. 1762 and 1792, was
into brawls between -The petition affirmed American a British Army officer
soldiers and civilians. – loyalty to Great Britain and and colonial
-The troops fired after entreated the king to prevent further administrator.
being threatened by a mob. conflict. -In the United States and
-Three civilians were killed -The petition was rejected, and in the United Kingdom he
at the scene of the August 1775 the colonies were is best remembered as
shooting, eleven were formally declared in rebellion by one of the leading British
injured, and two died after the Proclamation of Rebellion. generals in the American
the incident. • Bunker Hill War of Independence.
• Circular letter -The Battle of Bunker Hill took -His surrender in 1781 to
-The Massachusetts place on June 17, 1775, mostly a combined American
Circular Letter had been on and around Breed's Hill, and French force at
framed in moderate during the Siege of Boston early the Siege of
language and clearly in the American Revolutionary Yorktown ended
reflected the convictions of War. significant hostilities in
most of the people in the • Trenton and Princeton North America.
Bay Colony -The Battle of Trenton took place • Treaty of Paris (1783)
• Land Ordinance of 1785 on December 26, 1776, during -The Treaty of Paris,
-The Land Ordinance of the American Revolutionary signed on September 3,
1785 was adopted by War, after General George 1783, ratified by
the United States Washington's crossing of the the Congress of the
Congress on May 20, 1785. Delaware River north of Trenton, Confederation on
- Under the Articles of New Jersey. January 14, 1784, and by
Confederation, Congress -The Battle of the King of Great Britain
did not have the power to Princeton (January 3, 1777) was on April 9, 1784,
raise revenue by direct a battle in which General formally ended
taxation of the inhabitants George Washington's the American
of the United States. revolutionary forces defeated Revolutionary
-Therefore, the immediate British forces War between
goal of the ordinance was near Princeton, New Jersey. the Kingdom of Great
to raise money through the • Oriskany Britain and the United
sale of land in the largely -The Battle of Oriskany, fought States of America, which
unmapped territory west of on August 6, 1777, was one of had rebelled against
the original states acquired the bloodiest battles in the North British rule.
at the 1783 (Treaty of American theater of the • Western land claims
Paris) after the end of the American Revolutionary The state cessions are
Revolutionary War. War and a significant those areas of the United
• Northwest Ordinance engagement of the Saratoga States that the separate
-The Northwest campaign. states ceded to
Ordinance (formally An • Shays’ Rebellion the federal
Ordinance for the Shays' Rebellion was an armed government in the late
Government of the uprising in central and western 18th and early 19th
Territory of the United Massachusetts (mainly Springfield) century. The cession of
States, North-West of the from 1786 to 1787. The rebellion is these lands, which for
River Ohio, and also named after Daniel Shays, a veteran the most part lay
known as the Freedom of the American Revolutionary war. between the Appalachian
Ordinance or "The Mountains and
Ordinance of 1787") was the Mississippi River,
an act of the Congress of was key to establishing a
the Confederation of harmonious union
the United States. among the former British
-The primary effect of the colonies.
ordinance was the creation
of the Northwest
Territory as the
first organized territory of
the United States out of the
region south of the Great
 Lakes, north and west of
the Ohio River, and east of
the Mississippi River.

The Constitution and the Federalists, 1787 – 1800

Key Terms and Concepts

• Virginia Plan • James Madison • Citizen Genet
-The Virginia Plan (also -An -Began in 1793 when he was dispatched
known as the Randolph Plan, American politician and political to the United States to promote
after its sponsor, or the Large- philosopher who served as American support for France's wars
State Plan) was a proposal the fourth President of the with Spain and Britain.
by Virginia delegates, drafted United States (1809–1817) and • Jay’s Treaty
by James Madison while he is considered one of -Was a treaty between the United
waited for a quorum to the Founding Fathers of the States and Great Britain that is credited
assemble at the Constitutional United States. with averting war, resolving some issues
Convention of 1787. • Bill of Rights remaining since the Treaty of Paris of
• New Jersey Plan -A list of the most 1783, which ended the American
The New Jersey Plan (also important rights of the citizens Revolution, and allowing ten or more
known as the Small of a country. years of mostly peaceful trade between
State or Paterson Plan) was a -The purpose of these bills is the United States and Britain in the
proposal for the structure of to protect those rights against midst of the French Revolutionary
the United States infringement by the Wars that had begun in 1793.
Government proposed government. • Pinckney’s Treaty
by William Paterson at • Judiciary Act of 1789 -Also known as the Treaty of San
theConstitutional -A landmark statute adopted Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid, was
Convention on June 15, 1787. on September 24, 1789 in the signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on
• Connecticut Compromise first session of the First United October 27, 1795 and established
-The Connecticut States Congress establishing intentions of friendship between
Compromise (also known as the U.S. federal judiciary. the United States and Spain.
the Great Compromise of • Executive departments – State, -It also defined the boundaries of the
1787 or Sherman's Treasury, War, Attorney United States with the Spanish
Compromise) was an General colonies and guaranteed the United
agreement between large and -Are among the oldest primary States navigation rights on the
small states reached during the units of the executive Mississippi River.
Constitutional branch of the federal • XYZ Affair
Convention of 1787 that in government of the United -Was a diplomatic event that strained
part defined the legislative States—the Departments of relations between France and the United
structure and representation State, War, and States, and led to an undeclared naval
that each state would have the Treasury all being war called the Quasi-War. It took place
under the United States established within a few from March of 1798 to 1800.
Constitution. weeks of each other in 1789. • John Adams
-It proposed a bicameral • Bank of the United States -Was an American statesman, diplomat
legislature, resulting in the -The First Bank was and political theorist.
current United States a bank chartered by the United -A leading champion of independence in
Senate and House of States Congress on February 1776, he was the second President of the
Representatives. 25, 1791. United States (1797–1801).
• 3/5 Compromise -The charter was for 20 years. • Democratic-Republicans
-The Three-Fifths The Bank was created to -Was an American political
compromise was a handle the financial needs and party founded in the early 1790s
compromise requirements of the central by Thomas Jefferson and James
between Southern and Norther government of the newly Madison. Political scientists use the
n states reached during formed United States, which former name, while historians prefer the
the Philadelphia Convention of had previously been thirteen latter one; contemporaries generally
1787 in which three-fifths of individual states with their called the party the "Republicans", along
the population of slaves would own banks, currencies, with many other names.
be counted financial institutions, and • Alien and Sedition Acts
for enumeration purposes policies. -Were four bills passed in 1798 by
regarding both the distribution • Strict/loose construction
 of taxes and -Constitution is narrowly the Federalists in the 5th United States
the apportionment of the interpreted to give the federal Congress during an undeclared naval
members of the United States government only those powers war with France, later known as
House of Representatives. specifically delegated to it. the Quasi-War.
- It was proposed by • Protective tariff -They were signed into law by
delegates James -Is intended to artificially President John Adams.
Wilson and Roger Sherman. inflate prices of imports and • Kentucky and Virginia Resolves
• Federalists protect domestic industries -Were political statements drafted in
-The Federalists controlled the from foreign competition 1798 and 1799, in which the Kentucky
federal government until 1801. especially from competitors and Virginia legislatures resolved not to
The party was formed whose host nations allow them abide by Alien and Sedition Acts.
by Alexander Hamilton, who, to operate under conditions -They argued that the Acts were
during George Washington's that are illegal in the protected unconstitutional and therefore void
first term, built a network of nation, or who subsidize their • Aaron Burr
supporters, largely urban exports. -After serving as a Continental
bankers and businessmen, to • Whiskey Rebellion Army officer in the Revolutionary War,
support his fiscal policies. -Was a resistance movement Burr became a successful lawyer and
• Anti-federalists in what was the western part politician.
– Opposed to a strong central of the United States in the -He was elected twice to the New York
government; saw 1790s, during the presidency State Assembly, was appointed New
undemocratic tendencies in the of George Washington. York State Attorney General, won
Constitution and insisted on • Impressment election again as a United States Senator
the inclusion of the Bill of -Was the act of compelling from New York, and reached the high
Rights. Included Thomas men into a navy by force and point of his career as the third Vice
Jefferson, James Monroe, and without notice. President of the United States,
Patrick Henry - It was used by the Royal under President Thomas Jefferson.
• Federalist Papers Navy, beginning in 1664 and
-A series of 85 articles or during the 18th and early 19th
essays advocating centuries, in wartime, as a
the ratification of the United means of crewing warships,
States Constitution. although legal sanction for the
-Seventy-seven of the practice goes back to the time
essays were published of Edward I of England.
serially in The Independent • Election of 1800
Journal and The New York -Vice President Thomas
Packet between October Jefferson defeated incumbent
1787 and August 1788 president John Adams.
• Alexander Hamilton -The election was a realigning
-Was the first United States election that ushered in a
Secretary of the Treasury, generation of Democratic-
a Founding Republican Party rule and the
Father, economist, eventual demise of
and political philosopher. the Federalist Party in the First
• John Jay Party System.
-Was an american politician,
statesman, and also a founding
father

Jeffersonian and Jacksonian Democracy, 1800 – 1840

Key Terms and Concepts

• Judiciary Act of 1801 • Battle of New Orleans • Washington Irving
- Represented an effort to solve an Took place on January -Was an American
issue in the U.S. Supreme 8, 1815 and was the final author, essayist, biographer an
Court during the early 19th major battle of the War d historian of the early 19th
century. of 1812. century.
-
-There was concern, beginning in American forces, -He was best known for
1789, about the system that commanded by Major his short stories "The Legend
 required the justices of the General Andrew of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip
Supreme Court to “ride circuit” Jackson, defeated an Van Winkle", both of which
and reiterate decisions made in the invading British appear in his bookThe Sketch
appellate level courts. Army intent on Book of Geoffrey Crayon,
-The Supreme Court justices had seizing New Orleans and Gent.
often voiced concern and the vast territory the • James Fennimore Cooper
suggested that the judges of the United States had -Was a prolific and
Supreme and circuit courts be acquired with popular American writer of the
divided. the Louisiana Purchase. early 19th century.
• Midnight judges • Treaty of Ghent -He is best remembered as
-The new judges were known as -Signed on 24 December a novelist who wrote
the Midnight Judges because 1814, in Ghent (modern numerous sea-stories and
Adams was said to be signing their day Belgium, then in the historical novels known as
appointments at midnight prior to limbo between the First the Leatherstocking Tales,
President Thomas Jefferson's French featuring frontiersman Natty
inauguration Empire and United Bumppo.
• Judicial review Kingdom of the • National-Republicans
-Is the doctrine under which Netherlands), was -Was a political party in the
legislative and executive actions the peace treaty that United States. During the
are subject to review, and possible ended the War of administration of John Quincy
invalidation, by the judiciary. 1812 between the United Adams (1825-1829), the
• Lewis and Clark expedition States of America and president's supporters were
-Was the first United the United Kingdom of referred to as Adams
States expedition to the Pacific Great Britain and Ireland. Men or Anti-Jackson.
Coast. Commissioned by President • Hartford Convention -When Jackson became
Thomas Jefferson and led -Was an event spanning president in 1828, this group
by Meriwether Lewis and William from December 15, went into opposition. The use
Clark, 1814–January 4, 1815 in of the term "National
• Embargo Act of 1807 the United States during Republican" dates from 1830.
-The Embargo Act of 1807 and the the War of 1812 in which • Trail of Tears
subsequent Non intercourse New England's -Was the relocation and
Acts were American laws opposition to the war movement of Native
restricting American ships from reached the point American nations from
engaging in foreign trade between where secession from southeastern parts of the
the years of 1807 and 1812. -They the United States was present-day United States. It
led to the War of 1812 between the discussed. has been described as an act
U.S. and Britain. • Rush-Bagot Agreement of genocide.
• Non-intercourse Act -Was a treaty between • Spoils system
-Is the collective name given to six the United -Is a practice where a
statutes passed by the United States and Britain ratifie political party, after winning
States Congress in 1790, 1793, d by the United States an election, gives government
1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834. Senate on April 16, jobs to its voters as a reward
-The Act regulates commerce 1818. for working toward victory,
between Native Americans and -The treaty provided for and as an incentive to keep
non-Indians a large demilitarization of working for the party—as
• Henry Clay the Great opposed to a system of
Lakes and Lake awarding offices on the basis
-Was a 19th-
Champlain, where many of some measure of
century American planter,
British naval merit independent of political
statesman and orator who
arrangements and forts activity.
represented Kentucky in both
still remained. • Maysville Road veto
the Senate and the House of
Representatives, where he served • Factory system -Occurred on May 27, 1830
as Speaker. He also served -Was a method when President Andrew
as Secretary of State from 1825 to of manufacturing first Jackson vetoed a bill which
1829. adopted in England at would allow the Federal
the beginning of government to purchase
• John C. Calhoun
the Industrial stock in the Maysville,
-Was a leading politician and
Revolution in the 1750s Washington, Paris, and
political theorist from South
and later spread abroad. Lexington Turnpike Road
Carolina during the first half of the
19th century. • National Road Company, which had been
-A powerful intellect, Calhoun -Also known as organized to construct a road
 eloquently spoke out on every Cumberland Road was linking Lexington and the
issue of his day, but often changed one of the first major Ohio River, the entirety of
positions. improved highways in which would be in the state of
• Daniel Webster the United States to be Kentucky.
-Was a leading built by the federal • Tariff of Abominations
American statesman and senator d government. – -Was a
uring the nation's Antebellum -Construction began in protective tariff passed by
Period. 1811 at Cumberland, the Congress of the United
-He first rose to regional Maryland, on States on May 19, 1828,
prominence through his defense the Potomac River. designed to protect industry in
of New England shipping interests. • Erie Canal the northern United States. It
• Francis Scott Key -Is a waterway in New was labeled the Tariff of
-Was an American lawyer, author, York that runs about Abominations by its southern
and amateur poet, 363 miles (584 km) detractors because of the
from Georgetown, who wrote the from Albany, New York, effects it had on
lyrics to the United States' national on the Hudson River to the antebellum Southern
anthem, "The Star-Spangled Buffalo, New York, economy
Banner". at Lake Erie, completing • Webster-Hayne Debate
• Monroe Doctrine a navigable water route -Was a famous debate in
The Monroe Doctrine asserted from the Atlantic Ocean the U.S. between
that the Western to the Great Lakes. Senator Daniel
Hemisphere was not to be -First proposed in 1807, Webster of Massachusetts an
further colonized by European it was under construction d Senator Robert Y.
countries but that the United from 1817 to 1825 and Hayne of South Carolina that
States would neither interfere officially opened on took place on January 19-27,
with existing European colonies October 26, 1825. 1830
nor meddle in the internal • Adams-Onis Treaty regarding protectionist tariffs.
concerns of European -Also known as • Independent Treasury Act
countries. the Transcontinental -Was a system for the
• Noah Webster Treaty or the Purchase retaining of government funds
-Was an of Florida was a treaty in the United States
American lexicographer, between the United Treasury and its
textbook pioneer, English States and Spain in subtreasuries, independently
spelling reformer, political 1819 that gave Florida to of the national banking and
writer, editor, and prolific the U.S. and set out a financial systems. In one form
author. He has been called the boundary between the or another, it existed from
"Father of American U.S. and New 1846 to 1921
Scholarship and Education." Spain (now Mexico).

Sectionalism and Expansion, 1840 – 1860

Key Terms and Concepts

• Cotton gin • Webster-Ashburton Treaty • Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Nat Turner’s Rebellion • Mormons • Walt Whitman
• American Colonization Society • Joseph Smith • Dorothea Dix
• Elias Howe • Brigham Young • William Lloyd Garrison
• Irish potato famine • Treaty of 1846 • Frederick Douglass
• Know-Nothing party • Texas independence • Sarah Grimke
• Wilmot Proviso • Mexican cession • Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Popular sovereignty • Gadsden Purchase • Lucretia Mott
• Free Soil party • Edgar Allan Poe • Seneca Falls Declaration of
• Stephen Douglas • Nathaniel Hawthorne Sentiments
• Compromise of 1850 • Herman Melville • Horace Mann
• Fugitive Slave Law • Henry David Thoreau • Harriet Beecher Stowe
• Dred Scott decision

Civil War and Reconstruction, 1860 – 1877

Key Terms and Concepts
• Fort Sumter • Merrimac • 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments
• Jefferson Davis • Sherman’s march to the sea • Civil Rights Act of 1866
• Anaconda Plan • Gettysburg • Andrew Johnson
• First Battle of Bull Run • Chancellorsville • Radical Republicans
• Antietam • Appomattox • Freedmen’s Bureau
• Ulysses S. Grant • Mathew Brady • Reconstruction Acts (1867)
• Robert E. Lee • Morrill Land Grant Act • Tenant farms
• George McClellan • Pacific Railroad Act • Contract labor system
• Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson • National Bank Act • Ku Klux Klan
• Shiloh • Wade-Davis Bill • Force Acts
• Vicksburg • John Wilkes Booth • Election of 1876
• Monitor

The Gilded Age, 1877 – 1900

Key Terms and Concepts

• Comstock Lode • John D. Rockefeller • Munn v. Illinois
• Central Pacific Railroad • Standard Oil • Interstate Commerce Commission
• Union Pacific Railroad • Andrew Carnegie • Subtreasury plan
• Promontory Point • J. Pierpont Morgan • William Jennings Bryan
• Long drive • Horatio Alger • Spoils system/merit system
• Joseph Glidden • Horizontal/vertical combinations • Greenback party
• Great American Desert • Social Darwinism • Pendleton Civil Service Act
• Sand Creek massacre • Sherman Anti-Trust Act • Grand Army of the Republic
• Battle of Little Big Horn • National Labor Union • Sherman Silver Purchase Act
• Nez Perce • Knights of Labor • McKinley Tariff
• Chief Joseph • Terence Powderly • William Marcy Tweed
• Helen Hunt Jackson • American Federation of Labor • Social Gospel
• Wounded Knee • Samuel Gompers • Salvation Army
• Jim Crow Laws • Company town • YMCA
• 1883 Civil Rights Cases • Closed shop • New Immigration
• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) • The Grange • Chinese Exclusion Act
• Thomas Edison • Long v. short haul

The United States at Home and Abroad, 1896 – 1920

Key Terms and Concepts

• Robert M. La Follette • Underwood Tariff • Pancho Villa
• Ida Tarbell • Clayton Antitrust Act • General John J. Pershing
• Lincoln Steffens • Federal Reserve Act • Lusitania
• Upton Sinclair • Federal Trade Commission • Sussex pledge
• Frank Norris • Josiah Strong • Zimmermann telegram
• Progressive constitutional • Alfred Thayer Mahan • Unrestricted submarine warfare
amendments: 16th – 19th • De Lome Letter • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Amendments • Teller Resolution • Selective Service Act
• Gifford Pinchot • Emilio Aguinaldo • War Industries Board
• Northern Securities case • Open Door Policy • Creel Committee
• Hepburn Act • Boxer Rebellion • Fourteen Points
• Meat Inspection Act • Treaty of Portsmouth • Paris Peace Conference
• Pure Food and Drug Act • Gentlemen’s Agreement • Treaty of Versailles
• Payne-Aldrich Tariff • Platt Amendment • Henry Cabot Lodge
• Eugene Debs • Roosevelt Corollary
• Bull Moose party
 Prosperity and Depression, 1920 – 1940

Key Terms and Concepts

• Ohio Gang • Charles Lindbergh • Bank holidays
• Teapot Dome Scandal • T.S. Eliot • Harry Hopkins
• Secretary of the Treasury Andrew • F. Scott Fitzgerald • Huey Long
Mellon • Theodore Dreiser • Father Coughlin
• Budget and Accounting Act • Sinclair Lewis • Francis Townsend
• Bureau of the Budget • Ernest Hemingway • John Steinbeck
• Dawes Plan • Gertrude Stein • Indian Reorganization Act
• Veterans Bureau • Harlem Renaissance – Langston • Social Security Act
• Bonus bill Hughes • Secretary of Labor Frances
• Hawley-Smoot Tariff • Marcus Garvey Perkins
• A. Mitchell Palmer • McNary-Haugen Bill • Congress of Industrial
• National Origins Act of 1924 • Reconstruction Finance Organizations (CIO)
• Sacco and Vanzetti Corporation • Alf Landon

America at War, 1941 – 1945

Key Terms and Concepts

• Washington Disarmament • Neutrality Act of 1939 • Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Conference • Lend-Lease Act • Executive Order 9066
• London Naval Conference • Atlantic Charter • Manzanar
• Kellogg-Briand Pact • America First Committee • A. Philip Randolph
• Dawes and Young Plans • Casablanca Conference • War Production Board
• Clark Memorandum • Operation Overlord • Office of Price Administration
• Stimson Doctrine • Teheran Conference • Office of War Information
• Good Neighbor Policy • Yalta Conference • War Labor Board
• Nye Committee • Potsdam Conference • Wendell Willkie
• Neutrality Acts, 1935-1937 • Manhattan Project • Thomas Dewey
• Panay incident • J. Robert Oppenheimer
• “Quarantine the Aggressor”

The United States as a Superpower, 1945 – Present

Key Terms and Concepts

• San Francisco Conference • Berlin Wall • Salvador Allende
• Central Intelligence Agency • Peace Corps • SALT
• Marshall Plan • Six-Day War • ABM Treaty
• Berlin Airlift • Yom Kippur War • OPEC
• Warsaw Pact • Dien Bien Phu • Arab oil embargo
• Korean War • Vietminh • Solidarity
• Secretary of State John Foster • Vietcong • Camp David Accords
Dulles • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Iranian hostage crisis
• SEATO • Ho Chi Minh Trail • Panama Canal Treaty
• CENTO • Tet offensive • Grenada invasion
• ANZUS • My Lai massacre • Sandinistas/Contras
• Suez Crisis • Khmer Rouge • Iran/Contra
• U-2 incident • Paris Peace Accords • Glasnost
• Bay of Pigs invasion • Henry Kissinger • Perestroika
• Cuban missile crisis
• Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
 Contemporary America, 1945 – Present

Key Terms and Concepts

• GI Bill of Rights • Medicare • Rosa Parks
• Taft-Hartley Act • Immigration Act of 1965 • Martin Luther King Jr.
• McCarran Act • Jack Kerouac • Civil Rights Act of 1964
• HUAC • Students for a Democratic • Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Alger Hiss case Society (SDS) • Black power
• Rosenbergs • Woodstock • Black Muslims – Malcolm X
• Youngstown Sheet and Tube v. • Environmental Protection Agency • Board of Regents v. Bakke
Sawyer • Revenue sharing • National Organization for
• Adlai Stevenson • Energy crisis Women
• Senator Joseph McCarthy • WIN • Betty Freidan
• Brown v. Board of Education • Kent State • ERA
• AFL-CIO • Hippies • Roe v. Wade
• Gideon v. Wainwright • Chicago Democratic Convention • Cesar Chavez – UFW
• Office of Economic Opportunity • CREEP • American Indian movement
• War on Poverty • Reaganomics