Lab No.

Title: simulating opamp circuit transient response in pspice to verify the gain of the circuit

PURPOSE

 The objective of this lab is to study operational amplifier (op amp) and its applications.
 We will be simulating and building some basic op‐amp circuits, including some common types,
i.e., the inverting, non‐inverting, differencing amplifier

Pre Lab:

1. what is the pspice part name for opamp and which dependent sources is used for opamp
2. what is meant by transient analysis of opamp in pspice
3. which Ac source is used in pspice for opamp simulation

INTRODUCTION

Operational amplifiers, or op-amps as they are more commonly called, are one of the basic building
blocks of analog electronic circuits. It is possibly the most useful single device in analog
electronic circuits. An op-amp is a linear, high-gain electronic voltage amplifier, that is used
extensively in signal conditioning, filtering or to perform mathematical operations such as addition,
subtraction, integration and differentiation. An ideal op-amp is basically a 3-terminal device that
consists of two high impedance inputs and a single-ended output. An op-amp produces an open-loop
output voltage that is typically hundreds of thousands times larger than the voltage difference
between its input terminals. The circuit symbol and the internal schematic of a popular opera- tional
amplifier are shown below.

Out[5]=

Figure 1. Operational amplifier symbol and internal schematic.

Op-amps are among the most widely used electronic devices today, being used in a vast array of
consumer, industrial, and scientific devices. Operational amplifiers are important building blocks for
a wide range of electronic circuits. They had their origins in analog computers where they were used
in many linear, non-linear and frequency-dependent circuits.

A relationship exists between the input and output voltages.

v0 = A0 [v+ - v-]
Where all voltages are measured with respect to ground and A 0 is the open-loop gain of the op-amp.
Typical vin = [v+ - v-] vs v0 plots are shown in Figure 2. Note that the differential input v in is
in units of mVolts, while the output in Volts.

Figure 2: Open-loop gain curves of selected operational amplifiers

The popularity of op-amps in circuit design largely stems from the fact that by applying some form
of negative feedback the characteristics of the final elements (such as their gain) are set by
external components with little dependence on temperature changes and manufacturing variations in
the op-amp itself. Here is a typical circuit configuration, known as the non-inverting
configuration.

Figure 3:Non-inverting op-amp configuration and simplified equivalent circuit.

Given the simplified equivalent circuit it is easy to calculate the closed-loop gain of the op-amp.

Therefore

and

5
But with common values for open-loop amplifier gain A0 on the order of 10 we have:
and after some simplification we get the following well-known result:

Therefore the gain is proportional to a ratio of the external resistor values and independent of the
internal open-loop gain. The last result can be obtained directly from the circuit in Figure 3 by
assuming the following conditions: i+ = i- = 0, and v+ = - v- = 0 (see Figure 4 for notation).

Figure 4. Ideal op-amp circuit symbol

The ideal and non-ideal op-amp models

The idealization (or abstraction) of the op-amp greatly simplifies circuit analysis. For example,
consider the following circuit, a basic inverting amplifier configuration (Figure 5 (a)) and its
equivalent simplified circuit model (Figure 5 (b)).

Finding GAIN Using OpAmp Linear Model(non ideal) components of linear OpAmp (non Ideal)

Figure 5:(a)Inverting amplifier op-amp circuit.(b) Equivalent circuit using the op-amp circuit model
CONTROLLING VARIABLE IN TERMS OF NODE VOLTAGES

Finding GAIN Using OpAmp Ideal Linear Model

Compare the results above

PSPICE part for opamp:

Operational amplifier is one fundamental building block of analog circuits. When used properly in negative
feedback configurations, the overall closed‐loop transfer characteristic can be precisely set by stable passive
components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes, regardless of the potential variation of open‐loop parameters.
Negative feedback amplifier with op amp operating at its core provides key to highly reliable and stable analog
functions.

In this lab, we will be simulating four basic configurations using the µA741 op amp. You can get the
µA741 part from the library called EVAL. Note that the amplifier has two terminals labeled os1 and os2 besides the
regular pins, and you can leave these two pins unconnected. (In case you are curious, these pins are used for offset
adjustment for the op amp.)
Circuit Analysis I 2nd semester- spring 2018 UET Abbottabad campus

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Circuit Analysis I 2nd semester- spring 2018 UET Abbottabad campus

Transients are used to

plot output vs. time

Final time is dependent upon how many cycles you are intersted in.
1. Inverting
amplifier
Task1: implement the following circuit in pspice and do the transient analysis to find the gain. Assume a sinusoidal
input of amplitude 5V and frequency of 1Khz

An inverting amplifier is shown in Fig. below. The principal features of this configuration are:

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Circuit Analysis I 2nd semester- spring 2018 UET Abbottabad campus

 The amplifier is inverting with the feedback loop closed.

 The closed‐loop gain is solely determined by the feedback resistors Rf and Ri assuming that the
loop gain – defined as the product of the open‐loop gain of the op amp and the feedback factor– of
the circuit is very large.

 The positive input terminal is always grounded in this configuration. As a result, the negative
input must follow the potential of the positive one with feedback loop closed due to the large loop
gain developed by the op amp. This is often referred to as the “virtual ground” property of feedback
op amps.

 The closed‐loop gain of this amplifier is

2. Non‐inverting amplifier

Task2: implement the following circuit in pspice and do the transient analysis to find the gain. Assume a sinusoidal
input of amplitude 5V and frequency of 1Khz

A non‐inverting amplifier is shown in Fig. below. The principal features of this configuration are

 The amplifier is non‐inverting with the feedback loop closed.

 The closed‐loop gain is solely determined by the feedback resistors Rf and Ri assuming that the loop
gain of the circuit is very large.
 The positive input terminal now is connected to the input voltage source. The feedback path, however,
is still connected around the output terminal and the negative input terminal.
 The closed‐loop gain of this amplifier is

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Circuit Analysis I 2nd semester- spring 2018 UET Abbottabad campus

3. Differencing amplifier
Task3: implement the following circuit in pspice and do the transient analysis to find the gain. Assume a sinusoidal
input of amplitude 5V and frequency of 1Khz

A differencing amplifier is shown in Fig below. The principal features of this configuration are

 The amplifier can combine two inputs and obtain the difference with the feedback loop closed.

 The closed‐loop gain is solely determined by the feedback resistors Rf, Ri, R1 and R2. In this
circuit, we set Rf = R1 and Ri = R2. Thus, the output is
vO R f
 (V4  V3 )
vs R2
 The gains for the positive and negative inputs can be set differently by choosing different R1 and
R2 values from above

Setting of Transient in pspice

 The transient analysis is probably the most important analysis you can run in PSpice, and it
computes various values of your circuit over time. Two very important parameters in the
transient analysis are:
o print step
o final time.
 The ratio of final time: print step determines how many calculations PSpice must make to
plot a wave form. PSpice always defaults the start time to zero seconds and going until it
reaches the user defined final time. It is incredibly important that you think about what print
step you should use before running the simulation, if you make the print step too small the
probe screen will be cluttered with unnecessary points making it hard to read, and taking
extreme amounts of time for PSpice to calculate. However, at the opposite side of that coin is
the problem that if you set the print step too high you might miss important phenomenon that
are occurring over very short periods of time in the circuit. Therefore play with step time to
see what works best for your circuit.

 You can set a step ceiling which will limit the size of each interval, thus increasing calculation
speed. Another handy feature is the Fourier analysis, which allows you to specify your
fundamental frequency and the number of harmonics you wish to see on the plot. PSpice

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Circuit Analysis I 2nd semester- spring 2018 UET Abbottabad campus

defaults to the 9th harmonic unless you specify otherwise, but this still will allow you to
decompose a square wave to see it's components with sufficient detail.


Voltage Sources

i. VDC

 This is your basic direct current voltage source that simulates a simple battery and
allows you to specify the voltage value.

ii. VAC

 A few things to note about the alternating current source, first PSpice takes it to be a
sine source, so if you want to simulate a cosine wave you need to add (or subtract) a
90° phase shift. There are three values which PSpice will allow you to alter, these
being:
o ACMAG which is the RMS value of the voltage.
o DC which is the DC offset voltage
o ACPHASE which is the phase angle of the voltage
 Note that the phase angle if left unspecified will be set by default to 0°

iii. VSIN

 The SIN type of source is actually a damped sine with time delay, phase shift and a DC
offset. If you want to run a transient analysis you need to use the VSIN see how AC
will effect your circuit over time. Do not use this type of source for a phasor or
frequency sweep analysis, VAC would be appropriate for that.
o DC the DC component of the sine wave
o AC the AC value of the sine wave
o Voff is the DC offset value. It should be set to zero if you need a pure
sinusoid.
o Vamplitude is the undamped amplitude of the sinusoid; i.e., the peak value
measured from zero if there were no DC offset value.
o FREQ is the frequency in Hz of the sinusoid.
o TD is the time delay in seconds. Set this to zero for the normal sinusoid.
o DF is the damping factor. Also set this to zero for the normal sinusoid.
o PHASE is the phase advance in degrees. Set this to 90 if you need a cosine
wave form.
 Note that the normal usage of this source type is to set Voff, TD and DF to zero as
this will give you a 'nice' sine wave.

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Circuit Analysis I 2nd semester- spring 2018 UET Abbottabad campus

Post Lab:

1. Insert the dependent source Model in the any of the above three circuits to verify the actual gain
by considering the actual values of the opamp mentioned in figure 5 solution.
2. What happens to the output if we exceed the amplitude of input voltage
3. What is the difference between Vsin and VAC in pspice
4. What is the difference between open loop and closed loop gain of opamp
5. How to set the final time in pspice transient settings

Instructor:Wajid Mehmood Page 10