WEEK 5-D1

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

Chemical Reaction What kind of Spontaneous/

non
entropy? spontaneous

1. O2(g) —> 2O(g) Positive Entropy Non-Spontaneous

2. N2 (g, 10 atm) —> N2 (g, 1atm). Negative Entropy Non-Spontaneous

3. 6CO2(g) +6H2O(g) —> C6H12O6(g) + 6O2(g). Negative Entropy Non-Spontaneous

4. 2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) —> 2 H2O (l) Negative Entropy Non-Spontaneous

5. NH4Cl (s) —> NH3(g) + HCl (g) Positive Entropy Spontaneous

6. 2N2O5(g) 4NO2(g) + O2(g) Positive Entropy Spontaneous
7. 2SO2(g)+ O2(g) 2SO3(g) Negative Entropy Non-Spontaneous

EVALUATION
 JESTINE FEY K. TAPONG
12-AGUINALDO

WEEK 5-D2

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

CaCO3 88.7 J/K.mol H2 130.6 J/K.mol

CaO 39.75J/K.mol H2O 69.94 J/K.mol
CO2 213.6 J/K.mol HCl 186.7 J /K.mol
Cl2 223.0 J/K.mol O2 205.0 J/K.mol

EVALUATION

The second law of thermodynamics can be associated with chemical reaction by entropy.
The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of any isolated system always increases.
Isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards thermal equilibrium the state of maximum entropy
of the system. The entropy of the universe never decreases, only increases.

Entropy is significant to chemical reaction because it indicates whether reaction or a process is

going to be either non-spontaneous or spontaneous.
JESTINE FEY K. TAPONG
12-AGUINALDO

WEEK 5-D3-4

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

EVALUATION
JESTINE FEY K. TAPONG
12-AGUINALDO

WEEK 5-D5

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

EVALUATION
JESTINE FEY K. TAPONG
12-AGUINALDO

WEEK 5-D6-7

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

EVALUATION
JESTINE FEY K. TAPONG
12-AGUINALDO

WEEK 5-D8

EVALUATION

1. NO EFFECT

2. Predict the effect of decreasing the temperature on the position of the following equilibria.
H2(g) + Cl2(g) ↔ 2HCl(g) + 49.7 kJ the equilibrium will shift to favor products.
2NH3(g) ↔ N2(g) + 3H2(g) ∆ H = 37.2 kJ the equilibrium will shift to favor reactants.
CO(g) + H2O(g) ↔ CO2(g) + H2(g) ∆ H = -27.6 kJ the equilibrium will shift to
favor products.

3. Predict the effect of decreasing the volume of the container for each equilibrium.
2H2O(g) + N2(g) ↔ 2H2(g) + 2NO(g) the equilibrium will shift to favor reactants.
SiO2(s) + 4HF(g) ↔ SiF4(g) + 2H2O(g) the equilibrium will shift to favor products.
CO(g) + H2(g) ↔ C(s) + H2O(g) the equilibrium will shift to favor products.
Given the reaction at equilibrium: 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) ↔ 2 SO3(g) + heat Which change will shift
the equilibrium to the right? Increasing the pressure
Given the reaction at equilibrium: N2(g) + O2(g) + energy ↔ 2 NO(g) Which change will

Le Chatelier's principle states that if a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing

the conditions, the position of equilibrium shifts to counteract the change to
reestablish an equilibrium. If a chemical reaction is at equilibrium and experiences
a change in pressure, temperature, or concentration of products or reactants, the
equilibrium shifts in the opposite direction to offset the change

Catalysts do not affect the equilibrium state of reaction because catalyst speeds
both the rate of the forward reaction and the rate of the reverse reaction. Hence,
the presence of the catalyst shortens the time needed to reach the equilibrium
but does not change the composition of the equilibrium mixture.
JESTINE FEY K. TAPONG PRACTICE EXERCISE 1
12-AGUINALDO

WEEK 6-D9 1. Acid Base Conj. Acid Conj. Base

2. Acid Base Conj. Base Conj. Acid
3. Acid Base Conj. Base Conj. Acid
4. Base Acid Conj. Base Conj. Acid
5. Acid Base Conj. Acid Conj. Base
6. Acid Base Conj. Acid Conj. Base
7. Acid Base Conj. Base Conj. Acid
8. Acid Base Conj. Base Conj. Acid
9. Acid Base Conj. Acid Conj. Base
10. Acid Base Conj. Base Conj. Acid

EVALUATION

1. The Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)

donates a proton (H+) which is
the acid and Cyanide (CN-) is
the conjugate base.
Dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4-)
accepts a proton (H+) which is the
base and Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is
the conjugate acid.

2. Write the formulas for the conjugate bases formed by each of the following
acids;
a) H2PO4 = HPO4 c) HCN= CN-
b) H2 O = OH- d) HOOCCOOH = HOOCCOO-
3. Write the formulas for the conjugate acids formed by each of the following bases
c) a) F = HF c) OH- = H2O
d) b) H2O = H3O+ d) NH3 = NH4+
JESTINE FEY K. TAPONG
12-AGUINALDO

WEEK 6-D10

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

In this chemical reaction, the water (H2O) In this chemical reaction, the water (H2O)
molecule donates a proton to NO2- ion, molecule accepts a proton from HC2H3O2,
making OH- (aq). H2O the proton donor acts becoming H3O+ (aq). H2O the proton acceptor
as a Brønsted-Lowry acid. acts as a Brønsted-Lowry base.
1 2

EVALUATION

Why water acts as base in Water (H2O) accepts proton from HCl (aq),
chemical reaction no. 1? +
becoming H3O , It acts as base in chemical reaction
no.1 because

+
Why water acts Water (H2O) donates a proton to NH3, making NH ,
as acid in It acts as acid in chemical reaction no.2 because
chemical reaction 4

no.?
Explain why water is Amphoteric a molecule that is both an acid and a base.
amphoteric? The water molecule has hydrogen atoms and therefore
it could act as an acid in reaction. The oxygen atom in
the water molecule has two lone pairs, one of which
+
could be used to form a bond with a H therefore, the
water molecule could act as a base in a reaction.
Hence, water has the potential to act both as an acid
and as a base, water id amphoteric.
 JESTINE FEY K. TAPONG
12-AGUINALDO

WEEK 6-D11-12

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

Concentration PH value
-2
Example: 1x10
0.01 2
0.001 3
-3
1x10
0.0001 4
-4
1x10
0.00001 5
-5
1x10
0.000001 6
-6
1x10
0.0000001 7
-7
1x10
0.00000001 8
-8
1x10
0.000000001 9
-9
1x10
0.0000000001 10
-10
1x10
0.00000000001 11
-11
1x10
0.00000000000 12
-12
1x10 1

Catalysts do not affect the equilibrium state of reaction because catalyst speeds
both the rate of the forward reaction and the rate of the reverse reaction. Hence,
the presence of the catalyst shortens the time needed to reach the equilibrium
but does not change the composition of the equilibrium mixture.
JESTINE FEY K. TAPONG
12-AGUINALDO

EVALUATION
JESTINE FEY K.
TAPONG 12-
AGUINALDO

WHAT DOES IT DO?

WEEK 6-D13

A buffer is a solution
that can resist pH
change upon the WHAT ARE THE
WHAT IS IT? addition of an acidic or EXAMPLE?
basic components. It is
able to neutralize small
A buffer solution is an amounts of added acid
aqueous solution or base, thus
consisting of a mixture maintaining the pH of A solution containing
of a weak acid and its the solution relatively ammonia (NH 3, a
conjugate base, or vice stable. weak base) and
versa. Its pH changes ammonium chloride
very little when a small (NH 4Cl, a salt
amount of strong acid derived from that
or base is added to it. base).

BUFFER
SOLUTION
 JESTINE FEY K. TAPONG
12-AGUINALDO

WEEK 6-D14-15

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

EVALUATION
JESTINE FEY K.
TAPONG 12-
AGUINALDO

WEEK 7-D16-17

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

1.
2. SULFUR
CARBON B. CO2

2-
A. CO3
A. SO2 B. K2SO4
0 = x + 2(-2)
-2 = x + 3(-2)
1 = x + 2(-2) 0 = 2(1) + x + 4(- 0 = x + (-4)
2) -2 = x + (-6)
1 = x + (-4) 4 = x, C is +4
1 = 2 + x + (-8) 6-2 = x
4 = x, S is
+4 8 = x, S is +6 4 = x, C is +4
 EVALUATION

0 4+ 6+ 4+
1. C + H2SO4 —> CO2 + SO2 + H2O C to C ; oxidized S to S ; reduced
5+ 2+ 1- 0
2. HNO3 + HI —> NO + I2 + H2O N to N ; reduced I to I ; oxidized
2+ 1- 0
KMnO4 + HCl —> MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O + KCl Mn7+ to Mn ; reduced Cl to Cl ; oxidized
0 3+ 5+ 2+
4. Sb + HNO3 —> Sb2O3 + NO + H2O Sb to Sb ; oxidized N to N ; reduction
0 2+ 0 3-
5. 3Mg + N2 —> Mg3N2 Mg to Mg ; oxidized N to N ; reduced
0 3+ 0 1-
4Fe + 3O2 —> 2Fe2O3 Fe to Fe ; oxidized O to O ; reduced
+4 +6 +5 +4
HNO3 + SO2 —> H2SO4 + NO2 S to S oxidized N to N reduced
+2 +4 +3 0
Fe2O3 (l) + CO (g) —> Fe (l) + CO2 (g) C to C oxidized Fe to Fe reduced
3- 0 4+ 0
NH3 + NO2 —> N2 + H2O N to N ; oxidation N to N ; reduction
2- 5+ 2+
S2-+NO3-—>S+NO S to S; oxidation N to N ; reduction
 JESTINE FEY K. TAPONG
12-AGUINALDO

WEEK 8-D20

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

1. How electrons flow?

The electrons always flow
from anode to cathode.

2. Where do oxidation occurs?

It occurs at the anode

3. Where does
reduction occurs?
It occurs at the cathode

EVALUATION

The flow of reaction in the galvanic cell is from the anode to cathode which is from the
left to the right. In the reaction above, the electrode in the left side is the anode (Zn)
where the oxidation occurs and the electrode in the right side is the cathode (Cu)
where the reduction occurs. Furthermore, an oxidation- reduction (redox) reaction is a
type of electrons between two species. In the figure above, the oxidized metal (Zn)
losses 2 electrons while the reduced metal (Cu) gained 2 electrons.
 JESTINE FEY K. TAPONG
12-AGUINALDO

WEEK 8-D24

EVALUATION
 JESTINE FEY K. TAPONG
12-AGUINALDO

WEEK 8-D25

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

The lead-acid battery represents the oldest rechargeable battery technology.

Lead-acid batteries can be found in a wide variety of applications, including
small-scale power storage such as UPS systems, starting, lighting, and ignition
1 power sources for automobiles, along with large, grid-scale power systems. It is
used in emergency lighting and to power sump pumps in case of power failure.
Traction (propulsion) batteries are used in golf carts and other battery electric
vehicles.

Fuel cells can be used in a wide range of applications, including transportation,

material handling and stationary, portable, and emergency backup power.
2 Hydrogen can be used in fuel cells to generate power using a chemical reaction
rather than combustion, producing only water and heat as byproducts.

EVALUATION

1. Describe the electrochemistry involved lead storage battery

The movement of electrons is called electricity, which can be generated by movements of

electrons from one element to another in a reaction. In connection with this lead storage
battery also called lead-acid batteries can generate electricity through a double sulfate
chemical reaction. Lead and lead dioxide, the active materials on
the battery's plates, react with sulfuric acid in the electrolyte to form lead sulfate.
Discharging the stored energy relies on both the positive and negative plates becoming
lead (II) sulfate and the electrolyte losing much of its dissolved sulfuric acid.

2. Write the half reaction and the overall reaction:

Negative plate reaction: Pb(s) + HSO4 –(aq)→ PbSO4(s) + H+ (aq)+ 2e–

+ –
Positive plate reaction: PbO2(s) + HSO4-(aq) + 3H (aq) + 2e → PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
Combining these two reactions, one can determine the overall reaction:
+ –
Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H (aq) + 2HSO4 (aq) → 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

3. Describe the electrochemistry involved fuel cells

Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry concerned with the
relationship between electrical potential, as a measurable and quantitative
phenomenon, and identifiable chemical change, with either electrical potential as
an outcome of a particular chemical change, or vice versa. In connection with
this a fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a
fuel and an oxidizing agent into electricity through a pair of redox reactions .
 JESTINE FEY K. TAPONG
12-AGUINALDO

WEEK 8-D26

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

1. SILVER
2. IRON
3. RUSTING
4. ANODES
5. PATINA
6. REDOX
7. COROSION
8. COPPER CARBONATE
9. NEGATIVE
10. CATHODES

EVALUATION

Electrochemical corrosion of metals occurs when

electrons from atoms at the surface of the metal are
1 transferred to a suitable electron acceptor medium for
the transport of ions. Iron corrosion occur when there
is a presence of water and oxygen. Iron (Fe) oxidized
to the Rust (Fe2O3xH2O) while Oxygen (O) reduced
to Water (H2O).

Corrosion should be avoided because it can

2 damage health, availability of supplies and risk of
injury to the general public.
 JESTINE FEY K. TAPONG
12-AGUINALDO

WEEK 8-D27

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

The process by which (1) electric current is passed through a (2) substance to effect a chemical
change is (3) Electrolysis. The chemical change is one in which the substance (4) gains (reduction)
or loses (oxidation) an electron. The process is carried out in an (6) electrolytic cell, an apparatus
consisting of (7) positive and negative (8) electrodes held apart and dipped into a solution containing
positively and negatively charged (9) ions. The substance to be transformed may form the (10)
electrode, may constitutes the solution.

EVALUATION

Electrolysis of water is the process by

which water is decomposed into oxygen and
1 hydrogen gas, when electric current is passed
through it. Water molecule is decomposed in to
H+ and OH- ions, when electric current is
passed through it.

Electrolysis is a technique used by scientists to

separate a compound or molecule into its
2 component parts. By adding electricity to water and
providing a path for the different particles to follow,
the water can be separated into hydrogen and
oxygen
 JESTINE FEY K. TAPONG
12-AGUINALDO

WEEK 8-D28

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

Basis of comparison
Electrolytic cell Galvanic cell
Converts electrical energy into Converts chemical energy into
Function chemical energy. electrical energy

Electrolytic cells must be electrically Voltaic cell electrons move from cathode
induced and anode and cathode are to anode in the external circuit.
Anode and cathode reversed of the voltaic cells. Anode
on the left and cathode on the right.
The external battery supplies the The electrons are supplied by the species
electrons. They enter through the getting oxidized. They move from anode to
Supply of electrons the cathode in the external circuit.
cathode and come out through the
anode.
EVALUATION
JESTINE FEY K. TAPONG
12-AGUINALDO