Electronic Circuits Chapter 1: Op-Amp: Dr. Dung Trinh

Dr.
Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2017
Electronic Circuits
Chapter 1: Op-Amp
Dr. Dung Trinh
1
Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2017
Content
Introduction
Inverting & Non-Inverting Amplifier
Current-to-Voltage Converter
Instrumentation Amplifier
Integrator and Differentiator
2
Introduction
❖ The integrated circuit operational amplifier evolved soon after development of the
first bipolar integrated circuit.
❖ The μA-709 was introduced by Fairchild Semiconductor in 1965 and was one of the
first widely used general-purpose op-amps. The new classic μA-741, also by
Fairchild, was introduced in the late 1960s.
❖ In the ideal op-amp:
▪ The open-loop gain Aod
approaches infinity
Circuit symbol of Op-Amp ▪ The common-mode output

signal is zero.
▪ Input resistance Ri is infinite.
▪ Output resistance Ro is zero.
3
Inverting Amplifier
❖ One of the most widely used op-amp circuits is the inverting amplifier
▪ The closed-loop gain:
𝑣𝑜 𝑅2
𝐴𝑣 = =−
𝑣𝑖 𝑅1
Inverting op-amp circuit
▪ The input resistance:
𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅1
Example 1: Using the inverting Op-amp amplifier

to design the circuit such that the voltage gain is
Av = −5. Assume the op-amp is driven by an ideal
sinusoidal source, 𝑣𝑠 = 0.1sin𝜔𝑡 (𝑉), that can
supply a maximum current of 5𝜇𝐴.
Inverting op-amp equivalent circuit
𝑅1 = 20𝑘Ω 𝑅2 = 100𝑘Ω
4
Inverting Amplifier – Finite Gain

▪ We have:
𝑣𝐼 − 𝑣1 𝑣𝐼 − 𝑣𝑂
𝑖1 = 𝑖2 =
𝑅1 𝑅2
▪ The output voltage is: 𝑣𝑂 = −𝐴𝑜𝑑 𝑣1
𝑣 𝑣
𝑣𝐼 − 𝑣1 𝑣𝐼 + 𝐴 𝐼 𝑣𝑂 + 𝐴 𝑂
𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑑
▪ We obtain: 𝑖1 = = = 𝑖2 = −
𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑣𝑂 𝑅2 1
▪ Then: 𝐴𝑣 = =−
𝑣𝐼 𝑅1 1 + 1 1 + 𝑅2
𝐴 𝑅 𝑜𝑑 1
Example 2: Consider an inverting op-amp with 𝑅1 = 10𝑘Ω and 𝑅2 = 100𝑘Ω. Determine

the closed-loop gain for: Aod = 102, 103, 104, 105, and 106. Calculate the percent deviation
from the ideal gain.
5
Summing Amplifier
▪ Using superposition theorem to analysis the

summing amplifier, we obtain:
𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐹
𝑣𝑂 = − 𝑣𝐼1 + 𝑣𝐼2 + 𝑣
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝐼3
▪ If 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅3, then:
𝑅𝐹
𝑣𝑂 = − 𝑣 + 𝑣𝐼2 + 𝑣𝐼3
𝑅1 𝐼1
6
Non-Inverting Amplifier
❖ We have:
0 − 𝑣𝐼 𝑣𝐼 − 𝑣𝑂
𝑖1 = 𝑖2 =
𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑣𝑜 𝑅2
❖ Because 𝑖1 = 𝑖2, then: 𝐴𝑣 = = 1+
𝑣𝑖 𝑅1
Non-inverting op-amp circuit
❖ In voltage follower circuit: 𝑅2 = 0
𝐴𝑣 = 1 𝑅𝑖 = ∞ 𝑅𝑜 = 0
Example 3: Derive the closed-loop gain of non-

inverting amplifier which has a finite differential
Voltage follower op-amp gain of Aod.
7
Current-to-Voltage Converter
❖ In some situations, the output of a device or

circuit is a current. An example is the output of a
photodiode or photo-detector. We may need to
convert this output current to an output voltage.
𝑣𝑂 = −𝑖2 𝑅𝐹 = −𝑖𝑆 𝑅𝐹
Current-to-voltage converter
𝑣𝐼
❖ Voltage-to-current converter: 𝑖2 = 𝑖1 =
𝑅1
▪ Current i2 is independent of the load impedance
or resistance R2.
▪ NOT practical as the load need to be at ground

Simple voltage-to-current converter potential.
8
Voltage-to-Current Converter
𝑣𝐼 − 𝑖𝐿 𝑍𝐿 𝑖𝐿 𝑍𝐿 − 𝑣𝑂
❖ At the inverting terminal: =
𝑅1 𝑅𝐹
𝑣𝑂 − 𝑖𝐿 𝑍𝐿 𝑖𝐿 𝑍𝐿
❖ At the non-inverting terminal: = 𝑖𝐿 +
𝑅3 𝑅2
❖ From these two equations, we obtain:
𝑅𝐹 𝑖𝐿 𝑍𝐿 − 𝑣𝐼 𝑖𝐿 𝑍𝐿
= 𝑖𝐿 +
𝑅1 𝑅3 𝑅2
Voltage-to-current converter
𝑅𝐹 𝑍𝐿 𝑍𝐿 𝑅𝐹
❖ Then: 𝑖𝐿 −1− = 𝑣𝐼
𝑅1 𝑅3 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅3
𝑅𝐹 1 𝑅𝐹 𝑣𝐼
❖ If = : 𝑖𝐿 = −𝑣𝐼 =−
𝑅1 𝑅3 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅3 𝑅2
9
Voltage-to-Current Converter
Example 4: Let 𝑍𝐿 = 100Ω , 𝑅1 = 10𝑘Ω, 𝑅2 = 1𝑘Ω, 𝑅3 = 1𝑘Ω, and 𝑅𝐹 = 10𝑘Ω.
If 𝑣𝐼 = −5𝑉, determine the load current iL and the output voltage vO.
𝑖𝐿 = 5𝑚𝐴
𝑣𝑜 = 6𝑉
10
Difference Amplifier
❖ An ideal difference amplifier amplifies only the
difference between two signals. It rejects any
common signals to the two input terminals.
❖ For example, a microphone system amplifies an

audio signal applied to one terminal of a
difference amplifier, and rejects any 60 Hz noise
signal or “hum” existing on both terminals
Op-amp difference amplifier
𝑅4
𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅2
❖ The output voltage: 𝑣𝑂 = 1 + 𝑣 −
𝑅4 𝐼2
𝑣𝐼1
𝑅1 1+𝑅 𝑅1
3
𝑅2 𝑅4 𝑅2
❖ If = : 𝑣𝑂 = 𝑣 − 𝑣𝐼1
𝑅1 𝑅3 𝑅1 𝐼2
𝑅2 𝑅4 1 𝑣𝑂 𝐴𝑑
❖ If ≠ : 𝑣𝑐𝑚 = 𝑣𝐼2 + 𝑣𝐼1 𝐴𝑐𝑚 = 𝐶𝑀𝑅𝑅 =
𝑅1 𝑅3 2 𝑣𝑐𝑚 𝐴𝑐𝑚
11
Difference Amplifier
Example 5: Consider the difference amplifier. Let 𝑅2/𝑅1 = 10 and 𝑅4/𝑅3 = 11.
Determine CMRR(dB).
𝐴𝑑 = 10.042
𝐴𝑐𝑚 = 0.0833
𝐶𝑀𝑅𝑅 = 41.6𝑑𝐵
12
❖ Obtain a high input impedance and a high
gain in a difference amplifier with
reasonable resistor values: DIFFICULT.
❖ SOLUTION: insert a voltage follower

→ Problem: GAIN is not easily to change.
❖ INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER allows us to

Instrumentation amplifier change the gain by changing only a single
resistance value.
13
▪ The output of difference amplifier is:
𝑅4 𝑅4 𝑅2
𝑣𝑂 = 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑂1 = 1+2 𝑣𝐼2 − 𝑣𝐼1
𝑅3 𝑂2 𝑅3 𝑅1
❖ Problems:
1. The common mode gain Acm and the

differential gain Aid of the first stage are
equal. This means the common mode
signal will be amplified and the overall
CMRR will be reduced.
Instrumentation amplifier 2. In order to change the overall gain, we
need to vary the values of two resistance.
This is not an easy task.
Solution: Disconnect point X to the ground.
14
▪ The current in resistor R1 and R2 is
𝑣𝐼1 − 𝑣𝐼2
𝑖1 =
𝑅1
▪ The output voltages of op-amps are:

𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑣𝑂1 = 𝑣𝐼1 + 𝑖1 𝑅2 = 1 + 𝑣 − 𝑣
𝑅1 𝐼1 𝑅1 𝐼2
𝑅2 𝑅2
Voltages and currents in instrumentation amplifier 𝑣𝑂2 = 𝑣𝐼2 − 𝑖1 𝑅2 = 1 + 𝑣 − 𝑣
𝑅1 𝐼2 𝑅1 𝐼1
▪ The output of difference amplifier is:
𝑅4 𝑅4 𝑅2
𝑣𝑂 = 𝑣𝑂2 − 𝑣𝑂1 = 1+2 𝑣𝐼2 − 𝑣𝐼1
𝑅3 𝑅3 𝑅1
❖ The overall gain does not depend on the matching between the two resistors.
❖ v01 and vO2 are equal if equal voltages appear at the negative terminal of A1 and A2
15
Example 6: Consider the instrumentation amplifier circuit. Assume that 𝑅4 = 2𝑅3
so that the difference amplifier gain is 2. Determine the range required for resistor
R1 to realize a differential gain adjustable from 5 to 500. Assume that R1 is a variable
resistor varying from 𝑅1𝑓 to 𝑅1𝑓 + 100𝑘Ω
𝑅1𝑓 = 0.606𝑘Ω
𝑅2 = 75.5𝑘Ω
16
Generalized inverting amplifier Op-amp integrator
𝑣𝐼
❖ Op-amp integrator: 𝑣𝑂 = −
𝑠𝑅1 𝐶2
❖ Op-amp differentiator: 𝑣𝑂 = −𝑣𝐼 𝑠𝑅2 𝐶1
Op-amp differentiator
Reading: Microelectronics, Circuit Analysis and Design, D.A. Neamen, 4th edition, p621-670
17

Example 7: Find the output produced
by an integrator in response to an input
pulse of 1V height and 1ms width. Let
R = 10𝑘Ω and C = 10𝑛𝐹 . If the
integrator is shunted by a 1𝑀Ω resistor.
How will the response be modified.
18
Comparator
❖ When 𝑣2 is slightly greater than 𝑣1 :
The output is driven to a high

saturated state 𝑉𝐻
❖ When 𝑣2 is slightly less than 𝑣1 :

The output is driven to a low
saturated state 𝑉𝐿
❖ The transition region occurs when the difference input voltage in the range −𝛿, 𝛿
Example: if the open-loop voltage gain is 105 and the difference between the two
𝑉𝐻 −𝑉𝐿 10
stage is 𝑉𝐻 − 𝑉𝐿 = 10𝑉 then 2𝛿 = = = 10−4 𝑉 .
𝐺 105
19
Comparator
For input bias current compensation
❖ Using the superposition, we obtain:

𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑣+ = 𝑉𝑅𝐸𝐹 + 𝑣
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝐼
❖ The ideal crossover voltage occur:
𝑅1
𝑣+ = 0 ↔ 𝑣𝐼 = − 𝑉
𝑅2 𝑅𝐸𝐹
For input bias current compensation
20
Comparator
❖ Figure above shows a comparator circuit for street lights control applications.
❖ During night, 𝑣𝐼 < 𝑉𝑅𝐸𝐹 : 𝑣𝑜 to a high saturated state 𝑉𝑆 , transistor turns on.
❖ During day, 𝑣𝐼 > 𝑉𝑅𝐸𝐹 : 𝑣𝑜 to a low saturated state −𝑉𝑆 , transistor turns off.
❖ With a variable light source, such as clouds causing the light fluctuate over a short
period of time → This causes the light off and on for a short period of time. Solution:
Schmitt trigger.
21
Inverting Schmitt Trigger

❖ Using the positive feedback, we obtain:
𝑅1
𝑣+ = 𝑣
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑜
❖ 𝑣+ is NOT a constant, rather, it is a

function of 𝑣𝑜 .
❖ Assume that the output of the comparator is in one state, namely 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑉𝐻 . Then:
𝑅1
𝑣+ = 𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 𝑉
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝐻
❖ When 𝑣𝐼 is less than 𝑣+, the output remain the high state. When 𝑣𝐼 is greater than
𝑉𝑇𝐻 . Then: 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑉𝐿 and:
𝑅1
𝑣+ = 𝑉𝑇𝐿 = 𝑉
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝐿
22
Other Schmitt Trigger Configurations
Non-Inverting Schmitt Trigger
Schmitt Trigger circuit with Applied reference voltage

23
Q&A
24

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Dr.

Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2017

Dr. Dung Trinh

Inverting & Non-Inverting Amplifier

Integrator and Differentiator

Circuit symbol of Op-Amp ▪ The common-mode output

▪ Input resistance Ri is infinite.

▪ Output resistance Ro is zero.

▪ The closed-loop gain:

Example 1: Using the inverting Op-amp amplifier

Inverting Amplifier – Finite Gain

▪ The output voltage is: 𝑣𝑂 = −𝐴𝑜𝑑 𝑣1

Example 2: Consider an inverting op-amp with 𝑅1 = 10𝑘Ω and 𝑅2 = 100𝑘Ω. Determine

▪ Using superposition theorem to analysis the

❖ In voltage follower circuit: 𝑅2 = 0

Example 3: Derive the closed-loop gain of non-

❖ In some situations, the output of a device or

▪ NOT practical as the load need to be at ground

❖ From these two equations, we obtain:

❖ For example, a microphone system amplifies an

❖ SOLUTION: insert a voltage follower

❖ INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER allows us to

1. The common mode gain Acm and the

Solution: Disconnect point X to the ground.

▪ The output voltages of op-amps are:

Integrator and Differentiator

Generalized inverting amplifier Op-amp integrator

❖ Op-amp differentiator: 𝑣𝑂 = −𝑣𝐼 𝑠𝑅2 𝐶1

Integrator and Differentiator

The output is driven to a high

❖ When 𝑣2 is slightly less than 𝑣1 :

❖ Using the superposition, we obtain:

For input bias current compensation

Inverting Schmitt Trigger

❖ 𝑣+ is NOT a constant, rather, it is a

Other Schmitt Trigger Configurations

Non-Inverting Schmitt Trigger

Schmitt Trigger circuit with Applied reference voltage

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