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    4 Gi Hormones I: Endocrine Hormones

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    Linh Phan
    The document describes the six major gastrointestinal endocrine hormones: gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, motilin, and ghrelin. It discusses what cells secrete each hormone, what stimulates their secretion, their roles in stimulating or inhibiting various gastrointestinal and pancreatic functions, and their structures. Key points covered include that gastrin and CCK stimulate gastric acid and pancreatic enzyme secretion respectively, while secretin stimulates bicarbonate and water secretion from the pancreas and bile ducts. Motilin regulates gastrointestinal motility and migrating motor complexes, while ghrelin signals hunger and is associated with appetite regulation in the hypothalamus.

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    4 Gi Hormones I: Endocrine Hormones

    Uploaded by

    Linh Phan
    33 views4 pages
    The document describes the six major gastrointestinal endocrine hormones: gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, motilin, and ghrelin. It discusses what cells secrete each hormone, what stimulates their secretion, their roles in stimulating or inhibiting various gastrointestinal and pancreatic functions, and their structures. Key points covered include that gastrin and CCK stimulate gastric acid and pancreatic enzyme secretion respectively, while secretin stimulates bicarbonate and water secretion from the pancreas and bile ducts. Motilin regulates gastrointestinal motility and migrating motor complexes, while ghrelin signals hunger and is associated with appetite regulation in the hypothalamus.

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    4 GI HORMONES I

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    The document describes the six major gastrointestinal endocrine hormones: gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, motilin, and ghrelin. It discusses what cells secrete each hormone, what stimulates their secretion, their roles in stimulating or inhibiting various gastrointestinal and pancreatic functions, and their structures. Key points covered include that gastrin and CCK stimulate gastric acid and pancreatic enzyme secretion respectively, while secretin stimulates bicarbonate and water secretion from the pancreas and bile ducts. Motilin regulates gastrointestinal motility and migrating motor complexes, while ghrelin signals hunger and is associated with appetite regulation in the hypothalamus.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    33 views4 pages

    4 Gi Hormones I: Endocrine Hormones

    Uploaded by

    Linh Phan
    The document describes the six major gastrointestinal endocrine hormones: gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, motilin, and ghrelin. It discusses what cells secrete each hormone, what stimulates their secretion, their roles in stimulating or inhibiting various gastrointestinal and pancreatic functions, and their structures. Key points covered include that gastrin and CCK stimulate gastric acid and pancreatic enzyme secretion respectively, while secretin stimulates bicarbonate and water secretion from the pancreas and bile ducts. Motilin regulates gastrointestinal motility and migrating motor complexes, while ghrelin signals hunger and is associated with appetite regulation in the hypothalamus.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    4 GI HORMONES I: ENDOCRINE HORMONES

    Learning Objectives:
     Describe the six major GI endocrine hormones and the roles associated with each

    Enteroendocrine Cells:

    GI Endocrine Hormones:
    1. Gastrin
    2. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
    3. Secretin
    4. Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP/GLIP)
    5. Motilin
    6. Ghrelin
    Receptors are all G-protein coupled receptors

    1
    Gastrin:
     Released from G cells of antrum & duodenum in
    response to small peptides, amino acids,
    distension, and nervous input (Ach & GRP)
     Preprohormone (PrePro-Gastrin) form is cleaved:
    90 % of released gastrin is G17; 10% G34
     Biological activity is found in the 4 C-terminal
    amino acids
     Release of gastrin stimulates gastric acid
    secretion and mucosal growth (trophic effect)
     Secretion is subject to feedback inhibition by
    somatostatin (pH <3)

    Cholecystokinin (CCK):
     Released from I cells of small intestine (duodenum &
    jejunum) in response to peptides, amino acids, absorbable
    fats, & CCK-RP
     PrePro CCK cleaved into active forms: CCK -8, -33, -39 & -58
    (cleavage begins at C-terminus)
     Biological activity concentrated in last 7 amino acids;
    presence of sulfation at tyrosine residue is critical
     Stimulates gallbladder contraction & emptying
     Stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion
     Inhibits gastric emptying

    Comparison of Gastrin & CCK Sequences:

    2
    CCK & Gastrin:
     CCK has strong effects at CCK-A receptors & weak effects at CCK-B receptors
     Gastrin has strong effects at CCK-B receptors & weak effects at CCK-A receptor
     (Due to sequence similarity)

    Secretin:
     Released from S cells in the duodenum in response to digested nutrients and the presence of acid (pH <4.5) in the duodenum
     27 amino acid peptide, related to glucagon (no active fragments)
     Stimulates HCO3- & H2O secretion from exocrine pancreas and bile ducts; pepsin secretion from chief cells
     Inhibits acid production & trophic effects of gastrin

    Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP/GLIP):


     Released from K cells of duodenum & jejunum in response to glucose, amino acids, & fatty acids
     It is a 42 amino acid peptide related to secretin (no active fragments)
     Stimulates insulin release
     Inhibits gastric acid secretion & gastric motility

    Motilin:
     Released from M cells in duodenum and jejunum in response to Ach, fat, and acid
     22 amino acid peptide (no smaller active fragments)
     Released every 90 minutes during fasting
     Stimulates gastric & intestinal motility; concentration increases before & during migrating myoelectric complexes (MMC)
     Receptor for motilin also binds erythromycin

    Ghrelin:
     Secreted by P cells in the fundus of the stomach (related to motilin)
     Plasma concentrations are increased fasting & reduced during feeding
     Functions in signaling between gut & hypothalamus; binds to receptors on neurons in arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus to
    increase appetite
     Plasma ghrelin levels are higher in people with anorexia nervosa and lower in those with obesity
     Plasma ghrelin levels are lower in depression & when stressed
     Higher plasma levels are associated with lack of sleep

    Principal sites of GI Hormone Release:

    GI Endocrines I:
    3
    GI Endocrines II

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